Child Development Midterm

2. Embryonic stage (2 to 8 weeks)

- all major organs take shape, most vulnerable to harmful environment -sex organs differentiate at the end of this period

who determines a child's sex?

- father could give x or y but mom can only give x so father

DNA

-A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes. -double helix that is made up of genes -some genes are in charge of physical characteristics and some are in charge of biological -genes come from mom and dad

4. Cultural-context framework

-A little bit of all the above and focus on cultural text, development occurs due to enter a relationship between child and environment, emphasizes person in context -Person in context: person's development can't be examined in isolated/isolation outside their context Ex:Vygotsky's socio-cultural Theory, System Theory (biological and ecological systems) -Vygotsky was in Russia and noticed how children from different cultural groups do not necessarily develop the same outcomes >Value of child outcomes distinguished vygotsky's work ex: data shows asian americans are succesful but have low self esteem and vygotsky says maybe self esteem is an outcome has different values than in asia bc in our culture self esteem is values

Longitudinal Study design

-A research design that follows the same group of individuals at multiple time points disadvantages: -it is a long term commitment for both (could be dropout problems) -expensive -retention and selective dropout: choosing highest scores -cohort effect:difference between generations like millenials are less patient advantages: - an effective way to examine central ?'s

Placenta

-A structure that allows an embryo to be nourished with the mother's blood supply

experience-dependent

-Development of neural connections that is initiated in response to experience ex:studies by Mark Rosenzweig and his colleagues in which groups of young male laboratory rats from the same litter were raised in three different environments -Increased rates of term-80learning in standard laboratory tasks, such as learning a maze Increased overall weight of the cerebral cortex, the part of the brain that integrates sensory information Increased amounts of acetylcholinesterase, a brain enzyme that enhances learning Larger neuronal cell bodies and larger glial cells (cells that provide insulation, support, and nutrients to neuronal cells) More synaptic connections

3. Constructivist framework (nature vs nurture interaction)

-Engine for development lies in both genes and environment. -All Stage theories fall into this category -Both are critical so sometimes without other can't Ex: -psychodynamic - piaget -information processing theory:they wondered if human cognitive development can be stimulated like computers -Seeds and plant might be bigger and that's nature and nurture is the miracle growth -active learning: involve student participation and engagement with the material in a meaningful way during class time like margins in reading and notes

Thomas and Chess

-Infant temperament and a dimensions -Classified infants in 3 temp groups: easy, difficult, and slow to warm up -infant outcomes depend on goodness of fit From their data, Chess and Thomas identified nine key traits of temperament: activity level, rhythmicity (the regularity or irregularity of the child's basic biological functions), approach-withdrawal (the child's response to novelty), adaptability, threshold of responsiveness (the minimum intensity of stimulation required to evoke a response), intensity of reaction, quality of mood (negative or positive), distractibility, and attention span or persistence. After scoring the children on each of these nine traits, they found that most of the children could be classified in one of three broad temperament categories: -Easy babies: are playful, are regular in their biological functions, and adapt readily to new circumstances. -Difficult babies: are irregular in their biological functions, are irritable, and often respond intensely and negatively to new situations or try to withdraw from them. -Slow-to-warm-up babies: are low in activity level, and their responses are typically mild. They tend to withdraw from new situations but in a calm way, and they require more time than easy babies to adapt to change.

developmental stages

-Periods of life initiated by significant transitions or changes in physical or psychological functioning -the prenatal period, infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, and adolescence.

experience-expectant

-Processes of brain development that seem to anticipate experiences that are universal in all normally developing members of our species. -Evidence for experience-expectant brain development is found in an interesting pattern of synaptic proliferation and elimination. At several points during development (including adolescence), different portions of the brain undergo an explosive increase in synapse formation, called exuberant synaptogenesis, which produces far more synapses than would be required by the particular experiences the growing organism is likely to encounter

Terminologies

-The number of chromosomes vary by species -Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes in somatic cell (normal cells) -Nucleus has the chromosomes and humans have 23

categorical perception of sound

-The realization that acoustically distinct stimuli belong to the same phonological category -Infants have similar categorical discriminations at same point as acoustic continues as adults Compare modalities: Then starts with limited competency Nature provides initial, physiological based abilities Nurture facilitates Advanced visual capacity Audition: Starts with an impressive competency Nature provides a large initial pool of possibilities Nurture selects and narrows down pool

Temparament

-The term for the individual modes of responding to the environment that appear to be consistent across situations and stable over time. Temperament includes such characteristics as children's activity level, their intensity of reaction, the ease with which they become upset, their characteristic responses to novelty, and their sociability.

Down syndrome

-a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. -prevelance: 1 in 1000 on avg 1 in 100 by age of 40 1 in 32 by age of 45 -cause: 3 copies of chromosome 21

sickle-cell anemia

-a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape -symptoms: low oxygen supply and blood clog -prevalance:8 to 20s among african descent -cause: 2 recessive genes for the sickle cell trait -function: tolerance for malaria

Mutation

-a random error in gene replication that leads to a change -prevelance: rare -cause: 2 mutated genes

Apgar scale

-a standard measurement system that looks for a variety of indications of good health in newborns -used 1 and then 5 min after birth -measure heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex and color -scores are affected by amount of medication mother recieved

AIDS

-acquired immune deficiency syndrome -may cross over to fetus blood stream through the placenta -can be transmitted through breast milk -is linked to elevated risk for infant death

critical period

-an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development -an early stage in life when an organism is especially open to specific learning, emotional, or socializing experiences that occur as part of normal -also known as the sensitive period, the critical period is a time during early postnatal life when the development and maturation of functional properties of the brain, its 'plasticity', is strongly dependent on experience or environmental influences.

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

-assess responsiveness to their physical and social envi -identify problems in neurological functioning

Breast feeding

-be exclusively breast-fed throughout the first year to optimize healthy development -breast-feeding is associated with decreased risk for immune-related diseases, childhood cancers, and obesity; improved cognitive functioning; and higher income in adult life -Some of the benefits of breast milk, particularly those associated with the infant's immune function, may be due to the abundance of essential microorganisms that breast milk introduces to the infant's microbiome

Teratogens

-environmental factors that cause abnormality or death during prenatal period -their effects vary, can be organ specific and sensitive to timing

Risk Factors for fathers

-exposure to lead, marjuana or tobacco smoke, large amounts of alcohol or radiation, or certain pesticides may cause abnormal sperms

Central Question 1: What factors cause development?

-factors: not nature so more likely nurture because the parents and kids score were not similar when testing IQ -nature or heredity: blue print coded in genes -nurture or environment:life experiences

3. Fetal Stage ( 8 weeks to birth)

-fetus grows rapidly, and organs and body systems become more complex -1.5" to 20" -motion sensing -seeing and detecting bright light -hearing- familiarity with mother's voice -memory- prefer familiar stories after birth

2. Environmental- learning (nurture)

-focus on the impact of environmental factors -The engine is exogenous, and other factors like friends and school ex:behaviorism, bandura's social learning theory

Infant growth

-fontanels:"Soft spots," or spaces, that separate the bones of the skull prenatally and in early infancy. -During the infant's first 3 months, physical growth progresses at an astonishing pace. In just 12 short weeks, the baby will gain approximately 6 pounds and grow more than 4 inches in length. As a consequence of the rapid development of the brain, the circumference of the head will increase by more than an inch. Keeping in mind that the average baby weighs a bit more than 7 pounds (3 kilograms) at birth, is just 19.5 or so inches (50 centimeters) long, and has a head circumference of about 14 inches (36 centimeters), these changes to the physical body are truly remarkable!

heroin and methadone

-low birth weight and premature delivery -motor control issues -vulnerable to respiratory illness -born addicted

sex determination

-males are XY, females are XX -females are same size while males are y smaller

1. Biological-maturational (nature)

-maturation is a series of changes guided by genetic blue prints, thus driving engine of development is from an endogenous source ex: evolutionary theories (ethology,molecular genetics) -neural evidence is not exclusive evidence of nature at work bc brain is experience dependent Instead the signs of nature typically include: - evidence from molecular genetics early competence -critical Or sensitive period -Phylogenetic continuity from ethology and cross cultural universality

1.Germinal stage (fertilization-2 weeks)

-morula > blastocyst -zygote divides, becomes more complex, and is implanted in the wall of the uterus -morula: contains identical stem cells, it is a solid ball of cells -blastocyst: contains inner cell mass and trophoblast >consists of a hollow ball of cells -implantation on uterine wall Blastocyst contains: - trophoblast: placenta and membranes -inner cell mass: ecoderm: skin, nails, nervous system endoderm: digestive system, lung mesoderm: bones and circulatory system

Central Question 3: Is the outcome continuos?

-ontogeny so it is not -ontogeny: within a person's life time -phylogeny: evolution time, from lower species to humans and it not continuous ex: height : ontogenetically continuous before age of 15 cranial capacity: didnt develop in phylogenetically continuous fashion bc goes slowly than takes off so there is a break

fetal alcohol syndrome

-physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking -1% of north americans suffer from fasd - 4 times as many as people w aids or hiv characteristics: -smaller heads -underdeveloped brains -problems w learning -deformed facial features -abnormal joints and limbs -poor coordination

domains of development

-physical, cognitive, emotional and social

Central Question 2: Is the outcome plastic? Can it be changed?

-plasticity: somewhat plastic because not determined by genes, early environment because they tested 9-4 the rest of their development is steady -scores are stable so later environment does not play big role -early infancy is harder to undo damage - factors(increases in plastic): genetic early envi (harder to change) late envi ex: -genetic: two eyes can not be changes so outcome is not plastic -envi: if envi can cause something than you can undo it

Other factors

-pollution -pain meds during childbirth

Reflexes

-reflexes are early competences and culturally universal -smiles happens before 2.5 months -copies facial expression -most of these reflexes disappear in one's lifetime -explained by biological maturational framework -evolutionary and genetically based

Cocaine

-stillbirth and premature delivery -irratability -low birth weight and birth defects -complications for mothers

zygote

-the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo -after fertilization, zygote has 23 pairs of chromosomes -sperm and ovum (or germ cells) have 23 single chromosomes

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

-the unexplained death of a seemingly healthy baby

1.visual preference technique

-two different stimuli simeutaneously to determine infants (long-term) preference -a common behavioral method used to evaluate infant sensory capacities, which involves presenting two different stimuli at once to determine if the baby displays a preference by looking at one longer than the other

Study of delay of gratification

-type of self control, the ability to control aversive feelings to forego a small immediate reward in the service of a long term goal - so if you resist temptation you get larger reward ex: study where you give 4 yr old a plate w one marsh and tell them if they wait they will get 2 instead, but if they ring bell they get one (none waited)

stem cells

-unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division -Stem cells provide new cells for the body as it grows, and replace specialised cells that are damaged or lost. They have two unique properties that enable them to do this: They can divide over and over again to produce new cells. As they divide, they can change into the other types of cell that make up the body

2. Habituation/ dishabituation paradigm

-uses the following indicators to gavage new interest level: looking/fixation time, sucking rate, heart rate, facial expressions In the habituation phase: -record baseline interest level -repeated exposure to stimulus, until interest waves (back to baseline) -picture one phone In dishabituation phase: -introduce new stimulus -if interest level rises/becomes dishabituated, the the new stimulus is judged as different or impossible interest level - if interest level stays at baseline/habituation, then the new stimulus is judged as same or possible -pics on phone

4 theoretical frameworks w/ examples

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Ch 4

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Methods

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Risk Factors

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Four developmental framework

1. biological-maturational 2. environmental-learning 3. contructivist 4. cultural context

cause and effect

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factors and outcomes

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natural selection

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

Allele

An alternative form of a gene.

Genotype

An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations.

somatic cells

Any cells in the body other than reproductive cells

Audition

Born to prefer: -speech rather than non-speech -own mother's voice -native language

Dendrites

Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.

brain stem

Connection to spinal cord. Filters information flow between peripheral nervous system and the rest of the brain.

spinal cord

Nerves that run up and down the length of the back and transmit most messages between the body and brain

germ cells

Reproductive cells that give rise to sperm and ovum (sex cells)

cerebral cortex

The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center.

Myelin

a fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses

Neuron

a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

sensitive period

a point in development when organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments, but the absence of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences

sex-linked characteristics

characteristics determined by genes located on the sex chromosomes

neurotransmitter

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons

dominant, recessive, codominance

describes alleles- how particular pair of alleles manifest into particular expressed characteristics

Marjuana

enlarged placenta which has been linked to neurological deficits

Modern Theories

evolutionary, information-processing, systems theories (dynamic and ecological), bandura social learning theory

Synaptogenesis

formation of synapses

Three stages of prenatal development

germinal, embryonic, fetal

study heritability

phone pictures

phonetic contrasts

phonemes: -smallest sound categories in human speech -young infants can distingush all phonetic contrasts in the new world -lose ability around 12 months completely lost around adolesence

Vision

preference: -born to prefer face like stimuli -in time (hours to day), prefer mother's face, due to dynamic interaction to vocal cues -by 3 months, preferences with faces similar to ethnic features as the mother acuity: -newborn: legally blind, 20/300 at best due to poor muscle coordination -7-to-8 months old: dramatic improvement - 7 year olds: adult like 20/20 color vision: - can distinguish red/green earlier than the other colors -2 month old: adult like contrast: -prefer -high levels of countour density (edges,angles) -exterior rather than interior contrasts

Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development

problems that a child could solve with the guidance of someone who already knows how. range of problems where real learning takes place

Grand Theories

psychoanalytic, behaviorism,piaget, vygotsky sociocultural theory

Axon

the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands

amniotic fluids

the fluid surrounding a fetus within the amnion.

Synapse

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

Phenotype

the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

Chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes