clinical assessment final
A fever of 100.5 suggests bacterial infection.
False
Agonal respirations are effective respirations and can be treated with oxygen alone.
False
Cheyne-Stokes is a very irregular pattern of breathing with periods of fast and shallow breathing but no apnea.
False
Fever causes a decrease in respirations
False
If a patient has a + 2 base excess, there is a metabolic alkalosis occuring.
False
If a patient has a +2 base excess, there is a metabolic alkalosis occuring.
False
If a patient has a - 2 base excess, there is a metabolic acidosis occuring.
False
If a patient has a - 5 base excess, there is a metabolic alkalosis is occuring.
False
If a patient has a -2 base excess, there is a metabolic acidosis occuring.
False
Low blood pressure causes a decrease in antidiuretic hormone.
False
Metabolic problems do not cause dyspnea, they cause tachypnea only
False
Nuetrophils are the type of white blood cell that is useful against allergic reactions and defends against parasitic infestations?
False
Purulent describes foul-smelling sputum?
False
Stridor is a sign of bronchospasm.
False
The Acid fast stain is used to detect PCJ?
False
The Mantoux skin test can help determine if a patient has HIV.
False
The Total CO2 on the chemistry panel is the same thing as the CO2 on the arterial blood gas result.
False
The typical response time of a culture is 12-24 hours?
False
To avoid barotrauma, plateau pressures should be maintained below 35 cm H2O
False
You should always tell your patient what you are doing, even when counting respirations.
False
Which of the following breathing patterns describes Kussmaul breathing?
Fast and deep
Which of the following would cause bronchial breath sounds to be heard in the base of a lung?
Fluid/Puss (consolidation)
Interpret the following ABG: pH 7.35 CO2 50 HCO3 30
Fully compensate respiratory acidosis
What instrument is used most widely to quantify neurologic impairment?
Glasgow coma scale
The term associated with blood tinged sputum is:
Hemoptysis.
A respiratory therapist is assessing a breathing unconcious patient and notices the SPO2 level on 2 liter nasal cannula is 86%. It is determined the patient is oversedated. The most likely cause of the low SPO2 is:
Hypoventilation
What is a decrease in tissue oxygenation calle?
Hypoxia
In patients with lung disease, what vital signs would be expected when blood oxygen decreases? I. Increased heart rate II. Decreased heart rate III. Increased respiratory rate IV. Decreased respiratory rate
I and III
Dyspnea is considered which of the following? I. Objective information II. Subjective information III. A sign IV A symptom
II and IV
What could tissue hypoxia with normal arterial oxygenation
Inadequate cardiac output
Positive pressure ventilation causes which of the following?
Increased blood pressure, Decreased venous return, Increased urine output
What problem is associated with nasal flaring?
Increased work of breathing
Which of the following is true about anaerobic metabolism
It can cause metabolic acidosis, it results in excess lactate production, it results in excess production of carbon dioxide, and it is a very inefficient method of producing ATP
Which of the following is a true statement regarding the term hypoxemia?
It occurs when the patient's PaO2 is lower than predicted.
Which of the following terms describes an abnormal anterior- posterior curvature of the spine?
Kyphosis
Which of the following terms describes an abnormal increase in the proportion of circulating immature neutrophils?
Left shift
Which of the following terms is used for white blood cells?
Leukocytes
Which of the following terms describes an overall abnormal decrease in white blood cell count?
Leukopenia
What clinical disorder will cause a unilateral decrease in thoracic expansion?
Lobar pneumonia
Viral infections cause which of the following?
Lymphocytosis
Which of the following types of leukocytosis is typically seen in patients with viral infection?
Lymphocytosis
To reduce ICP pressures which of the following should be ordered?
Mannitol
Another name for the Partial Derivative test is?
Mantoux
Where should a chest tube be placed to evacuate a pneumothorax?
Mid clavicular between ribs 2 and 3
Patients with tuberculosis often have a significant increase in which white blood cell type?
Monocytes
What disorder is associated with elevation of Troponin?
Myocardial infarction
Which of the following types of white blood cells fights bacterial infection?
Neutrophil
If a patient has had head trauma, which of the following is the biggest indication brain death may be present.
No gag/cough reflex
Which of the following terms is used to describe the microorganisms inhabitatating a healthy person?
Normal flora
Which of the following terms is used to describe the microorganisms present in the colon of a healthy person?
Normal flora
Snoring can be a sign of what serious condition.
Obstructive sleep apnea
An inability to breathe while lying down is known as:
Orthopnea
Chronic cough is caused most commonly by which of the following clinical conditions?
Postnasal drip
A patient who is alert and oriented times three would know all of the following things correctly except?
President or head of state's name
Which of the following terms is used to describe drooping of the eyelids?
Ptosis
An elevated BNP level of 590 pg/mL is an indication of which of the following?
Pulmonary edema
Which of the following terms is used to describe a significant decrease in pulse pressure during spontaneous inspiration?
Pulsus paradoxus
A patient is said to have PERRLA, if which of the following is occuring?
Pupils/eyes react nomally
Which of the following would be the best indicator of tissue oxygenation
PvO
Bradypnea is described as which of the following?
Rate below normal
What problem is associated with cyanosis of the oral mucosa?
Reduced arterial oxygenation
An ABG syringe has a bubble in it that went unnoticed. Which of the following statements is true regarding the blood gas results. SpO2 was 93% when drawn
The carbon dioxide results will have a false low reading
An ABG syringe has sat on the counter for an hour. Which of the following statements is true regarding the blood gas results.
The pH results will have a false low reading
If an infection is being effectively treated by antibiotic, which of the following would be true?
The patient's white blood count will decrease, the Gram-stained smear will no longer demonstrate the pathogen
Dyspnea is defined as:
The sensation of being short of breath
Gram stains are used for which purpose?
To give the physican a pilimanary idea of the infectious pathegen based on physical characteristics.
A fever over 101.5 suggests bacterial infection.
True
A gallop rhythm is the term used to describe the auscultation of an extra heart beat? Lub Dub Dub S1,S2,S3
True
A large number of epithelial cells indicates a sputum sample must be recollected.
True
A patient with a low platelet count is likely to develop bleeding?
True
Chest pain is always considered a serious symptom and should never be taken lightly.
True
Cirrosis of the liver can lead to Hemetasis.
True
Combativeness can be caused by poor ventilation and oxygenation?
True
Edema can be a sign of corpolmonale caused by lung disease.
True
Elevation of CK-MB is associated with Myocardial infarction?
True
Elevation of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels in the blood suggests kidney failure?
True
Eosinophils are the type of white blood cell that is useful against allergic reactions and defends against parasitic infestations?
True
Excudate fluids are caused by infectious processes.
True
Fever causes an increase in respirations.
True
Forceful coughing can cause rib fractures?
True
Green Sputum often indicates infection.
True
High sodium levels in the blood suggests dehydration?
True
Hyperventilation should be used with caution to lower ICP levels.
True
If a patient has a -3 base excess, there is a metabolic acidosis occuring.
True
Low albumin levels may result in fluid leaking out of the capillaries?
True
Low blood pressure associated with positive pressure ventilation, causes an increase in antidiuretic hormone.
True
Low potassium is associated with heart arrythmias?
True
Patients on ventilators often develop delirium, and confusion.
True
Phychiatric issues such as anxiety, cause dizziness, fainting, dyspnea and chest pain.
True
Renal disease is associated with elevations in Creatinine and BUN?
True
Secondary polycythemia can be caused by any medical condition that causes chronic hypoxemia?
True
The Mantoux skin test can help determine if a patient has TB.
True
The classic dividing line between transudates and exudates is a protein to serum ratio of 0.5 ?
True
The classic dividing line between transudates and exudates is a protein to serum ratio of 50%.
True
The immature neutrophil is called a Band?
True
The typical response time of a culture is 24 -48 hours?
True
Ventilator patients should always have an oral or naso gastric tube?
True
Ventilator patients should always have an oral or nasogastric tube?
True
For which of the following disorders does a skin test use purified protein derivative (PPD)?
Tuberculosis
Which of the following are ways ot avoid oliguria?
Use diuretics
Which of the following will help with ventilator associated oliguria?
Use diuretics
How do you decrease the V/Q mismatch associated with positive pressure ventilation?
Use modes that allow for spontaneous breaths
What is the most common physiologic cause of hypoxemia in patients with lung disease?
V/Q mismatch
If dehydration is suspected in a patient, which of the following parameters should be monitored?
Weight
What would be a pertinent question to ask a patient who complains of coughing up sputum as one of his symptoms?
When did you start coughin up secretions?, What color is the sputum?, How much are you coughing up?
A gallop rhythm is the term used to describe the sloshig of turbulent blood flow.
false
A patient with a low platelet count is likely to develop blood clots?
false
Although vascular tone and blood pressure are effected by positive pressure ventilation, the cardiac output stays the same
false
COPD patients need to eat 2 to 3 large meals a day to decrease the digestion time
false
Dehydration alone, can not cause failure of the mucocilliary system of the lungs
false
Digital clubbing is associated with hypoxemia.
false
Elevation of BUN and creatinine levels in the blood suggest liver failure
false
Elevation of CK-MB is associated with kidney failure
false
Elevations of sodium levels in the blood suggests fluid overload
false
Erythrocytes is the term used for blood platelets
false
If a patient has a - 5 base excess, there is a metabolic alkalosis occuring.
false
If a patient has just eaten a meal, it is acceptable for the thearpist to assume the chest pain is from heart burn.
false
In the physical examination, subjective data gathered are referred to as signs.
false
Lymphocytes are the type of white blood cell that are most numerous in the body
false
Lymphocytes are the type of white blood cell that is useful against allergic reactions and defends against parasitic infestations
false
Neutrophils are the type of white blood cell that are the most numerous in the body.
false
Patients requiring mechanical ventilation rarely develop delirium or confusion
false
Renal disease is associated with elevations in sodium and chloride in sweat?
false
The most common type of anemia worldwide is the result of smoking tobacco.
false
The sweat chloride skin test can help determine if a patient has pulmonary edema.
false
To avoid barotrauma mean airway pressures should be maintained below 3 cm H2O
false
To reduce the effects of positive pressure ventilation, the RRT should adjust the ventilator to increase the mean airway pressures
false
Wheezing is the adventitious lung sound that is related most closely to a life-threatening problem?
false
Which of the following shifts the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the left
fetal hemoglobin
Which of the following shifts the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the left?
fetal hemoglobin
Which of the following triggers is most likely to cause auto triggerin
flow
Which of the following clinical disorders will cause an increase resonance to percussion?
hemothorax
Short inspiratory times create which of the following conditions on the ventilator
high flow and turbulent airflow
Which of the following might indicate poor nutritional status
high serum albumin level
What is a decrease in tissue oxygenation called
hypoxia
Which of the following is associated with a low protein diet
immune compromise
A home health respiratory therapist has been ordered to draw an arterial blood gas on a patient. The laboratory is 45 minutes ffrom the patients home. Which of the following would be the most appropriate way to tranport the blood sample?
in an ice bath
What could cause tissue hypoxia with normal arterial oxygenation
inadequate cardiac output
Which of the following has the potential to decrease a patients blood pressure?
increased PEEP
A decrease in compliance will have which effect on a volume ventilator
increased PIP and increased MAP
Which of the following is not associated with a high fat diet
increased carbon dioxide production
What dietary adjustment might be best for patients with more severe COPD
increased fats
Which of the following is a pulmonary effect of starvation
increased risk of pneumonia
Which of the following is not physiological effect of positive pressure ventilation
increased urine output
Measuring the patient's energy expenditure with the use of oxygen consumption is referred to as ____ calorimetry
indirect
What mineral plays a very important role in oxygen transport
iron
Which of the following is a true statement regarding the hypoxemia?
it occurs when the patient's PO2 is lower than predicted
Which of the following are ways to avoid ventilator associated pneumonia
keep head of bed >30 degrees, good oral hygiene every 2-4 hours, suction only as needed not routinely
Which of the following are ways to avoid VAP? Bubble all that apply.
keep head of bed at 30 degreees, Use Hi-Lo tubes, Anti-acids
White blood cells are also called__________?
leukocytes
Which of the following terms describes an overall abnormal decrease in white blood cell count?
leukopenia
What problem is associated with cyanosis of the oral mucosa?
low PaO2
Long inspiratory times create which of the following conditions on the ventilator
low flow and laminar airflow
Which of the following types of leukocytosis is typically seen in patients with viral infection
lymphocytosis
Another name for the Partial Protein Derivitve test is?
mantoux
Which of the following ventilator parameters is associated with oxygenation
mean airway pressures and positive end expiratory pressures
Where should a needle be placed to evacuate a pneumothorax?
mid clavicular between ribs 2 and 3
Which of the following types of white blood cells is physically the largest and possibly responsible for the pores of Khon?
monocyte
Which of the following types of white blood cells is physically the largest?
monocyte
Which of the following types of white blood cells is the largest?
monocyte
Patients with tuberculosis often have a significant increase in which white blood cell type
monocytes
During evaluation of the enzymes, what disorder is associated with elevation of troponin
myocardial infarction
Which of the following types of white blood cells fights bacterial infections?
neutrophil
This type of white blood cell is the main defense against bacteria?
neutrophils
Interpret the following venous blood gas. Interpret the following ABG. pH 7.33 CO2 47 O2 25 HCO3 24
normal lung values with low cardiac output
Which of the following describes a method to help patients suffering from sleep deprivation
observe ICU quiet times
Hypotension associated with changes in posture in patients with hypovolemia is known as _____ hypotension.
orthostatic
Hypotension that occurs when you stand up from a lying postition is known as.
orthostatic
The selected mode on a ventilator is pressure limited flow cycled and patient triggered. This describes which of the following modes
pressure support
A 62 year old man male patient is presenting with shortness of breath and has a BNP level of 590 pg/mL. What is likely his diagnosis
pulmonary edema
A patient presents with an elevated D-dimer. Which of the following would be a suspected disease process or condition?
pulmonary embolism
Which of the following is the most common site for arterial puncture?
radial artery
Which of the following terms describes the sinking inward of the skin overlying the rib cage with each inspiratory effort?
retractions
The selected mode on a ventilator is time cycled and flow cycled, patient and machine triggered, volume limited and pressure limited. This describes which of the following modes
simv
A therapist examining a patient encounters an area of skin along the right midaxillary line, which, when palpated, produces a crackling sound and sensation. This is an indication of ______________ in this patient.
subcutaneous emphysema
The medical term for whhen air accumulates under the skin is:
subcutaneous emphysema
What is nitrogen balance useful in determining
the adequacy of protein intake
Regarding skin testing, which of the following describes anergy?
the development of immune unresponsiveness to foreign material
A normal R/Q ratio is 0.8. What does an increase over I indicate
the patient is being overfed
Which of the following might hinder attempts at nutritional repletion in patients with respiratory disease
the use of bronchodilators, simple oxygen therapy, intubation
What test is most useful for screening a patient for protein malnutrition
triceps skinfold
A large number of epethilial cells indicates a sputum sample must be recollected.
true
A patient with an elevated platelet count is likely to develop blood clots?
true
Agonal respirations are ineffective respirations and must be treated with oxygen and ventilation.
true
Assessing the patient's level of consciousness is important because it:, assesses the adequacy of cerebral perfusion and oxygenation.
true
COPD patients should be encouraged to eat fats and avoid carbohydrates
true
Combativeness can be cuased by poor ventilation and oxygenation?
true
Elevation of CK-MB is associated with damage to the myocardium?
true
Elevation of Troponin suggests Myocardial infarction.
true
Erythrocytes is the term used for red blood cells?
true
Excudate fluids are caused by infectious processes
true
Fetid describes foul-smelling sputum?
true
Fever causes an increase in respirations
true
Hyperventilation should be used with all head injury patients to lower the ICP levels.
true
Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia are associated with irregular pulses and ECG readings?
true
Hypokalemia and hyperkalemia is associated with heart arrhythmia
true
If a patient has a +3 base excess, there is a metabolic alkalosis occuring
true
Iron deficiency is the most common type of anemia.
true
Low albumin levels may result in fluid leaking into the lungs?
true
Low albumin levels may result in pulmonary edema?
true
Low levels of sodium in the blood, suggests fluid overload?
true
Nasogastric tubes are used to decrease the excess acid in the stomach
true
Oxygen is essential for life because it is needed for cellular energy production
true
Positive pressure ventilation causes a decrease in systemic blood pressure
true
Positive pressure ventilation causes an increase in stomach ulcers
true
Positive pressure ventilation causes blood to back up to the brain
true
Positive pressure ventilation causes the thoracic pressures to remain supra-atmospheric throughout the respiratory cycle
true
Positive pressure ventilation increases the amount of ventilation to the upper portion of the lungs causing an increased shunt
true
Retractions are a sign of increased work of breathing.
true
Snoring can be a sign of obstructive sleep apnea.
true
Stridor is a sign of upper airway obstruction.
true
The most common type of anemia worldwide is the result of low blood iron levels
true
The total CO2 on the chemistry panel is the same thing at HCO3 on the arterial blood gas result
true
Thrombocytes is the term used for platelets?
true
Thromboocytes is the term used for blood platelets?
true
Tube feeding can lead to aspiration pneumonia when the tube is malposition
true
Tympanic percussion notes occur when the respiratory therapit percusses over air.
true
Venous return to the heart is enhanced by negative pressure ventilation
true
To avoid barotrauma peak inspiratory pressures should be maintained below what number
40 cm H2O
A patient smoked 2 packs of cigarettes a day for 20 years. What is the pack year history for this patient?
40 pack years
What is the normal value for arterial pH?
7.35-7.45
What is the normal value for PaO2 in the adult patient breathing room air?
80 to 100 mm Hg
The sensitivity of a laboratory test is 95%. Which of the following statements best explains what 95% sensitivity means?
95% of the time the test gives a true positive
The normal range for oral body temperature in most people is _____ to _____° F.
97; 99.5
Which Glasgow coma scale score is typically an indication for endotracheal intubation?
<9
Which of the following definitions is consistent with Frank hemoptysis?
Coughing up bright red fresh blood.
Hypoxemia results in which of the following?
Dilation of the blood vessels of the major organs, Constriction of the pumonary blood vessels, Dilation of the cerebral blood vessels
Secondary polycythemia can be caused by which of the following?
Diseases causing Chronic hypoxemia
A therapist walks into a room and notices the patient is unconcious. Which of the following would be the first concern for the RRT?
Does the patient have a patent airway
What is the term used to discribe eyes that do not turn when the head is rotated from side to side.
Dolls eyes
Which of the following disorders is associated with a barrel chest?
Emphysema (COPD)
Which of the following white blood cells would be elevated in a patient with asthma?
Eosinophils
Which of the following terms is used for red blood cells?
Erythrocytes
What is the RQ value of a patient on a pure carbohydrate diet?
1.00
For the test of collateral circulation in Allen's test, "pinking up" of the hand is normal if it occurs within ____ sec
10-15
For the test of collateral circulation in Allen's test, "pinking up" of the hand is normal if it occurs within _____s.
10-15
What is the typical life span of a red blood cell?
120 days
What is the normal value for Ca02?
16-20 mL/dL
What is the normal value for CaO2?
16-20 mL/dL
Which of the following ratios of HCO3-/PaCO2 results in a pH of 7.40
20:1
Which of the following ratios of HCO3-/PaCO2 results in a pH of 7.40?
20:1
pH 7.32, CO2 49, O2 85, HCO3 26 BE +4. Approximate the HCO3 value before compensation began
22
pH 7.32, CO2 49, O2 85, HCO3 29 BE + 4. Approximate the HCO3 value before compensation began.
25
The length of normal capillary refill is less than _____ second(s).
3
An arterial puncture site normally should be compressed for a minimum of ___ min after the puncture
3-5
An arterial puncture site normally should be compressed for a minimum of ____ min after the puncture
3-5
Neutopenic precautions refer to which of the following. Bubble all that apply.
A patient at high risk for bacteria infections, A patient with an extremely low neutrophil count
Neutopenic precautions refer to which of the following.
A patient with an extremely low neutrophil count
Which of the following breathing patterns is associated with fatigue of the diaphragm?
Abdominal paradox
Interpret the ABG pH 7.30 CO2 44 HCO3 22 BE -4
Acute Metabolic acidosis
Base line ABG pH 7.37, CO2 50, PaO2 60, HCO3 35 Interpret thesuperimposedABG. pH 7.32, CO2 50, PaO2 60, HCO3 26
Acute metabolic acidosis
Interpret the following ABG: pH 7.34, CO2 45, HCO3 21
Acute metabolic acidosis
Which of the following clinical disorders will cause an increase resonance to percussion?
Air trapping
Which of the following will cause a decrease in vocal fremitus upon palpation?
Air trapping
Which of the following tests is performed to check the collateral circulation of the radial artery before puncture?
Allen's test
Which of the following are ways to avoid VAP?
Anti-acids, keep head of bed at 30 degreees, Oral mouth care every 2-4 hours
The golden rule of bedside care can be summarized as:
As a caregiver, at all times treat a patient as you would hope to be treated if you were the patient.
Which of the following terms is used to describe an abnormal collection of fluid in the abdomen?
Ascites
This reflex shows spinal damage if the toes curve outward during the test.:
Babinski sign.
Which of the following is the best indicator of metabolic acid-base status
Base excess
Upon entering a patients room, the general appearance of the patient is cyanotic, unresponsive and agonal respirations. The first thing the respiratory therapist should do is.
Begin breathing for the patient with a bag mask device.
Before an ABG value is obtained, why should the patient's clotting parameters be evaluated
Bleeding time may be prolonged if they are abnormal
Before an arterial blood gas (ABG) value is obtained, why should the patient's clotting parameters be evaluated?
Bleeding time may be prolonged if they are abnormal.
What is the primary method of transporting oxygen in the blood?
Bound to hemoglobin
Which of the following terms descrbe normal breath sounds?
Bronchial
What procedure is performed by a pulmonologist to obtain organisms that may be present deep in the lung in patients with pneumonia?
Bronchoalveolar lavage
What procedure is performing by a pulmonologist to obtain organisms that may be present deep in the lung in patients with pneumonia?
Bronchoalveolar lavage
Which of the following terms applies to an abnormal increase in vocal resonance?
Bronchophony
A 62 year-old male patients is presenting with shortness of breath and has a BNP level of 590 pg/mL. What is his likely diagnosis?
CHF
Which of the following would be best used to assess arteria oxygenation
CaO2
Which of the following would be best used to assess arterial oxygenation?
CaO2
A flail chest causes which breathing pattern?
Chest paradoxical
Digital clubbing is associated with:
Chronic lung disorders causing low oxygen levels
Base line ABG pH 7.37, CO2 50, PaO2 60, HCO3 35 Interpret thesuperimposedABG. pH 7.32, CO2 60, PaO2 60, HCO3 26
Combined Acidosis
Interpret the ABG pH 7.20 CO2 50 HCO3 22 BE -4
Combined acidosis
Hyperventilation results in which of the following?
Constriction of the cerebral blood vessels
Hyperventilation with a ventilator results in which of the following?
Constriction of the cerebral blood vessels, decreased intercranial pressures
Which of the following laboratory procedures looks at cellular material, not whole cells?
Cytotology
Which of the following laboratory procedures loooks at cellular material, not whole cells?
Cytotology
A patient is posturing at times after a traumatic brain injury? The arms are turning outward from the patient. Which type of posturing is this?
Decerabrate
A patient is posturing after a traumatic brain injury? The arms are turning inward toward the patient. Which type of posturing is this?
Decorticate
How do we reduce the effects of low cardiac output created by positive pressure ventilation?
Decrease MAP
A quick way to help hypotensive patients is to:
Decrease PEEP
A shift to the right in the oxyhemoglobin curve has what effect on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?
Decreased
A 32 year old man comes to the emergency department after a traffic accident with the following data: pulse, 118 beats/min; respiratory rate, 27 breaths/min, blood pressure, 100/68 mm Hg; paradoxical chest movement on the left side; breath sounds decreased on the left; and ABG on room air (21%) as follows: pH, 7.32; PaCO2, 70 mm Hg; PaO2, 57 mm Hg; HCO3-, 23 mEq/L; base excess, 0; SaO2, 86%, CaO2, 15.2 vol%; Hb, 13.0 g/dL; P(A-a)O2, 18 mm Hg. Based on this information, what is the primary cause of the patient's hypoxemia?
Overall hypoventilation
Which of the following would be the best indicator of tissue oxygenation?
PO2
Which of the following parameters is the respiratory component of acid-base status?
PaCO2
Which of the following parameters is the respiratory component of the acid base status
PaCO2
Injury to the cervical spine roots C3 to C5 is associated with which of the following abnormalities?
Paralysis of the diaphragm
Base line ABG pH 7.37, CO2 50, PaO2 60, HCO3 35 Interpret thesuperimposedABG. pH 7.32, CO2 41, PaO2 60, HCO3 26
Partially compensated metabolic acidosis
Interpret the ABG pH 7.50, CO2 50, PaO2 85, HCO3 35
Partially compensated metabolic alkalosis
Base line ABG pH 7.37, CO2 50, PaO2 60, HCO3 35 Interpret thesuperimposedABG. pH 7.49, CO2 45, PaO2 60, HCO3 25
Partially compensated respiratory alkalosis
What term is used to describe secretions strictly from the lungs and lower airways?
Phlegm
An impression left in the skin, when pushed on with a finger describes what condition?
Pitting edema
Which of the following abnormalities would be associated with an increase in vocal resonance or whispering pectoraquay?
Pneumonia
Which of the following clinical disorders will cause a decrease in resonance to percussion?
Pneumonia
Which of the following will cause a decrease in vocal fremitus upon palpation?
Pneumothorax
Heavy smokers are prone to what change in the red blood cell count?
Polycythemia
Which of the following terms describes the sinking inward of the skin overlying the rib cage with each inspiratory effort?
Retractions
Which of the following clinical conditions is associated with the onset of pedal edema?
Right heart failure
Which of the following is the most common cause of jugular venous distention?
Right heart failure
A respiratory therapist (RT) examining a patient notes that on assessment of chest expansion with palpation, the right lower chest is found to lag behind the left lower chest. With which of the following problems is this finding consistent?
Right lung problem
Which of the following is the best definition of sputum?
Secretions from the nose, mouth, and tracheobronchial tree
Which of the following is not classified as a classic vital sign?
Sensorium
Which stain is used to detect PCJ?
Silver stain
During a brain death protocol a respiratory therapist notices that the patient has occaional shallow breaths. Which of the following actions should the therapist take?
Stop the test and place the patient back on the ventilator
During a brain death protocol, a respiratory therapist notices that the patient had one attempt to breathe. Which of the following actions should the therapist take?
Stop the test and place the patient back on the ventilator
Which of the following organisms is responsible for most cases of bacterial pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumonia
Which of the following adventitious lung sounds is most likely to be heard in a patient with croup or vocal cord paralysis?
Stridor
Which of the following adventitious lung sounds is related most closely to a life-threatening problem?
Stridor
Which of the following describes a heart murmur?
Swishing or sloshing of blood heard on auscultation
In the physical examination, subjective data gathered are referred to as:
Symptoms.
The Acid fast stain is used to identify which of the following pathogens?
TB
A pulse rate above the normal range is the definition of which of the following terms?
Tachycardia
Sputum that is sticky is described as.
Tenacious
If an infection is being effectively treated by an antibiotic, which of the following would be true?
The Gram-stained smear will no longer demonstrate the pathogen.
Which of the following is true regarding respiratory alkalosis?
The PaCO2 is less than 35 mm Hg
Interpret the following venous blood gas. pH 7.29 CO2 52 O2 25 HCO3 24
acute respiratory acidosis with low cardiac output
Which of the following will cause a decrease in vocal fremitus upon palpation?
air trapping
If a patient's cardiac output/blood pressure drops the body responds by
an increase in antidiuretic hormone a decrease in urine output and increase in pedal edema
The brain death determination test involving disconnecting a patient from the ventilator, providing 100% oxygen, and monitoring closely for spontaneous breathing is the __________________.
apnea test.
What is the number one cause of ventilator associated pneumonia
aspiration of contaminated oral and gastric secretions
The selected mode on a ventilator is time cycled patient or machine triggered and volume limited. This describes which of the following modes.
assist control-volume control, prvc
Which of the following terms describes an abnormal increase in red blood cell count?
polycythemia
Which of the following term describes the immature neutrophil and elevation indicates infiction?
bands
Which of the following terms describes the immature neutrophil and groups of musicians that play together
bands
Which of the following is the best indicator of metabolic acid base status
base excess
What problem is associated with an increased INR value
bleeding
What problem is associated with an increased PTT or INR?
bleeding
What problem is associated with an increased Prothrombin time (PTT)?
bleeding
What method of nutritional delivery is considered the least efficient
by IV line
Of which of the following components should the majority of dietary intake be made up
carbohydrates
Which of the following is produced when aerobic respiration consumes oxygen?
carbon dioxide
What is the direct effect of an increased PaCO2 on HCO3-
causes it to increase
What is the direct effect of an increased PaCO2 on HCO3-?
causes it to increase
A flail chest causes which breathing pattern?
chest paradoxical
Secondary polycythemia can be caused by which of following
chronic interstitial lung disease, congenital heart disease, living at high altitude, a patient with COPD
Interpret the following ABG pH 7.48 CO2 34 HCO3 29
combined acidosis
Interpret the following ABG: pH 7.20 CO2 47 HCO3 14
combined acidosis
Given the following ABG results interpret the acid-base status: pH 7.44 PaCO2 25 mm Hg HCO3- 17 mEq/L base excess -6 mEq/L
compensated respiratory alkalosis
Which of the following clinical disorders will cause a decrease in resonance to percussion?
consolidation
Hypercapnia results in the following
constriction of the blood vessels
Which of the following clinical conditions is associated with the onset of pedal edema?
cor pulmonale
The sweat chloide skin test can help determine if a patient has_____________?
cystic fibrosis
A quick way to help hypotensive patients is to
decrease PEEP
Increasing intrapulmonary pressure will
decrease cardiac output, decrease urine output and decrease blood pressure
How do we reduce the effects of low venous return on a ventilator
decrease volumes
A shift to the right in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve has what effect on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
decreased
Increased resistance will have what effects on the parameters of a pressure ventilator
decreased volume
The purpose of performing the sensitivity test on sputum sample is to:
determine the antibiotic that is most effective against the pathogen
The purpose of performing the sensitivity test on sputum samples is to:
determine the antibiotic that is most effective against the pathogen..
Hypoxemia results in which of the following
dilation of the cerebral blood vessels constriction of the pulmonary blood vessels dilation of the blood vessels of the major organs
When a patient experiences oliguria, what medication should the MD order
diuretics
Patients with allergic asthma, often have an elevation of this white blood cell?
eosinophils
Which of the following would occur in a patient with allergic bronchitis
eosinophils
Which white blood cell type is associated with extrinsic asthma and allergic reactions
eosinophils
Assessing the patient's level of consciousness is important because it:
evaluates the adequacy of cerebral perfusion and oxygenation.
What is often the first clinical sign that suggests the presence of hypoxemia
exertional dyspnea
What is often the first clinical sign that suggests the presence of hypoxemia?
exertional dyspnea
What gas is required for optimum production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
oxygen
Which of the following is an indicator of the energy requirements of the patient
oxygen uptake per minute
Baseline pH 7.36, CO2 55 O2 60 HCO3 35. Which superimposed blood gas show acute metabolic acidosis
pH 7.30 CO2 55 O2 60 HCO3 24
Baseline pH 7.36 CO2 55 O2 60 HCO3 35. Which superimposed blood gas shows acute respiratory acidosis
pH 7.30 CO2 65 O2 60 HCO3 35
Which blood gas shows kidney compensation?
pH 7.30, CO2 50, HCO3 35
Baseline pH 7.36, CO2 55. O2 60, HCO3 35. Which superimposed blood gas shows partially compensated respiratory acidosis?
pH 7.30, CO2 65, O2 60, HCO3 44
Which blood gas shows lung compensation?
pH 7.50, CO2 50, HCO3 34
Interpret the following ABG: pH 7.50 CO2 49, HCO3 30
partially compensated metabolic alkalosis
Which of the following ventilator settings is most associated with decreasing venous return and blood pressure
peep
Which of the following will cause a decrease in vocal fremitus upon palpation?
pneumothorax
Heavy smokers are prone to which of the folllowing?
polycythemia
Which of the following terms describes an abnormal increase in Hemoglobin and Hematocrit?
polycythemia
How do you decrease V/Q mismatch associated with positive pressure ventilation?
use modes that allow for spontaneous breaths
What is the most common physiologic cause of hypoxemia in patient's with lung disease
v/q mismatch
How does the cachectic appear physically
very thin and malnourished
Which of the following terms descrbe normal breath sounds?
vesicular
Which of the following may be more difficult with a high carbohydrate diet
weaning from mechanical ventilation
Retractions are observed:
when the work of breathing is very high.