climate change and virius
All virius are made up of two components. What are they?
A protein capsid and genetic material in the form of either rna or dna
Which of the following is only true of RNA but not DNA
Adenine Paris with uracil
What is a characteristic of all living things
All living things maintain a constant internal environment
___ is any substance that produces specific immunity response by the body. Antigens are usually proteins or large carbohydrates that are specific to pathogens such as baser is and viruses
Antigen
_occurs when there are small changes in the surface spikes of the influenza virus, this is an example of
Antigenic drift
Because fossil fuels are the remains of once living organisms, they contain reservoirs of ___ that are released into the atmosphere when they are burned
Carbon
Which process best describes how viruses may originate in animals and eventually be transmitted to humans causing outbreaks?
Evolution
Getting a glue vaccine guarantees individuals will not get the flu
False
Influenza viruses are typically named by the us department of health
False
The defenses that act as general defenses meaning they are not specifically targeting a pathogen are collectively called adaptive defenses
False
As global temperatures increase which of the following scenarios is most likely to happen?
Glaciers and snow cover decrease
In the ___ cycle following penetration into the cel the viral dna integrates into the host cells DNA. The virius remains inactive or latent
Lysogenic
The cycle of viral infection that will rapidly result in the death of a bacterial cell is called the __ cycle
Lytic
Which of the following acts as a carbon source within the carbon cycle
Respiration from humans and animals
How does climate change effect the earths oceans
The PH level of the ocean will shift to a more acidic environment leading to stress and the possible extinction of many species of shellfish and coral
Climate can be be described as
The average weather patterns in a given area over long periods of time
What do all greenhouse gases have in common
They have complex structures that allow them to contribute to the greenhouse effect by trapping heat energy
The light reactions of photosynthesis occur within the ___ of the chloroplast and the Calvin cycle reactions occur within the __ of the chloroplast
Thylakoid, stroma
Which of the following structures are associated with the immune system? Select all that apply
Thymus spleen bone marrow
Climate is a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earths atmosphere generall attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide l, cloroflucarbons and other pollutants
True
The activities of macrophages
are part of the nonspecific response against disease and stimulate phagocytic neutrophils
Which of these is the best description of a virus
chemical complexes of RNA or DNA protected by protein shell
Antigens are
foreign molecules that bind to white blood cells through specialized receptors leading to the proliferation of lymphocytes
When two different forms of a virus infect the same cell the host cell many manufacture viral partials from both viruses to reassemble the into a new form of virus. This process is called:
Antigenic shift
What is the correct sequence of events in viral reproduction
Attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation and release
The photosynthetic organisms such as plants convert CO2 into carbohydrates and then this food is used by both heterotrophs to power cellular activity
True
mRNA is a protein coat that surrounds the viral genetic material
True
Which of the following is the most likely cause for a sudden sharp increase is atmospheric carbon dioxide levels?
Human activities including the use of fossil fuels, changes in agricultural practices and deforestation
At what level of biological organization does evolution take place?
Population
Which of the following is an example of evolution that can be observed and studied?
All are examples (HIV, bacterial resistance, weeds resisting herbicides)
Research for a universal flu vaccine tends to focus on
Core proteins as they do not mutate as rapidly as H and N spikes and they tend to be similar between influenza strain
___ act as an alarm to organ systems of the body alerting them that a pathogen is present
Cytokines
In most organisms the flow of information is from
DNA, RNA, then protein
Which of the following types of cells would a flu virus most likely target as the means of entry into the body?
Epithelial cells lining the respiratory system
Once the virius has entered the target cell there are two pathways it can follow. It can either immediately begin using the resources of the host cell to manufacture new viriuses or it can integrate directly into the hose cell genome and delay its own reproduction until a later time
False
A product of photosynthesis ___ is a carbon based molecule that is the chief source of energy for most organisms
Glucose
How do greenhouse gases cause climate warming?
Greenhouse gasses prevent radiator on of infrared energy back into space trapping the heat near the earths surface causing the climate to warm
Over the past server decades the over all trend for earths temperatures has been
Increases in overall global temperatures at an accelerating rate a phenomenon known as global warming
The greenhouse effect
Is caused by gases such as carbon dioxide trapping heat in the earths atmosphere
Which of the following are greenhouse gases?
Methane and carbon dioxide
Carbon sinks are reservoirs that hold large amounts of carbon. Which of the following are considered to be carbon sinks
Oceans fossil fuels deep underground and the atmosphere (all)
Which of the following is are true about natural selection
On average it favors the survival of individuals that have characteristics
Why are new flu vaccinations required for each new flu season?
The flu virus mutates frequently enough that last years vaccination will no longer target current strains
Which statement below best summarizes the overall purpose of the light dependent reactions?
The light dependent reactions capture the energy from the sun and transfer it to high energy molecules
Giant Viriuses uses are challenging the historical notion that viruses are non living things. What characteristic do giant viruses possess that make scientists think twice about their classification
They have the ability to manufacture their own proteins without the help of a host cell
Adaptive immunity targets specific antigens associated with a pathogen and also has the ability to remember past responses
True
Although carbon dioxide is found in very low concentrations in the atmosphere it is one of the most important greenhouse gases due to absorb infrared energy
True
Autotrophs are an organisms that is unable to form nutritional substances from simple Inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide
True
Cell mediated immunity targets cells of our bodies that have become infected with pathogens and are presenting the antigen
True
Cytokines act as an alarm to the organ systems of the body alerting them that a pathogen is present
True