CLEP comp

which of the following needs to be cited

China is the most populous country in the world.

Norman, Brian. "Bringing Malcolm X to Hollywood." The Cambridge Companion to Malcolm X. Ed. Robert E. Terrill. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2010. 39-50. In the citation shown, "39-50" indicates that

"Bringing Malcolm X to Hollywood" is approximately 12 pages long

which of the following does not involve secondary sourcing

"We found the results to be different from those previously observed" (345).

In context, which of the following versions of the underlined portion of sentence 1 (reproduced below) is best? Americans enjoy some of the safest free drinking water on Earth, however spending $15 billion on bottled water in 2006, and consumption is rising (Fishman).

Earth, yet they spent

Which part of this sentence is incorrect? The people whom helped me with this don't have the least idea how to moderate.

whom

(1) Winter counts are physical records, mainly drawings on animal hides or muslin, that Plains Indians, primarily the Lakota, used for showing each year of their history. (2) In this method, a year consists of one event recorded as an image in the winter count. (3) People could keep track of other events, such as births and deaths, by knowing the years in which it occurred. (4) In consultation with members of the Lakota people, curators at the Smithsonian Institution created an online exhibit of about a thousand winter counts. (5) Scholars generally agree that collectively, probably, they chose which event would stand for a year. (6) An event chosen to represent a year was not necessarily the most important of that year, just one that was memorable for everyone in the group. (7) One person was the keeper of the winter count. (8) Once the group made its selection, he then recorded this event. (9) Like any calendar, the winter counts named years but did not go into detail about what happened. (10) Here is where the keeper of the winter count came in. (11) He was the group's official historian. (12) He remembered stories passed down to him and could place them in the winter count. (13) He could provide the significance of the events chosen to represent the years in the winter count. (14) Fortunately, several keepers were interviewed and their stories recorded in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. (15) Even without their accompanying oral histories, however, the winter counts show that life for the Lakota was always on the move. The passage as a whole could be clarified by adding which of the following before the first sentence?

. A brief paragraph comparing Native American timekeeping methods with calendar-based ones

(1) In the late nineteenth century, librarians began noticing that many of the books in their care were breaking apart and crumbling. (2) Curiously, it was not the oldest books that were deteriorating, but the more recent volumes: those produced since the middle of the nineteenth century with sheets fabricated from a highly acidic wood-pulp mixture. (3) The transition to this lesser-grade stock began during the 1860s, when increasing demand for paper hastened the development of a cheaper process. (4) To improve strength and to prevent ink from being too readily absorbed by the pulp paper, chemicals, including aluminum sulfate (alum), were added to the mix. (5) The result was that documents exposed to humidity produced sulfuric acid, which weakened the molecular structure of the pulp's cellulose. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage as a whole?

A phenomenon is described and an explanation is provided

which of the following selections is correct

A. Suzy and Tom are not here they went to the store.

(1) Invasive species are plant or animal species that become established in ecosystems where they did not originate. (2) Some blend in harmlessly with native species, but others cause ecological and economic damage. (3) A notorious example is the zebra mussel, native to Russia, that was first identified in the United States Great Lakes in 1988 (McKee 2003, 141). (4) Scientists believe that the mussels were inadvertently transported to North America in the ballast water of ships. (5) Like many invasive species, zebra mussels threaten the biodiversity of the habitats they invade. (6) Zebra mussels reproduce so quickly and are so hardy that they have suppressed populations of the Great Lakes' native mussels (Fields 2005, 164) and, along with other invasive species, threaten the Great Lakes' entire food web. (7) Environmental chemist Mike Murray claims, "As invasive species like zebra mussels overwhelm the Great Lakes, large stretches of the lakes have become underwater deserts." (8) Although some skeptics dismiss the concern about invasive species as overblown, arguing that the majority of nonnative species cause no harm, many scientists are alarmed by the changes produced by the zebra mussel and other invasive species. (9) The economic damage caused by the zebra mussel has prompted government officials and scientists to seek solutions to this problem. (10) Many industrial facilities use chlorine to clear the mussels from their power and sewage plants. (11) Other facilities use chemicals specifically developed to kill mussels. (12) Unfortunately, both of these methods have certain harmful consequences. (13) An alternative may become available: a bacterium that kills zebra mussels without harming native species. Which is best to do with sentence 7 (reproduced below)? Environmental chemist Mike Murray claims, "As invasive species like zebra mussels overwhelm the Great Lakes, large stretches of the lakes have become underwater deserts."

Add a citation indicating the source of the quotation from Murray.

(1) In observing a live performance such as a play or a stand-up routine, each individual member of the audience is affected by the group's emotional response to the show. (2) Some research shows that audience members are likely to laugh along with the laughter of others in the audience much more frequently than they would laugh at the same performance if viewing it alone. (3) As performances moved to radio and television in the first half of the twentieth century, producers were well aware of the important role of this social laughter. (4) Early radio and television comedies were broadcast live with a real audience in the studio to provide the reactions that helped at-home audiences feel connected to the performance. (5) As advances in technology allowed performances to be prerecorded, edited, and enhanced for later broadcast, recorded laughter gained wider use. (6) It can be called "canned laughter" or a "laugh track." (7) The laugh track gives producers the ability to create an audience response that aligns with the finished, edited performance. (8) In live broadcasts, the show is performed from beginning to end without stopping, and live studio audiences have an authentic, if unpredictable, response to the performance, just like that of audiences listening or watching at home. (9) In a recorded performance, though, directors are free to stop the scene, ask performers to redo a particular segment or have the crew switch equipment, and start again. (10) This interrupted, disjointed style of performance makes it difficult for them to hold a live studio audience's interest. (11) Therefore, editors often add recorded laughter into the final edited version of the program. (12) Highlighting each joke with just the right volume, duration, and quality of laughter to prompt audiences at home to laugh at the intended times. (13) Although some contemporary television comedies do not use a laugh track, many programs for children and adults alike rely on recorded laughter to create a sense of audience participation. In context, which of the following is best to do with sentence 12 (reproduced below) ? Highlighting each joke with just the right volume, duration, and quality of laughter to prompt audiences at home to laugh at the intended times.

Add it to the end of sentence 11, using a comma before the word "highlighting."

Akmajian, Adrian, et al. Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication. 6th ed. Cambridge: MIT P, 2010. Print. In the citation shown, "et al." indicates that the book was

written by several authors

(1) In observing a live performance such as a play or a stand-up routine, each individual member of the audience is affected by the group's emotional response to the show. (2) Some research shows that audience members are likely to laugh along with the laughter of others in the audience much more frequently than they would laugh at the same performance if viewing it alone. (3) As performances moved to radio and television in the first half of the twentieth century, producers were well aware of the important role of this social laughter. (4) Early radio and television comedies were broadcast live with a real audience in the studio to provide the reactions that helped at-home audiences feel connected to the performance. (5) As advances in technology allowed performances to be prerecorded, edited, and enhanced for later broadcast, recorded laughter gained wider use. (6) It can be called "canned laughter" or a "laugh track." (7) The laugh track gives producers the ability to create an audience response that aligns with the finished, edited performance. (8) In live broadcasts, the show is performed from beginning to end without stopping, and live studio audiences have an authentic, if unpredictable, response to the performance, just like that of audiences listening or watching at home. (9) In a recorded performance, though, directors are free to stop the scene, ask performers to redo a particular segment or have the crew switch equipment, and start again. (10) This interrupted, disjointed style of performance makes it difficult for them to hold a live studio audience's interest. (11) Therefore, editors often add recorded laughter into the final edited version of the program. (12) Highlighting each joke with just the right volume, duration, and quality of laughter to prompt audiences at home to laugh at the intended times. (13) Although some contemporary television comedies do not use a laugh track, many programs for children and adults alike rely on recorded laughter to create a sense of audience participation. Which of the following is the best way to combine sentences 5 and 6 (reproduced below)? As advances in technology allowed performances to be prerecorded, edited, and enhanced for later broadcast, recorded laughter gained wider use. It can be called "canned laughter" or a "laugh track."

As advances in technology allowed performances to be prerecorded, edited, and enhanced for later broadcast, recorded laughter—called "canned laughter" or a "laugh track"—gained wider use.

What is the best sentence to start the following paragraph? The Arthurian novel, as seen with Palmerín de Inglaterra and Amadís de Gaula, was very popular at the beginning of the century. It was Cervantes, however, who all but killed the genre with Don Quijotewhen he poked fun at the knights and magic in these tales. Thus, despite their popularity and the multiplicity of sequels that were published, these novels ceased to exist.

In the sixteenth century, Spanish Arthurian literature became much less popular, as new styles of writing emerged

Which one of these is probably not a fallacious argument?

Judging from my family history, if I don't lose weight, I will become diabetic.

Read each sentence carefully, paying particular attention to the underlined portions. You will find that the error, if there is one, is underlined. If there is an error, select the one underlined part that must be changed to make the sentence correct. If there is no error, select No error. Among the Native Americans first encountered by Europeans duringthe seventeenth century was the Algonquin Indians. No error

was

Choose the option that best expresses the meaning of the original sentence. If you think the original is better than any of the alternatives, choose the first option. The cooking instructor informed us that by the end of the course, we will have acquired basic skills in chopping, searing, and to make sauces.

we will have acquired basic skills in chopping, searing, and making sauces

Which of following selections is not correct:

My friend has much money in the bank

(1) There was a steaming mist in all the hollows, and it had roamed in its forlornness up the hill, like an evil spirit, seeking rest and finding none. (2) A clammy and intensely cold mist, it made its slow way through the air in ripples that visibly followed and overspread one another, as the waves of an unwholesome sea might do. (3) It was dense enough to shut out everything from the light of the coach-lamps but these its own workings, and a few yards of road; and the reek of the labouring horses steamed into it, as if they had made it all. (4) Two other passengers, besides the one, were plodding up the hill by the side of the mail. All three were wrapped to the cheekbones and over the ears, and wore jack-boots. (5) Not one of the three could have said, from anything he saw, what either of the other two was like; and each was hidden under almost as many wrappers from the eyes of the mind, as from the eyes of the body, of his two companions. Which of the following best summarizes the meaning of sentence 5 (listed above)? Not one of the three could have said, from anything he saw, what either of the other two was like; and each was hidden under almost as many wrappers from the eyes of the mind, as from the eyes of the body, of his two companions.

None of the passengers could discern the appearance or character of the other two passengers.

(1) In the late nineteenth century, librarians began noticing that many of the books in their care were breaking apart and crumbling. (2) Curiously, it was not the oldest books that were deteriorating, but the more recent volumes: those produced since the middle of the nineteenth century with sheets fabricated from a highly acidic wood-pulp mixture. (3) The transition to this lesser-grade stock began during the 1860s, when increasing demand for paper hastened the development of a cheaper process. (4) To improve strength and to prevent ink from being too readily absorbed by the pulp paper, chemicals, including aluminum sulfate (alum), were added to the mix. (5) The result was that documents exposed to humidity produced sulfuric acid, which weakened the molecular structure of the pulp's cellulose. The word "Curiously" in sentence 2 is meant to address which of the following assumptions?

Older objects are likely to disintegrate before objects created more recently

(1) While chocolate was highly esteemed in Mesoamerica, where it originated, its adoption in Europe was initially slow. (2) There is a common belief that Europeans needed to "transform" chocolate to make it appetizing. (3) However, while Spaniards did put sugar, which was unknown to indigenous Americans, into chocolate beverages, this additive was not completely innovative. (4) Mesoamericans were already sweetening chocolate with honey, and the step from honey to sugar—increasingly more available than honey because of expanding sugar plantations in the Americas—is a small one. (5) Likewise, although Spaniards adjusted Mesoamerican recipes by using European spices, the spices chosen suggest an attempt to replicate harder-to-find native flowers. (6) There is no indication the Spaniards deliberately tried to change the original flavor of chocolate. The discussion of honey in sentence 4 primarily serves to

refute a particular belief

(1) In observing a live performance such as a play or a stand-up routine, each individual member of the audience is affected by the group's emotional response to the show. (2) Some research shows that audience members are likely to laugh along with the laughter of others in the audience much more frequently than they would laugh at the same performance if viewing it alone. (3) As performances moved to radio and television in the first half of the twentieth century, producers were well aware of the important role of this social laughter. (4) Early radio and television comedies were broadcast live with a real audience in the studio to provide the reactions that helped at-home audiences feel connected to the performance. (5) As advances in technology allowed performances to be prerecorded, edited, and enhanced for later broadcast, recorded laughter gained wider use. (6) It can be called "canned laughter" or a "laugh track." (7) The laugh track gives producers the ability to create an audience response that aligns with the finished, edited performance. (8) In live broadcasts, the show is performed from beginning to end without stopping, and live studio audiences have an authentic, if unpredictable, response to the performance, just like that of audiences listening or watching at home. (9) In a recorded performance, though, directors are free to stop the scene, ask performers to redo a particular segment or have the crew switch equipment, and start again. (10) This interrupted, disjointed style of performance makes it difficult for them to hold a live studio audience's interest. (11) Therefore, editors often add recorded laughter into the final edited version of the program. (12) Highlighting each joke with just the right volume, duration, and quality of laughter to prompt audiences at home to laugh at the intended times. (13) Although some contemporary television comedies do not use a laugh track, many programs for children and adults alike rely on recorded laughter to create a sense of audience participation. Which of the following, if inserted immediately before sentence 1, would make the best introduction to the passage?

Shared laughter has a powerful influence on an audience's relationship to a performance.

which one of the sources is probably the least biased

a book examining the pros and cons of protectionism

Cramton, D., & Hinds, P. J. (2005). Subgroup dynamics in internationally distributed teams: ethnocentrism or cross-national learning. Research in Organizational Behavior, 26, 231-263. In the citation shown refers to

a journal article

sloth n. 1. Aversion to work or exertion; laziness, indolence. 2. Any of various slow- moving, arboreal, edendate mammals of the family Bradypodidae of South and Central America, having long hooklike claws, by which they hang upside down from tree branches, and feeding on leaves, buds, and fruits, especially: a. A member of the genus Bradypus, having three long-clawed toes on each forefoot. Also called ai, three-toed sloth. b. A member of the genus Choloepus, having two toes on each forefoot. Also called two-toed sloth, unau. 3. A company of bears. See synonyms at flock. [Middle English slowth, from slow, slow.] Which of the following statements is NOT supported by the definition above?

all sloths have three-longed claws

What rhetorical device is used in the following passage? When I threw breadcrumbs in the water, the fish in the water were bubbly and boisterous, begging for a bite to eat.

alliteration

What type of appeal is this following passage? I told my sister that if she continued to waste water that way by taking long showers and running the tap when she brushes her teeth, people in the next county over would run out of water, their crops would suffer, and their children would die of hunger.

an appeal to emotion

Using MLA style, where do we cite the page number of this source? Higgins states that the rise in violence can be attributed to factors surrounding the nomination of the new prime minister.

at the end with a page number in parenthesis

(1) Invasive species are plant or animal species that become established in ecosystems where they did not originate. (2) Some blend in harmlessly with native species, but others cause ecological and economic damage. (3) A notorious example is the zebra mussel, native to Russia, that was first identified in the United States Great Lakes in 1988 (McKee 2003, 141). (4) Scientists believe that the mussels were inadvertently transported to North America in the ballast water of ships. (5) Like many invasive species, zebra mussels threaten the biodiversity of the habitats they invade. (6) Zebra mussels reproduce so quickly and are so hardy that they have suppressed populations of the Great Lakes' native mussels (Fields 2005, 164) and, along with other invasive species, threaten the Great Lakes' entire food web. (7) Environmental chemist Mike Murray claims, "As invasive species like zebra mussels overwhelm the Great Lakes, large stretches of the lakes have become underwater deserts." (8) Although some skeptics dismiss the concern about invasive species as overblown, arguing that the majority of nonnative species cause no harm, many scientists are alarmed by the changes produced by the zebra mussel and other invasive species. (9) The economic damage caused by the zebra mussel has prompted government officials and scientists to seek solutions to this problem. (10) Many industrial facilities use chlorine to clear the mussels from their power and sewage plants. (11) Other facilities use chemicals specifically developed to kill mussels. (12) Unfortunately, both of these methods have certain harmful consequences. (13) An alternative may become available: a bacterium that kills zebra mussels without harming native species. References Fields, S. (2005). Great Lakes: Resources at risk. Environmental Health Perspectives 113 (2), 164-172. McKee, J. (2003). Sparing nature: The conflict between human population growth and Earth's biodiversity. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Which of the following is cited in sentence 3?

book

The order of this passage reflects what type of organization? I spent three years in France travelling and doing odd jobs, and now I can speak enough French to talk to my friend's grandmother, who can't speak English.

cause and effect order

What word best describes the tone this author uses? Breton's level of abstraction is far beyond what any of us can understand. What is more, who reads poetry these days anyhow?

critical

Considering the different types of reference materials that exist, where can I find the etymology of words?

dictionary

Which part of this sentence has the wrong verb tense? I go home and got a phone call from Nancy, and she told me that she can't go to the conference with us next weekend.

go

(1) Winter counts are physical records, mainly drawings on animal hides or muslin, that Plains Indians, primarily the Lakota, used for showing each year of their history. (2) In this method, a year consists of one event recorded as an image in the winter count. (3) People could keep track of other events, such as births and deaths, by knowing the years in which it occurred. (4) In consultation with members of the Lakota people, curators at the Smithsonian Institution created an online exhibit of about a thousand winter counts. (5) Scholars generally agree that collectively, probably, they chose which event would stand for a year. (6) An event chosen to represent a year was not necessarily the most important of that year, just one that was memorable for everyone in the group. (7) One person was the keeper of the winter count. (8) Once the group made its selection, he then recorded this event. (9) Like any calendar, the winter counts named years but did not go into detail about what happened. (10) Here is where the keeper of the winter count came in. (11) He was the group's official historian. (12) He remembered stories passed down to him and could place them in the winter count. (13) He could provide the significance of the events chosen to represent the years in the winter count. (14) Fortunately, several keepers were interviewed and their stories recorded in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. (15) Even without their accompanying oral histories, however, the winter counts show that life for the Lakota was always on the move. In context, which is best to add to the beginning of sentence 13?

in addition

(1) In observing a live performance such as a play or a stand-up routine, each individual member of the audience is affected by the group's emotional response to the show. (2) Some research shows that audience members are likely to laugh along with the laughter of others in the audience much more frequently than they would laugh at the same performance if viewing it alone. (3) As performances moved to radio and television in the first half of the twentieth century, producers were well aware of the important role of this social laughter. (4) Early radio and television comedies were broadcast live with a real audience in the studio to provide the reactions that helped at-home audiences feel connected to the performance. (5) As advances in technology allowed performances to be prerecorded, edited, and enhanced for later broadcast, recorded laughter gained wider use. (6) It can be called "canned laughter" or a "laugh track." (7) The laugh track gives producers the ability to create an audience response that aligns with the finished, edited performance. (8) In live broadcasts, the show is performed from beginning to end without stopping, and live studio audiences have an authentic, if unpredictable, response to the performance, just like that of audiences listening or watching at home. (9) In a recorded performance, though, directors are free to stop the scene, ask performers to redo a particular segment or have the crew switch equipment, and start again. (10) This interrupted, disjointed style of performance makes it difficult for them to hold a live studio audience's interest. (11) Therefore, editors often add recorded laughter into the final edited version of the program. (12) Highlighting each joke with just the right volume, duration, and quality of laughter to prompt audiences at home to laugh at the intended times. (13) Although some contemporary television comedies do not use a laugh track, many programs for children and adults alike rely on recorded laughter to create a sense of audience participation. In context, which of the following is the best revision to the underlined portion of sentence 2 (reproduced below)? Some research shows that audience members are likely to laugh along with the laughter of others in the audience much more frequently than they would laugh at the same performance if viewing it alone.

in fact some

Although Red Canyon, Utah, is largely devoid of trees, but small coniferous plots of ponderosa pine and Douglas fir exist in areas where moisture is available. Which of the following best replaces the underlined section above?

is largley devoid of trees,

Which part of this sentence is incorrect? The sacrifices of the fighters are beyond my understanding; I don't think they know what its all about.

its

In the following APA style reference, "Small Minds in a Big World" is the: Connor, T. (2010). Small Minds in a Big World. Psychology Beyond, 21, 211-224.

name of the article

Improbable as it (A) may seem when (B) one observes (C) itsawkwardness on land, penguins are (D) extremely graceful swimmers. (E) No error

no error

(1) There was a steaming mist in all the hollows, and it had roamed in its forlornness up the hill, like an evil spirit, seeking rest and finding none. (2) A clammy and intensely cold mist, it made its slow way through the air in ripples that visibly followed and overspread one another, as the waves of an unwholesome sea might do. (3) It was dense enough to shut out everything from the light of the coach-lamps but these its own workings, and a few yards of road; and the reek of the labouring horses steamed into it, as if they had made it all. (4) Two other passengers, besides the one, were plodding up the hill by the side of the mail. All three were wrapped to the cheekbones and over the ears, and wore jack-boots. (5) Not one of the three could have said, from anything he saw, what either of the other two was like; and each was hidden under almost as many wrappers from the eyes of the mind, as from the eyes of the body, of his two companions. The overall mood of the passage can best be described as

ominous

Which part of this sentence is incorrect? My friend says that when she goes to the store one can't find any good prices anymore and that this is the reason why she shops online now.

one

Read each sentence carefully, paying particular attention to the underlined portions. You will find that the error, if there is one, is underlined. If there is an error, select the one underlined part that must be changed to make the sentence correct. If there is no error, select No error. If one has trouble swallowing tablets or capsules, you could trytaking medicine in liquid form. No error

one has

(1) There was a steaming mist in all the hollows, and it had roamed in its forlornness up the hill, like an evil spirit, seeking rest and finding none. (2) A clammy and intensely cold mist, it made its slow way through the air in ripples that visibly followed and overspread one another, as the waves of an unwholesome sea might do. (3) It was dense enough to shut out everything from the light of the coach-lamps but these its own workings, and a few yards of road; and the reek of the labouring horses steamed into it, as if they had made it all. (4) Two other passengers, besides the one, were plodding up the hill by the side of the mail. All three were wrapped to the cheekbones and over the ears, and wore jack-boots. (5) Not one of the three could have said, from anything he saw, what either of the other two was like; and each was hidden under almost as many wrappers from the eyes of the mind, as from the eyes of the body, of his two companions. Which of the following pairs of literary devices appears in sentence 1?

personification and simile

Cramton, D., & Hinds, P. J. (2005). Subgroup dynamics in internationally distributed teams: ethnocentrism or cross-national learning. Research in Organizational Behavior, 26, 231-263. The citation shown refers to

volume number of Research in Organizational Behavior

(1) Winter counts are physical records, mainly drawings on animal hides or muslin, that Plains Indians, primarily the Lakota, used for showing each year of their history. (2) In this method, a year consists of one event recorded as an image in the winter count. (3) People could keep track of other events, such as births and deaths, by knowing the years in which it occurred. (4) In consultation with members of the Lakota people, curators at the Smithsonian Institution created an online exhibit of about a thousand winter counts. (5) Scholars generally agree that collectively, probably, they chose which event would stand for a year. (6) An event chosen to represent a year was not necessarily the most important of that year, just one that was memorable for everyone in the group. (7) One person was the keeper of the winter count. (8) Once the group made its selection, he then recorded this event. (9) Like any calendar, the winter counts named years but did not go into detail about what happened. (10) Here is where the keeper of the winter count came in. (11) He was the group's official historian. (12) He remembered stories passed down to him and could place them in the winter count. (13) He could provide the significance of the events chosen to represent the years in the winter count. (14) Fortunately, several keepers were interviewed and their stories recorded in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. (15) Even without their accompanying oral histories, however, the winter counts show that life for the Lakota was always on the move. Deleting which of the following sentences would most improve the coherence of the passage?

sentence 4

What is the matter with the style of this paragraph? The number one is difficult. It is hard to define. People have tried. Is it a set? Is it a correspondence? Is it a unit? It is difficult to know. Sometimes less is more. Such a low number is not easy. People have defined it. Others have disproven them. They keep trying for a definition. Perhaps someday we all will agree.

sentence length and variation is highly limited

Read each sentence carefully, paying particular attention to the underlined portions. You will find that the error, if there is one, is underlined. If there is an error, select the one underlined part that must be changed to make the sentence correct. If there is no error, select No error. The orbits of comets in our solar system are much more eccentric than planet Earth, which revolves around the Sun following a relatively circular path. No error

than planet Earth

The following excerpt is taken from a student's research paper. The principles of the separation of church and state and the right to practice religion freely are both supported by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof " (qtd. in Dye n.d.). The letters "n.d." mean that

the date of the publication is unavailable

(1) The image of the mad scientist—the unstable genius driven toward dubious goals by an intoxicating ambition—is a familiar one, often thought of in this age of cloning and genetic engineering. (2) Many people would be surprised to learn that the most influential embodiment of this archetype was created by a nineteenth-century teenager. (3) When Mary Shelley published her first novel, Frankenstein, in 1818, she was barely nineteen years old, yet her mesmerizing tale of a young scientist who creates a terrifying monster quickly became a best seller, and its story has been adapted many times for stage and screen. (4) In fact, it was the popularity of an early theatrical adaptation of Frankenstein, called Presumption and staged in London in 1823, that encouraged Shelley's publisher to issue a second printing of her book. (5) Unfortunately, most people today know the Frankenstein story only through later adaptations and miss the many subtleties of Shelley's original story in which the monster is not the shuffling, nearly mute menace of most movie versions, but a highly sensitive creature who reads Milton's Paradise Lost and speaks eloquently of the wrongs done to him by his creator, Dr. Frankenstein. Which of the following transition words or phrases, if inserted at the beginning of sentence 2 (reproduced below), would be most logical in the context of the passage? Many people would be surprised to learn that the most influential embodiment of this archetype was created by a nineteenth-century teenager.

therefore

Read each sentence carefully, paying particular attention to the underlined portions. You will find that the error, if there is one, is underlined. If there is an error, select the one underlined part that must be changed to make the sentence correct. If there is no error, select No error. During her first year in medical school, Joanne came to the realization that she was more interested in doing research than to treat patients. No error

to treat

Which of the following is not an example of framing in an essay

using modifiers like adjectives and adverbs