Child and Adolescent Psychopathology Final

Dopamine

ADHD

Benzodiazephine-GABA

Anxiety Disorders

Which risk factor is most likely to increase a child's vulnerability to psychopathology?

Chronic poverty

Which of the following is a magnetic imaging method that produces images showing connections between brain regions?

Diffusion MRI

Claire is a six years old female whose mother and stepfather brought her in for psychiatric evaluation. Her early childhood consisted of frequent changes in primary caregivers. When she was two years old, her parents divorced and her father received custody while her mother was deployed. Claire stayed with her father for eight months before going to live with her grandparents as her father did not feel he could properly care for her. She stayed with her grandparents for one month before her mother resumed custody. Claire's physical development is normal but her language, cognitive, and social development are delayed. The examination identified expressive and receptive language deficits. Socially, Claire appears immature and inappropriate. When her caregivers take her out in public, she will often wander away if not watched close enough and will not appear affected when reunited with her caregivers. In moments of disc

Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (DSED)

____ acts like a "switch" in the brain, turning on various circuits associated with certain types of behavior.

Dopamine

Which term describes a child's model of relationships in terms of what the child expects from others and how the child relates to others?

Internal working model

Which part of the brain is most responsible for regulating our emotional experiences, expressions, and impulses?

Limbic system

Lily is a 15-year-old high school student who was brought to a mental health clinic by her parents, Sarah and David. She is their only child, and they have noticed significant changes in her behavior over the past year. She was once an outgoing and cheerful teenager, but her mood has become increasingly low, causing concern for her parents. Over the last 12 months, Lily has been struggling with symptoms of depressed mood, hopelessness, low energy, decreased pleasure in activities, and an inability to concentrate. These symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period, have not lasted any longer than one month, and has occurred once about every 2.5 months. She is also having physical symptoms of breast tenderness, weight gain, and bloating leading up to her period. Her parents report that she frequently becomes irritable, withdrawn, and emotionally labile during the two weeks before her menstrual cycle begins.

Mild Major Depressive Disorder w/ Recurrent Episode

Serotonin

OCD

The client is a 14-year-old boy whose therapist referred him for assessment. The parents reported that he is exceptionally bright but constantly doubts his work. The parents reported that he would double and triple-check his exams, and after each exam, he would repeatedly dwell on specific questions and be fixated on questioning his answers. When writing emails to his teachers, he worries that he may say the wrong thing. He must read them to his parents to ensure the message is correct before sending them. In addition, every evening, he has a bedtime ritual where he repeatedly checks his closet, cabinets, and drawers in even numbers of sets and sequences before retreating to bed. Furthermore, his parent will have to say goodnight a certain number of times repeatedly. The entire bedtime routine could take up to an hour sometimes. The client reported having difficulty falling asleep. The parents reported that the behav

OCD comorbid with General Anxiety Disorder

_____ rates refer to all cases of a disorder, whether new or previously existing, that are observed during a specified time period.

Prevalence

_______ relates to how children think about themselves and others, resulting in mental representations of themselves, relationships, and their social world.

Social cognition

____ has been implicated in several psychological disorders, especially those connected to a person's response to stress and ability to regulate emotions.

The HPA axis

HPA Axis

central component of the brain's neuroendocrine response to stress

The ____ gives us the distinct qualities that make us human and allows us to think about the future, to be playful, and to be creative.

cerebral cortex

The overlapping or co-occurrence of disorders is called ____.

comorbidity

Fearful or inhibited

considered cautious on approach to novel or challenging situations

Evaluating the mental health of children can be particularly difficult due to the ____.

cultural variations of what constitutes abnormal behavior

Treatment ____ refers to whether or not a treatment can produce changes under well-controlled conditions.

efficacy

The role that a child's primary caretaker has in terms of that child's brain development is crucial, since those early experiences form the part of the brain that is responsible for their__.

emotion, personality, and behavior

Attachment theory considers crying (in an infant) to be a behavior that ____.

enhances relationships with the caregiver

Many child and adolescent problems can be best described as the ____.

failure to demonstrate expected developmental progress

The _________ lobes contain the functions underlying much of our thinking and reasoning abilities.

frontal

Norepinephrine

generally acts as a regulator to behavior

Positive affect and approach Temperament

generally approachable and adaptive to their environment and possesses the ability to regulate basic functions of eating, sleeping, and elimination smoothly. "easy child"

Which statement about our genetic makeup is false?

genes determine behavior

A risk factor is a variable that ____.

increases the likelihood that a negative outcome will occur

Children's problems must be considered in the context of their ____.

individual nature, community/culture, family dynamics all of these

Negative affect or irritability

intense in mood and low adaptability

An integrative approach to the psychopathology of a child means that

many theories and concepts can be used to explain behavior.

The first disorder unique to children and adolescents was ____.

masturbatory insanity

Factors that influence the direction or strength of a relationship of variables of interest are called ____.

moderator variables

Cortisol

modulates the stress responsible by acting on the hypothalamus to inhibit the production of CRH

Most often, adaptational failure is due to a(n) ____.

ongoing interaction between the individual and environment

Brain maturity occurs in a(n) ____ fashion

organized and hierarchical

Children's development occurs in a(n) ____ manner.

organized and hierarchical

Etiology refers to the ____ of childhood disorders.

possible root causes

Patterns of behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or physical symptoms shown by an individual are defined as ____.

psychological disorders

State of fear or alertness for children and teens

resulting from the impact of trauma which affects our stress regulation loop

The windows of time during which environmental influences on development are enhanced are called ____.

sensitive periods

The neurotransmitter implicated in regulatory problems, such as eating and sleep disorders, is ____.

serotonin

Temperament ____.

shapes a child's approach to the environment and vice versa

The fact that effects of parental conflict and divorce may not surface immediately but rather years later is an example of ____.

sleeper effect

CRH

stimulates the pituitary gland to release ACTH

A child typically enters the mental health system ____.

through teachers, counselors, or parents

ACTH

travels into the bloodstream, responsible for the adrenal gland's release of cortisol

Because there is no one correct approach to research, most problems in abnormal child psychology are best studied by ____.

using multiple methods and strategies

Multifinality refers to the observation that ____.

various outcomes may stem from similar beginnings

7 year old Jacob, was a full-term baby delivered with no complications. Jacob was a healthy baby and his motor development hit all the normal major milestones. As approached his third birthday his parents described him as a low tone with inconsistent imitation skills. Jacob developed a delay in his communication, with no real words forming until around age 5. Jacob has an increase in avolition and needs his mom's constant help for everyday things. His parents are hoping he is just a slow learner, and will soon catch on. Jacob's teachers have noticed Jacob was playing by himself on the playground. His parents have brought him in, as his school recommended him seeking help to learn to communicate, his parents believe it's more than just communication skills. Jacob is coming to you; how would you go about assessing him, and then making a diagnosis?

Autism spectrum disorder

Background: Sarah is a 16-year-old girl. She has a history of recurrent depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes, which have caused disruptions in her personal and professional life. Presenting Problem: Sarah seeks therapy after experiencing a series of mood swings that have left her feeling overwhelmed and unsure of herself. She recalls periods of intense sadness, low energy, and hopelessness, followed by bursts of energy, impulsivity, and increased creativity. Hypomanic Episode: A few months ago, Sarah went through a hypomanic episode. During this phase, she felt a surge of energy, had racing thoughts, and took on multiple creative projects simultaneously. She worked late into the night, barely slept, and felt invincible. She also engaged in impulsive spending sprees and took risks, like driving recklessly. Depressive Episode: Following the hypomanic episode, Sarah spiraled into a depressive episode. She lost int

Bipolar Type II Disorder

Sai is a 7 year old boy who was recently brought into your office due to constant trouble at school and at home. His mother mentioned that he gets extremely upset if he's losing a game and resorts to hitting, kicking and punching her. He also shows these behaviors when he's asked to do something he does not want to do such as getting ready for bed, cleaning up after himself and getting ready for school. His mother also mentioned that he touches her breasts at random occasions despite the fact that she has explained to him that it is inappropriate. Recently Sai was suspended from school when the teacher saw him touching another boys genitals. He has also being caught showing his genitals to some students in school. Mom also reports that Sai mostly enjoys playing violent video games and typically creates grenades, guns and other weapons when he plays Minecraft. Mom also mentioned that Sai sometimes squeezes the dog

Childhood Onset Conduct Disorder

22-Year-old single male patient was admitted to an adult psychiatric ward after anunsuccessful serious overdose suicidal attempt. The patient was already diagnosed withmild depression. There was no previous history of suicide attempts or overdose. He hadbeen feeling low for more than a year due to stressors, including his physical health andhistory of sexual abuse. He occasionally experienced auditory pseudo-hallucinations anddescribed the voice as coming from his inner subjective space. He had asthma and epilepsyas a child which resulted in several hospital admissions during childhood and excessiveamount of school absences. Relationship with family members was poor after severalincidents of aggression towards them. He had previously been admitted to local hospitalwith a variety of physical symptoms (chest pain, seizures, etc.) where he was referred forpsychiatric assessment six months prior to admission in the adult

Factitious Disorder

Which of the following disadvantages can impair a child's developmental progress significantly?

Greater exposure to violence Less education Limited resources All of these are correct

Jack is a 7-year-old boy enrolled in first grade. Before kindergarten, Jack's parents describe his development as relatively normal. They indicate that Jack has had some difficulty with waiting his turn and interrupting other children's games at times, but his parents attribute these behaviors to being part of "normal" children's development. Since Jack has started kindergarten, Jack's teachers have indicated Jack refuses to follow classroom rules at times. Jack also often loses his temper, is angry at school, and has difficulty staying in his assigned seat in class. Jack's parents indicate he also has shown these behaviors at home. When Jack makes a mistake, he often attributes his mistakes to others and fails to take blame for his actions. Jack's parents originally thought these behaviors were developmentally appropriate, but they have been going on at least once a week for over a year now and are i

ODD

The patient is Eric, an eight-year-old Asian male residing in suburban California. At age eight, he presented with involuntary eye blinking, shoulder shrugging, and throat clearing as well as other occasional vocalizations. Eric's parents have described him as clumsy and seem to think that his motor skills/ ability are not completely normal or like his other classmates. Eric was reported by his family to possess a sunny disposition. He excelled in his academic endeavors and maintained friendly relationships with his peers. Eric began to feel embarrassed at school as his symptoms drew the attention of his teachers and fellow students. Eric's parents say that these symptoms have been present for about a year and seem to have gotten more noticeable within the past 2 months. Additionally, symptoms appear to be more severe when Eric is fatigued or stressed and less severe when Eric is mentally focused on tasks like hi

Tourette's

Traumatic and uncontrollable events

damages or disrupts the HPA Axis