CJE Exam
Basic Web design, including themes and content management system (CMS) - Coordinating elements in order to complement one another and reinforce the site's subject matter. Be prepared to see different types of web design layouts and discuss pros and cons.
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Dominance (Dominant) - An element that commands the reader's attention on a spread by size or importance
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Know your state journalism organizations.
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Variety of angles, distances - close, medium, wide, high, low; bird's eye view, worm's eye view
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budget, know income and expenses, understand marketing the yearbook and ads
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Jayson Blair
A former staff reporter for The New York Times, resigning in May 2003, after the newspaper found plagiarism and fabrication in many of his stories. He worked for the paper for about five years, and editors had questioned his stories along the way.
Visual presentations
A logo or design graphics that reflect the theme and carry it across the theme pages.
Column
A paid staff member's take on a subject; has a theme and uses "I." Columns regularly appear in the same locations on the same days of the week.
Appropriation
A person's name or photo cannot be used in ads without written consent. For example, you cannot take a picture of a person and tell them it's for the yearbook or newspaper, and then use it in an ad in those publications.
Photo vs. photo illustration
A photo depicts reality. Illustrations are a creation of a style of seeing things. When an illustration is created, it should be noted as an illustration.
Forum publication
A school publication that has been designated as a public forum for student expression - also, student editors must clearly have been allowed to make final decisions about the content of the publication
Proportion
A size relationship; scale; whether a horizontal or vertical photograph, the ratio of width to height should be 3:5
JPG
Acronym for Joint Photographers Experts Group; a compression format for digital images
Acronym for Portable Document Format, great for sharing images, and great for documents because all of the information on the page is locked in so no links.
PNG
Acronym for Portable Network Graphics, which compress images without losing quality
TIFF
Acronym for Tag Image File Format, a digital image format
Aperture
Adjustable opening in lens, to let light in to the film or image sensor, represented by f-stop numbers o Little opening = higher number = greater depth of field o Large opening = lower number = shallow depth of field (to sharpen on subject)
Censorship
Administration or others in authority outside the publications staff banning publication of certain stories or items.
Prior review
Administration or others in authority outside the publications staff reading to review all stories and items in the publication prior to print.
News analysis
An essay with a central theme that goes beyond facts and statements attributable to sources. It provides interpretations that add to a reader's understanding of a subject. A news analysis does not report the news. It discusses the news in a more literary style than hard news. Its purpose is to interpret, explore motives, discuss consequences, point out inconsistences, explain purpose and provide perspective. It is not an opinion.
Commentary
An item written by a columnist, labeled as commentary to differentiate it from the author's regular writing.
Silhouette
An outline of a person created by shooting into the light
Balance
Arranging objects that are not equal in size, tone and color, such as images,headlines, copy and graphics, in a manner to create equilibrium on a spread, page or cover
Morse v. Frederick - (2006)
At a school-supervised event, Joseph Frederick held up a banner with the message "Bong Hits 4 Jesus." Principal Deborah Morse took away the banner and suspended Frederick for 10 days. The court ruled in 2006 school officials can prohibit students from displaying messages that promote illegal drug use.
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1942)
BOE required teachers and students to salute flag. Refusal to salute was considered insubordination, punishable by expulsion and charges of delinquency. In 6-to-3 decision, Court overruled its decision in Minersville School District v. Gobitis and held that compelling public schoolchildren to salute the flag was unconstitutional. The Court found that such a salute was a form of utterance and was a means of communicating ideas.
Brandenburg v. Ohio (1968)
Brandenburg, a Ku Klux Klan leader, made a speech at a Klan rally and was later convicted under an Ohio criminal syndicalism law. The law made illegal advocating "crime, sabotage, violence, or unlawful methods of terrorism as a means of accomplishing industrial or political reform," as well as assembling "with any society, group, or assemblage of persons formed to teach or advocate the doctrines of criminal syndicalism." The Court's opinion held that the Ohio law violated Brandenburg's right to free speech. The Court used a two-pronged test to evaluate speech acts: (1) speech can be prohibited if it is "directed at inciting or producing imminent lawless action" and (2) it is "likely to incite or produce such action." The criminal syndicalism act made illegal the advocacy and teaching of doctrines while ignoring whether that advocacy and teaching would actually incite imminent lawless action. Failure to make this distinction rendered the law overly broad and in violation of the Constitution.
Edward R. Murrow
CBS broadcaster, rose to fame for reporting during the bombing of London, including using the sounds of events .around him. Hired Walter Cronkite from United Press, had other Murrow's boys, including Eric Severeid, then became a leading TV journalist with See It Now, interviewing people and exposing Sen. Joe McCarthy.
Proximity
Closeness in placement that implies a relationship between items; helps organize a spread
Codes of ethics (JEA, SPJ and others)
Codes of ethics (JEA, SPJ and others) - there are several codes out there that all say the same thing, but here's the best way to remember the Society of Professional Journalists code: SMAB: Seek truth and report it; minimize harm; act independently; be accountable. Also see: • walsworthvearbooks.com/idea-file/41180/readv-made-euiding-light • spj.org/ethicscode.asp
CSPA
Columbia Scholastic Press Association, based at Columbia University in New York City...also has a convention, offers critiques and contests (Gold and Silver Crown)
Unity
Creating a sense of everything going together - color, graphics, fonts, etc.
Stephen Glass
Disgraced journalist, writing stories with fictional quotes, sources and events as an associate editor in his early 20s for The New Republic; from 1995-98; also lied to cover it up. Also wrote for other mags. Recently denied a law license in California.
Alternative story forms
Easier to read and offer more entry points, and more information; includes timelines, charts, Q&As, checklists, short personality profiles, Pros/Cons, to name a few
Readability/navigation
Easy-to-read typography is essential for websites; the ability for the reader to skim also is important. Copy should be in chunks with subheads or bullets. Links should be clear. Relationships between elements should be highlighted.
Digital media and its impact on traditional media
Efficiency, timeliness, ease of use, availability; anyone can access reports that writers use to create an article, so some don't need traditional media to find out information, reporters can write stories faster.
Telegraph
Enabled long-distance communication through wires, reducing the time it took to get news from the scene to other cities.
Editorial policies
Explains the policies of the school publications - a strong, unified policy will empower staffers with final content decisions.
Understand timeliness and proximity as it relates to news reporting. • Hard news
Factual reports on serious items that affect us all - crime, politics, war, the economy, sports
Understand timeliness and proximity as it relates to news reporting. • Soft news
Feature-type stories on entertainment, lifestyle, sports and other human interest topics
Obscenity
Hard-core pornography that has no serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value. The Supreme Court has ruled that "four-letter words" are not obscene. In fact, although charges of obscenity made about student publications refer to non-sexual offensive or vulgar material, these profanities should not be confused with legal obscenity.
Public Forum
Hazelwood's weaker protections do not apply to all public high school student media. There are two types of school-sponsored student media: so-called "public forum" student media (which includes "limited public forums," such as the Arrow), where student editors have, by policy or practice, been allowed to make their own editorial decisions, and non-public, where school officials have routinely exercised more authority over content. Public forum student media, the judge in Dean affirmed, are protected by the much more protective Tinker standard, which prohibits censorship of otherwise lawful speech except where it would seriously disrupt normal school activities where student editors have not been allowed to make their own decisions about content and, therefore, cannot argue that they are a public forum, the Hazelwood standard applies.
Mug shots
Head and shoulders photos of people
Headlines and cutlines/captions
Headlines take verbs and no periods. Captions should have at least three sentences: 1st sentence in present tense describing the action: 2nd sentence in past tense with additional info; 3rd sentence in past tense with more info or a direct quote.
Alignment
How text is arranged horizontally in a text block; left-aligned text is even on the left side of the text block and ragged on the right side... right-aligned text is even on the right side and ragged on the left and justified text is even on both the left and right sides
Business and advertising practices, including budget, purchasing, sales and marketing
How to
John Peter Zenger
In 1734, this publisher was found not guilty of seditious libel using the defense that what his paper published about New York Colonial Gov. William Cosby was true; the first "truth as defense" case that won. This case helped to form the Bill of Rights in 1789.
Pentagon Papers
In 1971, this classified study of the Vietnam War by the Department of Defense was released by Daniel Ellsberg to the New York Times and Washington Post. President Nixon tried to stop publication of the papers, but the Supreme Court upheld their right to print it. Nixon started looking for additional leaks.
Texas v. Johnson (1989)
In 1984, in front of the Dallas City Hall, Gregory Lee Johnson burned an American flag to protest Reagan administration policies. Johnson was tried and convicted under a Texas law outlawing flag desecration. After the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals reversed the conviction, the case went to the Supreme Court. In a 5-to-4 decision, the Court held that Johnson's burning of a flag was protected expression under the First Amendment. The Court found that Johnson's actions fell into the category of expressive conduct and had a distinctively political nature.
Resolution
In digital imaging, refers to the number of pixels or dots that make up an image...an image's resolution must be high enough to reproduce well on the printed page
Lead/lede
In newswriting, the first sentence, usually containing the who, what, when, where, why and how. In feature stories, the lead may be a one to four sentences long, flowing over more than one paragraph. The lead sets the story's tone.
News
Informs the public of recent events; must be absolutely true and objective
JEA
Journalism Education Association, the media teachers organization, providing services for publications teachers, mentoring, curriculum, books and more
Connection of journalism to 21st century skills
Journalism meets the 4C of the 21st Century skills by providing assignment that involve critical thinking and problem solving; communication, collaboration; and creativity and innovation to create yearbooks, newspapers, magazines and websites.
Unprotected speech:
Libel - A statement printed/written as fact that is false and damages a person's reputation. A student publication can be sued for libel. To claim libel, four elements must be proven: 1. The statement must be printed in a public forum. A student publication is a public forum when school officials have given student editors the authority to make their own content decisions. 2. The individual must be clearly identifiable, either by name or description. 3. The person's reputation is damaged. 4. Fault, meaning facts were not verified before printing, or, if the person is a public figure, the reporter acted maliciously or recklessly.
Time, place, manner limitations
Limits that government can impose on the occasion, location, and type of individual expression in some circumstances. While the First Amendment guarantees freedom of speech, it has never been interpreted to guarantee all forms of speech without any restraint. The Supreme Court has repeatedly ruled that state and federal governments may place reasonable restrictions on the time, place, and manner of individual expression. Time, place, and manner (TPM) restrictions accommodate public convenience and promote order by regulating traffic flow, preserving property interests, conserving the environment, and protecting the administration of justice. The Supreme Court has developed a four-part analysis to evaluate the constitutionality of TPM restrictions. To pass muster under the First Amendment, TPM restrictions must be content neutral, be narrowly drawn, serve a significant government interest, and leave open alternative channels of communication.
Copyright
Material created that is protected from use by others without permission, so the owner can profit from its use. You can't use copyright protected works in your publication without permission - using a credit line does not take the place of permission. Copyright does not protect facts/ideas, government documents, titles, slogans, short phrases and public domain. Fair use lets publications use a bit of an item if it's being reported on, like a CD album cover for a music review.
Bethel School District v. Fraser- (1986)
Matthew Fraser made a nominating speech at an assembly, lewd and sexual in nature, and he was disciplined. The Court ruled the school was within its right to prohibit vulgar language at school. The court declared that vulgar speech is not politically protected speech.
NSPA
National Scholastic Press Association, the group for media staffs... puts on twice-yearly convention with JEA... offers critiques and contests (Pacemaker)
Quill & Scroll
National journalism honors society...offers a yearly contest, publications critiques and scholarships
Grid/column structure
Non-printing lines that establish a basic width for copy and captions; images and copy must begin and end on columns • All elements sit on or hang from the eyeline • 1 pica of white space between elements, or at least make spacing consistent • Eyeline is never in the middle, always upper or lower third of pages • Place dominant across gutter (dominant is 2/3rds bigger than other elements) • Put headline/copy with dominant to make a package • Caption widths consistent, but lengths don't have to be
Web-based journalism
Now anyone can be a "journalist." Anyone can provide news, so it's up to people in the journalism profession to maintain their ethics codes to show credibility.
Review
Offering of an opinion of a movie, play, book, music, etc.
Penny press
Once newspapers were available for 1 cent each, news was available to all classes of people, and became dependent on ads.
Watergate
One word used to explain the June 1972 break-in of the Democratic Party National Committee headquarters at the Watergate Hotel in Washington, directed by some of President Nixon's men, and the president's involvement in the cover up, leading him to resign. Two young reporters assigned to the burglary, Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, wound up covering breaking the larger story.
Privacy
People have a right to privacy and to their reputation. A publication can be sued for invasion of privacy, so reporters need to know when to take pictures and ask questions and when the answers and images can be used.
Intrusion
People in public places have no right to privacy. They can be approached for questioning and have their photo taken. However, in private places, such as locker rooms and homes, a reporter needs consent.
Feature
Personality profile, human interest, background or in-depth story that is interesting but not meant for every reader. Must also be true. More of a narrative structure allows for more creativity and less time-sensitive topics.
Rule of thirds
Photography rule of composition in which a photo is divided into thirds vertically and horizontally so that the focal point falls at one of the intersections
Portraits
Photos of people
Basic photo manipulation
Photos should not be manipulated because then they are not portraying the truth.
Staff manual
Policies and procedures, job descriptions, production schedules, legal guidelines, all theme elements, spellings; see walsworthvearbooks.com/idea-file/9420/5-simple-ideas-for-staff-manual-contents
Value of journalism program
Professional research regarding performance of journalism students • #1A - Knowledge of curriculum I the classroom, textbooks and lesson plans • #1B - Student publications - Key principles and roles in order to teach effectively • #2 - Learning theory - Conditions, methods of helping students learn • #3 - Diverse students with different learning styles • #4 - Instructional environment - Use of discussion that suits the needs of students • #5 - Assessment - Strategies to improve publications skills • #6 - Professional development - Conferences, workshops, professional organizations
Editorial
Publication's editorial board first decides its position, then backs it in an editorial piece with facts.
William Randolph Hearst
Publisher of the New York Journal who participated in Yellow Journalism to increase circulation; credited with starting the Spanish-American War in Cuba, seen as the first press-driven war.
Joseph Pulitzer
Publisher who participated in Yellow Journalism to sell newspapers, but also fought against corrupt government and thought journalists should receive training at the university level. He owned New York World and St. Louis Post-Dispatch, innovative papers of their day. The Pulitzer Prize is named for him.
Working with administrators, peers, faculty, parents, community, professionals, alumni
Purposes of publications are as references, historical, education and public relations. Teachers need to work to get and keep all of the groups above supporting them.
Linkage
Putting items together such as graphics, text, color to create a unit
ISO
Ratings that describe how fast the film or image sensor can record the photo; the lower the light, the higher the ISO number (faster film speed to let in light)
The role of leadership training, fiscal responsibility, conflict resolution and time management in student publications production
Remember you are an adviser at a school, but not necessarily a yearbook adviser.
Rhythm
Repetition of elements; creates harmony
Environmental images
Scenery, places
Staff management, including deadlines, conflict resolution
Set up deadlines working backwards, have a conflict resolution plan in place and have the student editors/managers run the program with teacher in advisory role
Shutter speed
Shutter is an adjustable opening in lens, can adjust the speed of the opening and closing; shutter speed numbers are whole numbers that represent the fractions of a second the shutter is open. Faster shutter speeds work for sports action photos, because you need to stop the action.
Shield laws
Some states have shield laws and others have court-created privileges that protect journalists from having to reveal confidential news sources or information. (Reporter's privilege, providing legal protection again revealing sources.) However, most states have never explicitly extended the laws to student journalists. Check your state law before making a promise of confidentiality because once you make such a promise, the law requires you to keep it. Freedom of information, or sunshine laws - These laws require government agencies such as public schools to open many of their official records and meetings to the public. These laws vary from state to state. Every newsroom should have a copy of their state's open records and open meetings laws.
Visual entry points
Something that catches a reader's attention and invites him to begin reading or looking at something on a spread; an entry point can be a photo, a drop cap, a splash of color or any other design element that encourages the reader to "enter" the spread
CMYK
Stands for Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black - used for printing, so if your items are in RGB, convert to CMYK for printing
RGB
Stands for Red, Green, Black, how the computer displays color
USA Today
Started as the nation's newspaper, in 1982; started the trend of shorter stories, lots of graphics.
Radio
Started out as a medium for drama and music, now mainly news, talk and music; the Golden Age of Radio in the 1930s, Pearl Harbor and the London Blitz were big radio moments.
24-hour news networks
Started with Ted Turner's CNN in 1980. Now news is available almost anytime. There has been sensationalism of news to increase viewership, and airing of stories that wouldn't be stories because video is available and there's time to fill.
Inverted pyramid
Tactic used to quickly give readers the news by writing the news in order of importance, with the 5 Ws and H in the lead and details following, so the reader could grasp the main points without reading the entire story. Be prepared to re-work a short story using this process. Given quotes and some facts, you may need to write a story using the inverted pyramid.
FERPA
The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) is a Federal law that protects the privacy of student education records. The law applies to all schools that receive funds under an applicable program of the U.S. Department of Education. FERPA gives parents certain rights with respect to their children's education records. These rights transfer to the student when he or she reaches the age of 18 or attends a school beyond the high school level. Students to whom the rights have transferred are "eligible students."
The Maestro Concept
The Maestro Concept is a time-management technique in journalism designed to assist a newsroom in creating a project-based, teamwork-intensive approach to quality reporting and presentation of news stories by "thinking like a reader." A concept created by journalism professor Buck Ryan that integrates writing, editing, art, design and photography; as a visual journalist, he could orchestrate the interplay between key staffers using a story planning form. Maestro Concept is basically an organizational approach to working as a team to give readers the best story package possible.
From P21.org, for background
The Partnership for 21st Century Skills, called P21, works to build partnerships among education, business, community and government leaders to prepare students for the workplace, believing there is a profound gap between the knowledge and skills most students learn in school and what they need to know for the workplace. They believe children need to learn the 3Rs (English, reading or language arts; mathematics; science; foreign languages; civics; government; economics; arts; history; and geography) and the 4Cs: critical thinking and problem solving; communication, collaboration; and creativity and innovation. As the 3Rs serve as an umbrella for other subjects and core content, the 4Cs are shorthand for all the skills needed for success in college, career, and life.
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District - 1969
The Supreme Court decision declared students' First Amendment rights did not stop at the school door. They had the right to express their political views, in this particular case with black arm bands as a protest of the Vietnam War, as long as the expression did not disrupt class work or disrupt the rights of others.
Profanity
The Supreme Court, in the Hazelwood ruling, did include vulgar or profane language in examples of censurable material in the student press, and many school administrators would agree with the Court. Many respected national publications do not print profanities. There probably is a less offensive way of saying the same thing, or the profanity might not be absolutely necessary to the story. It is important to consider more than court rulings.
Yeo. v. Town of Lexington (1998)
The U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit unanimously ruled that student journalists have the right to refuse ads submitted to their publications. This case demonstrates the importance of a school publication with public forum status. The case arose when student yearbook/newspaper editors at Lexington High School in Massachusetts refused to print an ad submitted by Douglas Yeo in 1992 encouraging sexual abstinence by students. The student publications had an unwritten policy of not accepting political or advocacy ads, but did offer Yeo to present his message in a letter to the editor. Yeo turned that down. Students and school officials maintained the school's policy and practice had been to allow students to control the content of their publications.
Contrast
The degree of black and white tones in an image
Use of legally obtained images/sound
There are free stock photos and sound from websites, otherwise you need permission
Role of journalism in a democratic society
There are three basic historical models of the media in a democracy: • Market model - Media responds to audience preferences • Advocacy model - Media displays an identifiable point of view in presenting news/analysis • Trustee model - Media includes itself among the elite who decide what citizens need
New York Times v. Sullivan (1964)
This U.S. Supreme Court case extended the First Amendment's guarantee of free speech to libel cases brought by public officials. The Supreme Court sought to encourage public debate by changing the rules involving libel that had previously been the province of state law and state courts, and that a public official cannot receive damages unless statements were made in "actual malice." LB. Sullivan, the Montgomery city commissioner responsible for supervising the city police department, filed a libel suit against four African American clergymen and the New York Times in Alabama state court, alleging an ad seeking contributions to the civil rights movement libeled him. The judge instructed the jury that under Alabama law, if the statements were found libelous, falsity and malice were presumed, and damages could be awarded without direct proof of financial loss. The jury concluded that the statements did concern Sullivan and awarded him $500,000 for injuries to his reputation and profession. The U.S. Supreme Court reversed, holding that the Rule of Law applied by Alabama violated the First Amendment.
Dean v. Utica (2004)
This case reflects limits to the Hazelwood decision. Students were about to publish a story in their student newspaper, the Arrow, about a lawsuit filed against their school district concerning the ill effects of diesel fumes from the bus garage. As the paper was to go to press, school officials told the adviser it could not be published. Editor Katy Dean contested the censorship. The court concluded the Arrow was a public forum, and even if the paper was a non-public forum to which the Hazelwood standard applied, the court ruled that the censorship of the Arrow was unreasonable.
Fighting words (imminent danger)
This doctrine first came up in Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942). Chaplinsky was convicted of violating a New Hampshire statute that prohibited the use of offensive, insulting language toward persons in public places after making several inflammatory comments to a city official. The Court, in upholding the statute as constitutional, said: "There are certain well-defined and narrowly limited classes of speech, the prevention and punishment of which have never been thought to raise any constitutional problem. These include the lewd and obscene, the profane, the libelous, and the insulting or "fighting" words — those which by their very utterance inflict injury or tend to incite an immediate breach of the peace." The fighting-words doctrine was reaffirmed in Street v. New York, 394 U.S. 576 (1969). After publicly burning an American flag and making defiant comments regarding the flag, Street was convicted of violating a New York statute making it a misdemeanor to "publicly mutilate, deface, defile, defy, trample upon, or cast contempt upon an American flag either by words or act." The Supreme Court reversed Street's conviction because his comments, considered a possible factor in his conviction, were constitutionally protected by the First Amendment. The Court said fighting words must present an actual threat of immediate violence, not merely offensive content.
Repetition
To provide visual interest with repeating elements in a pattern
Grayscale
Tonal scale graduated from white to gray to black used to reproduce black-and-white photos
Headlines
Type set in larger point sizes, usually 14 pt or higher, to attract readers' attention and provides information about the story
Simplicity
Uncomplicated backgrounds so the focus is on the image's subject - keeping unwanted elements out of the image
Framing
Using a natural object in the scene to frame the image, such as tree branches in the foreground framing a runner in the background
Leading lines
Using natural lines in a setting to add visual interest, for example, stair rails
Typography
Using type elements as design for headlines, copy, captions and graphics to project a desired concept feeling
False light
While the info reported or a photograph may be true, make sure nothing is implied in its publication. For example, if you use a photo of identifiable students walking down the hall as artwork with an article on stealing cars, it may be falsely implied that these are the students stealing cars.
Television
While the prediction that TV would be the demise of movie theaters didn't occur, TV was scorned as early as the 1950s for appealing to the lowest common denominator. Historical points of TV bringing the country together are the Kennedy-Nixon debates, where Kennedy looked great on TV, Kennedy assassination, Walter Cronkite and the CBS Evening News,
Captions/cutlines
Words that describe what's going on in a photo
Opinion
Writer's point of view; has supporting points regarding the item's thesis.
AP style
capitalization, titles, numbers, commas, times, dates, attribution, city/state. Be prepared to re¬work a short story using the appropriate punctuation.
Yellow Journalism
journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers. It started around the time of the Industrial Revolution in the late 1800s; named for the Yellow Kid comic strip.
Slander
oral defamation
Ben Franklin
published a newspaper;
Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeiern 1988
this case established standard for censorship of school newspapers. The Court ruled school officials could exercise prior restraint if/when a student newspaper was produced as a "regular classroom activity" rather than a "forum for public expression." That standard means that most high school papers now are assumed not to have First Amendment protections, while most college newspapers are. The case began when the principal pulled two articles from the school newspaper, one on divorce and one on teen pregnancy.
Five freedoms of the First Amendment
• Speech - The people have the right to speak freely without government interference. • Press - The press has the right to publish news, information and opinions without government interference; people have the right to publish their own newspapers, newsletters, magazines, etc. • Religion - Prohibits government from establishing a religion; protects each person's right to practice (or not practice) any faith without government interference. • Petition - People have the right to appeal to government in favor of or against policies that affect them or that they feel strongly about. This freedom includes the right to gather signatures in support of a cause and to lobby legislative bodies for or against legislation. • Assembly - People have the right to gather in public to march, protest, demonstrate, carry signs and otherwise express their views in a nonviolent way. It also means people can join and associate with groups and organizations without interference.
