CLAS 160B Midterm

Phoenicians

A maritime people who spread their alphabet to others including the Hebrews, Romans, and Greeks, traders, good sea navigators

Thera

Minoan colony, modern santorini, similar culture and art and houses as minoans. Thera erupted in 16th C BC, sinks part of island, THera inspiration of atlantis possibly

Ramesses II

Peak of the empire, rules from 1279-1213 BC and the empire reaches its greatest extent in the near east in this time, is in the battle of Kadesh which marks the furthest of Egyptian expansion

the medes

People who helped to destroy the Assyrian empire

technological and artistic innovation

bronze tools, the wheel, sculpture, painting, ceramics

Giza Pyramids

burial for the kings in memphis, great pyramid of Khufu built in 4th Dynasty, 2560 BC, covers 13 acres, 481 feet high, there were funerary complexes around the pyramids with queens pyramids, funerary temples, and a village for the workers. Many air chambers in the pyramids. All pyramids looted in antiquity

Hammurabi

came up with classist moral code, eye for an eye (Babylonian)

4 parts of athenian acropolis

propylaea, temple of athena nike, parthenon, erechtheion

monumental architecture

pyramids, ziggurats, minoan palaces, mycenaean fortresses

Priesthoods and religious hierarchy

religion links with political power, priesthoods controlled access to gods

Lydian empire

rich, greece's neighbor

Early dynastic human sacrifice

tomb of den has over 100 subsidary burials of the helpers for making the tomb. Early dynastic period used human sacrifice of servants, 2900s BC

Tyrannicides (Harmodius and Aristogeiton)

two Athenian citizens who murdered the son of Peisistratus, helped bring about the downfall of Athenian tyranny and paved the way for democracy.

Milman Parry

a scholar of epic poetry and the founder of the discipline of oral tradition.

Croesus

a very rich man, king of lydia, taxed ionia, ionia revolts against him

Writing: epic of Gilgamesh

emerges for record keeping, later literature, likely written around 2100 BC

Cleisthenes

(500BC) Established the world's first democracy in Athens "father of democracy"-all citizens had the right to participate in assembly, established council of 500

Plato

(430-347 BCE) Was a disciple of Socrates whose cornerstone of thought was his theory of Forms, in which there was another world of perfection.

Cylon

(632 BC) former olympic victor attempted coup, fails, and he escapes, followers killed

Peloponnesian War

(431-404 BCE) The war between Athens and Sparta that in which Sparta won, but left Greece as a whole weak and ready to fall to its neighbors to the north.

Socrates

(470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes.

Neolithic revolution

(10,000 - 8,000 BCE) The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals as a food source. This led to the development of permanent settlements and the start of civilization. Food surplus leads to food stability which leads to population growth which leads to labor specialization and that leads to tech advances which begins the cycle again

First signs burials and religion

1 mya

Myth of Osiris

1)Osiris is king of Egypt, Set kills him 2)Isis (his wife) reassembles Osiris back to life 3)Set kills Osiris again. 4)Isis brings Osiris back again as "God of death and Underworld", Isis and Osiris have Horus 5)Horus becomes king of Egypt

End of ice age

10,000 BC

Thermopylae

100 miles from Athens; it is where the Greek soldiers held off the Persian army for 3 days then the Persians killed every soldier guarding the pass and then marched on to Athens where they set it on fire

Dorian invasion

1000 BC, people invaded greek islands from balkans in the north, may or may not happened

Dark age

1200-700 BC, no writing survived, we know very little about this time, Micenean and Minonan cultures collapsed, near eastern civilzations also collapsed around the same time, Knossos destroyed, Reduction of iorganization, diversity, complexity, stratification, everyne went back to farming, no writing, monumental architecture dissapears, away from redistributive economy, largest building at the time was the heroon, lack of centralized government, settlement sizes reduce, art becomes less sophysicated, long distance trade dominishes, Linear B writing dissapears

Battle of Kadesh

1274 BC, Egyptian (Ramesses II) vs Hittite empires (Muwatalli II), chariot vs chariot, fight over control over Amurru Kingdom. Hittites continually invaded this area and Ramesses wanted to emulate empirialism of successors. Ramesses orders troops to set up camp in this land based on false Hittite "traitors" and Hittites surprise attack, Ramesses leads charges and thinks he won, so do Hittites. Signed a peace treaty, no one really won, the lines of Kadesh remain the same, moral victory for egyptians against hittite agression

Big Bang

13.7 bya, beginning of universe with development of planets, galaxies, etc.

The New kingdom

1550-1070 BC, dynasties 18-20, Egypt reaches an imperial peak, focus much more on temples not tombs. expanding outside of traditional territory, uses technology introduced by Hyksos to invade near east

Hittite Empire

1600-1178 BC, centered in Anatolia (Northern meso), first to use iron, almost always at war, invented chariots

2nd Intermediate Period

1650-1550 BC, middle kingdom is interruption by invasion of Hyksos, eventually Egypt comes back for new kingdom

Old Babylonian Empire

1792-1595 BC, Started as a small city during during Akkadian empire, grows after fall of Akkadia, southern half of mesopotamia

Palace of Minos at Knossos

19th to 14th C BC, largest Minoan palace, Minoan produced the labyrinth like remains ultimately contributed to the Greek legend of the Minotaur, store rooms suggest redistributive economy, lack of walls strange, Many frescoes (painting on wet plaster)

Ionian Enlightenment

1st Philosophers (ca. 500 BCE) Search for primordial matter. algebra, geometry, calendar, number system

First modern humans

2 mya

Begining hunting and gathering

200,000-10,000 BC

Middle Kingdom

2055-1650 BC, Dynasties 11-14, pharaohs seen as shepherd of people (not as god like), quality of pyramids went way down,

Akkadians

2334-2154 BC, largest empire ruling diverse lands and peoples, Sargon the great

The old kingdom

2686-2180 BC, ge of pyramids, capital in north/nower egypt, kind was clearly viewed as a god

Uruk

2900 BC, located in modern Iraq, 50-80k people, home of mythical Gilgamesh

First life on Earth

3.5 bya

Earliest art

30,000 to 40,000 years ago

Sumerians

3000-2340, earliest civiliation in mesopotamia, collection of independent city states (greek-like), 1st bronze age culture. Shared culture with the greeks but not government, each city had its own government

Scorpion King

3100 BC on a mace head (scorpions symbolize power and mace head is to hurt people), one of the earliest depiction of royalty in Egypt of the two halves, shows irrigation played a large role

Narmer Palette

3100-286 BC, these pallets used for mixing royal makeup, this was likely a ceremonial one, first depiction of the unification of the two halves of Egypt with the double crown and creatures with necks tied together

Formation of Earth

4.5 bya

Archidamian War

431-421

Battle of Platea (479 BC)

70,000 Persians vs 40,000 hoplite. Last big battle of the war. Greeks were victorious REASONS: home field advantage(uphill exhaustion), hoplite armor, most of soldiers weren't even Persian; little motivation ⭐️Last battle bt Greek and Persians, Persians finally leave Greeks alone Greece will now develop a more independent civilization. The Golden/Classical Age of Greece = Architecture, Art, Mathematics, Science, Literature.

Catal Huyuk (Turkey)

7500-5700 BC, best excavated neolithic settlements, 5-7K pop normally, signs of religion

Aristotle

A Greek Philosopher, taught Alexander the Great, started a famous school, studied with Plato

Carthage

A Phoenician colony on the coast of North Africa, that became a significant outpost in the region.

Acropolis

A fortified hilltop in an ancient Greek city

Troy

A kingdom that was destroyed by the Greeks in the Trojan War. It is located on the western coast of Asia Minor, was destroyed several times

Draco

Athenian who replaced oral laws with written code, very harsh

Sargon the Great

Akkadian, first big ruler, known for his conquests

Ancient Egypt: gift of Nile

Allowed for the civilization to develop here, upper egypt in south (nile valley) and lower egypt in north (nile delta), excellent natural defenses

Lefkandi

Dark ages settlement on the island of Euboia. Contained the burial of a man, woman and four horses Heroon

Solon

Early Greek leader who brought democratic reforms such as his formation of the Council of Four Hundred, cancels debts and redistributes wealth

Manetho

Egyptian priest and advisor who began keeping records of the ancient Egyptian kings

Osiris

God of the underworld, main god during middle kingdom

Battle of Salamis

Greek victory over the Persian navy during the Second Persian War

Minoans

Hippies of the medeterranian (no walls, not concerned about invasion), Aegean sea- between modern greece and turkey, about 1000 years after near east and egypt get their start, about 2000 BC, on Crete, Minoan Palatial period bc of all their palaces w beautiful frescoes. Peak of minoans in 1900-1400 BC, highlighted by pottery, frescoes, palaces.

Thera

Minoan colony on sicily

Hattusa

Hittite capital

Assyrians

Known as a warrior people who ruthlessly conquered neighboring countries; their empire stretched from east to north of the Tigris River all the way to centeral Egypt; used ladders, weapons like iron-tipped spears, daggers and swords, tunnels, and fearful military tactics to gain strength in their empire 911-612 BC

Tutankhamun

Restored Egyptian religion to polytheism and previous government, tomb very well preserved- only royal in tact tomb, wasnt looted like the others were

Peisistratus

Seized power from Solon and exiled nobles who disagreed with him. He also distributed those nobles' land to poor farmers in need, people liked him

Phrygian Empire

previously hittite land, in contact with the greeks

Mask of Agamemnon

The most famous funerary mask of the Mycenean period

Sea peoples invade

and the new kingdom collapses 12th-11th century BC

Asty

city around acropolis

socioeconomic stratification

different jobs, different levels of economic well-being, specialization

the birth of writing

egypt and near east invent writing around 3,000 BC, important because it connects people through time- several places started writing around the same time. MOST IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENT of bronze age

king midas

everything he touched turned to gold, king of phrygia

Pithekoussai

first greek colony

Sargon the Great

first ruler, known for conquests, remembered 1500 years later as a legend

Minoan Bull Leaper

fresco with man leaping over bull, indicates possibly bull worship

Mesopotamia: middle of the rivers

greek name, homeland of earliest large scale near east civilization

development of pyramids

in old kingdom (2500 BC), 1) Mastaba Tombs- Early dynastic, just mounds 2) Step Pyramids- 3rd dynasty, smaller than latest, big steps up 3) Bent Pyramid- 4th dynasty, gets less steep 4) Giza Pyramids- 4th dynasty (2560-2500 BC) Pyramids represent the primordial mound, serve as tombs for kings

Cyrus the Great

king of Persia and founder of the Persian empire (circa 600-529 BC)

Theocracy and divine kingship

kings descended from the gods, gives them the right to rule over others

Chora

land outside city walls in Greek city-states

War and military becomes professionalized

larger armies than the world had ever seen, new warfare technology

Battle of Mycale

last sea battle between the Greeks and the Persians, hapened same day as Plateia, greeks won

Lycurgus

legendary lawgiver of Sparta, established the military-oriented reformation of Spartan society

Linear B tablets

made in Bronze age, clay tablets with hymns and prayer written in it, found in palaces, give us age of gods, also used for accounting and economic reasons

Myceneans

mainland greece, nae after myceneae, massive defensive walls unline the minoans, cyclopean walls, Lions gate is a momumental structure from them, 16th-13th C BC, very militaristic

Knossos

modern day crete, minoan city capitol with big palace indicating the redistributive economy

Ziggurats

monumental stepped structures, political and religious functions, earliest monumental architecture of the near east

Hammurabi and his code

most powerful leader in Babylon, codified law (eye for an eye), class based law

Political hierarchy emerges

need for a leader to organize larger building projects, political rule becomes hereditary

The rise of cities

pops up to 50,000 people, changes in size, shape, and content of an earlier settlement

Xerxes

son of Darius; became Persian king. He vowed revenge on the Athenians. He invaded Greece with 180,000 troops in 480 B.C.

Debt Bondage

the act of people pledging themselves as servants in exchange for money for passage, and are subsequently paid too little to regain their freedom

Characteristics of Bronze age

urbanization (rise of cities), political heirarchy emerges, preisthood and religious heirarchy emerges, war and military becomes professionalized, socioeconomic stratification, monumental architecture, technological and artistic innovation (lots of bronze), the birth of writing,

Akhenaten

was Amen Hotep, changed his name. Starts as a normal 1st dynasty king but changes everything . Rules in 14th C BC. gets rid of previous egyptian religion and gods and has people only worship the sunk disk, one of 1st monotheistic dynasties. changes art, capitol (to middle of egypt), and religion, married to Nerfertiti