Clinical Kinesiology and Anatomy Chapter 5
An ________ is a muscle that performs the opposite motion of the agonist.
antagonist
Passive insufficiency occurs to the ____________(the muscle that is relaxed and on the opposite side of the joint from the agonist)
antagonist
For a muscle to have an effective angle or pull to be a shoulder flexor and not a shoulder abductor, it would have to span the shoulder on what surface?
anterior surface
A muscle that is not as effective but does assist in providing that motion is called an _______ ________.
assisting mover
What motion must be neutralized so the agonists can do only hip extension? (referring to the Gluteus maximus, Hamstrings, Gluteus minimus)
hip lateral rotation
the ability to respond to a stimulus
irritability
Type of contraction where resistance to the part varies but the velocity, or speed, stays the same
isokinetic contraction
A/n ___________ contraction occurs when a muscle contracts, producing force without changing the length of muscle. Often used when movement isn't feasable
isometric
eccentric contractions are also known as
lengthening contraction
If a muscle can do two (or more) actions but only one is wanted, a ___________ contracts to prevent the unwanted motion.
neutralizer
the length of a muscle when it is unstimulated
normal resting length
Are exercises with weight cuffs open or closed kinetic chain?
open-chain
The more stable bone
origin
an agonist is sometimes referred to as the ______ ______.
prime mover
slight tension that is present in a muscle at all times, even when the muscle is resting
tone
In the case of elbow flexion, the antagonist is the _________ muscle.
triceps
Isotonic training uses what types of contractions? Is the resistance or velocity constant?
-Concentric and Eccentric -Resistance
___________ insufficiency occurs when a muscle cannot be elongated any farther without damage to its fibers.
Passive
AAROM
-Active Assisted Range of Motion
Which of these muscles are acting as agonist in hip extension? (Gluteus maximus, Hamstrings, Gluteus minimus)
Gluteus maximus and hamstrings
What muscle must act as a neutralizer to rule out the undesired motion? (Gluteus maximus, Hamstrings, Gluteus minimus)
Gluteus minimus
Angle of Pull
Angle between the muscle insertion and the bone of which it pulls
Muscle spindles sense:
Change in length
GTO's sense:
Change in tension
_______ kinetic chain exercises are based on the distal segment being fixed and the proximal end being moved. Example: Stand from sit
Closed.
the muscle's ability to recoil or return to normal resting length
Elasticity
the muscle's ability to shorten or contract when it receives adequate stimulation.
Contractility
the muscle's ability to stretch or lengthen when a force is applied.
Extensibility
Overhead wall pulleys are an example of closed kinetic chain exercises. (T/F)
False; open chain
Autogenic Inhibition
GTO'S override muscle spindles desire to contract and force muscle to relax
ROM
Movement at a joint
Active and Passive insufficiency only occur at what type of muscles?
Muscles that cross two joints
________ kinetic chain is where the distal segment is free to move while the proximal segment remains stationary.
Open
Reciprocal Inhibition
Relaxation of agonist allowed by contraction of antagonist
What is the term for describing a muscle contraction in which the proximal end moves toward the distal end?
Reversal of muscle action
What stretch is best for increasing resting length?
Static
____ refers to the force built up within a muscle
Tension
Passive Insufficiency
When a muscle that crosses two joints cannot be stretched anymore
Open chain =
When distal segment moves
Econcentric
When muscles cross two joints they concentricaly contract on one end and eccentricaly contract on the other
Closed chain=
When proximal segment moves
The flexor carpi radialis performs wrist flexion and radial deviation. The flexor carpi ulnaris performs wrist flexion and ulnar deviation. a. In what wrist action do the two muscles act as against? b. In what wrist action do they act as antagonists?
a. Agonists in wrist flexion b. Antagonists in ulnar/radial deviation
Sitting with a weight in your hand, forearm pronated, elbow extended, and shoulder medially rotated, slowly move your hand out to the side and raise it. a. What is the joint motion at the shoulder? b. Is an isometric, concentric, or eccentric muscle contraction occurring at the shoulder? c. What muscle group is contracting at the shoulder? d. What type of muscle contraction is occurring at the elbow? e. What muscle group is contracting at the elbow?
a. Shoulder abduction b. concentric c. shoulder abductors d. isometric e. elbow extensors
Usually when a muscle contracts, the distal attachment moves toward the proximal attachment. a. What is another name to describe the distal attachment? b. What is another name for the proximal attachment?
a. insertion b. origin
While lying supine with your arm at your side and with a weight in your hand, raise the weight up and over your shoulder. a. What is the joint motion at the shoulder? b. Is the muscle action during the first 90 degrees of the motion concentric or eccentric? c. Are the shoulder flexors or extensors responsible for this action? d. Is the muscle action during the second 90 degrees of the motion concentric or eccentric? e. Are the shoulder flexors or extensors responsible for this action?
a. shoulder flexion b. concentric c. shoulder flexors during first 90 degrees d. eccentric e. shoulder extensors during second 90 degrees
The point at which a muscle cannot shorten any farther is called
active insufficiency
What is the term for the situation in which a muscle contracts until it can contract no farther even though more joint range of motion is possible?
active insufficiency
Active insufficiency occurs to the __________ (the muscle that is contracting)
agonist
An _________ is a muscle or muscle group that causes the motion.
agonist
During elbow flexion, the biceps muscle is an ________ and the pronator trees is an ________ ______.
agonist, assisting mover
Examples of closed chain exercises
bench press, rowing machine, stationary bicycle, and stair stepper
Are wheelchair push-ups open or closed chain activity?
closed-chain activity
When the antagonist contracts at the same time as the against, it is called a ____________.
cocontraction
A/n _________ (concentric/eccentric) contraction occurs when there is joint movement. The muscles shorten, and the muscle attachments move toward each other.
concentric
A/n _________ (concentric/eccentric) contraction occurs when there is joint motion but the muscle appears to lengthen. The muscle attachments separate.
eccentric
Is walking downhill a concentric or an eccentric contraction of your quadriceps muscle?
eccentric
_________ contractions are used in deceleration activities and ________ contractions are used in acceleration activities
eccentric, concentric
Examples of open chain exercises
free weights
The more movable bone
insertion
origin is moving towards the insertion
reversal of muscle action
isometric means
same length
isotonic means
same tone or tension
another name for concentric contraction
shortening contraction
A muscle loses power quickly as it ________.
shortens
A __________ is a muscle or muscle group that supports, or makes firm, a part and allows the against to work more efficiently.
stabilizer
When performing a push-up, the agonists are the elbow extensor muscles, the abdominal muscle act as __________ to keep the trunk straight.
stabilizers
Muscle is strongest if put on a ________ prior to contracting
stretch
A ___________ is a muscle that works with one or more other muscles to enhance a particular motion
synergist