child psych study guide-final

psychopathic features are marked by ? a. a pattern of deceitful, callous, manipulative, and remorseless behavior. b. repeated aggressive acts c. diminished intelligence and inability to distinguish right from wrong. d. excessive anxiety.

a pattern of deceitful, callous, manipulative, and remorseless behavior.

a child diagnosed with a learning disorder would typically score ? a. better on IQ tests than on tests of academic achievement. b. lower on IQ tests than on tests of academic achievement. c. comparably high on both IQ tests and tests of academic achievement. d. comparably low on both IQ tests and tests of academic achievement.

better on IQ tests than on tests of academic achievement.

children (and adults) who experience a clinical course of one or more major depressive episodes accompanied by at least one hypomanic episode are diagnosed with ? a. bipolar 1 disorder b. bipolar 2 disorder c. double depression d. cyclothymic disorder

bipolar 2 disorder

which statement about neural development is FALSE? a. most developing axons reach their destination even before a baby is born. b. synapse proliferate and multiply in early childhood. c. brain connections are relatively pre-determinded and cannot be changed by the environment. d. consequences of traumatic experience may be difficult to change.

brain connections are relatively pre-determined and cannot be changed by the environment.

? children with autism spectrum disorder do not develop any useful language. a. All b. The majority of c. Approximately half of d. a small number of

approximately half of

the most common presenting symptom for children with childhood-onset schizophrenia is ? a. auditory hallucinations b. visual hallucinations c. paranoid delusions d. flat affect

auditory hallucinations

Etiology refers to the ? of childhood disorders. a. causation b. treatments c. correlates d. prevention

causation

which of the following would be most likely to be assessed by behavioral assessment methods? a. descriptions of the problem. b. child aggression in school. c. meaning of pictures drawn by child. d. inkblot interpretations.

child aggression in school.

which statement about childhood-onset schizophrenia is false? a. childhood-onset schizophrenia appears to be a more severe form of adult-onset schizophrenia. b. the criteria used to diagnose schizophrenia in adults can reliably be used to diagnose schizophrenia in children. c. childhood-onset schizophrenia typically has a sudden onset. d. childhood-onset schizophrenia is likely to persist into adolescence and adulthood.

childhood-onset schizophrenia typically has a sudden onset.

which risk factor is most likely to increase a childs vulnerability to psychopathology? a. chronic poverty b. impulsivity c. two-career families d. lack of siblings

chronic poverty.

children with adolescent-onset CD are more likely to ? than those with childhood-onset CD. a. be girls b. display psychopathology c. be aggressive d. desist in their antisocial behavior as they get older.

desist in their antisocial behavior as they get older.

to determine a child's competencies, it is useful to have some knowledge of ? a. instituaitonal norms b. animal behavior c. adult dysfunctions d. developmental tasks

developmental tasks

a step-by-step approach to presenting a stimulus and requiring a specific response that is used in the treatment of ASD is called ? a. subtle trial training b. response training c. trial-response approach d. discrete trail training

discrete trial training

the theory of mind hypothesis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) suggests that children with ASD ? a. focus on one feature of an object in an environment which ignoring other equally important features. b. do not understand others' mental states. c. cannot take in the larger picture because of a tendency to focus on details. d. are unable to split their social attention in social situations.

do not understand others mental states.

for some children, recurrent ? during the first year of life may be related to speech and language delays. a. fevers b. throat infection c. ear infection d. feeding problems

ear infections

freud and his psychoanalytic approach provided the first link of mental disorders to ? a. neurotransmitter imbalances b. early childhood experiences c. possession by evil spirits d. classical conditioning

early childhood experiences

the individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA; public law 104-446) mandates ? a. segregated education for children with special needs. b. the use of IQ tests for assessing children. c. standardized and uniform programs for children identified as having special needs. d. education in the least restrictive environment possible.

education in the least restrictive env. possible.

to know if a treatment would truly be useful in community settings, following success of the treatment under well-controlled conditions, researchers should focus on treatment ? a. efficacy b. effectiveness c. reliability d. validity

effectiveness

conduct disorder may arise from different developmental pathways, a concept known as ? a. equifinality b. multifinality c. developmental diversity d. disordered beginnings

equifinality

During the early part of the twentieth century, the biological disease model of mental problems led to? a. the belief that mental illness had no physical basis. b. improved treatments. c. more controlled research methods. d. eugenics and segregation.

eugenics and segregation.

children with Down Syndrome display considerable delay in ? a. expressive language development. b. receptive language dev. c. gestures and nonverbal behavior. d. eye contact with caregivers.

expressive language development

the Carpenter and Drabick (2010) paper considered child and contextual factors that might help to explain the co-occurrence of ? difficulties and behavior problems. a. interpersonal b. reading c. expressive language. d. attentional

expressive language.

which behavior would be characteristic of someone with issues on the internalizing behavior dimension? a. hitting another child in anger b. refusing to sit in a seat at school c. feeling sad all of the time d. intentionally hurting another childs feelings.

feeling sad all of the time.

the ? refers to the phenomenon that IQ scores have risen sharply (approximately 3 points every year) since the beginning of IQ testing. a. flynn effect b. foster effect c. cohort effect d. scoring effect

flynn effect

?, also illustrated in the video with 2 sons viewed in class, is the most common cause of inherited intellectual disability. a. down syndrome b. fragile-x syndrome c. prader-willi syndrome d. phenylketonuria

fragile-x syndrome

the ? lobes contain the functions underlying much of our thinking and reasoning abilities. a. temporal b. frontal c. parietal d. occipital

frontal

studies of brain metabolism in individuals with ASD suggest decreased blood flow in these two lobes. a. frontal and temporal b. frontal and parietal c. temporal and parietal d. occipital and temporal

frontal and temporal

neurobiological research on the causes of ADHD consistently implicates the ? a. limbic system b. hippocampus c. reticular activating system d. frontostriatal circuitry

frontostriatal circuitry

children with autism spectrum disorder ? a. have reduced sharing of emotions. b. initiate most social interactions. c. tend to listen to the speaker. d. make exaggerated facial expressions.

have reduced sharing of emotions.

the tendency to attribute negative intent to others, especially when the actual intentions of the other child are unclear, is referred to as ? a. depressive cognitions b. hostile attribution bias c. proactive aggression d. aggressive expectancies

hostile attribution bias

DRD4, the dopamine receptor gene, has been linked to ? a.inhibition b. attention c. Impulsivity d. cognition

impulsivity

In comparison to boys, girls with ADHD are more likely to display higher levels of ? a. hyperactivity b. executive functioning problems. c. aggression d. inattention

inattention

? rates refer to the extent to which new cases of a disorder appear over a specified time period. a. diagnostic b. emergence c. incidence d. prevalence

incidence

a risk factor is a variable that ? a. follows a neg. outcome b. increases the likelihood that a neg. outcome will occur. c. indicates pos. outcomes. d. decreases the likelihood that negative outcome will occur.

increases the likelihood that a neg. outcome will occur.

the preventive intervention for youth conduct problems that involves providing early interventions through BOTH parents and teachers is ? a. cognitive-contextual therapy b. coping skills training c. incredible years d. behavior management training

incredible years

children with autism spectrum disorder are most likely to use ? a. instrumental gestures b. expressive gestures c. protodeclarative gestures d. joint social behaviors

instrumental gestures

which of the following in NOT one of the examples of family therapy content among families with a child with autism spectrum disorder according to Goepfert et al (2015)? a. education about developmental challenges b. communication and problem-solving c. advocating for the child. d. involving peers to improve social skills.

involving peers to improve social skills.

the new DSM-5 diagnosis of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder was designed to capture non-episodic, persistent, chronic, and severe ? a. suicidal thoughts b. irritability c. panic attacks d. mania

irritability

The Jensen et al. (1997) article suggested that ADHD traits may have been evolutionarily adaptive in certain environments, and that children with ADHD could be alternatively conceptualized as "?" a. impulsive-aggressive b. problem-solving c. environment-flexible d. response-ready

response-ready

what is an example of cognitive impulsivity? a. blurting out an answer in class. b. quickness to anger c. rushed thinking d. interrupting a parent on the phone.

rushed thinking

when Jessica sits down to do her homework and study, she is easily distracted by the television in another room. Jessica demonstrates a deficit in ? a. receptive language. b. working memory c. selective attention d. auditory processing

selective attention

the window of time during which environmental influences on development are enhanced are called ? a. sensitive periods b. critical periods c. crucial periods d. necessary periods

sensitive periods

the neurotransmitter implicated in regulatory problems, such as problems with eating, sleep, hopefulness, and mood, is ? a. norepinephrine b. serotonin c. benzodiazephone - GABA d. dopamine

serotonin

an early symptom of CD in girls is often ? a. aggression b. lying c. theft d. sexual misbehaviors

sexual misbehaviors

New to DSM-5, ? involves difficulties with communication such as turn-taking, understanding sarcasm or humor, and difficulties changing speech based on the person or context. a. expressive language disorder. b. childhood-onset fluency disorder. c. receptive language disorder d. social pragmatic communication disorder.

social pragmatic communication disorder

which symptoms of depression most interfere with typical youth development of interpersonal relationships? a. sleeplessness b. agitation c. social withdrawal d. somatic complaints

social withdrawal

which disorder is determined by achievement test results that are substantially below what is expected for the childs age, schooling, and intellectual ability? a. communication disorder b. phonological awareness c. specific learning disorder d. fluency disorder

specific learning disorder

Bradley has particular difficulty paying attention when he is tired or uninterested in the task at hang. Bradley demonstrates a deficit in ? a. sustained attention b. distractibility c. working memory d. inhibition

sustained attention

which of the following is NOT an additional criterion for a diagnosis of ADHD? a. symtoms must appear prior to age 10 b. symptoms must be present for at least 6 months c. symptoms must occur in more than one setting d. symptoms must interfere with social or academic performance

symptoms must appear prior to age 10

which of the following is a characteristic of parent-management training for conduct problems? a. social skills training b. teaching parents contingency management techniques c. legal services d. substance abuse treatment

teaching parents contingency management techniques

Angold and Costello (2009) reported that modifications to the DSM-5 based on developmental periods have been very helpful; however, they noted that the DSM remains problematic among children younger than 2 years old. What research literature do they recommend using to address this issue? a. temperament b. parenting c. genetics d. culture

temperament

deficits in executive functions in children with conduct problems are likely due to ? a. poor parenting practices b. comorbid intellectual disability c. the presence of ADHD d. comorbid learning disorders

the presence of ADHD

if you were to administer an IQ test to a child with autism spectrum disorder, which type of sub scale would likely cause the child the most difficulty? a. non-verbal subtest involving short-term memory. b. image memory tasks. c. repetitive design tasks. d. verbal comprehension subtests.

verbal comprehension subtests.

a child with a mathematics disorder would MOST likely also have difficulty with ? a. reading b. visual-spatial ability c. coordination d. memory

visual-spatial ability

a central tenet of developmental psychopathology is that to understand maladaptive behavior, we must consider ? a. one's genetic predisposition b. how problematic behaviors develop over time. c. the child's familial history for maladjustment. d. what is normative for a given period of development.

what is normative for a given period of development.

julian father asked her to go to the bedroom to select a book that they could read together. Julia went to her bedroom and chose her favorite book. Julia's mother asked her what she was doing. Julia's response was "Book read". Based on this description, Julia may meet the criteria for ? a. phonological disorder b. language disorder c. speech sound disorder d. stuttering

language disorder

which part of the brain is MOST responsible for regulating our emotional experiences, expressions, and impulses? a. hypothalamus b. hindbrain c. parietal lobe d. limbic system

limbic system

an additional specific to the DSm-5 conduct disorder category that corresponds to a lack of 1. remove or guilt, 2. concern about performance, 3. empathy, and 4. appropriate affect is with ? a. limited prosocial emotions b. childhood vs. adolescent onset c. emotional/irritable symptoms d. antisocial features

limited prosocial emotions

in the Kim-Cohen and Gold (2009) paper, the authors demonstrated that children with low MAOA expression and 1 or 2 short alleys for the serotonin transporter gene exhibited symptoms ONLY if they also experienced? a. parental divorce b. peer rejection c. maltreatment d. executive functioning deficits

maltreatment

A researcher investigating the relation between maternal distress and child conduct problems found that maternal distress was related to disciplinary strategies towards the child, which in turn were related to child conduct problems. In this study, disciplinary strategies are a ? a. comorbid variable b. correlated variable c. mediator variable d. moderator variable

mediator variable

which intervention would be LEAST likely to be used with a child with a learning disorder? a. direct instruction b. medications that improve learning. c. teaching the child to self-monitor d. cognitive-behvaioral therapy

medications that improve learning

the ? category of intellectual disability is overrepresented in minority groups. a. mild b. moderate c. severe d. profound

mild

if a study of the relation between divorce and youth behavior problems found a more neg. impact among girls compared to boys, child sex will be a ? a. protective factor b. risk factor c. mediating variable d. moderating variable

moderating variable

what concept states that various outcomes may stem from similar beginnings such as child maltreatment? a.trifinality b. ethnic finality c. equifinality d. multifinality

multifinality

one change to the DSM-5 criteria for ODD was in defining severity (mild, moderate, severe) based on ? a. how frequency ODD behaviors occur b. whether comorbid conditions are present c. age of onset d. number of settings in which ODD behaviors occur

number of settings in which ODD behaviors occur

? dscribes children who display an age-inappropriate recurrent pattern of stubborn, hostile, and defiant behaviors. a. oppositional defiant disorder b. conduct disorder c. early-onset psychopathy d. callous-unemoitonal traits

oppositional defiant disorder

conduct problems fall on two continuous dimensions, and four categories of conduct problems can be identified that differ on ? and ? dimensions. a. overt-covert and callous-anxious b. over-covert and destructive- nondestructive c. internalizing-externalizing and destructive-nondestructive d. internalizing-externalizing and callous-anxious

overt-covert and destructive-nondestructive

all of the following are family correlates of ADHD EXCEPT ? a. maternal depression b. paternal schizophrenia c. marital discord d. sibling conflict

paternal schizophrenia

as adults, men with learning disorders ? a. experience poor job satisfaction b. engage in greater levels of antisocial behavior c. experience greater levels of depression d. perceive lower levels of social support

perceive lower levels of social support

deficits in ? are a chief reason that most children with communication and learning disorders have problems in learning to read and spell. a. phonology b. comprehension c. attention d. adaptation

phonology

to be labeled with intellectual disability, below average intellectual and adaptive abilities must be ? a. due to chromosomal abnormalities. b. due to genetic anomalies. c. present before age 18. d. present before age 12.

present before age 18.

? means generating predictions concerning future behavior under specified conditions. a. assessment b. diagnosis c. outcome generation d. prognosis

prognosis

the Rorschach Inkblot Test is an example of a(n) ? test. a. intelligence b. achievement c. projective d. objective

projective

minimum ethical standards for practice include? a. selecting procedures that are in the best interest of the parent. b. documenting involuntary client participation if child does not agree to treatment. c. protecting the confidentiality of the therapeutic relationship. d. ensuring parent and teacher participation.

protecting the confidentiality of the therapeutic relationship.

Isabella appears sad and is having difficulty academically and with her peer group. Isabella has a close relationship with her mother. This relationship with her mother can be considered a ? a. mediating variable b. protective factor c. moderator variable d. risk factor

protective factor

all of the following are components of parent-managment training for ADHD EXCEPT ? a. helping parents lower their own arousal and stress. b. encouraging parents to spend positive time with their children. c. teaching parents about the biological basis of ADHD d. providing individual therapy to siblings.

providing individual therapy to siblings.

The most common learning disorder is in ? a. reading b. mathematics c. written language d. memory

reading

evolutionary degeneracy theory attributed the intellectual and social problems of children with intellectual disability to ? a. cold parenting b. regression to an earlier period in the development of humankind. c. degeneration of societal vales. d. genetic abnormalities.

regression to an earlier period in the development of humankind.

Tommy mother was asked to complete a behavior checklist on 2 separate occasions several weeks apart. The results yielded from both occasions were very similar. The behavior checklist can be said to be ? a. reliable b. valid c. standardized d. effective

reliable

prospective studies of children and adolescents have found that the average age of onset for the first depressive episode is usually ? years. a. 7-10 b. 10-12 c. 13-15 d. 16-18

13-15

the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that children be screened for autism spectrum disorder at ? a. 12 months b. 15 months c. 12-24 months d. 18-24 months

18-24 months

approximately ? percent of clinic-referred children with ADHD continue to have difficulties in adolescence. a. 50 b. 75 c. 20 d. 95

50

the most frequent co-occuring disorder(s) in clinic-referred youth with major depressive disorder is/are ? a. conduct disorders b. ADHD c. anxiety disorders d. substance use disorders

anxiety disorders

in comparison to children with the primarily hyperactive-impulsive ADHD presentation, children with the primarily inattentive presentation of ADHD are at greater risk of ? a. antisocial anxiety b. rejection by peers c. anxiety/mood disorders d. placement in a special education class

anxiety/ mood disorders

to see if a child has intact phonological awareness, a teacher might ? a. ask the child to sound out nonsense words (e.g. "bap") b. have the child try to complete a page of math problems c. have the child sing out loud d. ask the child to recite the alphabet

a. ask the child to sound out nonsense words ("bap")

which psychological disorder is more common among females than males? a. intellectual disability b. autism spectrum disorder c. conduct disorder d. adolescent depression

adolescent depression

which of the following is a characteristic of cognitive problem-solving skills training (PSST) for conduct problems? a. teaching parents contingency management techniques b. substance abuse treatment c. alteration of the child's attributions regarding other children motivations d. special education classes

altercation of the child's attributions regarding other children's motivations.

the absence of joy and interest in activities that were previously enjoyable is called ? a. dysphoria b. dysthymia c. anhedonia d. depression

anhedonia

the Green et al. (2015) paper comparing youth who were typically developing and youth with intellectual disability demonstrated that youth with intellectual disability had higher levels of ? than typically developing youth. a. depression b. anxiety c. substance use d. autism spectrum disorder

anxiety

one of the most successful treatments for major depressive disorder is ? a. nondirective supportive therapy b. family therapy c. psychoanalytic therapy d. cognitive-behavioral therapy

cognitive-behavioral therapy

Annabelle is 2 yrs old, and frequently demands attention and refuses to go to bed. These behaviors are considered ? a.common because of her age b. diagnosable as clinical disorders c. signs of an overly sensitive child. d. early warning signs of future difficulties.

common because of her age.

the overlapping or co-occurence of disorders is called ? a.multifinality b. comortality c. multidiagnosis d. comorbidity

comorbidity

which of the following is not a developmental task of adolescence? a.academic achievement b. compliance with adult caregivers c. forming a cohesive snese of self-identity d. involvement in extracurricular activities.

compliance with adult caregivers

the most common comorbid psychological disorders among children with ADHD are ? a. anxiety and autism spectrum disorder b. oppositional defiant disorder and depression c. tie disorder and substance use disorder d. conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder

conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder.

the "c" in the "ABCs of behavioral assessment" stands for ? a. consequences b. causes c. child d. correction

consequences

what is an appropriate treatment for children who stutter? a. teach parents how to discipline their children. b. aggressively encourage proper speech. c. contingency management procedures.. d. decrease the child's social demands.

contingency management procedures

In ? research, different individuals at different ages or stages of development are studied at the same point in time. a. prospective b. within group c. cross-section d. retrospective

cross-section

as viewed from the two-group approach, the ? group is usually associated with mild forms of intellectual disability. a. organic b. single c. natural d. cultural-familial

cultural-familial

which of the following is true regarding sex differences in the prevalence of depression among males and females? a.throughout the lifespan, females are more likely to suffer from depression than males. b. depression is equally common among preadolescent boys and girls, but after about age 13 the rate is higher for females. c. depression is equally common among boys and girls in childhood and adolescence, but after about age 25 the rate is higher for females. d. females are more likely to suffer from depression at all ages, but only when there is a comorbid anxiety disorder.

depression is equally common among preadolescent boys and girls, but after about age 13 the rate is higher for females.

? are the negative perceptual and attributional styles are beliefs associated with depressive symptoms. a. depressed thoughts b. cognitive delusions c. depressogenic cognitions d. destructive cognitions

depressogenic cognitions