Child Development Test Four
Acceleration
Educating gifted children alongside other children of the same mental, not chronological age
Home Schooling
Education in which children are taught at home, usually by their parents
Bullis have low levels of what?
Empathy
Metcognition
"Thining about thinking", or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task in order to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one's performance o that task
What is a factor that influences both language development and academic achievement?
Socioeconomic status of the family
Two ways the brain continues to mature in middle childhood and where are these changes pronounced?
1) The addition of myelin to the connecting fibers of neurons. 2) Remodeling (pruning) of synaptic connections. They are pronounced in the prefrontal cortex
Of Asian American mothers, ___percent are single
10%
According to the test, the percentage of 3-21 year-old officially designated as having special needs in the United States was:
10% in 1980, and 13% in 2011
At what age can most children demonstrate rapid and fluent oral reading (more than 100 words per minute)
11-12
What is a common value is middle childhood?
They do not tell adults what is happening in their lives
A toddler daycare and is considering introducing early reading to their pupils. There are mothers with a college education and mothers who did not finish high school. About how mnay 2-year-olds in each group can be expected to be involved in daily reading at home?
24% of children of mothers with less than a high school education and 70% of children of mothers with at least a college degree
A toddler daycare is considering introducing early reading to their pupils. There are mothers with a college education and mothers who did not finish high school. About how many 2-year-olds in each group can be expected to be involved in daily reading at home?
24% of children of mothers with less than a high school education and 70% of children of mothers with at least a college degree
In the U.S., ___ percent of all 6-11-year-old children live in a single family.
31%
Inaugurated in 2001, a planned___cycle of international trend studies in the reading ability of fourth-graders is called the progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) exam.
5 years
In the United States, the death rate for 5-14 year olds was about
70 per 100,000 in 1950, and 10 per 100,000 in 2012
What percentage of IQ scores falls within the normal range?
70%
What percentage of 5-9 year old children in the U.S. in 2013 suffer from asthma?
9%
By age 10, the brain is what percentage of the adult sized brain?
95%
No Child Left Behind Act
A U.S. law enacted in 2001 that was intended to increase accountability in education by requiring states to qualify for federal education funding by administering standardized tests to measure school achievement
Multifinality
A basic principle of developmental psychopathology that holds that one cause can have many final manifestations
Equifinality
A basic principle of developmental psychopathology that holds that one symptom can have many causes
Knowledge Base
A body of knowledge in a particular area that makes it easier to master new information in that area
Asthma
A chronic disease of the respiratory system in which inflammation narrows the airways from the nose and mouth to the lungs, causing difficulty breathing. Sign and symptoms include wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness, and coughing
ADHD
A condition characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or by hyperactivity or impulsive behaviors; ADHD interferes with a person's functioning or development
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
A developmental disorder marked by difficulty with social communication and interaction- including difficulty seeing things from another person's point of view- and restricted, repetitive patterns or behavior, interests or activities
Individual Education Plan (IEP)
A document that specifies educational goals and plans for a child with special needs
Polygamous Family
A family consisting of one man, several wives, and their children
Extended Family
A family of three or one generations living in one household
Nuclear Family
A family that consists of a father, a mother, and their biological children under age 18
Single-Parent Family
A family that consists of only one parents and his or her biological children under 18
A nuclear family
A father, a mother, and their biological children under age 18 living in one household
Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)
A legal requirement that children with special needs be assigned to the most general educational context in which they can be expected to learn
Specific Learning Disorder (learning disability)
A marked deficit in a particular area of learning that is not cause by a apparent physical disability, by an intellectual disability, or by an unusually stressful home environment
Achievement test
A measure of mastery or proficiency in reading, mathematics, writing, science and some other subject
Automatization
A process in which repetition of a sequence of thought and actions makes the sequence routing, so that is no longer requires conscious thought
Charter Schools
A public school with its own set of standards that is funded and licensed by the state or local district in which it is located
Voucher
A public subsidy a great deal from place to place, not only in amount and availability but also in restrictions as to who gets them and what schools accept them
Private School
A school funded by tuition charges, endowments, and often religious or other nonprofit sponsors
What arises primarily from genes and nonshared environment
Abuse
What ethnicity under 18 is most likely diagnosed with asthma?
African
Single parenthood is more common and more accepted among:
African-Americans
Response to Intervention (RTI)
An educational strategy intended to help children who demonstrate below-average achievement in early grades, using special intervention
Trends in Math and Science Study (TIMSS)
An international assessment of the math and science skills of fourth-and-eighth-graders. Although the TIMSS is very useful, different countries scores are not always comparable because sample selection, test administration, and content validity are hard to keep uniform
National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)
An ongoing and nationally representative measure of U.S. children's achievement in reading, mathematics, and other subjects over time; nicknamed "the Nation's Report Card"
The expected potential to master a specific skill or to elarn a certain body of knowledge is:
Aptitude
According to the text, brain scans;
Are not entirely reliable
A child who understands seriation, classification, and conservation but cannot grasp concepts such as liberty and equality; is most likely in what stage of development?
Concrete Operational
What is the diagnosis that was formerly given to children with autism who didn't have delays in language or intellectual development?
Asperger's Syndrome
What supports the "hygeine hypothesis"?
Asthma is less common in children who live on farms
Obese children are more likely to not, what when they become adults
Attend college
Childhood medication for ADHD had been found to:
Be complicated, so finding the best drug at the appropriate strength is difficult
Genetic diseases and accidents are more of a threat to what age?
Before age 6 or after age 11
The presence of two or more unrelated disease conditions in one person at the same time is:
Comorbidty
The ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring other is:
Called selective attention
The saying "Step on a crack and you will break your mother's back," is an example of:
Child culture
ELLS (English Language Learners)
Children in the United States whose proficiency in English is low-usually below a cutoff score on an oral or written test. Many children who speak a non-English language at home are also capable in English; they are not ELLS
Bully-victims
Children who attack others and who are attacked as well
During middle childhood, morality can be scaffolded just like ___ skills.
Cognitive skills
When Piaget referred to concrete operations, he meant logic applied in situations that:
Deal with visible, tangible, real things
As friendships come from preschool to the school-age years, children are most likely to:
Demand more of their friends
A key aspect of a child's resilience when confronted with stress if the child's ability to:
Develop relationship, activities, and skills
Expectations of what factor is associated with achievement levels in children?
Direct language development
Japanese culture
Discourages social comparisons aimed at making oneself feel superior
Someone who is repeatedly bullied by someone else. Most likely the victim:
Does not have a single good friend in his class
Latency
Freud's term for middle childhood, during which children's emotional drives and psychosexual needs are quiet (latent). Freud thought that sexual conflicts from earlier stages are only temporarily submerged, bursting forth again at puberty
Kohlberg's stage three of level two (conventional moral reasoning) is also known as good__and nice__
Girl; Boy
A school-age child, and a crucial factor necessary for them to thrive is:
Harmony and stability at home
Where is cyberbullying most common?
High school than in primary school
Sternberg and Gardner criticize IQ tests because the tests:
Ignore various types of intelligence
As a child becomes more self-aware, they will benefit from praise for their:
Process
Childhood Overweight
In a child, having a BMI above the 85th percentile, according to the U.S. Center for Disease Control's 1980 standards for children of a given age
Childhood Obesity
In a child, having a BMI above the 95th percentile, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control's 1980 standards for children of a given age
Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS)
Inaugurated in 2--1, a planned five-year cycle of international trend studies in the reading ability of fourth-graders
What is responsible for the brain's increase in size during middle childhood?
Increase in the number of dendrites
Body movement can improve brain functioning with what aspects of a person?
Increased neurotransmitters, cerebral blood flow, and a person will be in a better mood
What is Erikson's fourth stage of psychosocial development?
Industry vs Inferiority
Writer Andrew Solomon indicated that treatments for autism include:
Ingesting blue-green algae Being given the medications Abilify and Prozac Being put in hyperbaric oxygen chambers
What psychologist stresses a child's own discovery concepts?
Jean Piaget
Most of the popular young children are:
Kind and cooperative
Preconventional Moral Reasoning
Kohlberg's first level or moral reasoning, emphasizing rewards and punishments
Conventional Moral Reasoning
Kohlberg's second level of moral reasoning
Postconventional Moral Reasoning
Kohleerg's third level of moral reasoning, emphasizing moral principles
A characteristics of American education, unlike education in most other nations, is that:
Local state and district jurisdiction have more control of what is taught and how it is taught
Kohlberg's stage two of level one if also known as:
Look out for number one
The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 has resulted in some public schools:
Losing funding for failing to meet federal achievement standards
What subject is prioritized by No Child Left Behind
Math
Control Processes
Mechanisms (including selective attention, metacognition, and emotional regulation) that combine memory, processing speed, and knowledge to regulate the analysis flow of the information within the information-processing system
High self-esteem is:
Neither universally valued nor universally criticized
The most common type of family structure for U.S. children ages 6-11 is:
Nuclear failed to study moral reasoning in girls
Immersion refers to:
Providing all instruction in the language that the child is learning.
The Common Core standards are:
Quite specific, with half a dozen or more specifics in each subject for each grade
When people think that it is moral to break the law in some circumstances, Kohlberg would place their moral reasoning at the:
Social contract stage
When facing stressful conditions some children assume a parental role and try to take care of everyone in the family
Parentification
One important underlying issue for almost any school is the proper role of:
Parents
Concrete Operational thought
Piaget's term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions
The rarest family structure is:
Polygamous family
The ___ level emphasizes rewards and punishments, whereas the ___ level emphasizes more principles
Preconventional; postconventional
The difference in the psychosocial development of preoperational children as compared to that of middle-school children is:
Preoperational children's egocentrism makes them less likely to be affected by other children's opinions and judgements
Pragmatics
Refers to the practical use of language, including the ability to adjust language communication according to audience and context
Comorbid
Refers to the presence of two or more unrelated disease conditions at the same time in the same person
Agressive-rejected
Rejected be peers because of antagonistic confrontational behavior
Withdrawn-rejection
Rejected by peers because of timid, withdrawn, and anxious behavior
A key word in the definition of bullying is:
Repeated
Bullying
Repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal, or social attack on a weaker person
According to the test, students in Spain spend twice as much time studying___as students in Italy
Science
____ Memory stores incoming stimulus information for a split second to allow it to be processed?
Sensory Memory
___ Memory retains an impression of an incoming stimuli for a split second
Sensory memory
What is another name for working memory?
Short-term
Lev Vygotsky believed that children's learning was inhibited by:
Social Isolation
Selective Attention
The ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others
Effortful Control
The ability to regulate one's emotions and actions through effort
Resilience
The capacity to adapt well to significant adversity and to overcome serious stress
Executive Function
The cognitive ability to organize and prioritize the many thought that arise from the various parts of the brain, allowing the person to anticipate, strategize, and plan behavior
Working Memory
The component of the information-processing system in which current conscious mental activity occurs
Sensory Memory
The component of the information-processing system in which incoming stimulus information is stored for a split second to allow it to be processed
Long-term Memory
The component of the information-processing system in which virtually limitless amounts of information can be stored indefinitely
Seriation
The concept that things can be arranged in a logical series, such as the number sequence or the alphabet
A characteristic of the culture of children is that:
They may spout curses, accents, and slang
Developmental psychopathology
The field uses insights into typical development to understand and remediate developmental disorders
Industry versus inferiority
The fourth of Erikson's eight psychosocial crisis, during which children attempt to master many skills, developing a sense of themselves as either industrious or inferior, competent or incompetent
Multiple Intelligence's
The idea that human intelligence is composed of a varied set of abilities rather than a single, all encompassing one
Neurodiversity
The idea that people have diverse brain structures, with each person having neurological strengths and weaknesses that should be appreciated, in much the same way diverse cultures and ethnicities are welcomed. A person who is adept at numbers and systems but inept in social skills and metaphors might be recognized as having unusual gifts, rather than pitied for having an autism spectrum disorder
Family Structure
The legal and genetic relationships among relatives; include nuclear family, extended family, stepfamily, and so on
Classification
The logical principle that things can be organized into groups according to some characteristic they have in common
Child Culture
The particular habits, styles, and values tat reflect the set of rules and rituals that characterize children as distinct from adult society
Middle Childhood
The period between early childhood and early adolescence, approximately from ages 6-11
Aptitude
The potential to master a specific skill or to learn a certain body of knowledge
Using slang with some people and proper language for others, they have learned;
The pragmatics of language
Young children are more likely to decide if something is right or wrong based on__- and older children consider ___.
The result; intentions as well
Flynn Effect
The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations
One obvious manifestation of the hidden curriculum is:
The school's physical condition
Social Comparison
The tendency to assess one's abilities, achievements, social status, and other attributes by measuring them against those of other people, especially
Hidden Curriculum
The unofficial, unstated, or implicit rules and priorities that influence the academic curriculum and every other aspect of learning in a school
Family Function
The way a family works to meet the needs of tis member. Children need families to provide basic material necessities, to encourage learning, to help them develop self-respect, to nurture friendships, and to foster harmony and stability
Dyscalculia
Unusual difficulty with math, probably originating from a distinct part of the brain
Dyslexia
Unusual difficulty with reading; thought to be the rest of some neurological underdevelopment
A child who is rejected by peers because of timid and anxious behavior is referred to as:
Withdrawn-rejected
The component of the information-processing system in which current conscious mental activity occurs is __ memory.
Working memory
In a survey of elementary schools nationwide, it was found that about one-third of the children had less than ___ minutes of recess each day
less than 15 minutes
Two factors that significantly interfere with family function in every nation are:
low income and high conflict
Less effortdul control leads to:
lower achievement
Bully-Victim
people who attack other and who are attacked as well. Also called provocative victims because they do things that elicit bullying
Piagets contribution of theory of cognitive development is the realization that;
school-age children become more flexible in their use of logic
School-age children's growth is
slow and steady
Reaction Time
the time it takes to respond to a stimulus, either physically or cognitively
According to Jean Piaget, what is a limitation of children who are in the concrete operational stage?
they cannot reason about hypothetical situations
