climate change and virius

All virius are made up of two components. What are they?

A protein capsid and genetic material in the form of either rna or dna

Which of the following is only true of RNA but not DNA

Adenine Paris with uracil

What is a characteristic of all living things

All living things maintain a constant internal environment

___ is any substance that produces specific immunity response by the body. Antigens are usually proteins or large carbohydrates that are specific to pathogens such as baser is and viruses

Antigen

_occurs when there are small changes in the surface spikes of the influenza virus, this is an example of

Antigenic drift

Because fossil fuels are the remains of once living organisms, they contain reservoirs of ___ that are released into the atmosphere when they are burned

Carbon

Which process best describes how viruses may originate in animals and eventually be transmitted to humans causing outbreaks?

Evolution

Getting a glue vaccine guarantees individuals will not get the flu

False

Influenza viruses are typically named by the us department of health

False

The defenses that act as general defenses meaning they are not specifically targeting a pathogen are collectively called adaptive defenses

False

As global temperatures increase which of the following scenarios is most likely to happen?

Glaciers and snow cover decrease

In the ___ cycle following penetration into the cel the viral dna integrates into the host cells DNA. The virius remains inactive or latent

Lysogenic

The cycle of viral infection that will rapidly result in the death of a bacterial cell is called the __ cycle

Lytic

Which of the following acts as a carbon source within the carbon cycle

Respiration from humans and animals

How does climate change effect the earths oceans

The PH level of the ocean will shift to a more acidic environment leading to stress and the possible extinction of many species of shellfish and coral

Climate can be be described as

The average weather patterns in a given area over long periods of time

What do all greenhouse gases have in common

They have complex structures that allow them to contribute to the greenhouse effect by trapping heat energy

The light reactions of photosynthesis occur within the ___ of the chloroplast and the Calvin cycle reactions occur within the __ of the chloroplast

Thylakoid, stroma

Which of the following structures are associated with the immune system? Select all that apply

Thymus spleen bone marrow

Climate is a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earths atmosphere generall attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide l, cloroflucarbons and other pollutants

True

The activities of macrophages

are part of the nonspecific response against disease and stimulate phagocytic neutrophils

Which of these is the best description of a virus

chemical complexes of RNA or DNA protected by protein shell

Antigens are

foreign molecules that bind to white blood cells through specialized receptors leading to the proliferation of lymphocytes

When two different forms of a virus infect the same cell the host cell many manufacture viral partials from both viruses to reassemble the into a new form of virus. This process is called:

Antigenic shift

What is the correct sequence of events in viral reproduction

Attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation and release

The photosynthetic organisms such as plants convert CO2 into carbohydrates and then this food is used by both heterotrophs to power cellular activity

True

mRNA is a protein coat that surrounds the viral genetic material

True

Which of the following is the most likely cause for a sudden sharp increase is atmospheric carbon dioxide levels?

Human activities including the use of fossil fuels, changes in agricultural practices and deforestation

At what level of biological organization does evolution take place?

Population

Which of the following is an example of evolution that can be observed and studied?

All are examples (HIV, bacterial resistance, weeds resisting herbicides)

Research for a universal flu vaccine tends to focus on

Core proteins as they do not mutate as rapidly as H and N spikes and they tend to be similar between influenza strain

___ act as an alarm to organ systems of the body alerting them that a pathogen is present

Cytokines

In most organisms the flow of information is from

DNA, RNA, then protein

Which of the following types of cells would a flu virus most likely target as the means of entry into the body?

Epithelial cells lining the respiratory system

Once the virius has entered the target cell there are two pathways it can follow. It can either immediately begin using the resources of the host cell to manufacture new viriuses or it can integrate directly into the hose cell genome and delay its own reproduction until a later time

False

A product of photosynthesis ___ is a carbon based molecule that is the chief source of energy for most organisms

Glucose

How do greenhouse gases cause climate warming?

Greenhouse gasses prevent radiator on of infrared energy back into space trapping the heat near the earths surface causing the climate to warm

Over the past server decades the over all trend for earths temperatures has been

Increases in overall global temperatures at an accelerating rate a phenomenon known as global warming

The greenhouse effect

Is caused by gases such as carbon dioxide trapping heat in the earths atmosphere

Which of the following are greenhouse gases?

Methane and carbon dioxide

Carbon sinks are reservoirs that hold large amounts of carbon. Which of the following are considered to be carbon sinks

Oceans fossil fuels deep underground and the atmosphere (all)

Which of the following is are true about natural selection

On average it favors the survival of individuals that have characteristics

Why are new flu vaccinations required for each new flu season?

The flu virus mutates frequently enough that last years vaccination will no longer target current strains

Which statement below best summarizes the overall purpose of the light dependent reactions?

The light dependent reactions capture the energy from the sun and transfer it to high energy molecules

Giant Viriuses uses are challenging the historical notion that viruses are non living things. What characteristic do giant viruses possess that make scientists think twice about their classification

They have the ability to manufacture their own proteins without the help of a host cell

Adaptive immunity targets specific antigens associated with a pathogen and also has the ability to remember past responses

True

Although carbon dioxide is found in very low concentrations in the atmosphere it is one of the most important greenhouse gases due to absorb infrared energy

True

Autotrophs are an organisms that is unable to form nutritional substances from simple Inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide

True

Cell mediated immunity targets cells of our bodies that have become infected with pathogens and are presenting the antigen

True

Cytokines act as an alarm to the organ systems of the body alerting them that a pathogen is present

True