C.J. Research Methods (Multiple Choice)

Professor Winer sent a mail questionnaire to 2,000 subjects. Winer told subjects that their responses would be held in strict confidence. After the first mailing the return rate was 50%. For a second mailing, Winer should mail

1,000 questionnaires

Which of the following is TRUE of quantification

All of these choices are TRUE

Which of the following is NOT an element of a research proposal?

All of these choices are elements of a research proposal

Which of the following statements is(are) accurate regarding necessary and sufficient causes?

All of these choices are true

Professor Dooley examined the literature on AIDS and could find nothing that examined children's attitudes toward parents and friends with AIDS. To examine this topic, Dooley should undertake

An exploratory study

Which of the following statements is(are) TRUE?

Being arrested is a necessary cause for having a criminal trial.

Jeremy attended a chamber music concert. During one of the movements he jumped up and yelled "Way to go violin." Later he screamed " come on cello." As a social science student you conclude that Jeremy was probably doing research using a ____paradigm

Ethnomethodologist

A____ is a testable statement about a relationship between two variables

Hypothesis

Pregnant at age 15, Tammy decided to have the baby. Her parents were upset with her decision and threatened to "cut her off" if she did not complete high school. A difficult pregnancy and embarrassment resulted in her dropping out of school. After the baby was born her parents said that they would raise the baby but that she would have to leave the house. At age 16 Tammy was on her own and without any money or job markey skills.She began to work as a prostitute. The explanation of Tammy's prostitution is:

Idiographic

Qualitative explanations tend to be _______and quantitative explanations tend to be ________

Idiographic, nomothetic

Sally begins to think about the classes she's enrolled in at her university. She notices that she speaks a lot in 3 of her classes and very little in two others. She also notices that the classes in which she speaks have female instructors and that she rarely speak in two classes with male instructors. She begins to list all her college courses, the gender of the professor and whether or not she spoke in the class. She notices that she tends to speak in classes where the instructor is female and rarely speaks when the instructor is male. Sally is using

Inductive reasoning

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a cross-sectional study?

It concentrates on the changes that take place among a specific sample over a period of time.

Replication helps to guards against the error of

Overgeneralization

Whic of the following views of reality does the statement "Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder" best reflect?

The modern view

Professor Smith's research examines the dating behaviors of college students. Smith decides to track the dating behaviors of college students throughout their college careers. She decides to begin her research using her introductory class. She assures them that all responses will be kept confidential. Her research most clearly impinges on

Voluntary participation

Which of the following ststement is NOT found in the AAPOR Code of Professional Ethics and Practices?

We shall select research tools and methods of analysis because of their special capacity to yield a desired conclusion.

Which of the following is(are) a probabilistic statement(s)?

When serving as jurors, women tend to vote for acquittal.

A sociologist with a symbolic interactionist orientation would MOST likely to do research on which of the following question(s)?

Which unstated norms govern the interaction between family members?

Explanatory studies are designed to find answers to which of the following questions?

Why are people changing careers in midlife?

Refer to the Happiness Study. A(the) variable(s) in this study is(are)

age

For a nomothetic causal relationship to exist, there must be evidence

all od these choices must be evidenced

Which of the following is NOT TRUE of paradigms

all of these choice are TRUE about paradigms

It is possible to draw approximate conclusions about processes that take place over time when using cross-sectional data by

all of these choices

Our attempts to learn about the world we live in come from

all of these choices

Safeguards against error in social research include

all of these choices

Which of the following is NOT a function of theory for research?

all of these choices ARE functions of theory

Which of the following is(are) TRUE regarding the nomothetic model explanation?

all of these choices are TRUE

Ethics in social research

all of these choices are correct

To properly apply the Wallace model of research process, a researcher MUST begin with a(n)

all of these choices are places that the Wallace model could begin

Which of the following does NOT harm subjects?

all of these choices may harm respondents

Ethical consideration are NOT invoked by

all of these choices may invoke ethical considerations

Which of the following employs the nomothetic model of explanation?

an isolation of the three most important reasons as to why men were selected to all the leadership positions at a former women's college that went coed

Which of the following hypotheses best fits the criteria of causality?

as education increases, income tends to increase even after controlling for gender and race

There is a strong correlation between the number of firefighters that show up at a fire and the amount of damage produced by the fire. The size of the fire influences both the number of firefighters and the amount of damage. This illustrates that the relationship between the number of firefighters and the amount of damage is:

caused by a third factor

Which of the following designs uncovers only net changes?

cohort and trend studies

When names are removed from questionnaires and are replaced with identification numbers so that only the researcher can later link a response to a particular name, the researcher should tell the respondent that the information is

confidential

A single U.S. Census is a

cross-sectional study

The 2000 Census is a________study that when used with another decennial census could be considered a ________study.

cross-sectional, trend

The topic of surrogate mothers interested Professor Snyder. Snyder read the available materials on the topic and wanted to develop an age, education, and income profile of women who serve as surrogate mothers in the United States. To develop this profile, Snyder should undertake a(n)

descriptive study

If researcher wanted to know why there was a noticeable increase in the number of burglaries in the town of Southpaw during 1997, the researcher would design a(n)

explanatory study

Which of the following techniques of data collection is MOST likely to make a guarantee of anonymity difficult?

face-to-face interviews

One of your friends scored in the 90s on her last ten exams. Although she has been studying for this exam and feels prepared, she told you, "I know I'm going to flunk this exam. I've been doing too well on exams." Your friend is committing the error of

illogical reasoning

Professor Root was studying the arrest rates for drunken driving in urban and rural areas of Ohio. It was found that the arrest rate was higher in the rural areas. Professor Root concluded that people who live in rural areas are more likely to drive while intoxicated than are people who live in urban areas. Root's conclusion

illustrates the ecological fallacy

Grounded theory

is an inductive method of theory construction and it requires the researcher to begin constructing theory by observing aspects of social life

Which of the following is NOT an aim of social science?

judging social values

After examining court records, Jenny concludes that Moms are more likely to obtain custody of their children than Dads. This type of statement is:

nomothetic and probabilistic

Which of the following illustrates the use of the inductive method?

observation, pattern findings, and generalizations

Which of the following is a list of variables?

occupation, political party preference, birthrate

Professor Stone designs a study to examine the effect of a teenage pregnancy on young women's career choices. Stone wants to interview a sample of teenage women during their pregnancy, after the baby's birth, and once a year after that for a ten year period. Stone is using

panel study

A model or scheme for helping us organize and interpret the world is referred to as a

paradigm

The ________ view recognizes that scientists are human and, as such, have personal orientations that effect what they observe and how they explain it. Consequently, there is no way to see and understand that world as it "really" is

postmodern

The statement, "Knowledge for knowledge's sake" best describes

pure research

A study reported in American Sociological Review (1994) was entitled "Race Differences in Sexual Activity Among Adolescent Women." The independent variable was probably

race

Ethical obligations to one's colleagues in the scientific community

require that technical shortcomings and failures of the study be revealed

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding IRBs? IRB's

review all research

While doing research on crime, Professor Middler noted that crime creates jobs in law enforcement and related careers. He also noticed that crime reinforces norms when criminals are caught and punishes. Professor Middler has probably adopted a ____ approach to the study o.f crime

structural functionalism

Which of the following paradigms is Professor May probably using?

symbolic interactionism

In comparison to nonscientific inquiry, scientific inquiry

takes special precaution to avoid error

Descriptive studies DO NOT

tell why something occured

In a study of women the following notation was used: Y = f(X) where Y represented fertility plans and X requested occupational plans. This states

that fertility plans are a function of (or are affected by) occupational plans and is an hypothesis

In Sweden, there is a very strong correlation between the number of storks and the number of babies born. However, both of these variables are associated with region (rural vs. urban). This illustrates

that there is no causal relationship between the number of storks and the number of babies

Which of the following explanations flows from conflict paradigm in attempting to explain the difference in lawsuits between the two villages?

the chemical company controlled more of the village resources in Minamata than in Niigato

The PRIMARY ethical research issue raised by the Milgram study was

the effects of the methods on the experimental subjects.

Assume that Professor Rodgers from the Happiness Study had studied only three people aged 65 or older. Suppose he had concluded that people under 65 years of age also experienced increasing levels of happiness from 1957 to 1970. He would have committed

the error of overgeneralization

If a researcher were conducting a study of women's attitudes toward abortion, the unit of analysis would be

the individual

A researcher examined newspaper editorials from papers published in major U.S. cities to examine what issues concerned readers. The unit of analysis was

the newspaper editorials

Which of the following topics would s macrotheorist be more likely to study than a microtherist?

the relationships between government, family and economy

Methodology could best be described as

the science of finding out

Which of the following outlines the steps in the traditional of science model?

theoretical understanding, operationalization of concepts, a testable hypothesis, empirical observations

Ethical issues are distinguished from political issues in research in that

there are no formal codes of accepted political conduct whereas there are codes of ethical conduct

When a researcher is faced with the question from whom or what will the information be gathered, that researcher is dealing with which of the following stages of the research design process?

units of analysis

Professor King examined all the reasons given by 100 couples for their marriages. In the final research report, King listed all the reasons given by 200 people for their marriages. Professor King is

using an idiographic explanation for marriage

The statement "wealthy countries should give aid to poorer countries" is a(an)

value judgement

Weber called the lack of intrusion of the researcher's own political position on research

value-free research

If we can establish that variable X comes before variable Q in time, then we can say

variable Q is not a cause of variable X

An independent variable is a

variable influencing other variables

Social scientific theory addresses

what is and why

Which of the following would a sociologist be LEAST likely to study?

why Mr. Smith quit his job

A probabilistic explanation takes the form

x tends to be y