Clinical Psychology Quiz Questions

The ______ typically consists of a full year of supervised clinical experience in an applied setting, and takes place before the doctoral degree is awarded. a. postdoctoral internship b. predoctoral internship c. first year of graduate school in a PhD program d. first year of graduate school in a PsyD program

b. predoctoral internship

The most common professional activity of clinical psychologists is_____. a. personality assessment b. psychotherapy c. teaching d. intelligence testing

b. psychotherapy

The term clinical psychology was first used in print in the year a. 1780 b. 1894 c. 1952 d. 1907

d. 1907

The first APA code of ethics was published in ______. a. 1990 b. 1896 c. 2002 d. 1953

d. 1953

DSM-5 was published in _____. a. 2001 b. 1994 c. 1980 d. 2013

d. 2013

According to Ellis' ABCDE model, "D" represents a. a dispute of the client's irrational thoughts. b. the domain of the client's life negatively influenced by the irrational thought. c. the drive with which the irrational thought is associated. d. a discussion of the feelings resulting from the client's irrational thoughts.

a. a dispute of the client's irrational thoughts.

Operant conditioning proposes that all human (and animal) actions are governed by ____. a. contingencies. b. secondary reinforcers. c. primary reinforcers. d. cognitions.

a. contingencies.

The use of technology, particularly the Internet, by clinical psychologists is often referred to as________. a. cybertherapy b. conference therapy c. digital therapy d. techpsychology

a. cybertherapy

According to psychodynamic psychotherapists, fixation at the oral stage can results in problems related to ____ later in life, fixation at the anal stage can results in problems related to _____ later in life, and fixation at the phallic stage can result in problems related to _____ later in life. a. dependency, control, self-worth b. control, dependency, self-worth c. dependency, self-worth, control d. self-worth, control, dependency

a. dependency, control, self-worth

For the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, _____ is a form of therapy that has received substantial empirical support. a. exposure and response prevention b. motivational interviewing c. behavioral consultation d. humanistic psychotherapy

a. exposure and response prevention

Compared to psychodynamic psychotherapy, cognitive psychotherapy tends to a. focus on the client's current problems. b. derive its roots from ancient dream analysis techniques. c. require a greater number of sessions. d. emphasize the past rather than the present.

a. focus on the client's current problems.

Patrick DeLeon, Morgan Sammons, and Robert McGrath are best known as advocates a. for prescription privileges for clinical psychologists b. for evidence-based psychotherapies. c. against evidence-based psychotherapies. d. for computer-based psychotherapies.

a. for prescription privileges for clinical psychologists

When a patient is asked to engage in_____, the patient's task is to verbalize any thought that comes to mind, no matter how nonsensical, inappropriate, illogical, or unimportant it may seem. a. free association b. projection c. word association d. fixation

a. free association

Jerome Wakefield is the creator of the theory of_____. a. harmful dysfunction b. aberrant behavior c. categorical disorders d. the unconscious

a. harmful dysfunction

According to the cognitive approach to psychotherapy, psychological problems arise from a. illogical thoughts or interpretations of events in our lives. b. classical or operant conditioning. c. incongruence between the real self and the ideal self. d. fixations at particular developmental stages in childhood.

a. illogical thoughts or interpretations of events in our lives.

A clinical psychologist a. must obtain written permission to videotape an interview. b. should always take written notes during an interview. c. should use an iPad for note taking, since research supports it is accepted better by clients than a laptop. d. should position himself behind a stately desk while conducting an interview.

a. must obtain written permission to videotape an interview.

Edward Lee Thorndike's law of effect provides the theoretical basis for ____. a. operant conditioning b. successive approximations c. classical conditioning d. graduated exposure

a. operant conditioning

An approach to psychotherapy in which specific therapy techniques are viewed as the choice for specific disorders is best described as the ____ approach. a. prescriptive b. common-factors c. relationship-based d. behavioral

a. prescriptive

The most common work setting for clinical psychologists since the 1980s is______. a. private practice b. university psychology departments c. medical schools d. psychiatric hospitals

a. private practice

Opponents of prescription privileges for clinical psychologists cite all of the following EXCEPT ________ as support for their argument. a. professional autonomy and identification for clinical psychologists b. the need for further training during or after graduate school c. questions about the type and length of required training d. the possibility that the practice of psychotherapy would decline

a. professional autonomy and identification for clinical psychologists

Of all defense mechanisms, _______ is typically considered to be the most mature or healthy by psychodynamic psychotherapists. a. sublimation b. displacement c. repression d. reaction formation

a. sublimation

In the context of the clinical interview, the term quieting yourself is best described as a. the interviewer's efforts to control his own internal, self-directed thinking pattern in order to enhance listening. b. the client's efforts to remain quiet in order to fully attend to the interviewer's questions. c. the interviewer's policy of remaining entirely silent during the interview in order to facilitate transference. d. the interviewer's efforts to control the volume of his speaking voice to match that of the client.

a. the interviewer's efforts to control his own internal, self-directed thinking pattern in order to enhance listening.

After a psychodynamic therapist makes an interpretation to a client, it can take many sessions for the client to incorporate that interpretation into his thinking and behavior. That post-interpretation period is often called______. a. the working-through process b. fixation c. transference d. the blank screen

a. the working-through process

A book entitled A Guide to Treatments That Work was published in ________and represented a significant step in the _______ movement. a. 1990, prescription privileges b. 1998, evidence-based practice c. 1960, humanistic psychotherapy d. 2005, psychotherapy via videoconferencing

b. 1998, evidence-based practice

_____is a pioneer of the humanistic approach to psychotherapy. a. Donald Meichenbaum b. Carl Rogers c. Sigmund Freud d. B.F. Skinner

b. Carl Rogers

In 1952, _____ made the (now refuted) claim that there was no proof that psychotherapy was efficacious. a. Lightner WItmer b. Hans Eysenck c. Dianne Chambless d. John Watson

b. Hans Eysenck

Ronald's parents inform him that they will only pay his college tuition and support his professional ambitions if he enters the profession of medicine, law, or engineering. What would a humanistic psychotherapist say Ronald's parents are doing in this scenario? a. Identifying Ronald's ideal self b. Placing conditions of worth on Ronald c. Placing congruence on Ronald d. Identifying Ronald's real self

b. Placing conditions of worth on Ronald

______, a treatment for phobias and other anxiety disorders, involves re-pairing a feared object with a new response that is incompatible with anxiety. a. Contingency management b. Systematic desensitization c. Behavioral consultation d. Exposure plus response prevention

b. Systematic desensitization

_____ of clinical psychologists use clinical interviews as part of their assessment process. a. Less than 5% b. The vast majority c. About half d. About 25%

b. The vast majority

The cognitive thought distortion defined as expecting the worst in the future when it is actually unlikely to occur is ______. a. overgeneralization b. catastrophizing c. personalization d. all-or-nothing thinking

b. catastrophizing

According to behavior therapists, a. phobias are behavioral manifestations of a disturbance in the unconscious. b. client behaviors are the problem. c. phobias result from incongruence between the real and ideal selves. d. client behaviors are symptoms of an underlying problem.

b. client behaviors are the problem.

Clinical psychology graduate programs that subscribe to the practitioner-scholar model of training a. emphasize research over practice b. emphasize practice over research c. equally emphasize research and practice d. typically award the PhD rather than the PsyD degree

b. emphasize practice over research

An element common to all kinds of psychological assessment is_____, which may take the form of a face-to-face meeting or written report. a. coaching b. feedback c. clinical utility d. validity

b. feedback

According to surveys of clinical psychologists since 1960, the popularity of psychodynamic psychotherapy a has remained constant. b. has generally decreased. c. decreased through the 1960s and 1970s, but increased in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s. d. has increased.

b. has generally decreased.

Compared to PhD programs, PsyD programs typically a. accept a smaller percentage of applicants b. have lower rates of success placing their students in APA-accredited predoctoral internships c. offer significantly more funding to enrolled students in the form of graduate assistantships, fellowships, and tuition remission. d. produce graduates who score higher on the national licensing exam (EPPP).

b. have lower rates of success placing their students in APA-accredited predoctoral internships

Since the 1980s, the popularity of cognitive psychotherapy among clinical psychologists has____. a. decreased slightly b. increased c. decreased greatly d. remained constant

b. increased

According to the psychodynamic approach, the actual plot of a dream as the dreamer remembers it is the_____. a. dream work b. manifest content c. latent content d. projection

b. manifest content

According to Cummings (2007), _____% of prescriptions written for psychoactive medications come from primary-care physicians. a. 30 b. over 80 c. under 10 d. 50

b. over 80

An individual's _____ is how the person actually is at present; the _____ is what a person could be if he or she fulfilled his or her potential. a. ideal self, real self b. real self, ideal self c. fulfilled self, actual self d. actual self, fulfilled self

b. real self, ideal self

Psychiatrists a. earn the same degree and receive the same license as clinical psychologists. b. tend to emphasize biological aspects of clinical problems to a greater extent than clinical psychologists. c. can prescribe medication in all 50 states, while clinical psychologists cannot prescribe in any state. d. are most likely to use psychotherapy and other "talking cures" to treat patients.

b. tend to emphasize biological aspects of clinical problems to a greater extent than clinical psychologists.

Behavioral activation is based on the simple idea that a. depressed people think illogically. b. the day-to-day lives of depressed people lack positive reinforcement. c. depressed people lack social skills. d. the brains of depressed people are chemically imbalanced.

b. the day-to-day lives of depressed people lack positive reinforcement.

Recalling the plant metaphor from the textbook, a sun shining sunlight on all angles of a plant is analogous to a. conditions of worth. b. unconditional positive regard. c. the ideal self. d. the real self.

b. unconditional positive regard.

The term common factors refers to the idea that a. the techniques used by behavioral, humanistic, psychodynamic, and cognitive psychotherapists are essentially similar. b. various forms of psychotherapy work about equally well because of fundamental, shared components. c. projective and objective personality tests share essentially the same structure. d. intelligence tests by various authors (e.g., Wechsler and Binet) are based on the same underlying factors.

b. various forms of psychotherapy work about equally well because of fundamental, shared components.

Since the first edition of the APA ethics code, ________ revised editions of the ethical code have been published. a. 20 b. 0 c. 9 d. 2

c. 9

_____ is a short-term humanistic therapy that emphasizes the expression, acknowledgment, and healing power of emotions in the present moment. a. Genuineness therapy b. Congruence therapy c. Emotional focused therapy d. Gestalt therapy

c. Emotional focused therapy

The current edition of the APA ethical code includes two distinct sections: _____ and ______. a. Research Standards, Practice Standards b. Aspirational Goals, Enforceable Principles c. General Principles, Ethical Standards d. Assessment Code, Treatment Code

c. General Principles, Ethical Standards

______'s 1950s assertion that therapy had no positive outcome helped to jumpstart what has evolved into the evidence-based practice movement. a. Raymond Cattell b. William F. Buckley c. Hans Eysenck d. Patrick H. DeLeon

c. Hans Eysenck

______ is a contemporary variation of psychodynamic psychotherapy. a. Exposure plus response prevention. b. Motivational interviewing. c. Interpersonal therapy. d. Time-limited thought shaping

c. Interpersonal therapy.

Which of the following statements most accurately summarizes the results of the thousands of psychotherapy efficacy studies that have been conducted? a. Psychotherapy with female clients works; psychotherapy with male clients does not work. b. Psychotherapy does not work. c. Psychotherapy works. d. It is not possible to determine whether psychotherapy works.

c. Psychotherapy works.

Hippocrates identified an imbalance in _______ as the source of abnormality. a. spiritual harmony b. the ego c. bodily fluids d. the unconscious

c. bodily fluids

Burnout a. occurs at high levels in less than 1% of psychologists, according to survey data. b. is surprisingly more common among therapists who believe they have sufficient social support. c. can significantly impair the competence of a clinical psychologist. d. is less likely to occur when a clinical psychologist is overcommitted to clients or earns a low salary.

c. can significantly impair the competence of a clinical psychologist.

In the stages of change model developed by Norcross, Krebs, and Prochaska (2011), a patient in the _____ stage is aware that a problem exists, considering doing something to address it, but is not ready to commit to any real effort in that direction. a. preparation b. action c. contemplation d. precontemplation

c. contemplation

Boundary crossings a. are never unethical if initiated by the client. b. are never unethical if approved by the client. c. often seem minor and harmless, but set a precedent for more serious boundary violations. d. are more severe than boundary violations.

c. often seem minor and harmless, but set a precedent for more serious boundary violations.

The cognitive thought distortion defined as assuming excessive personal responsibility for negative events is____. a. overgeneralization b. all-or-nothing thinking c. personalization d. catastrophizing

c. personalization

Compared to PhD programs, PsyD programs tend to a. offer significantly more funding to enrolled students. b. accept and enroll a much smaller percentage and number of applicants. c. place less emphasis on research-related aspects of training and more emphasis on clinically relevant aspects of training d. graduate students in a longer time period (about 1.5 years longer)

c. place less emphasis on research-related aspects of training and more emphasis on clinically relevant aspects of training

A strategy for disseminating psychotherapy treatments supported by efficacy research in which groups of researchers and practitioners collaborate throughout the research is known as____. a. communal research b. effectiveness research c. practice-oriented research d. collaborative research

c. practice-oriented research

The DSM is primarily authored by_____. a. psychologists b. social workers c. psychiatrists d. counselors

c. psychiatrists

In humanistic psychotherapy, ______ takes place when a therapist responds to a client by rephrasing or restating the client's statements in a way that highlights the client's feelings or emotions. a. emotional transference b. congruence c. reflection d. countertransference

c. reflection

Sherrie is diagnosed with depression. She believes she is unlovable, cries several hours per day, consumes less calories, and thinks her symptoms will never end. In treatment, a behavior therapist is most likely to target a. the number of calories Sherrie consumes and her belief that she is unlovable. b. Sherrie's emotional sadness. c. the amount of time Sherrie cries each day. d. Sherrie's thought that her symptoms will never end.

c. the amount of time Sherrie cries each day.

Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. As with previous editions, the current edition of the DSM instructs clinicians to provide multiaxial diagnoses. b. Although many publications print the newest diagnostic manual's title as DSM-5, the correct printing requires a Roman numeral (DSM-V) c. the current DSM eliminates the five axis diagnostic system. d. The current DSM requires a GAF score to accompany all diagnoses.

c. the current DSM eliminates the five axis diagnostic system.

Advantages of the emergence of manualized therapies with empirical support include a. an increase in unique, idiosyncratic forms of therapy created by individual psychotherapists. b. enhanced autonomy for clinicians as they deliver psychotherapy services. c. the establishment of minimal levels of competence for the field. d. increased reliance on the clinical judgment of each psychotherapist.

c. the establishment of minimal levels of competence for the field.

Dr. Brox creates a new assessment technique, the Superior Clinical Interval for Therapists (SCIT). We can say that SCIT has_____ if it measures what it claims to measure. We can say the SCIT has _____ if it yields consistent, repeatable results. a. statistical utility, clinical utility b. reliability, validity c. validity, reliability d. clinical utility, statistical utility

c. validity, reliability

According to a survey of experts in the field of clinical psychology (Norcross, Pfund, & Prochaska, 2013), which of the following is likely to happen in the near future? a. A rise in the use of classic psychoanalysis. b. A decline in the use of eclectic/integrative approaches to psychotherapy. c. A decline in the use of evidence-based forms of psychotherapy. d. A rise in the use of cognitive and behavioral approaches to psychotherapy.

d. A rise in the use of cognitive and behavioral approaches to psychotherapy.

Prior to Freud, a. mental health professionals did not generally acknowledge mental activity occurring outside of the conscious awareness. b. the idea of the unconscious was popular among psychiatrists. c. the influence of the unconscious was linked to depression and anxiety. d. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow introduced the concept of the unconscious.

d. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow introduced the concept of the unconscious.

Which of the following is UNLIKELY to enhance rapport in a clinical interview? a. Efforts by the interviewer to put the client at ease, especially at the beginning of the interview. b. Efforts by the interviewer to notice how the client uses language, and then following the client's lead. c. Acknowledgment by the interviewer that the clinical interview is a unique, unusual situation. d. Excessive small talk used to distract the client from the awkwardness of the interview.

d. Excessive small talk used to distract the client from the awkwardness of the interview.

Which of the following is NOT among the Ethical Principles listed in the most recent edition of the APA ethical code? a. Respect for People's Rights and Dignity b. Integrity c. Beneficence and Nonmaleficence d. Fair Billing and Reporting

d. Fair Billing and Reporting

Rollo's therapist is applying a technique in which he emphasizes how Rollo's behavior is inconsistent with his goals and values. Which of the following techniques is Rollo's therapist likely using? a. Interpersonal psychotherapy b. Psychoanalysis c. Gestalt therapy d. Motivational interviewing

d. Motivational interviewing

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is most closely associated with ______. a. Marsha Linehan b. Aaron Beck c. Judith Beck d. Steven Hayes

d. Steven Hayes

Referring to a client by the proper name a. includes making assumptions about nicknames that a psychologist uses for the client across treatment. b. is not particularly relevant when developing rapport. c. is always achieved by addressing the client by his first name. d. can be accomplished by asking the client how he would like to be addressed early in treatment.

d. can be accomplished by asking the client how he would like to be addressed early in treatment.

Positive working relationships with clients a. are not dependent on the interviewer's attitude and actions. b. should be established immediately for assessments but over time for therapy. c. are required for clients who self-pay but only recommended for those who use insurance. d. can be developed using attentive listening, appropriate empathy, and genuine respect.

d. can be developed using attentive listening, appropriate empathy, and genuine respect.

For the profession of clinical psychology, confidentiality a. should be negotiated with a client at the onset of treatment. b. is absolute. c. does not apply to legal minors. d. can ethically be broken in specific situations.

d. can ethically be broken in specific situations.

Advocates for prescription privileges for clinical psychologists cite_____as support for their argument. a. an excess of psychiatrists, especially in rural areas b. the opportunity to work collaboratively with physicians c. the ability to replace psychotherapy with medication d. convenience for clients

d. convenience for clients

John is an undergraduate psychology major. He wishes to become a clinical psychologist. In order to reach this goal, John must a. complete 300 clinical internship hours while an undergraduate student b. earn a master's degree in clinical psychology c. earn a bachelor's degree in psychology d. earn a doctoral degree in clinical psychology

d. earn a doctoral degree in clinical psychology

A(n)_____ approach to psychotherapy involves selecting the best treatment for a given client based on empirical data from studies of the treatment of similar clients. a. integrative b. psychodynamic c. behavioral d. eclectic

d. eclectic

The extent to which a psychotherapy works in "real-world" settings (such as clinics, private practices, and hospitals) is best described as the ______ of that form of psychotherapy. a. none of the above b. evidence c. efficacy d. effectiveness

d. effectiveness

Rollo May, Victor Frankl, and Irvin Yalom are closely associated with ______psychotherapy. a. psychodynamic b. gestalt c. behavioral d. existential

d. existential

Compared to long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy, brief psychodynamic psychotherapy a. typically requires at least 24 sessions. b. is better suited for clients with severe (rather than mild) pathology. c. focuses more on the past than the present. d. involves a more narrow focus on specific clinical problems.

d. involves a more narrow focus on specific clinical problems.

Internet gaming disorder a. has diagnostic criteria that were revised from the DSM-IV to DSM-5 b. is a new diagnosis included in the DSM-5. c. is diagnosed when an individual uses income from stolen goods to pay for online gaming memberships. d. is listed in the Emerging Measures and Models section of the DSM-5.

d. is listed in the Emerging Measures and Models section of the DSM-5.

Relative to its prominence in the early and mid-1900s, psychodynamic psychotherapy is currently a. more prominent. b. equally prominent. c. more prominent for adult therapists and less prominent for child therapists. d. less prominent.

d. less prominent.

Tatiana Tarasoff a. is the chair of the committee that created the most recent edition of the APA code of ethics. b. is a leading researcher in the field of informed consent for psychotherapy. c. was the author of the tripartite model of personal identity. d. was a college student whose murder resulted in the creation of the duty to warn.

d. was a college student whose murder resulted in the creation of the duty to warn.

The first edition of the DSM was published in _____. a. 1952 b. 1986 c. 1914 d. 1930

a. 1952

The most recent edition of the APA ethics code was published in ______. a. 2002 b. 1990 c. 1962 d. 1976

a. 2002

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) is the therapy approach created by____. a. Albert Ellis b. B.F. Skinner c. Aaron Beck d. Donald Meichenbaum

a. Albert Ellis

In the United States, what is the most up-to-date, prevailing diagnostic guide for mental health professionals? a. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition b. International Classification of Diseases, 10th Edition c. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Disorders, 6th Edition d. International Classification of Diseases, 9th Edition

a. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition

In the early 1900s, ______ argued that the classical conditioning lessons learned from Ivan Pavlov's experiments with dogs should apply to humans also. a. John Watson b. Sigmund Freud c. Donald Meichenbaum d. Edward Lee Thorndike

a. John Watson

_____ refers to being able to pay attention in the present moment to whatever arises internally or externally, without becoming entangled or wishing things were otherwise. a. Mindfulness b. Commitment thinking c. Personalization d. All-or-nothing thinking

a. Mindfulness

______ occurs when a patient forms a relationship with a therapist in which he unconsciously and unrealistically expects the therapists to behave like important people in his life. a. Transference b. Countertransference c. Allegiance effects d. Reflection

a. Transference

The career of Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with ____therapy. a. behavior b. humanistic c. psychodynamic d. cognitive

a. behavior

In the mid-1990s, _______ developed a classification system to treat World War II soldiers that had a significant influence on the creation of the first DSM. a. the World Health Organization. b. the U.S. Army and Veterans' Administration c. NATO d. The European Psychiatric Association

b. the U.S. Army and Veterans' Administration

The DSM reflects a medical model of psychopathology. This means that a. each mental disorder is a by-product of a medical disorder centered in a part of the body other than the brain. b. psychotherapy cannot be expected to succeed unless it is accompanied by medication. c. each mental disorder is an entity defined categorically and features a list of specific symptoms. d. medication is the only acceptable form of treatment for mental disorders.

c. each mental disorder is an entity defined categorically and features a list of specific symptoms.

According to Ellis' ABCDE model, "C" represents_____. a. choice behavior b. applied conditioning c. emotional consequence d. cognition

c. emotional consequence

The quality of ____ describes a match between a therapist's real and ideal selves. a. empathy b. conditional worth c. genuineness d. congruence

c. genuineness

According to the most recent edition of the APA ethical code, it is necessary to obtain _____before proceeding with research, psychotherapy, or assessment. a. informed assent b. assent c. informed consent d. consent

c. informed consent

Cultural variables are important in the context of a clinical interview. For example, compared to traditional Western culture, Asian cultures tends to feature a. more physical touch. b. more eye contact between members of the opposite sex. c. less physical touch. d. more eye contact.

c. less physical touch.

________ is defined as any consequence that makes a behavior less likely to occur in the future. a. Implosion b. Exposure c. Reinforcement d. Punishment

d. Punishment

A major difference between predoctoral and postdoctoral interns is a. predoctoral interns often have more responsibilities than postdoctoral interns b. predoctoral interns practice under supervision, while postdoctoral interns practice independently c. predoctoral interns have not yet earned their doctoral degree, while postdoctoral interns have d. predoctoral interns work in psychiatric hospitals, while postdoctoral interns work in university counseling centers

d. predoctoral interns work in psychiatric hospitals, while postdoctoral interns work in university counseling centers

The Boulder model of training is also known as the _____ model of training a. practitioner-scholar b. clinical psychologist c. clinical scientist d. scientist-practitioner

d. scientist-practitioner

Humanistic psychotherapists believe that individuals are born with a tendency toward healthy growth. The term that best describes this tendency is ______. a. unconditional positive regard b. transference c. insight d. self-actualization

d. self-actualization

Websites such as psychologicaltreatments.org and effectivechildtherapy.org best illustrate a. a trend toward providing psychotherapy services online, rather than in person. b. the ever-increasing presence of the Internet in individuals' lives. c. the APA's commitment to release all of its major publications online. d. the continued growth of and focus on evidence-based practice in clinical psychology.

d. the continued growth of and focus on evidence-based practice in clinical psychology.

Effective interviewers are skilled at _____, or repeating key words and phrases back to their clients to ensure the clients that they have been accurately heard. a. developing positive relationships b. eye contact c. quieting themselves d. verbal tracking

d. verbal tracking