Childress study guide final fall semester
Conditions that restrict the existence, population size, reproductive success, or distribution of organisms are called ranges of tolerance (true/false)
False (limiting factors)
knowledge gained by scientific research ___
Can always be used to provide monetary benefits for himans
Which country has the fewest species of mammals?
Canada
The uncontrolled division of cells is known as ___
Cancer
Why is the hypothesis that black cats cause bad luck not science?
Cannot be tested by controlled experiments, open to judgement, not repeatable
The sequence of growth and division of a cell makes up the ____
Cell cycle
At one time people believe that organisms could be from spontaneously from nonliving matter. Evaluate this belief in light of the cell theory.
Cell theory dissents with this claim because it is stated that all living things are created with cells
A centrifuge is used to make small details of an object visible to scientist (true/false)
False (microscope)
Humus is a layer of soil that remains frozen throughout the year. (True/false)
False (permafrost)
How can you estimate the population side of the yeast in day three without counting all the dots in all the squares? (Figure 4-2)
Count how many in a row then multiplied the number you get by four
Referring to figure 4-1 what can you conclude about the stage of population growth country X is in now?
Country X is in a stage of a lot of younger people in their population.
Carnivorous birds that fed on organism exposed to this chemical produced fragile eggs. The chemical is ____
DDT
The brown pelican and the American bald eagle were threatened by the use of pesticide ___.
DDT
Water, carbon, and nitrogen are released back into the atmosphere during ____
Decomposition
Which of the following might be a result of a disease that causes a thickened plasma membrane?
Decreased movement of molecules entering the cell
Referring to 2-1, as a matter and energy move from grasses to coyotes, the amount of available energy ____
Decreases
Which of the following problems do imma gratin and emigration pose for demographers?
Demographers find it difficult to make predictions about populations
Discuss the effects you would expect on two fictional countries, deserland and Agriland, if large numbers of people immigrate to agriland from deserland?
Deserland would see other species grow and take over. Agriland would reach well over the tolerance range and struggle to support all of them.
Name two biomes And list at least three common plans and three common animals of each
Desert has cacti, succulent, shrubs, fox, lizard, and scorpion. In a tropical rain forest has Laurameliads, orchids, mass, gorilla, rhino, and tapir
Which one of the following is not a cause of acid precipitation?
Destruction of the ozone layer
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Microscopic organisms that float in the sunlit regions of the ocean are pioneer species (true/false)
False (plankton)
The colonization of new sites by communities of organisms is secondary succession (true/false)
False (primary)
The US _____ Act if 1973 gave legal protection to threatened and endangered species
Endangered Species
In order to move molecules in your kidneys, your body needs ____
Energy
Under what environmental conditions to the largest number of individuals in a population occur? Relate your answer to limiting factors and range of tolerance.
Environmental factors such as shelter, Warm, and enough food, results in the most number of individuals being born to the population. Limiting factors such as food water and shelter. The range of tolerance is being maximized as more organisms are born.
Salt marsh ecosystems are usually associated with ___
Estuaries
The study of standard for what is right and what is wrong called ____
Ethics
The graph 8-2 shows typical concentrations of several ions inside and outside an animal cell. Concentrations of ions inside the cellar shown in white, outside in black. If all available NA+ and CI- ions combine to form NaCl, do any access Na+ or Cl- ions remain?
Excess ions that were left over because Na+ has more ions on the inside than outside
A structured procedure for collecting information to test a hypothesis is an
Experiment
During which period does the greatest amount of growth take place? (Figure 1-2)
Exponential period
The pesticide CFC damaged the eggs of the American bald eagle(true/false)
False (DDT)
A large group of ecosystems characterized by the same type of climax community is called a taiga (true/false)
False (biome)
A pioneer community is a stable, mature community that undergoes little or no succession (true/false)
False (climax)
When roads cut across natural areas, this produces habitat fragmentation(true/false)
False (degradation)
The tundra is an arid region characterized by little or no plant life. (True/false)
False (desert)
A plot of protected land may have different conditions at the edges than in the middle. This is known as corridor effect. (True/false)
False (edge effect)
A body of water near the coast that is partly surrounded by land and contains both fresh and salt water is known as the intertidal zone. (True/false)
False (estuary)
Counts or measurements are examples of data produced by descriptive research(true/false?)
False (quantitive)
A natural law is based in the analysis of data collected in a controlled experiment (true/false)
False (result)
Whether applications of science to everyday life are considered good, bad, right, or wrong comes under the category of technology.(true/false?)
False (science)
Biologists generally form hypothesis using deductive reasoning (true/false)
False (selective)
The great northern coniferous forests are part of the tundra biome (true/ false)
False (taiga biome)
The tundra is a region dominated by deciduous trees (true/false)
False (temperate deciduous forest)
A law is a possible explanation for a scientific question.(true/false)
False (theory)
The range of factors under which an organism functions and survives are its limiting factors(true/false)
False (tolerance)
For ease of understanding, scientists report measurements using the English system.(true/false?)
False (use metric system)
Scavenger
Feeds on dead organisms
The number of offspring produced by a female during her reproductive years defines the ___ rate
Fertility
For many years, scientist thought of the nucleus as "A bag of chromatin floating in a sea of cytoplasm." Using electron microscope's, scientist saw that the nucleus was much more complex. The nuclear envelope was too layered and covered with pores. Scientist began further research. Scientist S punched small holes in the nuclear envelope, allowing the contents to pour out. He observes that the nucleus retained its spherical shape. From this, scientist as hypothesize that the nucleus had some other structural framework, Beyond the membrane itself. The next experiment performed by scientist as revealed that the nucleus indeed had a fibrous proteins framework, now called the nuclear matrix. Three other scientist repeated this experiment, but each change to one part of it. Scientist ex use detergent and salt to remove the nuclear contents. Scientist Y used chemicals, and scientists Z used enzymes. All three observed that a nuclear matrix remained. Further electron microscopy revealed that the chromatin strands were anchored to a fibrous layer that the lines the inner layer of the nuclear envelope. What observation from scientist S's Second experiment supported the original hypothesis?
Fibrous protein framework
Energy
Flows through ecosystems determines how organisms interact and powers all life processes
Which of the following is not true if membrane?
Folded membranes do not form compartments in the cells
In an experiment, the control group is used to test the effect of the independent variable (true/false)
False (experimental)
Herd animals are usually concentrated in the forest biome (true/false)
False (grassland)
Habitat fragmentation is the biggest threat to biodiversity (true/false)
False (habitat loss)
The portion of the shoreline that is affected by the changing tides is the aphiotic zone (true/false)
False (intertidal zone)
A species that is brought to a place where it never lied is considered a native species (true/false)
False (introduced)
Ling feeds her guppies one-half teaspoon of fish food every day. The average guppy population in her aquarium over a four-month period is 38 guppies. She increased the food to one teaspoon per day. After a four-month period, the average population is 53 guppies. Which of the following statements is supported by these data?
One- half teaspoon was a limiting factor
The greatest numbers of organisms are found within the ____range of environmental conditions for a particular population
Optimum
Which of the following structure is the most complex?
Organ
The small, membrane-bound structures inside a cell are ___
Organelles
Compare and contrast organism and species
Organism is a single one thing of a type of species. A species is a group of the same organism. They are similar because a species has multiple organisms in it.
Which region in figure 3-1 is characterized by high levels of sunlight, nutrients, and oxygen below productivity?
Photic zone
Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere enters the biotic parts of the biosphere through ____
Photosynthesis
The first organisms to appear in an area undergoing succession are known as ____
Pioneer species
Habitat
Place where an organism lives
For many years, scientist thought of the nucleus as "A bag of chromatin floating in a sea of cytoplasm." Using electron microscope's, scientist saw that the nucleus was much more complex. The nuclear envelope was too layered and covered with pores. Scientist began further research. Scientist S punched small holes in the nuclear envelope, allowing the contents to pour out. He observes that the nucleus retained its spherical shape. From this, scientist as hypothesize that the nucleus had some other structural framework, Beyond the membrane itself. The next experiment performed by scientist as revealed that the nucleus indeed had a fibrous proteins framework, now called the nuclear matrix. Three other scientist repeated this experiment, but each change to one part of it. Scientist ex use detergent and salt to remove the nuclear contents. Scientist Y used chemicals, and scientists Z used enzymes. All three observed that a nuclear matrix remained. Further electron microscopy revealed that the chromatin strands were anchored to a fibrous layer that the lines the inner layer of the nuclear envelope. Why did scientists X, Y, and Z carry out their experiments?
To make sure their was a nuclear matrix
For many years, scientist thought of the nucleus as "A bag of chromatin floating in a sea of cytoplasm." Using electron microscope's, scientist saw that the nucleus was much more complex. The nuclear envelope was too layered and covered with pores. Scientist began further research. Scientist S punched small holes in the nuclear envelope, allowing the contents to pour out. He observes that the nucleus retained its spherical shape. From this, scientist as hypothesize that the nucleus had some other structural framework, Beyond the membrane itself. The next experiment performed by scientist as revealed that the nucleus indeed had a fibrous proteins framework, now called the nuclear matrix. Three other scientist repeated this experiment, but each change to one part of it. Scientist ex use detergent and salt to remove the nuclear contents. Scientist Y used chemicals, and scientists Z used enzymes. All three observed that a nuclear matrix remained. Further electron microscopy revealed that the chromatin strands were anchored to a fibrous layer that the lines the inner layer of the nuclear envelope. Why did scientists X, Y, and Z use different substances to remove the nuclear contents?
To see how it would change the nuclear contents
___ is the ability of an organism to withstand changes in abiotic and biotic factors in an ecosystem
Tolerance
Omnivores, carnivores, herbivores, scavengers, and decomposers are all ___
heterotrophs (consumers)
One advantage of electron microscopes over light microscopes is their ___
higher magnification
Living things adjust to a stimulus by a reaction called a ___
homeostasis
Water moves out of a cell if the cell is placed in a(n) _____ solution.
hypertonic
A testable explanation for a question or problem is __
hypothesis
Water moves into a cell placed in a _____ solution
hypotonic
Which of the following organism do not have cell walls?
Animals
A chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber by the _____.
centromere
The structures that hold together sister chromatids are ____
centromeres
Unrestricted populations of organisms experience ___
exponential growth
Cell structures that contain digestive enzymes are ___
lysosomes
Each of the following is a main idea if the cell theory except ___
All cells are similar in structure and function
In photosynthesis the series of reaction that synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide and hydrogen is known as the ____
Calvin cycle
Identify the abiotic and biotic factors in figure 2-2.
1.abiotic 2.biotic 3.biotic 4.abiotic 5.biotic 6.abiotic
What percentage of the worlds land is designed as a natural park or protected area for wildlife?
17%
Looking at the illustrations of the slides in figures 4-2, how many cells did the student count on day one?
180 cells
Using figure 1-2 what is the mass of the plant at day 50?
38 grams
If the sides of a cell double in length, its surface area becomes _____ times as large.
4
Which of the following equations best represents photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2
If the sides of a cell double in length, its volume increases by _____ times.
8
From figure 1-2 predict the mass of the plant at day 110
83 grams
Referring to 2-1, suppose 10,000 units of energy are available at the level of the grasses. What is the total number of energy units lost by the time energy reaches the coyotes?
90 units
Compare and contrast A food web and a food chain
A food web shows all of the parts of energy from organisms organisms in an ecosystem. A food chain is just one part of energy. They are similar because they showed the paths of energy in an ecosystem
The fish in an aquarium swim to the top when the light is turned on. Develop a hypothesis to explain this behavior and design an experiment to test the hypothesis
A hypothesis would be that if the light is on the fish swim to the top of the aquarium. An experiment to show this would be turning the light on and off and counting the number of fish swimming to the top.
Give an example of a problem that science cannot solve and explain why
A problem that stones cannot solve his poverty because it depends on the economy.
Development
A process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology.
Figure 7-1 shows a light area with no surrounding membrane in the center of the cell. This area contains a single large DNA molecule. Would scientist classify the cell as a prokaryote or eukaryote?
A prokaryote because there's no nucleus
For many years orchid collectors searched Exotic Island for the beautiful Kimmarie Orchid, which is found no place else in the world. After they found the orchid, they brought it back to their homes. In the last couple of years the Kimmarie Orchid has not been on the island. As a result, hobbyists are now sending the Kimmarie Orchid to be replanted on the island. The hobbyists are trying to correct the Kimmarie Orchid problem they caused by using ____
A reintroduction program
Commensalism
A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected
For many years, scientist thought of the nucleus as "A bag of chromatin floating in a sea of cytoplasm." Using electron microscope's, scientist saw that the nucleus was much more complex. The nuclear envelope was too layered and covered with pores. Scientist began further research. Scientist S punched small holes in the nuclear envelope, allowing the contents to pour out. He observes that the nucleus retained its spherical shape. From this, scientist as hypothesize that the nucleus had some other structural framework, Beyond the membrane itself. The next experiment performed by scientist as revealed that the nucleus indeed had a fibrous proteins framework, now called the nuclear matrix. Three other scientist repeated this experiment, but each change to one part of it. Scientist ex use detergent and salt to remove the nuclear contents. Scientist Y used chemicals, and scientists Z used enzymes. All three observed that a nuclear matrix remained. Further electron microscopy revealed that the chromatin strands were anchored to a fibrous layer that the lines the inner layer of the nuclear envelope. Describe a procedure to determine whether detachment of the chromatin to the nuclear envelope is necessary for the chromatin to become chromosomes.
A scientist could remove some of the strands and compare them
Compare and contrast stimulus and response
A stimulus is an occurrence that indicates a response. For example fire. A response is what your body does when a stimulus occurs. For example run. They're similar because one is functioning relies on another.
Contrast law and theory
A theory is an in-depth explanation of the observed phenomenon. A lot is a statement about an observed phenomenon or a unifying concept.
Adaptation
A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce
List the three terrestrial biomes that make up the United States and discuss the factors that determine the distribution
A tundra is located and distributed in higher altitude with snow and high temperatures. Forest are located in land where there isn't civilization. Deserts are located toward the equator.
Which is not true of the US endangered species act?
A) It was responsible for the creation of Yellowstone National Park
Identify the structures labeled A, B, and C in figure 7-1
A) strand of DNA B) outer membrane C) inner membrane
Water temperature and light are two ____ factors that affect the tolerance range of organisms in a lake
Abiotic
Wild, humidity, and rocks are all ____ in a terrestrial ecosystem.
Abiotic factors
A country that is not growing is characterized by an age structure that is ___
About the same among all groups
Acid rain fog kills trees in certain areas. Explain two ways that the acid rain and fog affect the trees.
Acid rain robs the nutrients from soil so the trees suffer and are harmed
The statement "proportions of a population expressed in terms of the reproductive years of the individual organisms," refers to the population's ___
Age structure
unity within diversity
Although different organisms interact within ecosystems to form a stable system, all living things share the same characteristics of life.
Give an example of how habitat degradation threatened or threatens biodiversity?
An example would be Deforestation and some species may not be able to adapt
List and describe the various levels of biological organization that may be studied by an ecologist.
An organism is it any unit or multicellular form. Population is a group of organisms of one species. Community is several interacting populations with the common environment. Catch an ecosystem has populations in a community and abiotic factors. Biosphere supports life on earth and is composed of air land freshwater and saltwater.
The phase of mitosis in which the sister chromatids separate from each other is ____
Anaphase
What type of succession is illustrated in the ponds in figure 3-2? How do you know?
And secondary succession because there is still soil.
Epiphytes are plants that grow on other plans. In the rainforest, they sprout from seeds or spores carried by the wind or animals that take route on the trunks and branches of the canopy trees. Epiphytes are not parasitic: they gain nothing from the trees except support and access to sunlight. However, under favorable conditions, they may form dense, waterlogged, tangled mats of roots and stems, weighing up to several thousand kilograms. This weight is often enough to break the limbs of more fragile trees. Some tree species have developed adaptations to protect against the growth of epiphytes. Two known mechanisms are (1) The frequent shedding of bark layers that periodically removes young epiphytes, and (2) The presence of certain plant manufactured chemicals that inhibit the growth of other plants. In his explorations of the Costa Rican rainforest, Donald Perry developed an apparatus consisting of a platform base built on one tree and connected to two other trees by means of ropes. From this base a system of ropes and pulleys attached to a harness would allow an investigator to access previously unexplored areas of the canopy and to move more relatively unrestricted with minimal contact or interference with rainforest organisms. During his studies, Perry noticed that some trees were completely free of epiphytes, Although the species were known not to shed bark or to manufacture plant inhibit in chemicals. Other scientist had speculated that the Azteca ants, which live mutualistically with certain species of rain forest trees, we're responsible. Do use aggressive ends were known to swarm and attack other insects and mammals that might damage the trees. To test the effect of epiphytes on these trees to the limbs of one such tree. Perry found that the ants did destroy epiphytes? Why might ants want to destroy epiphytes?
And the ants destroyed them so the epiphytes wouldn't destroy the trees
Contrast pure science and applied science
Applied science focuses on the scientific knowledge of nature. Pure science relates to theories and predictions to understand the world of nature.
Why are tropical rainforest so rich in biodiversity?
Are tropical rain forest have a warm climate.
Which area in Table 5-1 has the greatest biodiversity?
Area A
Figure 5-1 shows an airplane view of two protected areas A and B. Which area is better for conservation biology?
Area A is bigger meaning more room for species.
Figure 5-2 shows an airplane view to protected areas C and D. Which area is better for conservation biology?
Area C is better because than area D because the spieces are spread out resulting in difficulty of finding foods.
Figure 5-3 shows an airplane view of two protected areas E and F. Which area is better for conservation biology?
Area F because the spaces are connected which means they have a faster way to find food.
A conservation biology organization wants to raise money to buy a strip of land to connect Protected Area A to Natural Park Area B. This strip would most likely serve ____
As a wildlife corridor
What is the study outside the realm of science?
Astrology
In plants, cells that transport water against the force of gravity are found to contain many more mitochondria then do some other plant cells. What is the reason for this?
Because transporting water against gravity is active transport which results in more mitochondria
The amount of biological diversity in an area is called ___ biodiversity
Biodiversity
Nature of science
Biology is a continuous search for information about the natural world
To explain and show how the amount of living material at each trophic level of a food chain changes, you could use a pyramid of _________.
Biomass
In a pond ecosystem, ducks, mosquitoes, pond plants , and frogs are ___ factors
Biotic
Compare and contrast the structure and function of channel proteins and carrier proteins
Both are transport proteins embedded in the plasma membrane. channel proteins enable passive transport to take place ;channel proteins are tubelike and provide openings that allow dissolved particles to diffuse across the cell membrane. carrier proteins generally have a shape that fits a specific molecule or ion. when the proper molecule binds of the carrier protein, it causes the protein to change its shape so that the particle is moved across the membrane. once the particle is released the protein returns to its original shape in the case of active transport, energy is required by the carrier protein.
Describe some of the benefits that can be obtained from a study of biology
By studying biology you can be educated about and aware of what is going on in your body and in the world.
A student noticed that when a dog is cut the dog periodically licks his wounds. Usually after a few days, the wound begins to heal without ever showing signs of infection. The following steps outline the students line of reasoning: A) I wonder why the dogs wounds doesn't become infected. B) The dog saliva must prevent the growth of infection causing bacteria. C) i'll obtain a bacterial culture and grow the same kind of bacteria into identical culture dishes. Once the bacteria start growing, I'll add dog saliva to only one of the dishes and leave the other alone. I'll cover both dishes. Then I'll observe what happens each day for a week. D) even after adding the dog saliva to one of the dishes, the bacteria continued to grow in both dishes over the course of the week. However the bacteria in the treated distro more slowly than the bacteria in the untreated dish. E) I think I'll try something else. I'll start with two identical culture dishes, as before, and use the same kind of bacteria in each dish but this time I'll treat one dish with dog saliva before I add the bacteria. I'll observe what happens each day for a week. How might the student to measure the growth rate of the bacteria to be sure about whether there was a difference in the rate of growth in the two dishes?
By using a microscope to count the amount of bacteria cells.
The main energy-trapping molecule is the most complex?
Chlorophyll
In a cell the tangled of long strands of DNA form the ____
Chromatin
How would you classify the community of figure C of figure 3-2?
Classify this community as a community with no biodiversity and no development.
Describe 4 threats to biodiversity
Climate change, invasive species and disease, over exploitation, habitat loss
____ are characterized by complex food webs, many different species of organisms, and little or no succession
Climax community
Mexico has more biodiversity than the United States because it is ___
Closer to the equator
____ is a branch of biology that focuses on the preservation of biodiversity.
Conservation biology
Describe the growth rate of the plant during the final stage compared with the rate during the exponential period. (Figure 1-2)
During the exponential. The mass sores, whereas during the final stage the mass growth level decreases.
An ecologist who studies how several species in an area interact is interested in the biological organization called a(n) _____.
Ecosystem
In ecological classification, the next smallest level after the biosphere is the ____
Ecosystem
Organism, population, and community make up the ___
Ecosystem
The patch of wildlife area may have different climate conditions around its perimeter. This is known as ____
Edge effect
What is the difference between an electron microscope and a compound microscope?
Electron microscopes have a smaller wavelength and uses magnification. Compound microscopes microscopes use light.
Trophies level and food chain are parts of the ____
Food web
The inner membrane of the mitochondria is folded many times. What advantage does this folding provide?
For more surface area to perform functions
Lost and explain the 4 main characteristic used to identify oak trees or humming birds as living things
Four ways to know if something is living or not is reproduction, sense, excretion, and growth. If they reproduce they make more of them selves, if they sense things they are alive, and they give us ways when they are alive, and finally if the organism grows then it is considered alive.
Concentric bands of different plant species are characteristics of ____ biomes
Fresh water
Which stimulus represents the natural environment of paramecia?(Figure 1-3)
Freshwater stimulant
Describe the general characteristics and give two examples of organisms that employers strategy of rapid reproduction that produces many offspring.
Frogs make many tadpoles. They have short oval bodies with broad tails. Bats reproduce at 160 km/hr.
Which of the following is not a part of adenosine triphosphate?
Glucose
Which graph (A,B,C of figure 4-2) best pictures the growth of the students yeast population?
Graph C
Quantitive research is most often reported as ___
Graphs or charts
Community
Group formed by several populations
Compare and contrast growth and development
Growth is only the physical progression of the organism. Development is everything that changes. They are both similar because they both describe the changes in an organism.
A student noticed that when a dog is cut the dog periodically licks his wounds. Usually after a few days, the wound begins to heal without ever showing signs of infection. The following steps outline the students line of reasoning: A) I wonder why the dogs wounds doesn't become infected. B) The dog saliva must prevent the growth of infection causing bacteria. C) i'll obtain a bacterial culture and grow the same kind of bacteria into identical culture dishes. Once the bacteria start growing, I'll add dog saliva to only one of the dishes and leave the other alone. I'll cover both dishes. Then I'll observe what happens each day for a week. D) even after adding the dog saliva to one of the dishes, the bacteria continued to grow in both dishes over the course of the week. However the bacteria in the treated distro more slowly than the bacteria in the untreated dish. E) I think I'll try something else. I'll start with two identical culture dishes, as before, and use the same kind of bacteria in each dish but this time I'll treat one dish with dog saliva before I add the bacteria. I'll observe what happens each day for a week. What is the dependent variable?
Growth of the bacteria
Human development often creates small isolated patches of wildlife area. This is known as ___
Habitat fragmentation
The major threat to biodiversity is ___.
Habitat loss
Energy passes through a food chain is lost to the environment as ___
Heat
Based on what you know about cells, why are microscopes important to the study of the cells?
Help us observe the cells
Discuss how humans depend upon other living things and how living things depend upon humans
Humans depend on plants and other animals in order to breathe and eat. Along with plants needing us to breath.
Does the starch solution change color? (Figure 8-1)
I'd the iodine reacts with starch then the starch will turn blue-black
Using figure 1-2 what would you predict about the height of the plant during this time?
If the plot is not the heaviest then it is probably not the tallest.
Do United States is largely populated by descendants of immigrants from other nations. During the past 165 years, 52.5 million people have immigrated to this country resulting in a 25% growth in total population. Hypothesize about the effects such immigration has had on the population growth rate
It has had a positive growth rate because of immigrants coming to the states and because of reproduction.
A clam closes does it show when it is removed from its watery environment. Why does the clam behave this way?
In order to protect themselves whenever they feel vulnerable outside their environment.
A student noticed that when a dog is cut the dog periodically licks his wounds. Usually after a few days, the wound begins to heal without ever showing signs of infection. The following steps outline the students line of reasoning: A) I wonder why the dogs wounds doesn't become infected. B) The dog saliva must prevent the growth of infection causing bacteria. C) i'll obtain a bacterial culture and grow the same kind of bacteria into identical culture dishes. Once the bacteria start growing, I'll add dog saliva to only one of the dishes and leave the other alone. I'll cover both dishes. Then I'll observe what happens each day for a week. D) even after adding the dog saliva to one of the dishes, the bacteria continued to grow in both dishes over the course of the week. However the bacteria in the treated distro more slowly than the bacteria in the untreated dish. E) I think I'll try something else. I'll start with two identical culture dishes, as before, and use the same kind of bacteria in each dish but this time I'll treat one dish with dog saliva before I add the bacteria. I'll observe what happens each day for a week. What part of the scientific method is illustrated in step a and step b?
In step A a question is asked and in step B a hypothesis is formed.
Compare and contrast the Waze carbon and water cycle through the biosphere
In the water cycle and carbon cycle both use plants as an integral component. The carbon cycle requires life for the cycle to carry through. In the water cycle sunlight is required.
How could the carrying capacity of the culture dish be increased? (Figure 4-2)
Increase more medium
Using figure 4-1 what might account for the age structure predicted for they year 2080?
Increased advancements in medicine
The part of an experiment in which all conditions are kept the same is the ____
Independent variable
What purpose does observing the response to a piece of food serve? (Figure 1-3)
It helps as compared to other stimulants
For many years, scientist thought of the nucleus as "A bag of chromatin floating in a sea of cytoplasm." Using electron microscope's, scientist saw that the nucleus was much more complex. The nuclear envelope was too layered and covered with pores. Scientist began further research. Scientist S punched small holes in the nuclear envelope, allowing the contents to pour out. He observes that the nucleus retained its spherical shape. From this, scientist as hypothesize that the nucleus had some other structural framework, Beyond the membrane itself. The next experiment performed by scientist as revealed that the nucleus indeed had a fibrous proteins framework, now called the nuclear matrix. Three other scientist repeated this experiment, but each change to one part of it. Scientist ex use detergent and salt to remove the nuclear contents. Scientist Y used chemicals, and scientists Z used enzymes. All three observed that a nuclear matrix remained. Further electron microscopy revealed that the chromatin strands were anchored to a fibrous layer that the lines the inner layer of the nuclear envelope. What was the variable in the experiment by scientist X, Y, and Z?
Independent variable (changing of what was used to remove nuclear contents)
Compare and contrast independent variable and dependent variable
Independent variable is Is controlled by the Experimenter. Dependent variable is the response of the independent variable. They are similar because they are both variables in an experiment.
Compare and contrast inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning
Inductive reasoning with some specific instances in to generalize conclusion. Deductive reasoning of moves from generalized principles that are known to be true and specific conclusion. They are similar because they both strive to construct a valid argument.
The longest phase of the cell cycle is ____
Interphase
The actions of zebra muscles in the Great Lakes and the brown tree snake in Guam are examples of problems caused by ___
Invasive
Organisms that employ a strategy of slow reproduction usually require an environment that ___
Is stable
Island A has an area of 30 square kilometers, Island B has an area of 400 square kilometers. The islands are near each other. Which is likely to have more biodiversity?
Island A has less biodiversity and a higher percentage of edge effects than Island B
When Ling increased the amount of food, what happened to the carrying capacity of the aquarium?
It increased
How does the graph in figure 1 -2 indicate the growth takes place from day 20 today 60?
It is a period of exponential growth.
Explain why Biodiversity is important to people
It is important to people because they want to see different animals in their lifetime.
Describe the overall trend in population growth predicted in figure 4-1
It is predicted that there will be an equal number of people at each age.
How does habitat fragmentation threat in bio diversity?
It reduces the amount of habitats available.
Does the level of the liquid rise, fall, or remain the same in the stem of the introverted funnel? (Figure 8-1)
It remains the same because the starch molecules are too large to diffuse across the membrane
Make the statement incorrect. As an organism develops, ____
It's amount of living material increases
A(n) ______ - shaped curve describes the tendency of a population to grow without limit to it's size.
J
What Might account for the differences in pond a and pond b of figure 3-2?
Lack of sunlight and colder temperatures
Consider the following pairs of organism: large predators and small predators; large herbivores; and migratory animals and non-migratory animals. The two animal most likely suffer the most habitat fragmentation are the ____
Large predators and migratory animals
In the 1890s, E. Overton Performed experiments to determine the structure of the plasma membrane. After many years in various procedures, he determined that large, and charged molecules enter cell at a rate proportional to their solubility in lipids. This observation was the first indication of the plasma membrane is probably made up of lipids. Many scientist began to pursue the question of how the lipids were arranged. In 1925, two dutch scientist determine that the area covered by the lipids from a single red blood cell is twice they are the surface of the cell. From this the reason that the cells covered by double layer of lipid molecules. Based on this work various scientist hypothesize that the membrane was like a fat sandwich with two outer layers of protein on the surface of the lipid layer. None of the ideas seem to satisfactory explanation until microscopic studies of the membrane prepared by a new technique a freeze fracture revealed that the proteins are actually embedded in the lipid layer. In 1972, on the basis on these results and other evidence, to American scientist propose the fluid Mosaic model. Is Overton's hypothesis stated in the discussion above?
Large unchanged molecules enter a cell at a rate proportional to their solubility in lipids
Biosphere
Layer of earth that supports life
The reactions in photosynthesis in which energy from the sunlight is converted into chemical energy are called _____
Light dependent reaction
In the nitrogen cycle, bacteria and ____ concert atmosphere nitrogen into compounds usable by plants
Lighting
Environment
Living and nonliving factors in an organism's surroundings
Autotroph
Manufactures food using energy from the sun or from chemical compounds
Who concluded that all plants are made of cells?
Matthias Schleiden
Referring to 2-1 energy flows from ___
Mice to cats
The process by which number material is divided equally between two new cell is _____
Mitosis
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Both the alga and fungus are benefited from their relationship in a lichen. This relationship is one of ___
Mutualism
Heterotroph
Obtain energy from the foods they consume
The concentration of dissolved salt in estuary water would be between the concentration of salt in river water and ___ water
Ocean
In the 1890s, E. Overton Performed experiments to determine the structure of the plasma membrane. After many years in various procedures, he determined that large, and charged molecules enter cell at a rate proportional to their solubility in lipids. This observation was the first indication of the plasma membrane is probably made up of lipids. Many scientist began to pursue the question of how the lipids were arranged. In 1925, two dutch scientist determine that the area covered by the lipids from a single red blood cell is twice they are the surface of the cell. From this the reason that the cells covered by double layer of lipid molecules. Based on this work various scientist hypothesize that the membrane was like a fat sandwich with two outer layers of protein on the surface of the lipid layer. None of the ideas seem to satisfactory explanation until microscopic studies of the membrane prepared by a new technique a freeze fracture revealed that the proteins are actually embedded in the lipid layer. In 1972, on the basis on these results and other evidence, to American scientist propose the fluid Mosaic model. Why was it almost 50 years between the Dutch scientist research of the proposal of a fluid Mosaic model?
Needed to be advancements in microscopes
Food web
Network of interconnected food chains
The effect of movement of people between counties has _____ effect on total world population.
No
How is the pond in figure b different from the original pond shown in figure a of figure 3-2?
No life in pond b
How is the age structure as shown in figure 4-1 expected to change by the year 2015?
No real change
For many years, scientist thought of the nucleus as "A bag of chromatin floating in a sea of cytoplasm." Using electron microscope's, scientist saw that the nucleus was much more complex. The nuclear envelope was too layered and covered with pores. Scientist began further research. Scientist S punched small holes in the nuclear envelope, allowing the contents to pour out. He observes that the nucleus retained its spherical shape. From this, scientist as hypothesize that the nucleus had some other structural framework, Beyond the membrane itself. The next experiment performed by scientist as revealed that the nucleus indeed had a fibrous proteins framework, now called the nuclear matrix. Three other scientist repeated this experiment, but each change to one part of it. Scientist ex use detergent and salt to remove the nuclear contents. Scientist Y used chemicals, and scientists Z used enzymes. All three observed that a nuclear matrix remained. Further electron microscopy revealed that the chromatin strands were anchored to a fibrous layer that the lines the inner layer of the nuclear envelope. What was the hypothesis of scientist S in his first experiment?
Nucleus had structural framework
What problem was the student investigating in 4-2?
Number of years cells that grew over time
Systems and interactions
Organisms depend on internal and external systems that interact in complex ways to help them perform their life functions
What problems are associated with keeping organisms in captivity for later reintroduction programs?
Organisms will forget how to survive in the wild and will die when reintroduced
Epiphytes are plants that grow on other plans. In the rainforest, they sprout from seeds or spores carried by the wind or animals that take route on the trunks and branches of the canopy trees. Epiphytes are not parasitic: they gain nothing from the trees except support and access to sunlight. However, under favorable conditions, they may form dense, waterlogged, tangled mats of roots and stems, weighing up to several thousand kilograms. This weight is often enough to break the limbs of more fragile trees. Some tree species have developed adaptations to protect against the growth of epiphytes. Two known mechanisms are (1) The frequent shedding of bark layers that periodically removes young epiphytes, and (2) The presence of certain plant manufactured chemicals that inhibit the growth of other plants. In his explorations of the Costa Rican rainforest, Donald Perry developed an apparatus consisting of a platform base built on one tree and connected to two other trees by means of ropes. From this base a system of ropes and pulleys attached to a harness would allow an investigator to access previously unexplored areas of the canopy and to move more relatively unrestricted with minimal contact or interference with rainforest organisms. During his studies, Perry noticed that some trees were completely free of epiphytes, Although the species were known not to shed bark or to manufacture plant inhibit in chemicals. Other scientist had speculated that the Azteca ants, which live mutualistically with certain species of rain forest trees, we're responsible. Do use aggressive ends were known to swarm and attack other insects and mammals that might damage the trees. To test the effect of epiphytes on these trees to the limbs of one such tree. Perry found that the ants did destroy epiphytes? How might Perry's invention help scientist discover new species?
Other scientists can be higher up enough to see other species that wouldn't be seen on photo
For many years orchid collectors searched Exotic Island for the beautiful Kimmarie Orchid, which is found no place else in the world. After they found the orchid, they brought it back to their homes. In the last couple of years the Kimmarie Orchid has not been on the island. As a result, hobbyists are now sending the Kimmarie Orchid to be replanted on the island. The Kimmarie Prchod became extinct in the wild due to ____
Overcollection
In respiration, the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is ___
Oxygen
In the 1890s, E. Overton Performed experiments to determine the structure of the plasma membrane. After many years in various procedures, he determined that large, and charged molecules enter cell at a rate proportional to their solubility in lipids. This observation was the first indication of the plasma membrane is probably made up of lipids. Many scientist began to pursue the question of how the lipids were arranged. In 1925, two dutch scientist determine that the area covered by the lipids from a single red blood cell is twice they are the surface of the cell. From this the reason that the cells covered by double layer of lipid molecules. Based on this work various scientist hypothesize that the membrane was like a fat sandwich with two outer layers of protein on the surface of the lipid layer. None of the ideas seem to satisfactory explanation until microscopic studies of the membrane prepared by a new technique a freeze fracture revealed that the proteins are actually embedded in the lipid layer. In 1972, on the basis on these results and other evidence, to American scientist propose the fluid Mosaic model. What inference did the dutch scientist make to reach their conclusion?
Plasma membrane has two layers of protein on the surface of the lipid bilayer
Referring to 2-1 the relationship between cats and mice could best be described as ____
Predator-prey
Between which cell types is the difference greater—plant and animal cells or prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Give reasons for your answer.
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have the greater difference...Prokaryotic cells have no membrane-bound organelles whereas eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles. Plant and animal cells are both eukaryotic cells.
In one experiment a biologist measured the amount of chemicals produced by cells exposed to different amounts of toxins. What word describes this type of research?
Quantitive research because it relates to numbers.
Discuss how a biologist might carry out quantitive and descriptive research on a species of monkeys
Quantitive research would be counting the number of bananas they eat and descriptive research would be taking notes on their habitat.
In a cell, the cites of protein synthesis are the ____
Ribosomes
The production of many offspring in a short period of time is characteristic of a ___ life-history pattern
Rapid
What steps could the student take to ensure the accuracy of her results? (Figure 4-2)
Recount the cells or have someone else come from
Parasitism
Relationship between organisms in which one organism benefits at the expense of another
Exocytosis
Release of wastes or cell products from inside to outside the cell
Although reproduction does not guarantee the survival of an individual organism, all living things reproduce. What purpose does reproduction serve?
Reproduction serves as a way for a species to create more of themselves and keep their species alive.
A population that grows until it reaches its carrying capacity usually has the shape of an ____
S
Explain why scientists have only recently begun to understand how the cytoskeleton functions in the cell.
Scientist didn't have the technology
In the 1890s, E. Overton Performed experiments to determine the structure of the plasma membrane. After many years in various procedures, he determined that large, and charged molecules enter cell at a rate proportional to their solubility in lipids. This observation was the first indication of the plasma membrane is probably made up of lipids. Many scientist began to pursue the question of how the lipids were arranged. In 1925, two dutch scientist determine that the area covered by the lipids from a single red blood cell is twice they are the surface of the cell. From this the reason that the cells covered by double layer of lipid molecules. Based on this work various scientist hypothesize that the membrane was like a fat sandwich with two outer layers of protein on the surface of the lipid layer. None of the ideas seem to satisfactory explanation until microscopic studies of the membrane prepared by a new technique a freeze fracture revealed that the proteins are actually embedded in the lipid layer. In 1972, on the basis on these results and other evidence, to American scientist propose the fluid Mosaic model. What model of the plasma membrane was based on dutch scientist results?
Scientist model was a red blood cell
In the 1890s, E. Overton Performed experiments to determine the structure of the plasma membrane. After many years in various procedures, he determined that large, and charged molecules enter cell at a rate proportional to their solubility in lipids. This observation was the first indication of the plasma membrane is probably made up of lipids. Many scientist began to pursue the question of how the lipids were arranged. In 1925, two dutch scientist determine that the area covered by the lipids from a single red blood cell is twice they are the surface of the cell. From this the reason that the cells covered by double layer of lipid molecules. Based on this work various scientist hypothesize that the membrane was like a fat sandwich with two outer layers of protein on the surface of the lipid layer. None of the ideas seem to satisfactory explanation until microscopic studies of the membrane prepared by a new technique a freeze fracture revealed that the proteins are actually embedded in the lipid layer. In 1972, on the basis on these results and other evidence, to American scientist propose the fluid Mosaic model. The result of one experiment often leads to further experiments. How do Overton's experiment illustrate this fact?
Scientists took his findings and built upon it
Epiphytes are plants that grow on other plans. In the rainforest, they sprout from seeds or spores carried by the wind or animals that take route on the trunks and branches of the canopy trees. Epiphytes are not parasitic: they gain nothing from the trees except support and access to sunlight. However, under favorable conditions, they may form dense, waterlogged, tangled mats of roots and stems, weighing up to several thousand kilograms. This weight is often enough to break the limbs of more fragile trees. Some tree species have developed adaptations to protect against the growth of epiphytes. Two known mechanisms are (1) The frequent shedding of bark layers that periodically removes young epiphytes, and (2) The presence of certain plant manufactured chemicals that inhibit the growth of other plants. In his explorations of the Costa Rican rainforest, Donald Perry developed an apparatus consisting of a platform base built on one tree and connected to two other trees by means of ropes. From this base a system of ropes and pulleys attached to a harness would allow an investigator to access previously unexplored areas of the canopy and to move more relatively unrestricted with minimal contact or interference with rainforest organisms. During his studies, Perry noticed that some trees were completely free of epiphytes, Although the species were known not to shed bark or to manufacture plant inhibit in chemicals. Other scientist had speculated that the Azteca ants, which live mutualistically with certain species of rain forest trees, we're responsible. Do use aggressive ends were known to swarm and attack other insects and mammals that might damage the trees. To test the effect of epiphytes on these trees to the limbs of one such tree. Perry found that the ants did destroy epiphytes? What observation would help support Perry's hypothesis that and prevent the growth of epiphytes?
Seeing if the amounts decreased after ants left.
A cells contents would be the same as it surround, were it not for ___
Selective permeability
In which region of figure 3-1 or most of the producers in the marine biome found?
Shallow water region
Food chain
Simple model for showing how matter and energy move through an ecosystem
What are the 6 important themes of biology and discuss how facts and ideas in biology are linked
Six of biology's important themes include cell structure, stability and homeostasis, reproduction and inheritance, evolution, interdependence of organisms, and matter, energy, and organization. The ideas of photosynthesis and cellular respiration demonstrate entered dependence of organisms and cell structure. For example humans have evolved into monkeys.
The giant land tortoises of the Galápagos Islands and sequoias of California have among the longest life spans of any organisms. This indicates that they likely employ a strategy of ____
Slow growth
Why is it important that some proteins extend all the way through the bilayer of a plasma membrane?
Small dissolved particles cannot diffuse through the lipid bilayer can now cross the cell membrane
In what organisms form the basis of all food chains in the biome shown in figure 3-1?
Smaller fish and plankton
Epiphytes are plants that grow on other plans. In the rainforest, they sprout from seeds or spores carried by the wind or animals that take route on the trunks and branches of the canopy trees. Epiphytes are not parasitic: they gain nothing from the trees except support and access to sunlight. However, under favorable conditions, they may form dense, waterlogged, tangled mats of roots and stems, weighing up to several thousand kilograms. This weight is often enough to break the limbs of more fragile trees. Some tree species have developed adaptations to protect against the growth of epiphytes. Two known mechanisms are (1) The frequent shedding of bark layers that periodically removes young epiphytes, and (2) The presence of certain plant manufactured chemicals that inhibit the growth of other plants. In his explorations of the Costa Rican rainforest, Donald Perry developed an apparatus consisting of a platform base built on one tree and connected to two other trees by means of ropes. From this base a system of ropes and pulleys attached to a harness would allow an investigator to access previously unexplored areas of the canopy and to move more relatively unrestricted with minimal contact or interference with rainforest organisms. During his studies, Perry noticed that some trees were completely free of epiphytes, Although the species were known not to shed bark or to manufacture plant inhibit in chemicals. Other scientist had speculated that the Azteca ants, which live mutualistically with certain species of rain forest trees, we're responsible. Do use aggressive ends were known to swarm and attack other insects and mammals that might damage the trees. To test the effect of epiphytes on these trees to the limbs of one such tree. Perry found that the ants did destroy epiphytes? What was the development and use of Perry's rope and pulley apparatus necessary in the testing of this hypothesis?
So he could get high enough to test the hypothesis and not affect the ants when being on the ground.
A student noticed that when a dog is cut the dog periodically licks his wounds. Usually after a few days, the wound begins to heal without ever showing signs of infection. The following steps outline the students line of reasoning: A) I wonder why the dogs wounds doesn't become infected. B) The dog saliva must prevent the growth of infection causing bacteria. C) i'll obtain a bacterial culture and grow the same kind of bacteria into identical culture dishes. Once the bacteria start growing, I'll add dog saliva to only one of the dishes and leave the other alone. I'll cover both dishes. Then I'll observe what happens each day for a week. D) even after adding the dog saliva to one of the dishes, the bacteria continued to grow in both dishes over the course of the week. However the bacteria in the treated distro more slowly than the bacteria in the untreated dish. E) I think I'll try something else. I'll start with two identical culture dishes, as before, and use the same kind of bacteria in each dish but this time I'll treat one dish with dog saliva before I add the bacteria. I'll observe what happens each day for a week. Why were both dishes covered?
So there wouldn't be any alternative factors like sunlight and saliva didn't fall out.
From Table 5-1, which species has the highest average population size?
Species W
In the four areas in table 5-1 were the only places in the world to find these organisms, which species most likely faces the greatest chance of extinction?
Species X
In a dividing cell, the football shaped structure consisting of thin fibers is the ____
Spindle fibers
A student noticed that when a dog is cut the dog periodically licks his wounds. Usually after a few days, the wound begins to heal without ever showing signs of infection. The following steps outline the students line of reasoning: A) I wonder why the dogs wounds doesn't become infected. B) The dog saliva must prevent the growth of infection causing bacteria. C) i'll obtain a bacterial culture and grow the same kind of bacteria into identical culture dishes. Once the bacteria start growing, I'll add dog saliva to only one of the dishes and leave the other alone. I'll cover both dishes. Then I'll observe what happens each day for a week. D) even after adding the dog saliva to one of the dishes, the bacteria continued to grow in both dishes over the course of the week. However the bacteria in the treated distro more slowly than the bacteria in the untreated dish. E) I think I'll try something else. I'll start with two identical culture dishes, as before, and use the same kind of bacteria in each dish but this time I'll treat one dish with dog saliva before I add the bacteria. I'll observe what happens each day for a week. Why might this experimental design and step E a better test of the students hypothesis than the design used in steps c?
Step E is better because most of the time the dog licks the one before the bacteria is present.
trophic level
Step in the passage of energy and matter through an ecosystem
contractile vacuole
Structure inside protists that collects excess water and squeezes it outside through the membrane
Allowing local people to collect fallen branches from trees in a protected forest is and example of the philosophy of ____ use
Sustainable
The absence of permafrost and presence of coniferous trees as the dominant climax plants characterize the ____
Taiga
An experiment is ___
Test the hypothesis
How could you best describe the niche and habitat of the marmot? (Figure 2-3)
The Mormots role is to eat producers such as grass and then be eaten by secondary consumer such as a bear. Meaning it is a primary consumer and its habitat is the forest
What changes are illustrated in figure d of figure 3-2?
The Pond is completely in closed and there's no light in the pond.
Explain the relationship of distance from the equator and biodiversity
The closer to the equator, the more biodiversity
When people move from one country to another, third cancer rates follow the pattern of ___
The country where they live
A student noticed that when a dog is cut the dog periodically licks his wounds. Usually after a few days, the wound begins to heal without ever showing signs of infection. The following steps outline the students line of reasoning: A) I wonder why the dogs wounds doesn't become infected. B) The dog saliva must prevent the growth of infection causing bacteria. C) i'll obtain a bacterial culture and grow the same kind of bacteria into identical culture dishes. Once the bacteria start growing, I'll add dog saliva to only one of the dishes and leave the other alone. I'll cover both dishes. Then I'll observe what happens each day for a week. D) even after adding the dog saliva to one of the dishes, the bacteria continued to grow in both dishes over the course of the week. However the bacteria in the treated distro more slowly than the bacteria in the untreated dish. E) I think I'll try something else. I'll start with two identical culture dishes, as before, and use the same kind of bacteria in each dish but this time I'll treat one dish with dog saliva before I add the bacteria. I'll observe what happens each day for a week. What is an alternative hypothesis the student may have formed?
The dog saliva might close the wound entirely inside of preventing infection
Give two ways that humans are organized to carry out their life functions and explain how each is vital to the survival of humans.
The first life function is to respond to changes in the environment. This is vital to survival, because if humans don't respond to disasters like an earthquake then we will die. Another function is reproducing without reproducing there would be no new humans and there we would go extinct
Evolution
The gradual change in a species over time
Choose one organism whose population has increased after being labeled threatened or endangered. Explain why the population has increased.
The gray wolf almost went extinct but the endangered species act of 1974 prevented their extinction.
An electromagnetic can be made by wrapping insulated wire around an iron nail and connecting the ends of the wire to a 6 volt battery. Hypothesis: Increasing the number of coils of wire wrapped around the nail increases the strength of the electromagnetic, as measured by the number of paper clips the magnet can pick up. Identify the independent and dependent variables.
The independent variable is the number of coils of wire wrapped. The dependent variable is the strength of the electromagnets.
Sugar dissolves in, or mixes completely with, water. The solubility of a substance in water is determined by measuring the maximum amount of the substance that dissolves in a given amount of water at a given temperature. Hypothesis:The solubility of sugar and water increases as the temperature of the water decreases. Identify the independent and dependent variables.
The independent variable is the temperature of the water. The dependent variable is the solubility of sugar.
Does the iodine solution change color? ( figure 8-1)
The iodine would not change color
Explain the relationship between size of an island and biodiversity
The larger the island the more room for species resulting in more biodiversity.
In the 1890s, E. Overton Performed experiments to determine the structure of the plasma membrane. After many years in various procedures, he determined that large, and charged molecules enter cell at a rate proportional to their solubility in lipids. This observation was the first indication of the plasma membrane is probably made up of lipids. Many scientist began to pursue the question of how the lipids were arranged. In 1925, two dutch scientist determine that the area covered by the lipids from a single red blood cell is twice they are the surface of the cell. From this the reason that the cells covered by double layer of lipid molecules. Based on this work various scientist hypothesize that the membrane was like a fat sandwich with two outer layers of protein on the surface of the lipid layer. None of the ideas seem to satisfactory explanation until microscopic studies of the membrane prepared by a new technique a freeze fracture revealed that the proteins are actually embedded in the lipid layer. In 1972, on the basis on these results and other evidence, to American scientist propose the fluid Mosaic model. What conclusion did the Dutch scientists reach?
The lipid bilayer has two outer layers of protein
Predict how a population of paramecia would respond to the addition of a drop of 10% salt solution. Use figure 1-3
The paramecia would be attracted to the drop of saltwater solution because with the .5% the paramecium is almost fully attracted. So with .10% it will be fully attracted.
What do you think is happening during the lag period in figure 1-2?
The plant is starting to adapt to the environment and getting ready to grow
Epiphytes are plants that grow on other plans. In the rainforest, they sprout from seeds or spores carried by the wind or animals that take route on the trunks and branches of the canopy trees. Epiphytes are not parasitic: they gain nothing from the trees except support and access to sunlight. However, under favorable conditions, they may form dense, waterlogged, tangled mats of roots and stems, weighing up to several thousand kilograms. This weight is often enough to break the limbs of more fragile trees. Some tree species have developed adaptations to protect against the growth of epiphytes. Two known mechanisms are (1) The frequent shedding of bark layers that periodically removes young epiphytes, and (2) The presence of certain plant manufactured chemicals that inhibit the growth of other plants. In his explorations of the Costa Rican rainforest, Donald Perry developed an apparatus consisting of a platform base built on one tree and connected to two other trees by means of ropes. From this base a system of ropes and pulleys attached to a harness would allow an investigator to access previously unexplored areas of the canopy and to move more relatively unrestricted with minimal contact or interference with rainforest organisms. During his studies, Perry noticed that some trees were completely free of epiphytes, Although the species were known not to shed bark or to manufacture plant inhibit in chemicals. Other scientist had speculated that the Azteca ants, which live mutualistically with certain species of rain forest trees, we're responsible. Do use aggressive ends were known to swarm and attack other insects and mammals that might damage the trees. To test the effect of epiphytes on these trees to the limbs of one such tree. Perry found that the ants did destroy epiphytes? What problem was suggested to Perry upon observing the epiphyte-free trees?
The problem was that those trees didn't have the adaptations that were mentioned.
When a grouse (a type of bird) eats berries, the berry seeds are eliminated as waste materials and may be dropped in another part of the forest where they may sprout and eventually grow into new berry plants. How would you classify the symbiotic relationship between the berry plant and the grouse? Explain your reasoning. (Figure 2-3)
The relationship is mutualism because the bird is helping the plant spread.
Pickled foods are preserved with salt. How might a strong salt solution preserve cucumbers?
The salt solution kills any organisms which would have caused the cucumber to decompose. The water moving out of the organisms body to an area of lower concentration
Predict what would happen if the salt water plant were placed in a freshwater aquarium
The saltwater plant cells will be introduced into a hypothesis environment meaning that more water has been sucked in
A student noticed that when a dog is cut the dog periodically licks his wounds. Usually after a few days, the wound begins to heal without ever showing signs of infection. The following steps outline the students line of reasoning: A) I wonder why the dogs wounds doesn't become infected. B) The dog saliva must prevent the growth of infection causing bacteria. C) i'll obtain a bacterial culture and grow the same kind of bacteria into identical culture dishes. Once the bacteria start growing, I'll add dog saliva to only one of the dishes and leave the other alone. I'll cover both dishes. Then I'll observe what happens each day for a week. D) even after adding the dog saliva to one of the dishes, the bacteria continued to grow in both dishes over the course of the week. However the bacteria in the treated distro more slowly than the bacteria in the untreated dish. E) I think I'll try something else. I'll start with two identical culture dishes, as before, and use the same kind of bacteria in each dish but this time I'll treat one dish with dog saliva before I add the bacteria. I'll observe what happens each day for a week. What is the control?
The same type of bacteria
Ecology
The study of how living things interact with each other and their environment
Technology has allowed humans to produce more food and reduce the chance of starvation by individuals in some countries. How has this advance created additional problems?
The technology has allowed populations to continue to grow, creating the need for additional food
Why do most scientist think that technology cannot solve all problems?
There is not enough human intelligence of real life problems and technology
Many types of animals cells have a thin, flexible cell covering outside the plasma membrane. This cell covering, called a glycocalyx, Similar to the cell wall of a green plant? How is it different?
They are both the very end of the cell and are attached to something and offer a boundary and protection for the cell. Glycocalyx is thin and cell wall is rigid.
In 1980, does country X exhibit an age structure more typical of a developing nation or an industrialized nation? Use figure 4-1
They are looking to develop a more industrial nation because they want an equal number of people at each age
Why can exotic species be a problem in conservation biology?
They don't belong in the environment and cause an in balance in the ecosystem.
Folded membranes have important uses in the cell. Discussed at least four of these uses.
They increase surface area, allow nutrients to be absorbed, allow cells to be less permeable
Use figure 3-1, why are few producers found in the intertidal zone?
They need water to live and cannot live on sand.
Referring to 2-1 the coyotes would be considered ___
Third-order consumers
The graph 8-2 shows typical concentration of several ions and outside of animal cell. Concentrations of ions inside the seller Sean and whites, outside in black. Describe the process by which the salmon canes differences in concentration of Sur and ions inside and outside the cell.
Through active transport
Cells that have the same function are organized into ____
Tissue
To which substances did the paramecia have the strongest positive response?( Figure 1-3)
To a substance of food, all paramecia is attached to it
Why did the student use sterilized medium and keep the dish closed? (Figure 4-2)
To be clean and so nothing gets in or out
Water is lost to the abiotic parts of the biosphere from the abiotic parts of the biosphere from the biotic parts by the process of
Transpiration
Discuss the demographic trends that have major effects on population growth rates in humans.
Trends such as increasing immigrants and less women working result in a larger population.
In a____ biome, decomposition occurs too quickly for humus to form
Tropical rainforest
A conservation biologists main concern is protecting biodiversity (true/false)
True
A pioneer community is usually the stable result of succession (true/false)
True
A sonogram is a picture of a sound (true/false)
True
Age, physical conditions, and stage in its life cycle may all influence an organisms limits of tolerance(true/false)
True
Biologists discover problems by observing the world around them.(true/false)
True
Ecologists work with local people to find ways to protect wildlife habitats(true/false)
True
Light intensity is a major limiting factor of the tundra biome (true/false)
True
Limiting conditions usually fall midway between an organisms limit of tolerance (true/false)
True
Phytoplankton are usually found concentrated in the euphoric zone of the ocean(true/false)
True
Succession is the replacement of one community by another as environmental conditions change.(true/false)
True
Temperate deciduous forests have more biodiversity than any other terrestrial biome (true/false)
True
The liter is a metric unit of volume (true/false?)
True
The number of species in an area is a measure of biodiversity(true/false)
True
The region of the ocean shallow enough for sunlight to penetrate is the phiotic zone (true/false)
True
Tropical rain forest and ___ biomes are both characterized by a thin layer of nutrient-poor topsoil that can support only shallow-rooted plants
Tundra
In glycolysis, _____ molecules of ATP are used in the first step, and _____ molecules of ATP are produced in the second step.
Two, four
The scientist who first decried living cells as seen through a simple microscope was ___
Van Leeuwenhoek
In the 1890s, E. Overton Performed experiments to determine the structure of the plasma membrane. After many years in various procedures, he determined that large, and charged molecules enter cell at a rate proportional to their solubility in lipids. This observation was the first indication of the plasma membrane is probably made up of lipids. Many scientist began to pursue the question of how the lipids were arranged. In 1925, two dutch scientist determine that the area covered by the lipids from a single red blood cell is twice they are the surface of the cell. From this the reason that the cells covered by double layer of lipid molecules. Based on this work various scientist hypothesize that the membrane was like a fat sandwich with two outer layers of protein on the surface of the lipid layer. None of the ideas seem to satisfactory explanation until microscopic studies of the membrane prepared by a new technique a freeze fracture revealed that the proteins are actually embedded in the lipid layer. In 1972, on the basis on these results and other evidence, to American scientist propose the fluid Mosaic model. What was the problem that Overton was trying to solve this experiment?
Was trying to determine the structure of the plasma membrane
The ____ consists of evaporation, precipitation, transpiration, runoff, and repiration
Water cycle
A student noticed that when a dog is cut the dog periodically licks his wounds. Usually after a few days, the wound begins to heal without ever showing signs of infection. The following steps outline the students line of reasoning: A) I wonder why the dogs wounds doesn't become infected. B) The dog saliva must prevent the growth of infection causing bacteria. C) i'll obtain a bacterial culture and grow the same kind of bacteria into identical culture dishes. Once the bacteria start growing, I'll add dog saliva to only one of the dishes and leave the other alone. I'll cover both dishes. Then I'll observe what happens each day for a week. D) even after adding the dog saliva to one of the dishes, the bacteria continued to grow in both dishes over the course of the week. However the bacteria in the treated distro more slowly than the bacteria in the untreated dish. E) I think I'll try something else. I'll start with two identical culture dishes, as before, and use the same kind of bacteria in each dish but this time I'll treat one dish with dog saliva before I add the bacteria. I'll observe what happens each day for a week. What is the independent variable in the students experimental design?
What are their saliva or not
Topics for course in biology
Why does Texas horned lizard squirt blood out of its eyes?, How is a banded pipefish able to hide in its environment of seaweeds?, What chemicals cause plants cause plant stems to lengthen or flowers to bloom?
Describe a light affects life in the oceans
Without light there would be no marine photosynthesis and no plants.
A girl notices that her guppies reproduce most when her fish tank water is slightly alkaline. They stop reproducing if the water becomes acidic or if the water becomes too alkaline. This is an example of _____.
Zones of tolerance and intolerance
Organisms need a way of storing energy because ___
a cell can't always immediately use all the energy it gets
Ecosystems, biotic factors, and abiotic factors make up the ____
biosphere
Mutualism
a relationship between organisms where both benefit
Which of the following monitors a cells progress from phase to phase during the cell cycle?
a series of enzymes
Cells store energy when ___
a third phosphate group is bonded to an ATP molecule
A cell moves particles from a region of lesser concentration to a region of greater concentration by ____
active transport
Unlike plant cells, animal cells contain___
centrioles
Homeostasis
an organism's ability to maintain steady internal conditions when outside conditions change
If all four areas in Table 5-1 had identical climate and geology, which one would probably have the smallest area?
area C
Decomposer
breaks down organic matter
Living things do not adapt to their surroundings by ____
building on previous knowledge
_____ are succulent plants with thorns that are common in desert biomes.
cacti
Instead of growing explosively, population growth tends to level off because the population reaches the ____ of a particular environment.
carrying capacity
Among the following, the term that includes the others is
cell cycle (includes: mitosis, interphase, nuclear division)
Folded membranes are an advantage to a cell because ____
cell processes can be more efficient, the membranes provide a large surface area, and the membranes form interconnected compartments
A structure outside the plasma membrane in some cells is the ____________________.
cell wall
All living things are made of ___
cells
A green pigment that traps energy from sunlight is _____.
chlorophyll
The pigment that gives plants their green color is ___
chlorophyll
In plants, the structures that transform light energy into chemical energy are called ____
chloroplasts
The dark-staining structures that carry the genetic material are the _____.
chromosomes
Short, hairlike projections used for locomotion are ___
cilia
A series of reactions in aerobic respiration that begins and ends with the same 6-carbon compound is the ____
citric acid cycle
An ecologist who studies how several species in an area interact is interested in the biological organization called a(n) _____.
community
dynamic equilibrium
continuous movement of particles but no overall change in concentration
For a particular species, the carrying capacity is the maximum number of individual organisms that ___
could be supported by a given environment indefinitely
The network of tiny rods and filaments that forms a framework for the cell is called the ___
cytoskeleton
The information gathered from experiments is called ____
data
Nitrogen is released to the abiotic parts of the biosphere from the processes of death and _____.
decay by bacteria
Before plants can reuse many organic materials, the materials must be broken down by ___
decomposers
When you study all the growth characteristics of a human population, you are studying its ___
demography
Food, water, or shelter could be ____________________ factors on the growth of a population.
density dependent
Population control factors whose effects increase as the size of the population increases are ___
density dependent factors
Because it is often difficult to gather numerical data, _____ research is used.
descriptive
Density-independent factors are limiting factors whose effects are ___
determined by the degree of competition for resources
Because cells have a watery environment both inside and outside, the polar ends of the phospholipids in the plasma membrane form ____ layers
double
What do electron microscopes use to focus and magnify an image?
electromagnets
The passing of electrons along a series of molecules, releasing energy as they go, is known as _____
electron transport chain
Which of the following is not a form of passive transport ____
endocytosis
The folded system of membranes that forms a network of interconnected compartments inside the cell is called the _____
endoplasmic reticulum
Chlorophyll traps _____ from sunlight.
energy
The causes of cancer may include which of the following?
environmental influences, UV radiation, viruses
If a cell contains a nucleus, it must be an ___
eukaryotic cell
The theme that reflects the idea that there has been a gradual change in the characteristics of species over time is _____.
evolution
Salvinia molesta, floating aquatic plant, first entered Lake Naivasha in Kenya when a person's fish ponds flooded. The plant quickly grew, changing the habitat of parts of the lake. This is an example of a problem due to _____.
exotic species
A population of bacteria that doubles its size every 20 minutes exhibits ___ growth
exponential
Because the phospholipid molecules and some proteins are free to move, the plasma membrane is said to be a ___
fluid mosaic
Which sugar is a part of adenosine diphosphate?
glucose
The anaerobic process of splitting glucose to form pyruvic acid is called ____
glycolysis
In a chloroplast, the stacks of membranous sacs are called ____
grana
Living things change during their lives through _____
growth and development
Demographers collect and study data about the age structure, geographic distribution, and ___ of human populations
growth rate
Starfish live in saltwater ecosystems. Some species live in shallow tidal pools, while others live in the deepest parts of the oceans. This is a description of the _____ of starfish.
habitat
Acid rain changes the pH of soil, killing some trees. This is an example of _____.
habitat degradation
Water and air pollution are examples of _____.
habitat degradation
The biggest threat to biodiversity is ___
habitat loss
The stable ecosystem that develops due to succession ___
is called a climax community
Key to the study of biology is learning about the _____.
life around us
In the complete process of photosynthesis, the _____.
light reactions release oxygen
By the end of prophase, each of the following has occurred except ___
lining up of chromosomes in the cell
A plasma membrane is made up of a ___
lipid bilayer
If it is not watered, a tulip plant wilts because it ____
loses turgor pressure
Plasmolysis
loss of water by a cell resulting in a drop in turgid pressure
Kidneys use energy to move molecules and ions in order to keep the blood chemically balanced. This process is an example of cells using energy to _____.
maintain homeostasis
Some bacteria that are adapted to live without oxygen combine carbon dioxide and hydrogen to produce ___
methane
In a cell, the breakdown of molecules in order to release energy occurs in the ____________________.
mitochondria
Some birds are known as honey guides because they may be followed by humans to wild beehives. When the humans take honey from the hives, the birds are able to feast on the honey and bees, too. This type of relationship can best be described as _____.
mutualism
Cougars are predators that often eat weakened or diseased animals. This is a description of the _____ of cougars.
niche
The functions of a eukaryotic cell are managed by the ___
nucleus
If a cell is placed in salt water, water leaves the cell by __
osmosis
The use of CFCs can destroy the ____________________ in the upper atmosphere
ozone layer
If cells are placed in a strong sugar solution, water will ___
pass from the cells to the sugar solution
Which of the following species is extinct?
passenger pigeon
The splitting of water during photosynthesis is ____
photolysis
The energy in glucose cannot be released by ___
photosynthesis
The process by which autotrophs use energy from sunlight to build carbohydrates is called ___
photosynthesis
The movement of materials into and out of the cells is controlled by the ___
plasma membrane
The structure most responsible for maintaining cell homeostasis is the ___
plasma membrane
The fluid mosaic model describes a structure with ___
polar layers on the outside and nonpolar layer on the inside
An organism with a cell that lacks a true nucleus is a ___
prokaryote
The major focus of conservation biology is ___
protect species from extinction
A gene is a segment of DNA that controls the production of _____.
proteins
_____ research is usually based on numerical measurements.
quantitative
Bacteria employ a(n) _____ reproductive strategy, a characteristic determined by their small size, rapid maturation, and short life span.
rapid
Leaves appear green because the green portion of the light that strikes them is _____.
reflected
___ programs seek to establish species in areas where they once lived
reintroduction
All living things ____ to make more living things.
reproduce
The steps commonly used by scientist in gathering information to test hypotheses and solve problems are called ___
scientific methods
An uncut lawn becomes a meadow and eventually a forest. This process is an example of
secondary succession
Fires, natural disasters, and human intervention are possible causes of ____
secondary succession
The two halves of a doubled chromosome structure are called ____
sister chromatids
The number of ___ in an area is a measure of biodiversity
species
The effect of local population fluctuations in rapidly expanding suburbs may _____ schools, roads, and police and fire services.
stress
Parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism are examples of _____.
symbiosis
The application of science to the needs and problems of society is ____
technology
Reproduction
the production of offspring
Ideas that link the facts and concepts about biology are ____
themes
A scientific explanation of known facts arrived at through repeated testing over time is ____
theory
Energy from sunlight is trapped by chlorophyll located in the ____
thylakoid membranes
Energy is released from ATP when the bond is broken between ____
two phosphate groups
Which of the following explains why a cells size is limited?
volume increases faster than surface area and homeostasis is disrupted by a cell that is too large
As a cell grows, its _____ increases more than its _____.
volume, surface area
Questions about living things that can be answered by biologists are ____
what, why, how