Clinical Kinesiology and Anatomy Chapter 5

An ________ is a muscle that performs the opposite motion of the agonist.

antagonist

Passive insufficiency occurs to the ____________(the muscle that is relaxed and on the opposite side of the joint from the agonist)

antagonist

For a muscle to have an effective angle or pull to be a shoulder flexor and not a shoulder abductor, it would have to span the shoulder on what surface?

anterior surface

A muscle that is not as effective but does assist in providing that motion is called an _______ ________.

assisting mover

What motion must be neutralized so the agonists can do only hip extension? (referring to the Gluteus maximus, Hamstrings, Gluteus minimus)

hip lateral rotation

the ability to respond to a stimulus

irritability

Type of contraction where resistance to the part varies but the velocity, or speed, stays the same

isokinetic contraction

A/n ___________ contraction occurs when a muscle contracts, producing force without changing the length of muscle. Often used when movement isn't feasable

isometric

eccentric contractions are also known as

lengthening contraction

If a muscle can do two (or more) actions but only one is wanted, a ___________ contracts to prevent the unwanted motion.

neutralizer

the length of a muscle when it is unstimulated

normal resting length

Are exercises with weight cuffs open or closed kinetic chain?

open-chain

The more stable bone

origin

an agonist is sometimes referred to as the ______ ______.

prime mover

slight tension that is present in a muscle at all times, even when the muscle is resting

tone

In the case of elbow flexion, the antagonist is the _________ muscle.

triceps

Isotonic training uses what types of contractions? Is the resistance or velocity constant?

-Concentric and Eccentric -Resistance

___________ insufficiency occurs when a muscle cannot be elongated any farther without damage to its fibers.

Passive

AAROM

-Active Assisted Range of Motion

Which of these muscles are acting as agonist in hip extension? (Gluteus maximus, Hamstrings, Gluteus minimus)

Gluteus maximus and hamstrings

What muscle must act as a neutralizer to rule out the undesired motion? (Gluteus maximus, Hamstrings, Gluteus minimus)

Gluteus minimus

Angle of Pull

Angle between the muscle insertion and the bone of which it pulls

Muscle spindles sense:

Change in length

GTO's sense:

Change in tension

_______ kinetic chain exercises are based on the distal segment being fixed and the proximal end being moved. Example: Stand from sit

Closed.

the muscle's ability to recoil or return to normal resting length

Elasticity

the muscle's ability to shorten or contract when it receives adequate stimulation.

Contractility

the muscle's ability to stretch or lengthen when a force is applied.

Extensibility

Overhead wall pulleys are an example of closed kinetic chain exercises. (T/F)

False; open chain

Autogenic Inhibition

GTO'S override muscle spindles desire to contract and force muscle to relax

ROM

Movement at a joint

Active and Passive insufficiency only occur at what type of muscles?

Muscles that cross two joints

________ kinetic chain is where the distal segment is free to move while the proximal segment remains stationary.

Open

Reciprocal Inhibition

Relaxation of agonist allowed by contraction of antagonist

What is the term for describing a muscle contraction in which the proximal end moves toward the distal end?

Reversal of muscle action

What stretch is best for increasing resting length?

Static

____ refers to the force built up within a muscle

Tension

Passive Insufficiency

When a muscle that crosses two joints cannot be stretched anymore

Open chain =

When distal segment moves

Econcentric

When muscles cross two joints they concentricaly contract on one end and eccentricaly contract on the other

Closed chain=

When proximal segment moves

The flexor carpi radialis performs wrist flexion and radial deviation. The flexor carpi ulnaris performs wrist flexion and ulnar deviation. a. In what wrist action do the two muscles act as against? b. In what wrist action do they act as antagonists?

a. Agonists in wrist flexion b. Antagonists in ulnar/radial deviation

Sitting with a weight in your hand, forearm pronated, elbow extended, and shoulder medially rotated, slowly move your hand out to the side and raise it. a. What is the joint motion at the shoulder? b. Is an isometric, concentric, or eccentric muscle contraction occurring at the shoulder? c. What muscle group is contracting at the shoulder? d. What type of muscle contraction is occurring at the elbow? e. What muscle group is contracting at the elbow?

a. Shoulder abduction b. concentric c. shoulder abductors d. isometric e. elbow extensors

Usually when a muscle contracts, the distal attachment moves toward the proximal attachment. a. What is another name to describe the distal attachment? b. What is another name for the proximal attachment?

a. insertion b. origin

While lying supine with your arm at your side and with a weight in your hand, raise the weight up and over your shoulder. a. What is the joint motion at the shoulder? b. Is the muscle action during the first 90 degrees of the motion concentric or eccentric? c. Are the shoulder flexors or extensors responsible for this action? d. Is the muscle action during the second 90 degrees of the motion concentric or eccentric? e. Are the shoulder flexors or extensors responsible for this action?

a. shoulder flexion b. concentric c. shoulder flexors during first 90 degrees d. eccentric e. shoulder extensors during second 90 degrees

The point at which a muscle cannot shorten any farther is called

active insufficiency

What is the term for the situation in which a muscle contracts until it can contract no farther even though more joint range of motion is possible?

active insufficiency

Active insufficiency occurs to the __________ (the muscle that is contracting)

agonist

An _________ is a muscle or muscle group that causes the motion.

agonist

During elbow flexion, the biceps muscle is an ________ and the pronator trees is an ________ ______.

agonist, assisting mover

Examples of closed chain exercises

bench press, rowing machine, stationary bicycle, and stair stepper

Are wheelchair push-ups open or closed chain activity?

closed-chain activity

When the antagonist contracts at the same time as the against, it is called a ____________.

cocontraction

A/n _________ (concentric/eccentric) contraction occurs when there is joint movement. The muscles shorten, and the muscle attachments move toward each other.

concentric

A/n _________ (concentric/eccentric) contraction occurs when there is joint motion but the muscle appears to lengthen. The muscle attachments separate.

eccentric

Is walking downhill a concentric or an eccentric contraction of your quadriceps muscle?

eccentric

_________ contractions are used in deceleration activities and ________ contractions are used in acceleration activities

eccentric, concentric

Examples of open chain exercises

free weights

The more movable bone

insertion

origin is moving towards the insertion

reversal of muscle action

isometric means

same length

isotonic means

same tone or tension

another name for concentric contraction

shortening contraction

A muscle loses power quickly as it ________.

shortens

A __________ is a muscle or muscle group that supports, or makes firm, a part and allows the against to work more efficiently.

stabilizer

When performing a push-up, the agonists are the elbow extensor muscles, the abdominal muscle act as __________ to keep the trunk straight.

stabilizers

Muscle is strongest if put on a ________ prior to contracting

stretch

A ___________ is a muscle that works with one or more other muscles to enhance a particular motion

synergist