CHP 18- Evolution (BIO 1)

While an organism is alive, its ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-_________ is the same as that in the atmosphere

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___________ _____________ _____________ (1823-1913), a British naturalist who studied plants and animals of the Malay Archipelago, arrived at the same conclusion at the same time as Darwin

Alfred Russell Wallace

Pre-Darwinian Ideas about evolution __________________ (384-322 BCE) -visualized organisms as "moving toward a more perfect state"

Aristotle

______________ _____________observations while voyaging on the HMS Beagle were the basis for his evolutionary theory. He tried to explain the similarities between animals and plants of the arid Galápagos Islands and the humid South American mainland.

Charles Darwin

_______________ ___________ (1809-1882) proposed that all species currently living on our planet arose from earlier ones by the process of gradual evolution

Charles Darwin

At one time the continents were joined to form a supercontinent. ________________ ____________, which caused the various landmasses to break apart and separate, has played a major role in evolution.

Continental drift

1831: ______________ embarked on a 5-year exploratory cruise around the world aboard the HMS Beagle -collected and cataloged thousands of plant and animal specimens and kept notes of his observations -noticed similarities b/w animals and plants of the Galapagos and those of South America, and saw differences in reptiles and birds from one island to the next

Darwin

_______________'s Theory of Natural Selection

Darwin

__________'s On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection was published in 1859, but ______________'s Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection, was published in 1870

Darwin's, Wallace's

what are the 4 premises of evolution described by Darwin and Wallace.

First, genetic variation exists among the individuals in a population. Second, the reproductive ability of each species causes its populations to have the potential to geometrically increase in number over time. Third, organisms compete with one another for the resources needed for life, such as food, living space, water, and light. Fourth, offspring with the most favorable combination of inherited characteristics are most likely to survive and reproduce, passing those genetic characteristics to the next generation.

Island Population _______________ ____________________ Darwin inferred that these birds are derived from a common ancestral population of seed-eating birds from South America. Variation in their beaks is the result of adaptation to the availability of different kinds of food. The cactus finch, which feeds on the fleshy parts of cacti such as their flowers, has a long, pointed beak. (b) The large ground finch has an extremely heavy, nutcrackertype beak adapted for eating thick, hard-walled seeds. (c) The warbler finch has a slender beak for eating insects. (d) The woodpecker finch digs insects out of bark and crevices by using spines, twigs, or even dead leaves.

Galapagos finches

1831: Darwin embarked on a 5-year exploratory cruise around the world aboard the HMS Beagle -collected and cataloged thousands of plant and animal specimens and kept notes of his observations -noticed similarities b/w animals and plants of the _______________ and those of _____________ ____________, and saw differences in reptiles and birds from one island to the next

Galapagos, South America

Pre-Darwinian Ideas about evolution __________________ (1744-1829) -suggested that organisms pass traits they acquired during their lifetimes to their offspring

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

______________ _______________ ___________ ______________ was the first scientist to propose that organisms undergo change over time as a result of some natural phenomenon rather than divine intervention. -He thought that organisms were endowed with a vital force that drove them to change toward greater complexity over time. -He thought that organisms could pass traits acquired during their lifetimes to their offspring.

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

_____________ proposed the theory that traits acquired during an organism's lifetime could be passed along to their offspring.

Lamarck

_______________ was the first to propose that organisms change over time as a result of some natural phenomenon.

Lamarck

_______________ _______________was probably the first to recognize that fossils are the remains of extinct organisms.

Leonardo da Vinci

______________ suggested that the conflict b/w population growth and food supply generates famine, disease, and war, which serve as inevitable brakes on population growth

Malthus

_____________________ made the important mathematical observation that populations increase in size geometrically until checked by factors in the environment.

Malthus

The modern synthesis theory incorporates the ideas and observations of Darwin and ________________

Mendel

The Modern Synthesis Darwin was unable to explain how individuals transmit traits to the next generation, or why individuals vary -about the same time, Gregor Mendel was working on the basic pattern of inheritance -only in the 1930s and 1940s did biologists combine the principles of _____________ ____________ with Darwin's theory of natural selection

Mendelian inheritance

Darwin's Theory of ____________ _______________ -better adapted organisms are more likely to survive and become parents of the next generation -as a result of this, the population changes over successive generations -the frequency of favorable traits increases, and less favorable traits become scarce

Natural Selection

Developing a Theory Upon return home, Darwin attempted to develop a explanation for the distribution of species among the islands -Studied Charles Lyell's _____________ ____________ ____________, which described how Earth's features developed slowly over long periods by geological processes -Noted that many varieties of plants and animals could be developed in just a few generations by ___________ ______________

Principles of Geology, artificial selection

___________________ present in a rock provide a way to accurately measure the rock's age.

Radioisotopes

Developing a Theory Darwin studied ___________ _____________ (1766-1834), who suggested that inherited variations favorable to survival tend to be preserved, while unfavorable ones are eliminated -eventually, the accumulation of modifications might result in a new species

Thomas Malthus

Darwin applied ________________ ______________ ideas on the natural increase in human populations to natural populations. Darwin was influenced by the idea that Earth was extremely old, an idea promoted by Charles Lyell and other geologists.

Thomas Malthus's

Both Darwin and ________________ arrived at the conclusion that evolution occurred by natural selection.

Wallace

An evolutionary modification that improves the chances of survival of oak trees in North America would be considered to be an ___________________.

adaptation

Natural selection results in _________________, evolutionary modifications that improve the chances of survival and reproductive success in a particular environment. Over time, enough changes may accumulate in geographically separated populations to produce new species.

adaptations

_______________: an evolutionary modification that improves the chances of survival and reproductive success in a given environment

adaption

__________________: evolution of pesticide resistance in insects and other pests

agriculture

the fossil record is biased toward _____________ organisms and the few ______________ habitats conducive to fossil formation Example: rarely are tropical rainforest organisms found due to rapid decay

aquatic, terrestrial

Darwin was influenced by ____________ ________________, in which breeders develop many varieties of domesticated plants and animals in just a few generations

artificial selection

When horse breeders mate female and male horses to produce the strongest and fastest racing horse, they are using _______________ ___________________ to produce these traits.

artificial selection

The study of the past and present geographic distribution of plants and animals is called ____________________

biogeography

______________: the study of the past and present geographic distribution of organisms -Darwin observed that species found on ocean islands tend to resemble species of the nearest mainland, even if the environment is different*** -Darwin also observed that species on ocean islands do not tend to resemble species on islands with similar environments in other parts of the world

biogeography

___________________, the geographic distribution of organisms, affects their evolution. Areas that have been separated from the rest of the world for a long time contain organisms that have evolved in isolation and are therefore unique to those areas.

biogeography

The use of bacteria to digest oil from an oil tanker spill is an example of _______________________

bioremediation

_____________________: evolution of micro-organisms in polluted soils for clean-up

bioremediation

The Fossil Record some more recent remains have been well preserved in _______________, ____________, ______________ (__________________), or __________ Example: The remains of a woolly mammoth frozen in Siberian ice for more than 25,000 years were so well preserved that part of its DNA could be analyzed

bogs, tar, amber (ancient tree resin), or ice

Artificial Selection in ______________ ____________ -an enlarged terminal bud (the head) was selected in cabbage, flower clusters in broccoli and cauliflower, axillary buds in brussels sprouts, leaves in collards and kale and stems in kohlrabi

brassica oleracea

_______________ _________ -dates the carbon remains of anything that was once living -is continuously produced in the atomosphere from nitrogen 14

carbon-14

What types of gene changes are most associated with the evolution of new anatomical features in a population?

changes the affect developmental patterns

__________________ _________________: uses evolutionary principles of population genetics for rare and endangered species

conservative management

In 1915, Alfred Wegener proposed that a single land mass called Pangaea had broken apart in a process known as _______________ __________________

continental drift

Homoplastic features demonstrate ______________ _______________, in which organisms with separate ancestries adapt in similar ways to comparable environmental demands.

convergent evolution

There are times when organisms living in similar environments but not in the same geographical region evolve similar adaptations. The independent evolution of similar structures is referred to as _______________ _______________

convergent evolution

__________________ _____________ _____________: individuals with the most favorable combination of characteristics are more likely to reproduce and survive

differential reproductive success

The Effect of Chance on ____________________ -natural selection appears to be more important agent of evolutionary change than chance Examples: Fruit fly evolution proceeded the same way on two different continents (large and small wings) -Stickleback evolution proceeded the same way in three different lakes (large and small species) -if it were chance, then evolution would have likely been different observed pattern

evolution

______________: the accumulation of genetic changes within populations over time

evolution

_______________ is the accumulation of inherited changes within a population over time; this is the unifying concept of biology because it links all fields of the life sciences into a coherent body of knowledge.

evolution

_________ ______________ requires that an organism be buried under conditions that slow or prevent the decay process -this is most likely if the remains are covered quickly by a sediment of fine solid particles suspended in water -over time, sediments harden to form sedimentary rock, and minerals replace the organism's remains so that many details of its structure, even cellular details are preserved

fossil formation

Another reason for bias in the ______________ ___________ is that organisms with hard body parts are more likely to form fossils than those with soft body parts

fossil record

The __________________ ___________ shows a progression from the earliest unicellular organisms to the organisms living today

fossil record

Direct evidence of evolution comes from _______________, the remains or traces of ancient organisms. Layers of sedimentary rock normally occur in their sequence of deposition, with the more recent layers on top of the older, earlier ones. I

fossils

___________________ are remains of traces typically left in sedimentary rock by previously existing organisms

fossils

Evidence for evolution a vast body of scientific evidence supports evolution: Name the 5

fossils, biogeography, comparative anatomy, molecular biology, and developmental biology

Evolution occurs over many ____________________

generations

Evolution is the accumulation of ____________________ changes within _____________________ over time

genetic, populations

Island Populations -Over time, enough changes may accumulate in __________________ __________________ populations (often with slightly different environments) to produce new species

geographically separated

Evolutionary Relationships using fossils of organisms from different _______________ ages, scientists can sometimes infer lines of descent (evolutionary relationships) that give rise to modern organisms

geologic

_____________ ______________have basic structural similarities even though the structures may be used in different ways because these derive from the same structure in a common ancestor. Evolutionary affinities exist among the organisms that have these features

homologous features

____________________ features are those derived from the same structure in a common ancestor and the condition is known as ________________.

homologous, homology

Non-homologous features that have similar function but evolved independently are called _______________ ________________

homoplastic features

____________ ____________ evolved independently to have similar functions in distantly related organisms.

homoplastic features

_____________ fossils are the remains of organisms that existed over a relatively short geological time period and that died and were preserved as fossils in large numbers. They are used to identify specific sedimentary layers and to arrange strata in chronological order.

index

Layers of sedimentary rock normally occur in their sequence of deposition, with the more recent layers on top of the older, earlier ones. I_____________ ______________ characterize a specific layer over large geographic areas

index fossils

________________ ____________: organisms that existed for a relatively short geologic time but were preserved as fossils in large numbers over large geographic areas

index fossils

The genetic changes that bring about evolution do not occur in ___________________ organisms but rather in ________________________

individual, populations

Pre-Darwinian Ideas about evolution __________________ (1452-1519) -correctly interpreted fossils as the remains of once existing animals that had become extinct

leonardo da vinci

_________________ ______________ _____________ ___________; organisms compete for limited resources; not all survive to reproduce

limits on population growth

______________________ -the major evolutionary events usually viewed over a long period, such as the formation of different species from common ancestors

macroevolution

Evolution of major taxonomic groups is called __________________ and evolution of populations is called _______________________.

macroevolution, microevolution

________________: rapid evolution of disease causing bacteria and viruses

medicine

____________________ -the minor evolutionary changes of populations, usually viewed over a FEW generations

microevolution

what are the two perspectives on evolution?

microevolution and macroevolution

Determining the Age of Fossils specific sedimentary rocks are identified by ___________ _____________ and __________ ___________ of certain organisms

mineral content and fossilized remains

The ____________ _______________ explains Darwin's observation of variation among offspring in terms of mutation, such as nucleotide substitutions -incorporates our expanding knowledge in genetics, systematics, paleontology, developmental biology, behavior, and ecology

modern synthesis

The _____________ ________________ combines Darwin's evolutionary theory by natural selection with modern genetics to explain why individuals in a population vary and how species adapt to their environment.

modern synthesis

The _______________ ______________ Darwin was unable to explain how individuals transmit traits to the next generation, or why individuals vary -about the same time, Gregor Mendel was working on the basic pattern of inheritance -only in the 1930s and 1940s did biologists combine the principles of Mendelian inheritance with Darwin's theory of natural selection

modern synthesis

__________________ provides the genetic variability that natural selection acts on during evolution.

mutation

The synthetic theory of evolution explains variation in terms of __________________, which are inheritable and therefore potential explanations for how traits are passed from one generation to another.

mutations

Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace independently proposed evolution by ______________ ________________, which is based on four observations.

natural selection

David Reznick and John Endler have studied the effects of predation intensity on the evolution of guppy populations in the laboratory and in nature. Such experiments are a powerful way for investigators to test the underlying processes of _______________ ____________

natural selection

____________ __________________ appears to be more important agent of evolutionary change than chance

natural selection

Although it cannot be proven, it appears that _________________ ________________ is a more important agent of evolutionary change than ___________________.

natural selection, chance

when an organism dies, the proportion of carbon-14 in its remains declines as carbon-14 decays to _______________ __________

nitrogen-14

___________________: in every generation each species has the capacity to produce more offspring than can survive

overproduction

What is Evolution? -______________________: a group of individuals of one species that live in the same geographic area at the same time -eventually, two of these may diverge to such degree that they become different species

population

Evolutionary Relationships Some fossils provide direct evidence of the origin of new species from __________________ species, including some transitional forms

pre-existing

_________________ ______________ emit nuclear particles and change into a different element (radioactive decay)

radioactive isotopes

Each _________________ has a characteristic rate decay; the time required for one half of a ________________'s atom to change into a different atom is its half-life Example: Uranium-235 decays into lead-207 with a half-life of 704 million years

radioisotope

Determining the Age of Fossils Fossils are dated by ____________ ___________ in sedimentary rock

relative positions

Aristotle was one of the first individuals to group and arrange organisms. To do this, he used what he called a _______________ ___________ _______________

scale of nature

_______________ ____________ forms by accumulation and solidification of particles produced by weathering of rocks; over time, they exhibit distinct layers, with the oldest at the bottom

sedimentary rock

A group of organisms that are capable of interbreeding are classified as a ____________________

species

What is Evolution? ____________________: a group of similar organisms that are capable of interbreeding with one another

species

____________________: individuals in a population exhibit variation in traits; some improve an individuals chance of survival and reproductive success- others do not

variation

Darwin's mechanism of evolution by natural selection consists of 4 observations on the natural world:

variation, overproduction, limits on population growth, differential reproductive success

_______________ structures are nonfunctional or degenerate remnants of structures that were present and functional in ancestral organisms. Structures occasionally become these as species adapt to different modes of life.

vestigial