Chpt 5

Latoya is 6. She is 3 feet, 10 inches tall and weighs 53 pounds. Latoya s:

/ average in height only

Frannie has begun to "slim down." She has lost the chubby toddler look and is now lean. She weighs 42 pounds and is 43 inches tall. Frannie is MOST likely around the age of:

6.

In child-centered programs, what do the teachers do?

Child-centered programs stress each child's development and growth. Teachers in such programs assist children in artistic expression and exploring their own interests rather than providing authoritative direction.

What aspects of language seem difficult for young children?

Children assume that all grammar constructions follow the rules (overregularization) and have difficulty knowing when and with whom to use which words, tones, and grammatical forms (pragmatics).

How does fast-mapping aid the language explosion?

Children develop an interconnected set of categories for words, a kind of grid or mental map, which makes speedy vocabulary acquisition, or fast-mapping, possible. Rather than figuring out the exact definition after hear a word, childrendren hear a word once and quickly stick into a category in their mental language grid.

How does theory of mind help child interact with other people

Children develop theory of mind in talking with adults and in playing with other children; they begin to realize that not everyone thinks as they do.

When should children learn grammar?

Children leam grammar long before formal instructionalmost as soon as they start talking. They will apply the rules of grammar as soon as they figure them out.

What aspects of children's thought does theory-theory explain?

Children naturally desire (and therefore construct) theories to explain whatever they see and hear. They seek reasons, causes, and principles to make sense of their experience, sometimes sticking to old theories despite conflicting evidence.

What are three ways in which adults can foster language development?

Code-focused teaching, book-reading, parent education, language enhancement via caregivers and early-childhood educators, and preschool attendance all foster language development.

What are the long-term benefits of early-childhood education?

Early-childhood education allows for interaction with same-age peers, and such social interaction is crucial to development. Three longitudinal studies demonstrated that as adolescents, children who had undergone intensive preschool education had higher aspirations, possessed a greater sense of achievement, and were less likely to quit before graduation or become a teenage parent. As young adults, more of them attended college and fewer went to jail. middle-aged adults, more were healthy, employed taxpayers.

What is the relationship between executive control and learning in school?

Formal education traditionally begins at about age 6, which also happens to be when the prefrontal cortex is mature enough to allow sustained attention. However, experiences before then advance brain development and thus prepare children for school.

The ability to delay one's immediate response to a thought behavior is called _control.

Impluse control

Why is early childhood the best time to learn a second (or third) language?

In many African, Asian, and European nations, most schoolchildren are bilingual, and some are trilingual, and their fluency advances their intellectual achievement. Most published research finds that being bilingual benefits the brain lifelong, further evidence for plasticity. Indeed, the bilingual brain may provide some resistance to Alzheimer's disease in old age.

When are children at their SLIMMEST?

Nice job! The correct answer is: ages 5 and 6

Rhodesia is a left-handed adult. It is MOST likely that she:

O has a thicker corpus callosum.

How can overregularization signify a cognitive advance?

Overregularization is evidence of increasing knowledge: Many children first say words correctly (feet, teeth, mice), repeating what they have heard. Later, when they grasp the systematic rules of grammar and try to apply them, they overregularize, saying "foots," "tooths," or "mouses."

According to Vygotsky, what should parents and other caregivers do to encourage children's learning?

Parents and other caregivers should (1) present challenges; (2) offer assistance without taking over; (3) add crucial information; and (4) encourage motivation.

2. What barriers to logic exist at the preoperational stage?

Piaget noted four limitations that make logic difficult during this stage: centration, appearance, static reasoning, and irreversibility. At this stage, children cannot yet apply their linguistic ability to comprehend reality.

1. How does preoperational thought differ from sensorimotor intelligence and from concrete operational thought?

Preoperational children can think in symbols, not solely via senses and motor skills. However, they are not yet capable of logical, operational thinking.

Who benefits most from Head Start?

Research suggests that children in low-income families benefit most from Head Start; it improves language learning, social skills, and prospects for the future.

How do researchers measure whether or not a child is developing a theory of mind?

Researchers measure and take note of improvements in memory, new experiences, and maturation of the prefrontal cortex, which all help to advance theory of mind.

What evidence is there that children overimitate?

Sometimes children copy something that adults would rather the child not do. Or, they may imitate meaningless habits or customs.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of teacher-directed preschools?

Teacher-directed preschools stress academics, usually with one adult teaching the entire group. Curriculum may include learning letters, numbers, shapes, and colors, and children are taught to sit quietly and follow a daily schedule. As a result, children may assimilate into the

What are the advantages and disadvantages of teacher-directed preschools?

Teacher-directed preschools stress academics, usually with one adult teaching the entire group. Curriculum may include learning letters, numbers, shapes, and colors, and children are taught to sit quietly and follow a daily schedule. As a result, children may assimilate into the elementary school setting more quickly. However, creativity and problem-solving skills may lag behind children coming from child-centered programs.

Why are Montessori schools still functioning 100 years after the first such schools opened?

The Motessori philosophy seems to work. A study of 5-year-old children in inner-city Milwaukee who were chosen by lottery to attend Montessori programs found that compared to their peers in other schools these children were advanced in pre-reading, math skills, and theory of mind. The probable explanation is that their Montessori tasks seem to bolster self-confidence, curiosity, and exploration, all of which transferred to academic tasks.

Which of the following statements BEST expresses preoperational children's degree of cognitive sophistication?

They can use language to represent objects.

What is the evidence that early childhood is a sensitive time for learning language?

Young children are called "language sponges" because they soak up every drop of language they encounter. The average child knows about 500 words at age 2 and more than 10,000 at age

Private speech:

aids cognition and self-reflection and should be encouraged.

Brain maturation, myelination, scaffolding, and social interaction make early childhood

an ideal time for leaming language.

Keira is 6. She is 3 feet, 7 inches tall and weighs 44 pounds. Keira is:

average in weight.

Four-year-old Jaylon grasps that Jerome is her father but cannot grasp that Jerome is also her grandmother's son. In this way, she is demonstrating:

centration.

Two sealed, pyramid-shaped containers hold what are suddenly judges them as holding different amounts of liquid after one container is inverted. The child clearly identical amounts of a liquid. However, a child apparently lacks a:

concept of conservation.

Five-year-old twins Keith and Kevin each have 4 ounces of juice in their glasses. Keith's glass is tall and narrow, whereas Kevin's is shorter and wider. Kevin complains that Keith has more juice, revealing his lack of:

conservation.

Gary knows that when he empties the last of the orange juice from the pitcher into a small juice glass that the amount of juice remains unchanged. Gary can understand:

conservation.

Which Piagetian term literally means "self-centeredness"?

egocentrism

encouraging her to try to do it on her own. This is called: Diana shows her daughter how to button her shirt by first showing her how to use a button and then

guided participation.

The body mass index (BMI), or the ratio of weight to height:

is lower at ages 5 and 6 than at any other age in the first five years.

An example of scaffolding is:

joint reading with a child; explaining, pointing, listening.

Developmentalists advise against switching a child's handedness, not only because it causes conflict but also because:

left-handedness may indicate an advantage in creativity.

4. How does scaffolding relate to a child's zone of proximal development?

making mastery much more likely. This increases the child's motivation to master other skills and knowledge.

Franklin is helping his younger sibling learn how to ride a bicycle. Lev Vygotsky believed that this would facilitate learning because Franklin is:

mentor.

Steven has begun to mimic his teacher by tapping his fingers together, even though his teacher does not do this intentionally or with any real purpose. Steven is demonstrating:

overimitation.

Reggie can ride a bike only if his mom is providing some physical support and coaching. Vygotsky would

that riding a bike is within Reggie's zone of proximal development.

Yvette, who is 5 years old, has improved dramatically in her ability to throw and catch a baseball. Which aspect of her brain development contributed MOST to enable these abilities by enhancing communication among the brain's various specialized areas?

the growth of the corpus callosum

The idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear by constructing theories is called:

theory-theory.

The tendency for children to want explanations of various things, especially things that involve reflects:

theory-theory.