Child Development Test Four

Acceleration

Educating gifted children alongside other children of the same mental, not chronological age

Home Schooling

Education in which children are taught at home, usually by their parents

Bullis have low levels of what?

Empathy

Metcognition

"Thining about thinking", or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task in order to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one's performance o that task

What is a factor that influences both language development and academic achievement?

Socioeconomic status of the family

Two ways the brain continues to mature in middle childhood and where are these changes pronounced?

1) The addition of myelin to the connecting fibers of neurons. 2) Remodeling (pruning) of synaptic connections. They are pronounced in the prefrontal cortex

Of Asian American mothers, ___percent are single

10%

According to the test, the percentage of 3-21 year-old officially designated as having special needs in the United States was:

10% in 1980, and 13% in 2011

At what age can most children demonstrate rapid and fluent oral reading (more than 100 words per minute)

11-12

What is a common value is middle childhood?

They do not tell adults what is happening in their lives

A toddler daycare and is considering introducing early reading to their pupils. There are mothers with a college education and mothers who did not finish high school. About how mnay 2-year-olds in each group can be expected to be involved in daily reading at home?

24% of children of mothers with less than a high school education and 70% of children of mothers with at least a college degree

A toddler daycare is considering introducing early reading to their pupils. There are mothers with a college education and mothers who did not finish high school. About how many 2-year-olds in each group can be expected to be involved in daily reading at home?

24% of children of mothers with less than a high school education and 70% of children of mothers with at least a college degree

In the U.S., ___ percent of all 6-11-year-old children live in a single family.

31%

Inaugurated in 2001, a planned___cycle of international trend studies in the reading ability of fourth-graders is called the progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) exam.

5 years

In the United States, the death rate for 5-14 year olds was about

70 per 100,000 in 1950, and 10 per 100,000 in 2012

What percentage of IQ scores falls within the normal range?

70%

What percentage of 5-9 year old children in the U.S. in 2013 suffer from asthma?

9%

By age 10, the brain is what percentage of the adult sized brain?

95%

No Child Left Behind Act

A U.S. law enacted in 2001 that was intended to increase accountability in education by requiring states to qualify for federal education funding by administering standardized tests to measure school achievement

Multifinality

A basic principle of developmental psychopathology that holds that one cause can have many final manifestations

Equifinality

A basic principle of developmental psychopathology that holds that one symptom can have many causes

Knowledge Base

A body of knowledge in a particular area that makes it easier to master new information in that area

Asthma

A chronic disease of the respiratory system in which inflammation narrows the airways from the nose and mouth to the lungs, causing difficulty breathing. Sign and symptoms include wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness, and coughing

ADHD

A condition characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or by hyperactivity or impulsive behaviors; ADHD interferes with a person's functioning or development

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A developmental disorder marked by difficulty with social communication and interaction- including difficulty seeing things from another person's point of view- and restricted, repetitive patterns or behavior, interests or activities

Individual Education Plan (IEP)

A document that specifies educational goals and plans for a child with special needs

Polygamous Family

A family consisting of one man, several wives, and their children

Extended Family

A family of three or one generations living in one household

Nuclear Family

A family that consists of a father, a mother, and their biological children under age 18

Single-Parent Family

A family that consists of only one parents and his or her biological children under 18

A nuclear family

A father, a mother, and their biological children under age 18 living in one household

Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)

A legal requirement that children with special needs be assigned to the most general educational context in which they can be expected to learn

Specific Learning Disorder (learning disability)

A marked deficit in a particular area of learning that is not cause by a apparent physical disability, by an intellectual disability, or by an unusually stressful home environment

Achievement test

A measure of mastery or proficiency in reading, mathematics, writing, science and some other subject

Automatization

A process in which repetition of a sequence of thought and actions makes the sequence routing, so that is no longer requires conscious thought

Charter Schools

A public school with its own set of standards that is funded and licensed by the state or local district in which it is located

Voucher

A public subsidy a great deal from place to place, not only in amount and availability but also in restrictions as to who gets them and what schools accept them

Private School

A school funded by tuition charges, endowments, and often religious or other nonprofit sponsors

What arises primarily from genes and nonshared environment

Abuse

What ethnicity under 18 is most likely diagnosed with asthma?

African

Single parenthood is more common and more accepted among:

African-Americans

Response to Intervention (RTI)

An educational strategy intended to help children who demonstrate below-average achievement in early grades, using special intervention

Trends in Math and Science Study (TIMSS)

An international assessment of the math and science skills of fourth-and-eighth-graders. Although the TIMSS is very useful, different countries scores are not always comparable because sample selection, test administration, and content validity are hard to keep uniform

National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)

An ongoing and nationally representative measure of U.S. children's achievement in reading, mathematics, and other subjects over time; nicknamed "the Nation's Report Card"

The expected potential to master a specific skill or to elarn a certain body of knowledge is:

Aptitude

According to the text, brain scans;

Are not entirely reliable

A child who understands seriation, classification, and conservation but cannot grasp concepts such as liberty and equality; is most likely in what stage of development?

Concrete Operational

What is the diagnosis that was formerly given to children with autism who didn't have delays in language or intellectual development?

Asperger's Syndrome

What supports the "hygeine hypothesis"?

Asthma is less common in children who live on farms

Obese children are more likely to not, what when they become adults

Attend college

Childhood medication for ADHD had been found to:

Be complicated, so finding the best drug at the appropriate strength is difficult

Genetic diseases and accidents are more of a threat to what age?

Before age 6 or after age 11

The presence of two or more unrelated disease conditions in one person at the same time is:

Comorbidty

The ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring other is:

Called selective attention

The saying "Step on a crack and you will break your mother's back," is an example of:

Child culture

ELLS (English Language Learners)

Children in the United States whose proficiency in English is low-usually below a cutoff score on an oral or written test. Many children who speak a non-English language at home are also capable in English; they are not ELLS

Bully-victims

Children who attack others and who are attacked as well

During middle childhood, morality can be scaffolded just like ___ skills.

Cognitive skills

When Piaget referred to concrete operations, he meant logic applied in situations that:

Deal with visible, tangible, real things

As friendships come from preschool to the school-age years, children are most likely to:

Demand more of their friends

A key aspect of a child's resilience when confronted with stress if the child's ability to:

Develop relationship, activities, and skills

Expectations of what factor is associated with achievement levels in children?

Direct language development

Japanese culture

Discourages social comparisons aimed at making oneself feel superior

Someone who is repeatedly bullied by someone else. Most likely the victim:

Does not have a single good friend in his class

Latency

Freud's term for middle childhood, during which children's emotional drives and psychosexual needs are quiet (latent). Freud thought that sexual conflicts from earlier stages are only temporarily submerged, bursting forth again at puberty

Kohlberg's stage three of level two (conventional moral reasoning) is also known as good__and nice__

Girl; Boy

A school-age child, and a crucial factor necessary for them to thrive is:

Harmony and stability at home

Where is cyberbullying most common?

High school than in primary school

Sternberg and Gardner criticize IQ tests because the tests:

Ignore various types of intelligence

As a child becomes more self-aware, they will benefit from praise for their:

Process

Childhood Overweight

In a child, having a BMI above the 85th percentile, according to the U.S. Center for Disease Control's 1980 standards for children of a given age

Childhood Obesity

In a child, having a BMI above the 95th percentile, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control's 1980 standards for children of a given age

Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS)

Inaugurated in 2--1, a planned five-year cycle of international trend studies in the reading ability of fourth-graders

What is responsible for the brain's increase in size during middle childhood?

Increase in the number of dendrites

Body movement can improve brain functioning with what aspects of a person?

Increased neurotransmitters, cerebral blood flow, and a person will be in a better mood

What is Erikson's fourth stage of psychosocial development?

Industry vs Inferiority

Writer Andrew Solomon indicated that treatments for autism include:

Ingesting blue-green algae Being given the medications Abilify and Prozac Being put in hyperbaric oxygen chambers

What psychologist stresses a child's own discovery concepts?

Jean Piaget

Most of the popular young children are:

Kind and cooperative

Preconventional Moral Reasoning

Kohlberg's first level or moral reasoning, emphasizing rewards and punishments

Conventional Moral Reasoning

Kohlberg's second level of moral reasoning

Postconventional Moral Reasoning

Kohleerg's third level of moral reasoning, emphasizing moral principles

A characteristics of American education, unlike education in most other nations, is that:

Local state and district jurisdiction have more control of what is taught and how it is taught

Kohlberg's stage two of level one if also known as:

Look out for number one

The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 has resulted in some public schools:

Losing funding for failing to meet federal achievement standards

What subject is prioritized by No Child Left Behind

Math

Control Processes

Mechanisms (including selective attention, metacognition, and emotional regulation) that combine memory, processing speed, and knowledge to regulate the analysis flow of the information within the information-processing system

High self-esteem is:

Neither universally valued nor universally criticized

The most common type of family structure for U.S. children ages 6-11 is:

Nuclear failed to study moral reasoning in girls

Immersion refers to:

Providing all instruction in the language that the child is learning.

The Common Core standards are:

Quite specific, with half a dozen or more specifics in each subject for each grade

When people think that it is moral to break the law in some circumstances, Kohlberg would place their moral reasoning at the:

Social contract stage

When facing stressful conditions some children assume a parental role and try to take care of everyone in the family

Parentification

One important underlying issue for almost any school is the proper role of:

Parents

Concrete Operational thought

Piaget's term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions

The rarest family structure is:

Polygamous family

The ___ level emphasizes rewards and punishments, whereas the ___ level emphasizes more principles

Preconventional; postconventional

The difference in the psychosocial development of preoperational children as compared to that of middle-school children is:

Preoperational children's egocentrism makes them less likely to be affected by other children's opinions and judgements

Pragmatics

Refers to the practical use of language, including the ability to adjust language communication according to audience and context

Comorbid

Refers to the presence of two or more unrelated disease conditions at the same time in the same person

Agressive-rejected

Rejected be peers because of antagonistic confrontational behavior

Withdrawn-rejection

Rejected by peers because of timid, withdrawn, and anxious behavior

A key word in the definition of bullying is:

Repeated

Bullying

Repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal, or social attack on a weaker person

According to the test, students in Spain spend twice as much time studying___as students in Italy

Science

____ Memory stores incoming stimulus information for a split second to allow it to be processed?

Sensory Memory

___ Memory retains an impression of an incoming stimuli for a split second

Sensory memory

What is another name for working memory?

Short-term

Lev Vygotsky believed that children's learning was inhibited by:

Social Isolation

Selective Attention

The ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others

Effortful Control

The ability to regulate one's emotions and actions through effort

Resilience

The capacity to adapt well to significant adversity and to overcome serious stress

Executive Function

The cognitive ability to organize and prioritize the many thought that arise from the various parts of the brain, allowing the person to anticipate, strategize, and plan behavior

Working Memory

The component of the information-processing system in which current conscious mental activity occurs

Sensory Memory

The component of the information-processing system in which incoming stimulus information is stored for a split second to allow it to be processed

Long-term Memory

The component of the information-processing system in which virtually limitless amounts of information can be stored indefinitely

Seriation

The concept that things can be arranged in a logical series, such as the number sequence or the alphabet

A characteristic of the culture of children is that:

They may spout curses, accents, and slang

Developmental psychopathology

The field uses insights into typical development to understand and remediate developmental disorders

Industry versus inferiority

The fourth of Erikson's eight psychosocial crisis, during which children attempt to master many skills, developing a sense of themselves as either industrious or inferior, competent or incompetent

Multiple Intelligence's

The idea that human intelligence is composed of a varied set of abilities rather than a single, all encompassing one

Neurodiversity

The idea that people have diverse brain structures, with each person having neurological strengths and weaknesses that should be appreciated, in much the same way diverse cultures and ethnicities are welcomed. A person who is adept at numbers and systems but inept in social skills and metaphors might be recognized as having unusual gifts, rather than pitied for having an autism spectrum disorder

Family Structure

The legal and genetic relationships among relatives; include nuclear family, extended family, stepfamily, and so on

Classification

The logical principle that things can be organized into groups according to some characteristic they have in common

Child Culture

The particular habits, styles, and values tat reflect the set of rules and rituals that characterize children as distinct from adult society

Middle Childhood

The period between early childhood and early adolescence, approximately from ages 6-11

Aptitude

The potential to master a specific skill or to learn a certain body of knowledge

Using slang with some people and proper language for others, they have learned;

The pragmatics of language

Young children are more likely to decide if something is right or wrong based on__- and older children consider ___.

The result; intentions as well

Flynn Effect

The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations

One obvious manifestation of the hidden curriculum is:

The school's physical condition

Social Comparison

The tendency to assess one's abilities, achievements, social status, and other attributes by measuring them against those of other people, especially

Hidden Curriculum

The unofficial, unstated, or implicit rules and priorities that influence the academic curriculum and every other aspect of learning in a school

Family Function

The way a family works to meet the needs of tis member. Children need families to provide basic material necessities, to encourage learning, to help them develop self-respect, to nurture friendships, and to foster harmony and stability

Dyscalculia

Unusual difficulty with math, probably originating from a distinct part of the brain

Dyslexia

Unusual difficulty with reading; thought to be the rest of some neurological underdevelopment

A child who is rejected by peers because of timid and anxious behavior is referred to as:

Withdrawn-rejected

The component of the information-processing system in which current conscious mental activity occurs is __ memory.

Working memory

In a survey of elementary schools nationwide, it was found that about one-third of the children had less than ___ minutes of recess each day

less than 15 minutes

Two factors that significantly interfere with family function in every nation are:

low income and high conflict

Less effortdul control leads to:

lower achievement

Bully-Victim

people who attack other and who are attacked as well. Also called provocative victims because they do things that elicit bullying

Piagets contribution of theory of cognitive development is the realization that;

school-age children become more flexible in their use of logic

School-age children's growth is

slow and steady

Reaction Time

the time it takes to respond to a stimulus, either physically or cognitively

According to Jean Piaget, what is a limitation of children who are in the concrete operational stage?

they cannot reason about hypothetical situations