cj appendix quiz, CJ 100 Chapter 2, CJ 100 Module 1 Quizzes

Criminological theory that states what we think affects how we behave and how we perceive our surroundings, including other people.

Observational Learning Theory

Behaviorism is based on the psychological principle of [BLANK].

Operant Conditioning

Which criminological theory focuses on how turning points in life, such as marriage, can lead to more conventional behavior in adulthood?

Persistent-offending and desistance-from-crime theory (think about marriage as persistent)

Mental illness, homelessness, crime

Research has shown that children who are physically abused are at a greater risk for this.

Utilitarianism and hedonistic calculus are associated with which school of thought?

Classical

What does CPTED stand for?

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design

The buyers do not consider themselves crime victims

Why does the National Crime Victimization Survey not account for successfully completed drug transactions?

In legal terminology, this is the state of a child who has not yet reached the specified age to be considered an adult.

infancy

Usually the maximum incarceration for this type of offense is up to one year in jail

misdemeanor

Property crime

How does the FBI currently classify arson?

About half

How many offenses are never reported to police?

Where are statutes published?

penal code

States that crime is a result of inborn abnormalities.

positivism

This defense attempts to give physical or psychological reasons that a defendant cannot comprehend his or her criminal actions, their harm(s), or their punishment.

insanity defense

What is the important difference between the criminal law and civil law?

type of attorney ?

c. victim precipitation

Criminologists use this term to refer to instances wherein a victim plays an active role in initiating conflict.

Violent crimes

How does the FBI classify murder and non-negligent manslaughter, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault?

According to Moffitt, adolescent-limited offenders are more likely to become career criminals.

FALSE they r less likey

An example of this type of offense is conspiracy.

inchoate offense

Which is not one of the six arguments that can be employed in the defense against a criminal indictment?

my client did it

Written on an ancient stone tablet, this collection of over 250 laws covered a wide range of issues.

code of Hammurabi

This writ is issued to bring a party before the court.

habeas corpus

1 percent

According to one study, what was the percentage of hate crimes committed by perpetrators who were strongly committed to bigotry?

Victim-impact statement

After the trial of James Holmes, who opened fire on an Aurora, Colorado, movie theater in July 2012, about 100 family members of the victims spoke in court about how the crime affected them. Which term best relates to this activity?

victimization survey

Deborah's cell phone is stolen from her bag. Later, a census taker interviews her about the incident. Which term best describes this type of research?

Criminological theory which claims attitudes about crime and techniques for committing crime are both learned behavior.

Differential Association Theory (Crime is LEARNED)

Feminism Promotes the interest of women over men

FALSE

Marx believed crime was more rampant in a socialist society.

FALSE

the second victimization

For rape and sexual assault victims, the criminal justice process is often called this.

self-report study

In a high school class, a researcher hands out questionnaires that ask the students to identify any criminal offenses they have committed. Which term best describes this type of research?

The offense will not be recorded; it is part of the dark figure of crime.

Sutton breaks into a house when the owner is away and looks for valuable items to steal. However, he does not find anything worth taking and leaves. The owner returns later and does not notice anything amiss, nor even realize that the house was entered. How will Sutton's offense be recorded?

According to Hirschi, people involved in conventional activities have less time and energy for crime.

True

According to Hirschi, when people are concerned with the feelings of others, they are more likely to commit crime.

True

Not all psychopaths are criminals, and not all criminals are psychopaths.

True

Moffitt's theory, [BLANK], describes life-course persistent offenders and adolescent limited offenders?

Pathway Theory

Target hardening and CPTED are an example of

Situational Crime Prevention (making crime less attractive to criminals by reducing physical opportunities to break the law)

Criminological theory that states crime is a result of weak social bonds.

Social Control Theory

Criminological theory that states a neighborhood's structural and cultural conditions affect criminal behavior.

Social disorganization theory

Criminological theories that focus specifically on the interaction between biology and environment and between the environment and biology.

Sociological?

Much of the investigation and regulation of corporate and white-collar crime is not done by law enforcement.

Why is it difficult to measure white-collar and corporate crime?

According to the _____ Amendment, "No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury . . ."

fifth

Mens rea means "_____."

guilty mind

Which issue guides precedent?

predictability, efficiency, reliability

Which is one of the three criteria used to determine what behaviors are made criminal?

the effects of the law, the existence of other means to protect society from undesirable behavior, the enforceability of the law

What are the first 10 amendments to the Constitution called?

bill of rights

From birth to age 3

Children in this age range account for the highest percentage of child abuse and neglect victims.

c. The victim and perpetrator know each other.

According to Christie, which is not one of the six attributes typically associated with the idea of an innocent victim?

Which theory focuses on power differentials in relationships?

Control Balance Theory (think balance in relationships)

According to Kohlberg, most young children are at which state of development?

Conventional

a. The victim acted first during the course of the offense. b. The victim instigated the commission of the offense.

Most definitions of victim precipitation assert this.

Criminological theory that states people consciously weigh the risks against the benefits of their actions and choose the action they think has the most benefit.

Rational Choice Theory

According to Merton's strain theory, the Amish would be an example of which type of individual?

Rebel

According to Merton's strain theory, a wandering hobo would be an example of which type of individual? (druggie, hobo,

Retreatist

States that crime is most likely to occur when a motivated offender, attractive target, and absence of a capable guardian converge.

Routine activities theory

According to critical race theory, people of color are overrepresented at every decision point in the criminal justice system.

TRUE

a. the characteristics of victims and perpetrators b. when and where an offense takes place c. the form of an offense

The advantage of the NIBRS over the UCR is that it allows law enforcement to precisely identify_____.

Uniform Crime Reports

This annual FBI publication uses data from participating U.S. law enforcement agencies to summarize the incidence and rate of reported crime.

National Incident-Based Reporting System

This is designed to gather data on each criminal act even if several acts are committed within the same complex of behavior.

Uniform Crime Reports

This is the most extensive and useful measure of crime that is available.

Which concept states that people are guided by their desire for pleasure and aversion to pain?

Utilitarianism

Crime rate

What is the number of Crime Index offenses divided by the population of an area called?

unintentional and intentional

Which choice best describes the sources of error in the Uniform Crime Reports?

The victim may have committed the offense

Which is not a reason that a victim would not report an offense?

the victim is not dependent on a caregiver

Which is not included in the typical definition of elder abuse?

Corporate crime, drug sales, organized crime

Which part of the crime picture do the UCR, self-report studies, and victimization studies tend to miss?

this type of law comes from judicial decisions and requires judges to consider how previous cases dealt with similar issues.

case law

This legal principle states that a person cannot be tried twice for the same offense.

double jeopardy

this is a law enacted by a legislature.

statute

This type of law is enacted by legislatures.

statutory law

this type of offense tends to involve offenses in which the public's welfare is at issue.

strict liability

This type of law sets forth what behaviors are defined as crime.

substantive