Child Development

In the nature-nurture issue, nature refers to an organism's _____, nurture to its _____.

biological inheritance; environmental experiences

A teratogen is any agent that can cause:

birth defects

Psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, neuroscientists, and medical researchers all share an interest in unlocking the mysteries of development through the life span. This indicates how development is:

c. Multidisciplinary

The nucleus of each human cell contains _____, which are threadlike structures made up of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

c. chromosomes

Esperanza is having a prenatal test to remove a small sample of the placenta for genetic testing. Identify the test that her doctor is performing.

chorionic villus sampling

Vygotsky's theory emphasizes how _____ guide(s) cognitive development.

culture and social interaction

_____, the units of hereditary information, are short segments of DNA. They direct cells to reproduce themselves and to assemble proteins.

genes

According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, a person's family, peers, school, and neighborhood constitute his/her:

microsystem.

According to Piaget's theory, two processes underlie children's cognitive construction of the world:

organization and adaptation.

Piaget's four stages of cognitive development:

start at birth and continue through adulthood.

Alicia is pregnant and a heavy smoker. Which of the following is her baby MORE likely to have than is the baby of a nonsmoker?

sudden infant death syndrome

Socioeconomic status (SES) refers to: a. the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation.

. a person's position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics

The fetus that Calista is carrying has reached the age of viability, meaning that it has a chance of surviving outside of the womb. Therefore, it can be inferred that Calista is _____ weeks pregnant.

24-25

The life expectancy in the United States is currently:

B. 78 years.

____ means the capacity for change.

B. Plasticity

_____ position refers to the baby's position in the uterus that causes the buttocks to be the first part to emerge from the

Breech

Which of Urie Bronfenbrenner's environmental systems consists of the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course, as well as sociohistorical circumstances?

Chronosystem

_____ processes refer to changes in the individual's thought, intelligence, and language

Cognitive

Hidalgo, 8, is very good at addition and subtraction, but he has a hard time understanding the complex algebraic problems that his 14-year old sister does. Hidalgo is currently in which of Jean Piaget's stages of development?

Concrete operational

Development can be defined as the pattern of movement or change that:

D. begins at conception and continues through the human life span.

The idea that no age period dominates development highlights the life-span perspective that development is:

D. lifelong.

David and Kelly are seeking help for infertility. Under their physician's guidance, they decide to undergo a procedure in which Kelly's eggs are combined in a laboratory dish with her husband's sperms. What is this procedure called?

In vitro fertilization

Palma and her husband Frankie are in their mid-40's. Which of the following developmental periods are their in?

Middle adulthood

_____ include biological processes such as puberty and menopause. They also include sociocultural, environmental processes such as beginning formal education and retirement

Normative age-graded influences

Identify the correct sequence of the five stages of psychosexual development described in Freud's theory of development

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

_____ processes involve changes in the individual's relationships with other people, changes in emotions, and changes in personality.

Socioemotional

Brittany is preoccupied with the pursuit of independence and identity and is spending more time with friends and less with family. Her thoughts are more logical, abstract, and idealistic. She is also experiencing rapid physical changes such as gains in height and weight. Which of the following periods of development is Brittany most likely in?

adolescence

Identify the age group of women who are LEAST likely to obtain prenatal care.

adolescence

Joey has shot up in height over the past year, has developed a deeper voice, and is starting to grow facial hair. He is preoccupied with the pursuit of independence and identity and is spending more time with friends and less with family. Which of the following periods of development is Joey in?

adolescence

The _____ provides an environment that is temperature and humidity controlled, as well as shockproof.

amniotic fluid

Changes in motor skills, nutrition, exercise, the hormonal changes of puberty, and cardiovascular decline are all examples of _____ processes that affect development.

biological

_____ encompasses the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation

culture

_____ is a time of establishing personal and economic independence, career development, and, for many, selecting a mate, learning to live with someone in an intimate way, starting a family, and rearing children.

early adulthood

Mary is three years-old, and in preschool. Identify the development period that Mary is currently in.

early childhood

The _____ is a layer of the embryo, which will become the nervous system and brain, sensory receptors, and skin parts.

ectoderm

The outermost layer of the embryo is called the ____

ectoderm

Erik Erikson's developmental theory consists of _____ stages that last from the first year of life to:

eight; late adulthood.

The _____ consists of three layers of cells: the endoderm, the mesoderm, and the ectoderm.

embryo

Wren is 4 weeks pregnant. Which of the following stages of prenatal development is Wren currently in?

embryonic

The embryo's _____ develops into the digestive and respiratory systems.

endoderm

Petra is at the fourth month of her pregnancy. Her unborn child is now referred to as a ____.

fetus

Sandrine is now able to use abstract thought as well as logic; Piaget would argue that she is in the _____ stage of development.

formal operational

The creation of the fertilized egg takes place in the _____ period of prenatal development.

germinal

Jessica, 16, is in the process of deciding what she wants to study in college. She wants to be an engineer one day and a painter the next day. Erik Erikson would say Jessica is in the _____ stage of development.

identity versus identity confusion

_____ refers to the attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall.

implantation

The elementary school years where children need to direct their energy toward mastering knowledge and intellectual skills is when Erikson's stage of _____ takes place.

industry versus inferiority

Jonathan is almost completely dependent on his parents for his wants and needs and is only just beginning to acquire language skills and sensorimotor coordination. Which of the following development periods is Jonathan in?

infancy

During early adulthood, Erik Erikson's developmental stage of _____ occurs.

intimacy versus isolation

Late adulthood is a time of:

life review, adjustment to new social roles, and diminishing strength and health.

The _____ is a layer of the embryo, which will become the circulatory system, bones, muscles, excretory system, and reproductive system.

mesoderm

The middle layer of the embryo is called the _____.

mesoderm

A mistake by the cellular machinery, or damage from an environmental agent such as radiation, may produce a _____, which is a permanently altered segment of DNA.

mutated gene

A group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and offspring intertwine but do not connect is the ___

placenta

Mariah has given birth to a baby girl. Even one month after delivery, she is experiencing very strong feelings of sadness and anxiety. She is so morose that she is having trouble coping with daily tasks. Mariah is most likely suffering from:

postpartum depression

The _____ period is the time from conception to birth.

prenatal

Lynne, 5, loves to draw and color. She represents the world with words and her drawings. According to Piaget's cognitive development theory, Lynne is in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

preoperational

____ theories describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion.

psychoanalytic

The theory that was created by Erik Erikson is known as the __________ theory of development.

psychosocial

According to Freud, our adult personality is determined by: a. the way we resolve conflicts between home life and professional life.

the way we resolve conflicts between sources of pleasure at each stage and the demands of reality.

Kelly responds to her infant son's needs in a consistent and timely way. When he is tired she puts him down for a nap, and when he is hungry she feeds him. Erikson would say that Kelly is helping her son to develop a sense of:

trust

The first stage in Erickson's theory is:

trust versus mistrust.

Gwendolyn is having a prenatal test where her doctor uses high-frequency sound waves directed into her abdomen to check on her fetus. She is most likely having a(n) _____.

ultrasound sonography

The structure that contains two arteries and one vein, and connects the developing embryo to the mother's body, is called the _____.

umbilical cord

During fertilization, an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell called a _____.

zygote