CJ 213 - Review of Chapter 6
Outpatient Drug-Free Programs
A nonresidential form of drug treatment that emphasizes the provision of a supportive highly structured, family-like atmosphere within which a patient can be helped to alter his or her personality and develop social relationships conducive to conforming behavior
Breaking the Cycle program
A program that seeks to identify offenders with substance abuse problems early in their system processing, assess the appropriate treatment needs of the offender, and establish an integrated set of interventions
Reciprocal Relationship
A relationship in which two behaviors being studied feed one another
Spurious Relationship
A relationship in which two occurrences have no casual connection yet it may be inferred that they do, due to a certain third factor that causes both behaviors being studied
Therapeutic Communities
A residential form of drug treatment that emphasizes the provision of a supportive, highly structured, family-like atmosphere within which a patient can be helped to alter their personality and develop social relationships conducive to conforming behavior
Just Say No
A school and media based program designed to encourage children to make a personal decision to refuse any offer to use illicit drugs in the face of peer influences
Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE)
A school-based, police-taught program aimed at elementary students that attempts to reduce drug use by focusing on enhancing the social skills of the individual
National Survey on Drug Use and Health
A self-report survey on youthful drug use conducted by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)
Monitoring the Future
A self-report survey, administered annually to high school seniors, college students, and young adults that include both serious and less serious offenses, such as robbery, aggravated assault, hitting teachers, use of weapons, group fighting, and drug usage
National Survey on Drug Use and Health
A survey of the prevalence, patterns, and consequences of alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drug use and abuse if the general US civilian non-institutionalized population, age 12 and older
Detoxification
A treatment approach that attempts to remove an individual from an addiction by weaning him or her off drugs
Delinquency to Drugs
A variety of studies suggest that the dominant direction in the relationship is from DELINQUENCY TO DRUGS/ DRUGS TO DELINQUENCY
75 56
Almost _____% of youths in custody report having tried alcohol compared to the ______% of youths in the general population
Heroin/Cocaine
Collins, Hubbard, and Rachal point out that daily __________ users tend to commit substantially more property offenses than nonusers or weekly users
30 54
Fagan and Pabon note that _____% of school students report drug use in the past year, but ____% of high school students drop out who report drug use over the same time period
Individual and Group Counseling
Forms the cornerstone of outpatient drug-free programs
Drug Court
Specialized courts that attempt to help drug offenders stop using drugs by providing services and judicial supervision
2,000
Johnston conducted a longitudinal study of ________ high-school students and claimed that general delinquency predates most drug use
15 20
Johnston, O'Malley, and Bachman point out that roughly ____-____% of students drop out and are not included in the senior survey each year
The National Institute on Drug Abuse
Offers 16 Principles of Effective Drug Prevention
13 15
Roughly ______% of juveniles arrested for drug abuse were committed by juveniles under the age of _______
6
Simpson and Sells report lower drug use, lower criminal behavior, and improved employment status for clients after their end of treatment for up to _____ years
True
TRUE/FALSE: Detoxification programs prove to be effective after short-term follow-ups, but has not be adequately evaluated over long-term
True
TRUE/FALSE: Evaluations of maintenance programs generally report reduced drug usage and the commission of fewer crimes by patients when they are in the program
True
TRUE/FALSE: Mandatory sentences for drug use is the norm in most communities
True
TRUE/FALSE: Relatively few youths use drugs on a regular basis
True
TRUE/FALSE: The data shows that the use of illicit drugs i not rampant in society; however, any use of an illicit drug by juveniles is a problem
True
TRUE/FALSE: The data suggests that drug use is not the rampant problem portrayed by the media or assumed by the public
True
TRUE/FALSE: The failure of affective approaches to have an impact on drug use is the failure to include other elements along with building self-esteem
True
TRUE/FALSE: The use of more serious drugs has been relatively rare and has remained low throughout the years
Drug use causes delinquency
The Drug-Delinquency Relationship that focuses on high cost of drugs and the need for youths to commit property crimes in order to secure the funds needed to buy drugs
Delinquency causes drug use
The Drug-Delinquency Relationship that views drug use as a form of deviance and youths who associate with others who participate in drugs, will use drugs themselves
Levels Types
The MTF Project gathers information on a wide variety of behaviors, including ________ and _______ of drug use.
30
The MTF Project presents drug use information for different time frames, ranging from "ever" using a drug to "daily use" in the past ______ days
12 17
The National Survey on Drug Use and Health reflect drug use among a sample of youths ages ____-____
28
The Survey of Youths in Residential Placement indicated that _____% of the youths said that they were in custody due to a drug offense
MTF
The ____ also asks students about the ease of availability of different drugs
MTF
The ______ surveys school students yet ignores the fact that many youths drop out of school
Younger
The average age of onset for drug use is OLDER/YOUNGER than the average age of onset for offending
DARE
The best-known drug prevention program
8th 61 55.5 41
The ease of availability are lowest for _____ grade respondents. The ease is ____% for alcohol, _____% for cigarettes, and ____% for marijuana
Reciprocal
The fact that no consensus has emerged on the correct drug-delinquency relationship suggests that the more plausible explanation is that the relationship is ________
Multi-dimensional Family Therapy
The intent of the ______________ is to ensure that youths and their needs go unaddressed
Methadone
The most common maintenance program involves the use of _________
Just Say No
The most direct and simplest prevention program
72 41
The most prevalently used substance (alcohol) has seen a significant decrease in use over the past 30 years - from _____% in 1980 to _____% in 2010
Self-Reports
The primary source of information on drug use are ___________
Big Brothers/Big Sisters
The program that matches adult mentors with at-risk children in the community. The goal is to provide a positive role model and help build self-esteem
Psychopharmacological Effects Systemic Violence
The relationship view that drug use causes delinquency, says it can be caused by _______________ or _______________
20
The second most used substance (marijuana) has been approximately ______% since 1995
Enforcement
The typical response to drug use in the US is increased _______
Use
The utilization of a drug
Multi-Dimensional Family Therapy
Therapy centered on the family, peers, and community influences around youths
Heroin Marijuana
There is a call to decriminalize the use of ______ and ______
Drug Courts Breaking the Cycle
Two examples of programs that use enforcement and treatment
70
Up to ____% of those entering drug treatment centers drop out before completing the program
Synonymous
Use and Abuse are considered to be ___________ by most authors when juveniles are considered
Group Counseling
Used to explore the reasons for drug use and to suggest alternative methods for dealing with factors that lead to substance abuse
Systemic Violence
Violence due to factors related to the sale and marketing of drugs
Adults
What is known about the impact of drug treatment programs comes mainly from the study of programs focusing primarily on JUVENILES/ADULTS
84 30
___% of youths in custody report using marijuana compared to the ____% of youths in the general population
50 27
____% of youths in custody admit to trying illegal drugs other than marijuana, compared to the ____% of youths in the general population
18
____% or more of 12th grade respondents claim that drugs are either very easy or fairly easy to obtain
Maintenance
________ programs rely heavily on individual and group counseling and the establishment of behavioral guidelines
Counseling Therapy
_________ and ________ appear in virtually all of the programs
Alcohol, Tobacco, Marijuana.
__________ is the most commonly used substance, followed by ________ and _________
Detoxification
_______programs target a wide range of drugs and can be found in many hospitals
Maintenance Programs
A drug treatment program that seeks to establish a state in which the individual does not experience withdrawal symptoms
Have
Evaluation of therapeutic communities and residential treatment programs HAVE/HAVE NOT revealed success in reducing recidivism and drug use
Increase
Evaluations of knowledge/education approaches often suggest that the programs INCREASE/DECREASE drug use by participants
2
Experts are concerned that marijuana use has been rising in the last ____ years
Drug use causes delinquency Delinquency causes drug use Reciprocal Relationship Spurious Relationship
4 Possible Drug-Delinquency Relationships
Maintenance Detoxification Therapeutic/Residential Outpatient Multi-Dimensional Family Therapy
5 Treatment Programs
6 31
Altschuler and Brounstein note that ____% of Washington DC, in-school respondents claim drug use in the past year, but _____% of out-of-school respondents make the same claim
Knowledge Approach
An approach to drug use prevention that entails providing youths with information on different types of drugs and possible legal consequences of using them
Affective Interventions
An approach to drug use prevention that focuses attention on the individual in order to build self-esteem, self-awareness, and feelings of self-worth
Abuse
Any use of a drug by a juvenile beyond legally prescribed is considered to be _________
Resistance/Life Skills Training
Appears to be the most promising at reducing the level of drug use
190,100
Approximately __________ youths entered juvenile court for drug violations.
Nadelman
Argues that there is no difference between responsible use of alcohol and responsible use of illegal drugs
Less contaminated needles Reduce street crime Acceptance of society Reduce African-American arrest rates
Arguments for the legalization of drugs
Less
Coerced treatment is MORE/LESS effective than voluntary participation
National Youth Survey
Collected data on delinquency, drug use, and demographic factors on a yearly basis from a representative sample of youths and allowed for the inspection of changes in behavior over time and the identification of the temporal order in the data
Aging
Because of _____, some addicts simply find it easier to give up drugs rather than suffer the more adverse side effects
Type
Changes in the _____ and level of substance abuse typically precede significant changes in the level of other delinquent activity
Delinquent Behaviors
Drug use becomes a greater issue if it engender further _________. The degree to which drug use causes delinquency, however, has been the subject of much debate
Monitoring the Future
Drug use by juveniles has been measured on a yearly basis since the 1970s by the _________________
Longer
Drug use is greater when LONGER or SHORTER time frames are considered
Life Skills Training
Educational programs that include basic personal and social skills development as well as specific resistance skills aimed directly at substance abuse issues
Games
Group sessions called "_______" often involve attention on one member
Morphine
Heroin was developed to solve _______ addiction
Prevalence
How many respondents report the use of something
Incidence
How many times something was used
234,000
In 2009, more than ________ juveniles were arrested for drug abuse, liquor law, or drunkenness violations in the US
Treatment Prevention
Interventions aimed at drug use and abuse have 2 forms:
True
Modified TRUE/FALSE: Drugs are used by a small, but significant number of youths
True
Modified TRUE/FALSE: Only a *small* fraction of respondents uses any drug other than alcohol or tobacco on a regular basis
ample
Modified TRUE/FALSE: There is *little* evidence that many youths are under the influence of alcohol or other drugs at the time they commit delinquent acts
Time
Most attempts at determining which of the 4 Drug-Delinquency Relationships is most correct, focuses on uncovering the _______ order between the two variables
6 3
Only ____% of juveniles claim daily use of marijuana, and about ____% claim daily alcohol use
Multi-dimensional Family Therapy
Outpatient drug-free program that is centered on family, peers, and community influences around the youth
Residential
Outpatient drug-free programs often follow similar approaches to those in therapeutic communities, but the greatest difference is the lack of a _____________ component
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
Provided the 13 Principles of Effective Treatment
Addiction
Refers to the chronic use of a drug to the point at which the individual develops a need to continue to use the drug
Abuse
Refers to the use of any drug beyond the legally prescribed for a medical condition
