child development chap 7- socioemotional development in infancy
About ______ children under the age of 6 are in child care in the United States.
15 million
In the United States, separation protest typically begins at about the age of
7 to 8 months
According to research, which of the following is a common occurrence for couples as they transition into parenthood?
A new gendered division of labor
The Strange Situation, which was an observational means to identify individual differences in infant attachment, was developed by
Ainsworth.
Which of the following people identified three basic types, or clusters, of temperament—easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up?
Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas
In infancy, emotions play important roles in which of the following?
Behavioral organization Communication with others
Which of the following describes reciprocal socialization?
Bidirectional
Which of the following theorists proposed influential theories of infant attachment?
Bowlby Freud Erikson
Children who can distract themselves from a stressful encounter show a lower level of negative affect in the context and less anxiety over time. This an example of the influence of which of the following on emotion?
Cognitive processes
Chess and Thomas' classification system placed children into which categories of temperament?
Easy Difficult Slow-to-warm-up
A positive family climate for children and adolescents involves which two of the following?
Effective parenting Marital satisfaction between parents
Which of the following temperament classifications applies to Rothbart and Bates' model?
Effortful control
Which of the following statements best describes the influence of biology and environment on emotional development?
Emotions are influenced by both nature and nurture
Which of the following is least likely to influence an individual's emotions?
Environmental quality
According to Rothbart and Bates, what dimension includes pleasure, activity, smiling, and laughter?
Extraversion/surgency
True or false: According to Chess and Thomas' research, all children can be classified as having one of three temperament patterns.
False
Baby Marlow uses mom as a base from which to explore the environment. When mom leaves, he protests mildly, and when mom returns, he reestablishes positive interactions with her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Marlow?
He is a securely attached baby.
Baby Jordan engages in little interaction with his mother and is not distressed when she leaves the room. When she returns, Jordan does not reestablish contact with her and even turns his back on her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Jordan?
He is an insecure avoidant baby.
According to Rothbart and Bates, what does the dimension of extraversion/surgency include?
Impulsivity Positive anticipation Sensation seeking
temperament
Individuals' behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is referred to as their
Which of the following statements is true of stranger anxiety?
It appears at about 6 months of age
Which of the following emotions would Allissa likely demonstrate when she receives a high grade on her biology exam?
Joy Pride Happiness
Which theorist(s) developed a temperament classification system based on inhibition and lack of inhibition?
Kagan
Patty has been classified as a slow-to-warm-up child, according to Chess and Thomas' classification system. Which of the following characteristics is she likely to display?
Low activity level Low intensity of mood Somewhat negative affect
Which of the following are biological influences relating to emotion?
Maturation of the cerebral cortex Development of the brain stem Development of the hippocampus
Which of the following has been shown to be an outcome of parenting?
Most parents enjoy more positive marital relations before the baby.
Which two of the following has developmental social neuroscience linked to mother-infant attachment?
Oxytocin Dopamine
Which type of emotions is most likely to be observed in infancy?
Primary
Which type of infant smile does not depend on external stimuli?
Reflexive
Which of the following theorists developed a temperament classification involving extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control?
Rothbart and Bates
Which type of emotion requires self-awareness and a sense of "me"?
Self-conscious
One way to describe temperament is in terms of predispositions toward which two of the following?
Self-regulation Reactivity
Which of the following is most characteristic of the temperament category that Kagan referred to as inhibition to the unfamiliar?
Shyness with strangers
Ainsworth created the ____ Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment.
Strange
Which of the following are the three recognized types of infant cries?
The anger cry The pain cry The basic cry
Scientists in the field of social neuroscience are most likely to study which of the following factors?
The brain Hormones Mother-infant attachment
Stranger anxiety in infants tends to be influenced by which of the following?
The social context The characteristic of the stranger
True or false: Trust and the development of self and independence are central to personality development in infancy.
True
What type of infant cry has a loud, harsh sound to it, almost like shouting?
anger cry
The term stranger ______ describes a situation in which infants demonstrate a wariness of people they do not know.
anxiety
A(n) ______ cry is a rhythmic pattern that usually consists of a cry, followed by a briefer silence, then a shorter inspiratory whistle that is higher pitched than the main cry, and then a brief rest before the next cry.
basic
The maturation of the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex allows infants to
begin to regulate their emotions
As children become older, they develop ______ for controlling their emotions and become more adept at modulating their emotional arousal.
cognitive strategies
According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) ______ child reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change.
difficult
Six-month-old Johnny often reacts negatively and cries frequently. He also is not very adaptive. According to Chess and Thomas' classification system, he is most likely a(n) _____ child.
difficult
According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) ______ child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts readily to new experiences.
easy
According to a longitudinal investigation done by Chess and Thomas, of the different temperament, the most children could be classified as
easy
Eight-month-old Roger is usually in a positive mood, is adaptive, and conforms readily to household routines. According to Chess & Thomas' classification system, he is a(n) ______ child.
easy
Little Juanita wakes up everyday smiling and ready for the day. She thrives in her routine but is always up for doing something new. Juanita is a(n) ______ child.
easy
A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called
emotion
is characterized by behavior that reflects the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the state that individuals are in, or the transactions they are experiencing
emotion
Insecure avoidant babies
engage in little interaction with the caregiver.
The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope is known by the term
goodness of fit.
Kagan is responsible for a broad temperament category referred to as ______ the unfamiliar.
inhibition to
A slow-to-warm-up child has a ______ activity level, is somewhat ______, and displays ______ intensity of mood.
low; negative; low
Anger, guilt, and sadness are classified as ______ emotions.
negative
Early mutual gazing or eye contact between parents and infants is referred to as
parent-infant synchrony.
The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as ____
personality
One way to describe temperament involves the variation in the speed and intensity with which an individual responds to situations with positive or negative emotions. This is referred to as
reactivity.
Ten-month-old Alyssa smiles at her mother and throws a sponge ball toward her. Alyssa's mother tries to catch it and smiles and laughs. Alyssa crawls closer and tries to take the ball, while giggling. This is an example of ______ socialization.
reciprocal
Children and parents socialize one another. This is called
reciprocal socialization.
Social ______ occurs when one can understand the emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a given situation.
referencing
A ____ smile in an infant does not occur in response to external stimuli, but a ____ smile does.
reflexive , social
Self- _____ involves variations in the extent or effectiveness of an individual's ability to control their emotions.
regulation
The family system includes the subsystems of generation, gender, and
role
An infant's fear of a caregiver leaving, which results in crying when the caregiver leaves, is called
separation protest
Which of the following refers to an infant's ability to "read" the emotions of other people?
social referencing
The family can be thought of as a constellation of ______ defined in terms of generation, gender, and role.
subsystems
In mother-infant interactions, the term ______ refers to the situation where each person's behavior depends on the partner's previous behavior.
synchrony
Jeremy is a very active toddler whose parents try to avoid putting him in situations where he must sit still for long periods of time. This illustrates
the concept of goodness of fit.
True or false: Marital relationships, parenting, and infant behavior and development have both direct and indirect effects on one another.
true
True or false: Today there are more young children in child care in the United States than at any other time in history.
true
A securely attached baby
uses the caregiver as a base from which to explore.
