CHS330 Environmental Health Exam 1 Review
James owns a private well that has a concentration of arsenic of 0.2 mg/L in the water. James drinks 1 L from the well everyday for 40 years. He weights 80 kg. What is his ADD for these 40 years? Beware of the unit. 0.0025 mg/kg-day 0.0025 mg 0.0025 g/kg-day 0.0025 g
0.0025 mg/kg-day find daily intake, 0.2 x 1 L = 0.2 then 0.2 x 365 days x 40 years = 2920 2920 / body weight of 80 = 36.5 36.5 / 04 / 365 = .0025
Based on the ADD in question 6, and an RfD for arsenic of 0.00025 mg/kg-day, what is the MOE for James? 0.00225 0.00275 0.1 10
0.1
The age-standardized mortality rate in Canada in 2002 was 445 per 100,000 and in the United States it was 543 per 100,000. The population of Canada and United States were 31.4 million and 287.6 million in 2002, respectively. What was the SRR of Canada over the United States in 2002? 0.11 9.16 0.82 1.22
0.82
5,000 new cases of E.Coli (a bacteria) infection happened in a city with a population of 500,000 over a 5-year period. What is the crude incidence rate?
1 per 500 per year
risk assessment
1. Hazard identification 2. Dose-response assessment 3. Exposure assessment 4. Risk characterization
Identify the NOAEL in the graph.
2
A sound of 100 dB is ___ times more intense than a sound of 80 dB. 20 20% 25 25%
20
Identify the LOAEL in the graph.
3
during an oil spill, how much cannot be recovered?
60%
FORMULA OF INTAKE DOSE
= IR x C x F x ED
Which of the following is NOT a major part of a landfill? A plastic cover at the top An accessible location by big cities A bottom liner A system for collecting leachates
A plastic cover at the top
Average Daily Dose (LADD)
ADD = D intake / BW x AT
Paracelsus
All things are poisonous, for there is nothing without poisonous qualities. It is only the dose which makes a thing poison
Which one of the following is NOT part of the Hill's criteria for evaluating causality? Strength of association Biological plausibility Amount of funding for the study Appropriate temporal relationship
Amount of funding for the study
Which of the following chemicals are commonly found in receipt paper? Phthalates BPAs PBDEs PFOA
BPAs
Over exposure to ultraviolet radiation is associated with a number of long-term effects. Which of the following is NOT included? Melanoma Bacterial infection of the skin Cataracts Skin mottling
Bacterial infection of the skin
calculating cancer risk
Cancer risk = LADD * CSF
Which of the following is NOT a topic in environmental health? Hazardous waste Nuclear power Child education Pesticide and herbicides
Child education
Which of the following is NOT a major source of lead exposure? Aged water pipes Cigarettes Lead based paint Air pollutants
Cigarettes
Which of the following statements is accurate about Dioxins? Dioxins are very unstable chemicals that disappear quickly in environment. Dioxins can only be created by burning of some fuels in industries The health effects of long-term frequent dioxin exposure are not significant Dioxins refers to a family of chemical compounds that are unintentional byproducts of certain non-industrial and natural processes, usually involving combustion
Dioxins refers to a family of chemical compounds that are unintentional byproducts of certain non-industrial and natural processes, usually involving combustion
Which of the following statements regarding ecological system is WRONG? Ecological systems vary enormously in size. Ecological systems are not determinate to the survival of the human population. An ecological system is a dynamic complex of plant, animal and microorganism communities and nonliving environment as a functional unit. Degradation of ecosystems poses environmental dangers
Ecological systems are not determinate to the survival of the human population.
True or False: Asbestos exposure can only happen when the workers are working on-site.
False
True or False: Asbestos, being a known carcinogen, is currently banned for commercial use in the United States?
False
True or false: Nuclear power generation is a major source of exposure to ionizing radiation for the average population in the United States.
False
lead in water
Flint, MI Old pipes that corroded into water supply; water polluted; bleach added to purify water was to cause of lead leaking Impaires cognition, hearing problems, brain damage, skin lesions, legionnaires disease, hair loss; social impact of not paying water bills Animals and agriculture affected Settlement, clean water provided -- overall clean water was not restored Switched water sources which corroded the pipes; replace all pipes by end of 2019; The Water Box can generate 10 gallons of water per minute
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding ionizing radiation? Alpha particle has low penetrating power therefore it has no negative health effects Beta particle will only penetrate a fraction of an inch of skin tissue, therefore it has no negative health effects Gamma rays are most highly penetrative types of radiation and can produce adverse health effects, even though their source is external to body X-rays are widely used in medical diagnostic procedures because they have no negative health effects
Gamma rays are most highly penetrative types of radiation and can produce adverse health effects, even though their source is external to body
four levels of classification of carcinogens
Group 1: carcinogenic to humans Group 2A: probably carcinogenic to humans Group 2B: possibly carcinogenic to humans Group 3: not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans Group 4: probably not carcinogenic to humans
Which of the following is usually NOT studied by toxicologists? Rat nerve cells Human liver cells Mice Hospital administration
Hospital administration
IPAT model
Impact = Population x Affluence x Technology
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of recycling? Prevention of water pollution Preservation of raw materials and energy Reduction in emission of greenhouse gases Increase in composting rate
Increase in composting rate
The process of carcinogenesis
Initiation Cell mutation from DNA damage Promotion (benign tumor) Clonal expansion of initiated cells Progression (malignant tumor) Evolution of cancerous phenotype
Which of the following is NOT part of the IPAT model? Affluence Population Technology International
International
Which of the following is NOT a current and continuing threat to the environment of the United States: International terrorist organizations. Hazardous wastes leaching from disposal sites. Air pollution in some areas. Polluted water affecting both the health of both human and ecosystem.
International terrorist organizations.
Which of the following is NOT usually a common route of exposure to pollutants? Intravenous injection Ingestion Inhalation Dermal absorption
Intravenous injection
Which statement is correct regarding our exposure to mercury? It is widely found in our water pipes and we are exposed via drinking water It can be biomagnified via the food chain before we ingest it It is found in plants because it is a product of photosynthesis It is in our hats and we are exposed via dermal absorption
It can be biomagnified via the food chain before we ingest it
A large number of agents and a diversity of unhealthful workplace settings are associated with occupational diseases. Which of the following does NOT belong to those agents: Noise Sharp objects Lack of training Asbestos
Lack of training
Which of the following is correct in describing endocrine disrupting chemicals? Many of them can be found in consumer products They are found mostly in the wilderness They can directly interact with our DNA The human health impact at low dose exposure is well-understood
Many of them can be found in consumer products
carbone monoxide
Military based house; cars Families living on base; owned cars, Blocked air ducts, not well ventilated; idling in streets, garages Odorless, tasteless, Headaches, dizziness, shortness of breath, death Clean out air ducts, add detectors; informing the public of dangers, electric cars
Which of the following is NOT in the acronym of PBT in this class? Pollutant Biological Terrigenic None of them are part of the acronym
None of them are part of the acronym
Which of the following is NOT a heavy metal that poses hazards to human health: Arsenic Mercury Oil Lead
Oil
Which of the following chemicals are commonly found in furniture? Phthalates BPA PBDEs PFOA
PBDEs
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were heavily produced in the United States before being banned in 1977 because: PCBs were non-flammable, unstable chemicals PCBs were flammable, stable chemicals PCBs were non-flammable, stable chemicals PCBs were flammable, unstable chemicals
PCBs were non-flammable, stable chemicals
Which of the following chemicals are commonly found in fast food packaging? Phthalates BPA PBDEs PFOA
PFOA
Which of the following method is at the bottom of hierarchy of controls for worker health protection according to NIOSH? Elimination Engineering controls Administrative controls Personal protection equipment
Personal protection equipment
Which of the following chemicals are commonly found in cosmetics? Phthalates BPA PBDEs PFOA
Phthalates
Which of the following is true for PBT chemicals ? They are volatile Degrade quickly in the environment Prefer to be in fat rather than water Easily dissolved in water
Prefer to be in fat rather than water
Which of the following is NOT classified as a nonionizing radiation? Radio radiation Microwave radiation Ultraviolet radiation Radon radiation
Radon radiation
Which of the following does NOT belong to the 3R principle? Reduce Recycle Reuse Rebuild
Rebuild
mercury summary
Released from factories and goes into ecosystems and consumed by fish Fish absorbed People eat seafood Factory workers and pregnant women at high risk Birth defects, depression Regulation on emission and fishing FDA identifies a list of fish that are low in Hg
There are four steps in risk assessment, which of the following is NOTone of them? Hazard identification Dose-response assessment Exposure assessment Risk communication
Risk communication
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic posed by hazardous waste? Stable Corrosive Toxic Reactive
Stable
threshold
The human body has the ability to "correct" abnormal phenomenon on the molecular and cellular levels For example, liver can detoxify many toxins that would have harm the body Adverse effects usually manifest after the defense of the body becomes overwhelmed - exposure exceeds the threshold
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? Dose is not an important concept in toxicology. As long as the same amount of chemical was ingested, the dose will be the same across a diverse population. To describe toxic effects, toxicologists use the symbol LD50 (lethal dose 50), which is "the dosage (mg/kg body weight) causing death in 50 percent of exposed animals". Given the same doses, children and adults are affected at the same level.
To describe toxic effects, toxicologists use the symbol LD50 (lethal dose 50), which is "the dosage (mg/kg body weight) causing death in 50 percent of exposed animals".
Which of the following statements is accurate about the management of hazardous waste in the United States? Toxic chemicals present in hazardous wastes may enter drinking water and the food chain. Hazardous waste is rigorously managed, and we shouldn't be worried about the leakage problem. One way to permanently solve the hazardous waste problem is to ship it to developing countries. Hazardous waste is generated outside of the general household, so it is not a problem that individuals should care about.
Toxic chemicals present in hazardous wastes may enter drinking water and the food chain.
True or false: The longer the wavelength, the lower the energy for radiation.
True
Organic solvents are generally: Used for cleaning or as feedstock chemicals Are large molecules Dissolve in water easily Solid under room temperature
Used for cleaning or as feedstock chemicals
Which of the following statement is NOT true? Very few jobs can disrupt the circadian cycle The circadian cycle is related to hormone level changes in our body Chronic disruption to the circadian cycle can lead to cancer The circadian cycle can be disrupted by shift work
Very few jobs can disrupt the circadian cycle
Which of the following radiation is ionizing radiation? Sound waves Visible light X-rays Microwaves
X-rays
Ecosystem
a local or regional community of living things (including plants, animals, & microorganisms) and the physical setting in which they live
developmental toxicity
adverse effects on the development of the early life stages
neurotoxicity
adverse effects on the nervous system
Reproductive toxicity
adverse effects to fertility Low sperm count, abnormal sperm, sperm motility abnormality
When calculating the intake dose, which of the following is needed? The concentration of chemicals in the media people are exposed to. The intake rate of the media. The frequency of exposure. The duration of exposure. All of above.
all of the above
Life time average daily dose
assumed 70 years
Which of the following usually does NOT take the threshold assumptions? Developmental toxicity Neurotoxicity Hepatoxicity Cancer
cancer
in vitro
cell culture
True of false: The percentage of solid waste in the United States going to open dumping sites has been increasing over the past few decades.
false
True or False: An ecologic study is a good design to hypothesis test the associations between risk factors and health outcomes.
false
True or False: Compared to a cohort study, a case-control study is better suited for studying rare exposures.
false
True or False: Environmental epidemiology uses an entirely different set of approaches compared to other sub-disciplines of epidemiology?
false
True or False: The LOAEL obtained from rat experiments can be used directly as RfD for humans.
false
True or False: The intake dose and the absorbed dose are the same.
false
True or false: All organic solvents are known carcinogens.
false
True or false: Nanomaterials have no adverse health effects?
false
True or false: Synthetic chemicals are only used in industrial settings and are not to be found in consumer products.
false
True or false: The main exposure routes to organic solvent for workers and the public are the same?
false
True or false: We cannot have too much essential metals for our health?
false
effect dose
generating an additional risk
HCFC
hydrogen chlorine fluorine carbon in cooling units and aerosol products Banned -- skin cancer, immune system, ice caps melting
irritation
inflammatory reactions on skin, eyes, or respiratory system
absorbed dose
internal based on the intake dose, but also considers the complex interaction between the body and the substance after entry.
cancer is
linear
in vivo
living organisms
LOAEL
lowest observed adverse effect level
exposure duration
mins/day, hours/day, over a certain period of days, months, or year
Nanomaterials have at least one dimension less than 100 ____.
nm
does cancer have a threshold?
no
NOAEL
no observed adverse effect level
Margin of Exposure
non cancer risk scale to measure risk
non-cancer is
non linear
intake dose (external dose)
outside dose raw amount that enters the human body, without any correction factors
Which one of the following is comparable in size to nanomaterials? Rice grain Protein Tennis ball Fine sand grain
protein
Ecology
refers to the relationship between organisms and their physical surroundings
absorption rate
represent multiple factors affecting how our bodies can absorb the substances into our blood
where is arsenic and lead found in food?
rice fields
toxicology
study of poisons The study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms
True or False: Radon is an inert, colorless and toxic gas and has been associated with long-term adverse health effects. The main source of exposure to radon gas is from building materials
true
True or False: The term toxicology refers to the study of adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms.
true
True or false: Most of the elements in the periodic table are metals.
true
True or false: The primary health concern for endocrine disruptors is regarding reproductive and developmental toxicity?
true
