RMPSS Tossups

In a Slavic myth, one of these objects is stolen every night by a mysterious culprit whom the tsar orders hunted down and defeated. Some of these objects are held onto by a group that includes Aegle [EE-glee], Ery·theia ["airy"-THEE-ah], and a hundred-headed dragon. In Greek myth, these objects are used as distractions during a (*) footrace instigated by Hippo·menes [hih-PAW-muh-neez]. In Latin, the word for one of these objects is nearly homophonous with the word for "evil." In Norse mythology, these objects are guarded by Bragi's wife Idunn. The Garden of the Hesperides [heh-"SPARE"-ih-deez] is home to "golden" varieties of—for 10 points—what fruit that was awarded to Aphro·dite in the lead-up to the Trojan War?

apple [or malum; accept golden apple; prompt on fruit before "fruit"]

One use of it has been to suggest that a large axion decay constant, naively ruled out due to its prediction of an overabundance of dark matter, is allowed due to a highly tuned initial angle. Hoyle's argument for the existence of a particular resonance of carbon-12 is often considered a use of this principle. In cosmology, it is the subject of a book by Barrow and Tipler. Its name was coined by Brandon Carter, and one prominent use is Stephen Weinberg's 1987 prediction of a small cosmological constant on the basis of galaxy formation. Its weak form is a tautological statement that the universe must be compatible with our knowledge that carbon-based life exists. For 10 points, what is this controversial principle which in one strong form relies on an ensemble of universes in which we live in a rare habitable region?

the anthropic principle

A Brazilian man known only as the Man of the Hole is believed to hold this distinction. A woman with this distinction is known for her drawings of the area around the Exploits River, which she made at the behest of William Eppes Cormack. Thomas Talbot Waterman interviewed a man with this distinction, who was found in the corral of a slaughterhouse near Oroville after his family was killed in the (*) Three Knolls Massacre. The woman known variously as Nancy April and Shanawdithit had this distinction. A man with this distinction was given a name meaning "man" in the Yana language, and is the subject of a biography titled for him "in two worlds," written by Theodora Kroeber. For 10 points, what distinction was held by a member of the Yahi people named Ishi?

the last surviving member of their tribe [accept the last surviving speaker of their language]

This philosopher argued that the fertility of a country's soil affects its type of government, with barren soil leading to republics. His major work claims that differences in (*)) climate lead to different national characteristics, and uses the Ottoman Empire as an example of a state ruled by fear. His theory that the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government should be separated inspired America's founding fathers. For 10 points, name this French author of The Spirit of the Laws.

Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu

In one work, this philosopher debunks the conception of children as essentially being small versions of adults. In another work, the collective of all citizens is viewed as a separate body from the government known as the state when passive and the sovereign when active. In that work, this philosopher stresses the importance of expressing the general will and states that citizens secure liberation from the state of nature by entering in the titular agreement. For 10 points, name this French author of Emile and The Social Contract.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

This character proclaims that tarantulas are the best "world-maligners" and "heretic-burners" in an extended discussion of a tarantula nest. This character analogizes one's neighbors to "poisonous flies in the market-place" in a speech attacking society that he gives at the town of the Motley Cow. He has a dream in which he sees a devil with scornful laughter after a child shows him a mirror. This character, who spends ten years studying alone in the mountains, proclaims the idea of "eternal (*) recurrence" as a "joyful truth." After speaking to an old man, this character expresses his author's idea that "God is dead!" For 10 points, name this character who "speaks" in a philosophical novel by Friedrich Nietzsche, and who is named for a Persian prophet.

Zarathustra [accept Also Sprach Zarathustra or Thus Spake Zarathustra; do not accept or prompt on "Zoroaster"]

Herman Philipse wrote a manifesto defending this position. A philosopher most famous for defending this position held a salon which Jean-Jacques Rousseau called his "coterie," and may be the basis for the character of Wolmar in Rousseau's Julie. The fact that he held this position is practically all that we know about the ancient Greek philosopher Diagoras. This position was famously laid out in the book The System of (*) Nature, by the Baron d'Holbach. Johann Gottlieb Fichte was forced to resign from Jena after being accused of holding this position. The so-called "Four Horsemen" who are famous for defending this position include Sam Harris and Christopher Hitchens. For 10 points, name this philosophical position, which holds that deities do not exist.

atheism [prompt on "anti-religion" or similar answers; prompt on "materialism"]

Among those influenced by this school was one Diodorus Chronos, who applied its cosmological precents to time, while a man held to have been himself influence on it was a Samian philosopher and admiral who would actually probably have been very critical of such core concepts it espouses like motion. Aristotle would later criticise the lack of explanation for motion, causing Epicurus to fill in one with a concept that Lucretius would call clinamen or "swerve". Inspired by Melissus and his concept of all reality as unbroken and uncuttable, but breaking with him in the suggestion of a void in which only certain uncuttable parts move, for 10 points name this school whose primary proponents are Leucippus and Democritus.

atomists

Plutarch claims that a philosopher who studied these objects blinded himself to better refine his faculties in studying them; that philosopher believed that these things coalesce into layers called eidola ("eye-DOH-lah"). A six-book Latin poem in dactylic hexameter argues that these entities created anima, animus, and other concepts through a process of clinamen ("CLIH-nah-men") or "swerve." Tradition holds that the first philosophy of these objects is presented in (*) Leucippus' book Big World-System. These objects occupy a cosmic void and create free will in Lucretius's poem De Rerum Natura. The materialist philosopher Democritus believed that these objects made up the universe. The Greek word for "indivisible" provides the name of, for 10 points, what units that make up matter?

atoms

Al-Ghazali conceived of these things as only being able to gain attributes through 'arad [UH-rahd] or "accidents" of God's intent. A different notion of these things posits that they exist along with kenon and was created by the "laughing philosopher." Free will exists due to the clinamen [KLIH-nah-men] or "swerve" of these things according to On the Nature of Things by (*) Lucretius. They are contrasted with "corpuscules" because the latter form part of an infinite reality and thus cannot be split. According to Epicurus, all existence consisted of the void and these. This word's use in the modern scientific sense was promoted by John Dalton. For 10 points, Democritus thought that the universe was made of what indivisible units, which in real life are divisible into nucleons and electrons?

atoms [do not accept or prompt on "substances" or "monads"]

This concept is exemplified in a figure who is attracted to the "durability of a stone" and denies the racism of the world and its social institutions. One thinker used the figures of the Narcissist, the Woman in Love, and the Mystic to illustrate this concept. A different thinker demonstrated this concept by describing a woman on a first date who misconstrues compliments about her physical appearance as compliments about her consciousness. This concept can refer to those who refuse to stop being children and is used to describe women who try to attain happiness by (*) subjecting themselves to the Other. This concept is illustrated with the example of a waiter who tries to conform to his idea of what a waiter should be. This concept may be surpassed if one's facticity and transcendence are in harmony and is discussed at length in Being and Nothingness. For 10 points, name this concept central to the work of Jean-Paul Sartre, a condition in which one does not live authentically.

bad faith [prompt on inauthenticity or deception or similar]

A type of "voluntarism" whose name derives from this Greek word was considered conceptually impossible by Bernard Williams. Aristotle added the prefix en- to this word to refer to a more stable version of this concept applied to groups instead of individuals. The Septuagint renders the Hebrew word kavod ("kah-VOHD"), meaning "glory," as this Greek word. It's not techne ("TEK-nee"), but the distinction between episteme ("ep-ih-STEE-mee") and this term is important to Plato's epistemology. In On Nature, Parmenides distinguished between two "ways," one of which is named after the word (*) aletheia ("ah-leth-AY-uh") and the other of which is named after this word. A type of logic which treats belief as a modal operator has a name consisting of this word plus the letters "S-T-I-C." For 10 points, name this four-letter Greek word for "opinion" or "belief," from which English words beginning with the prefixes "ortho" and "hetero" derive.

doxa [accept doxastic; accept dokein]

In his Twenty Verses, the Buddhist philosopher Vasubandhu uses a crude example of one of these events to argue against the idea that apparent objects do not lead to causal results. The best-known book by Norman Malcolm uses Wittgenstein's "private language" argument to claim that these events can never be verified as experiences. Aristotle claimed that these events arise from the residual movement of organs, while another philosopher used a story involving one of these events to illustrate the "Transformation of Things." The example of one of these events providing the experience of sitting in front of a fire is used to argue that we can't trust our senses at the beginning of Descartes's Meditations. In one story, Zhuangzi ("JWONG-dzuh") isn't sure whether he or a butterfly originated one of these events. For 10 points, name these mental events whose "interpretation" titles a book by Sigmund Freud.

dreams [accept word forms and more specific examples, such as waking dreams and lucid dreams; accept wet dreams, because that's what the Vasubandhu anecdote is about]

This concept is illustrated by a story in which a man drives a carriage into a ditch because he shivers so much from the reed coat he is wearing. A book named after this concept argues that the "beginning" of this concept is to "not presume to injure" our bodies, "to every hair and bit of skin." That book is made up of eighteen short chapters, some of which are titled for this concept "in the common people" and "in the princes of states." This concept was extended to apply to the "five (*) bonds," a set of relationships including "friend to friend" and "husband to wife." Books on this concept include a collection of twenty-four "exemplars" of this concept, as well as a "classic" of this concept framed as a dialogue between Zengzi ("tsung-tsuh") and his teacher. The common charge during the Tang Dynasty that Buddhist beliefs undermined this concept was countered with stories like Mulian ("moo-lee-en") Rescues His Mother. For 10 points, name this Confucian virtue of respect for one's parents.

filial piety [or xiao]

Aristotle argued that this concept's opposite always arises from pleonexia. In the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle analyses one species of this concept in terms of geometric proportions, while he calls the other "rectificatory." In an earlier text, Thrasymachus claims that this concept is really only "the advantage of the (*) stronger." A definition of this concept is supported by Glaucon's story of the Ring of Gyges. This concept is finally defined as "minding one's own business" after definitions like "doing good to friends and harm to enemies" are rejected in Book IV of Plato's Republic. For 10 points, name this concept that Aristotle related to equality and fairness.

justice [or dikaiosune; do not accept or prompt on similar terms like "fairness"]

The theory of special relativity uses reference frames to explain one of these statements involving an astronaut twin. These concepts often arise from thought experiments, such as a time traveler killing his own ancestor. The phrase "this phrase is (*)) false" is an example of these statements, because it cannot seem to be true or false. For ten points, name this type of confusing statement or argument, which logically contradicts itself.

paradox (accept word forms, like paradoxical statement; prompt on descriptions, like self- contradiction, before said)

One concept in this philosophical movement is the idea that an individual can perceive not only the features of some object before him, like the whiteness of a billiard ball, but also has a sense of a "universal" whiteness beyond this specific example, a perception called "eidetic intuition" by this movement's putative founder. That founder developed this movement from his study of "intentionality" as described by Franz Brentano, and he presented this examination of our perceptions of objects outside our consciousness in his Logical Investigations. FTP what is this 20th-century philosophical movement first elucidated by Edmund Husserl?

phenomenology

Ideas from this movement were used to attack the logical positivists by William Quine, while its namesake "maxim" describes how one should approach philosophy. One paper from this school distinguishes between "tender" and "tough" types of people, and criticizes an argument over whether a (*) squirrel is running around a tree; that paper is "A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking." The founder of this philosophy wrote the essay "How to Make Our Ideas Clear." Along with Charles Sanders Peirce ["purse"], John Dewey and William James were members of this school. For 10 points, name this school of philosophy arguing for a focus on problems with practical consequences.

pragmatism (accept word forms)

In 20th century philosophy, the question of what does or doesn't count as this activity was the"problem of demarcation." A 1962 book defined the "normal" type of this activity as an accumulation of results from "problem-solving," and used Wittgenstein's image of the "duckrabbit" to show how different types of it might perceive differently. This activity is disrupted during times of "paradigm shift" according to philosopher (*) Thomas Kuhn, and its claims must be falsifiable according to Karl Popper's work on this type of discovery. In 1620, a new way of doing this was proposed in Novum Organum. For 10 points, name this method of academic inquiry championed by Francis Bacon, whose "revolutions" might replace ideas such as Newtonian physics with special relativity.

science [or scientific method; or scientific research; or scientific revolutions]

In Person and Object, Roderick Chisholm claims that the parts of one of these object exist by virtue of other things, while one of these things exists by virtue of itself. In How to do things with Words, J.L. Austin uses drunkenly naming one of these things Mrs. Stalin as an example of a failed speech-act. Otto Neurath described the sum of human knowledge as one of these things that must be constantly repaired while in use. Thomas Hobbes proposed a variant of a puzzle involving one of these objects in which a second one of these objects is secretly built from parts of an original. Plutarch describes an Athenian custom of replacing the boards of one of these things as they decayed, leading to a debate over its identity once all the planks were replaced. For 10 points, name these things, of which one belonging to Theseus was the subject of an ancient paradox regarding identity.

ships [accept boats, Ship of Theseus, Neurath's Boat, Neurath's Raft]

It argues for commodification as "mean and squalid" in section five, "Discipline," and identifies matter, not as a substance, but as a phenomenon. Other sections of this 8 part work include "Discipline," where its author notes that "sensible objects conform to premonitions of reason," and "Prospects," the latter of which quotes a poem by George Herbert that begins "Man is all symmetry." Its "Introduction" notes that this work will concern itself with the "NOT ME" and asserts that the universe is composed of the Soul and the title entity. Perhaps most famous for its metaphor of a "transparent eyeball" that sees nothing but sees all, it was partially completed in the same room as Mosses for an Old Manse. Published in 1836, a year before its author would make a name for himself with his "The American Scholar," for 10 points, identify this first major essay by Ralph Waldo Emerson.

"Nature"

This work argues that every ready-made phrase "anaesthetizes a portion of one's brain," and posits the necessity of letting "the meaning choose the word, and not the other way around." This essay uses the image of a speaker whose glasses turn into "blank disks which seem to have no eyes behind them" to illustrate that "orthodoxy...seems to demand a lifeless, imitative, style." It updates a clear passage from Ecclesiastes into "modern English of the worst sort" to explain the perils of dying metaphors, pretentious diction, and meaningless words, and explains that in modern times, "political speech and writing are largely the defense of the indefensible." Connecting the decline of the second title entity with political conformity, FTP, name this essay by George Orwell.

"Politics and the English Language"

This work proposes a solution that it credits to Moisey Ostrogorsky, though, at its end, it admits that the men it describes are nowhere to be found, and thus that "it is not summer's front which lies before us, but first of all a polar night of icy darkness and severity." This work gives Maecenas and Tammany Hall as examples of "enterpreneurs" who can use money to gain power, while naming the anti-democratic stances of the Catholic Centre Party and the Social Democrats as responsible for the impotence of Parliament in Germany. It proposes a "plebiscitarian" solution to the central problem of how bureaucracy can be subordinated to democracy, identifies tradition, legality, and charisma as the three sources of legitimation, and defines the state as the entity with a "monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force." For 10 points, identify this speech, which was delivered, a year after a companion lecture on careers science, to graduates in Munich in 1918, and consists of analysis of the role of the professional party employee by Max Weber.

"Politics as a Vocation" [or "Politik als Beruf"]

This work responds to what it terms the '"laziness" of a certain philosopher's "principle of least action" by claiming that the statement "Quality q is at x; y; z; t" can never be translated into the world of sense data. This work references Frege's example of "Morning Star" and "Evening Star" and Bertrand Russell's discussion of "Scott" and "The Author of Waverly". It also discusses Carnap's Aufbau in the later section "The Verification Theory and Reductionism". This paper not only attacks reductionism, but also uses the phrase "No bachelor is married" to attacking the logical positivists' distinction between analytic truths and synthetic truths, the other title concept. For 10 points, name this essay by Willard Van Orman Quine.

"Two Dogmas of Empiricism"

This figure experienced the Seven Sorrows, which include misplacing a child in a temple and hearing the prophecy of Simeon. This religious figure was the daughter of Anne, and she caused Elizabeth's son to leap for joy in her womb. This woman, called Theotokos [thay-oh-toh-kos] in Greek, was (*) conceived immaculately, and she received a prophecy from Gabriel before giving birth in a stable in Bethlehem. For 10 points, name this wife of Joseph, the mother of Jesus.

(Blessed) Virgin Mary (accept Mother Mary; prompt on "Holy Mother" or "Holy Virgin;" prompt on "Our Lady of (Seven) Sorrows" or "Mother of Sorrows")

One form of this action, Fajr [fah-jur], consists of 2 raka'at [ray-kah-aht] before sunrise. The adhan is a call by the muezzin for people to perform this action, which is preceded by wudu, a ritual washing. This action, led in congregation by the (*) imam, is the second pillar of Islam. For 10 points, name this religious practice, called salat in Arabic, that is performed five times each day while facing Mecca.

(Islamic) prayer (accept salat before mention)

This author wrote about "Irma's Injection" in his 1900 book The Interpretation of Dreams. "Anna O.," "Little Hans," and the "Wolf Man" were some of the patients who sought advice from his Vienna clinic. "Jokes and their Relation to the (*)) Unconscious" is an essay by this man, whose "structural theory" proposed that the mind is divided into the id, the ego, and the superego. For 10 points, name this Austrian founder of psychoanalysis.

(Sigismund Schlomo) Sigmund Freud

A 2016 paper by Heyes et al. suggests that the presence of manganese dioxide at Pech-de-l'Azé may mean that it was used in the production of this technology, whose competitive advantage is discussed in a 2009 popular book by Richard Wrangham ["RANG"-um]. The oldest known evidence of this technology was found in Wonderwerk [VAWN-dehr-vairk] Cave in South Africa. This technology was used in processing silcrete, making it easier to flake. The development of this technology is believed to have extended the waking portion of the human Circadian rhythm to its current 16 hours. It was used to (*) harden weapons like the Lehringen Spear. Percussive and friction methods of creating this technology are represented by bow drills and striking flint with metal. For 10 points, what is this technology used to cook food?

(human control of) fire [or similar answers such as flames; prompt on heat]

Book 5 of a novel from this century describes a girl named Sophie and claims that "the whole education of women ought to be relative to men," while men's education ought to help them stay "natural." A political manifesto from this century was rewritten from a feminist standpoint by (*) Olympe de Gouges [oh-"LAMP" duh GOOZH]. In this century, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman was written by Mary Wollstonecraft in response to the sexist ideas on education put forth in the novel-treatise Émile, which was published alongside The Social Contract in this century. For 10 points, name this century when Catherine the Great exchanged letters with Voltaire.

18th century [or 1700s]

Norbert Elias critiqued this model for its over reliance on the concept of the nation-state and its use of social-context free "pattern variables." Its formulator associated a "symbolic medium of exchange" to each function, they include: money, power, influence and commitment. Its functional scheme can be divided into external and internal problems, as well as long and short intervals. A central function in this model is carried out by institutions such as religion and the media, and is called Integration. Outlined in its developer's work The Social System, for 10 points, name this sociological paradigm of structural functionalism, some of whose core functions include Adaptation and Latency, developed by Robert Merton and Talcott Parsons, it is typically known by its four-letter acronym.

AGIL paradigm

In one myth, this figure fell in love with Leuce and turned her into a white poplar tree after her death. Pirithous tried to abduct this god's wife, and was consequently trapped in a rock for eternity. This god abducted his wife from (*) Demeter and forced her to stay with him after she ate pomegranate seeds. For 10 points, name this husband of Persephone, the Greek god of a namesake underworld.

Hades (accept Pluto before "Greek" is read)

Zeus wanted to marry this figure's mother until a prophecy foretold that this man would become greater than his father. After his death, Ajax and Odysseus fought over his armor. Paris killed this friend of Patroclus with a carefully aimed arrow, even though his mother had protected him as a child by (*) dipping him in the river Styx. For 10 points, name this Greek mythical hero whose only vulnerability was his heel.

Achilles

In one work, this anti-mercantilist philosopher noted that it wasn't benevolence, but self- interest, that made "the butcher, the brewer, or the baker" offer their services. That work by this author notes the power of division of labor and explained how (*) markets regulate themselves with the "Invisible Hand" metaphor. For 10 points, name this Scottish economist, the author of The Theory of Moral Sentiments and The Wealth of Nations.

Adam Smith

This thinker compared a working-class person to an Indian prince at the head of "1000 naked savages." This man's namesake problem is to reconcile his virtue ethics with his political philosophy. This man contrasted value-in-use and value-in-exchange to explain why diamonds are more expensive than water. He dismantled Colbert's [COLE-bears] (*) mercantilism in a book which argues that, by attempting to further his own needs, a man improves society as a whole because of an "invisible hand." He used a pin factory to argue for division of labor in that proto-capitalist text. For 10 points, name this Scottish author of The Wealth of Nations.

Adam Smith

This man "was not Iago and not Macbeth" according to one work, and The Life of the Mind discusses his "manifest shallowness." Ward Churchill referred to 9/11 victims as "little [this figure]s," and according to one work this "joiner" could only utter clichés. This man's claim that he followed Kantian ethics is rebutted in a book by the author of The (*) Human Condition. That work originally written for the New Yorker depicts this man in a glass cage in a courtroom, and is subtitled "a report on the banality of evil." For 10 points, name this Nazi official and organizer of the Holocaust who titles a Hannah Arendt analysis about his trial in Jerusalem.

Adolf Eichmann (accept Eichmann in Jerusalem)

This man failed to kill his enemy's bastard son Halesus, and his own children included Aletes and Erigone. After being sheltered for a time at the court of King Cylarabes, he chose to ignore a warning from Hermes and instead pursued an opportunity that resulted from Nauplius's quest for revenge. His father was also his grandfather, having raped his daughter Pelopia to produce this man.One story of his death states that he was fooled by an urn supposedly containing his killer's ashes presented to him by Pylades. He had earlier killed the twin sons of Cassandra and stabbed his enemy twice after his co-conspirator threw a net over that enemy. His adulterous co-conspirator then took an axe and beheaded this man's enemy in a bathtub. For 10 points, name this son of Thyestes who slew Atreus and convinced Clytemnestra to kill Agamemnon.

Aegisthus

A conservative offshoot of this denomination founded in 2009 is headquartered in Ambridge, Pennsylvania. In 2008, members of this denomination issued the Jerusalem declaration following a major seven-day convention in Jerusalem, which was followed up with a similar conference in Nairobi in 2013. This denomination has held the Lambeth Conferences every ten years since 1867. The Global South consists of 25 of this denomination's 38 (*)) provinces. Over 40 million members of this denomination - a majority - live in Africa, and provide the bulk of opposition within it to same-sex marriage. A head of this denomination drew massive criticism for attempting to gain acceptance for women as bishops and basically accepting Sharia law in his country; that man, Rowan Williams, has since been replaced by Justin Phelby. For 10 points, name this church whose head is the Archbishop of Canterbury.

Anglican Church [or Church of England]

A saint of this name gave his follower Serapion a sheepskin cloak after his death. A Portuguese saint of this name converted the heretics of Rimini after he went to a river, started preaching, and numerous fish listened to his sermons. An order named for another saint of this name became renowned for treating "holy fire," or ergotism. A saint of this name, who was the subject of a biography by Athanasius, was a (*) hermit who once found a plate made of silver in the desert. That figure of this name was a desert father who supposedly encountered a demonic satyr and centaur while trying to find Paul, and once saw many little demons while occupying a cave. For 10 points, give this name of an Alexandrian saint whose "temptation" was frequently depicted in art.

Anthony [accept Saint Anthony the Great or Saint Anthony of Padua or Anthony of Lisbon]

This god's mother was often depicted as either a hawk or a woman with falcon's wings. This son of Nephthys is assisted by the crocodile-headed Ammit in his most famous task. This "Guardian of the Scales" weighs humans' (*) hearts against the feather of Ma'at to determine passage to the afterlife. He is often depicted with the head of a jackal. For 10 points, name this Egyptian god of the afterlife and mummification.

Anubis

This goddess turned the spilled blood of her lover into sea anemones after he was killed by a boar. This goddess, who was worshipped at Cythera, was offered to a misshapen god, but her infidelity was exposed by Helios. She was the lover of (*) Adonis, and was trapped by her husband when this mother of Eros had an affair with Ares. For 10 points, name this wife of Hephaestus, the Greek goddess of love and beauty.

Aphrodite (accept Venus before "Cythera" is read)

According to Plato and Pausanias, this was the only region of Greece that practiced human sacrifice, specifically at a temple of Zeus in the mountains. This region uniquely worshiped Demeter's daughter Despoina, whose mysteries were at Lycosura. This region's name derives from a son of Zeus and Callisto hidden here whenHera made Callisto a bear. A king of this region murdered his son Nyctimus and became the first (*) werewolf. In the Metamorphoses, Zeus decides to flood the world because this region's king, Lycaon, serves him human flesh. Its most famous resident made a set of pipes out of the transformed nymph Syrinx. For 10 points, name this mountainous region of the Peloponnese home to Pan, a creepily violent place usually depicted as a pastoral utopia.

Arcadia

This mythological figure spent some time on Sardinia, fathering two sons Kharmos and Kallicarpos- he also fathered a daughter Macris, who took the name Nysa and nursed the infant Dionysius in a cave on Euboea. One story says that Zeus summoned the Etesian Wind after this figure built an altar, saving the inhabitants of Ceos from a drought. In another story, this figure's mother tells him to consult the sea god Proteus and bind his hands together so he can't shape-shift, after which Proteus tells him to sacrifice an ox. That mother of his is Cyrene, who was whisked off to Libya and impregnated by Apollo, resulting in this deity who married Autonoe and fathered Actaeon. Virgil claims that he caused the death of Eurydice after attempting to rape her, and he lost a contest when the wine of Dionysius proved tastier to the gods than (*) this deity's honey. FTP, name this Greek god of cheese-making, best known for taming a bunch of his beloved bees.

Aristaeus

One proof of it proved the strict neutrality lemma whereby all binary social rankings are made the same way; that proof was published by John Geankopolos. Two possible solutions to this paradox include finding some sort of commonality amongst individual preferences, or determining single-peakedness, if there is any; these solutions were advanced by Duncan Black. The theorem itself can be constructed under assumptions which include independence of irrelevant alternatives, monotonicity, and citizen sovereignty, the latter two of which may be substituted with an assumption of Pareto efficiency. For 10 points, name this eponymous economic theory that demonstrates the failure of voting systems based on individual preference to construct a social preference.

Arrow's Impossibility Theorem [or Arrow's paradox]

This goddess tricked the Aloadai giants into killing each other, preventing them from scaling Mount Olympus. One version of the story of Orion's death gives this goddess as the cause, after her brother tricked her into using Orion's head as a target. She and her brother worked together in response to Niobe's claim that her fourteen children made her superior to their mother, killing her children to avenge Leto. This goddess was angry when her nymph Callisto was seduced by Zeus, and directly after her birth, she assisted her mother in birthing her brother. Another story concerning this goddess revolves around her punishing Actaeon for spying on her while bathing by turning him into a stag, after which he was killed by hounds. This goddess notably ruled the Hyperboreans and the Amazons. For 10 points, identify this sister of Apollo, the virgin Greek goddess of the hunt.

Artemis

This mythological figure drove Aglauros and Herse to kill themselves after they looked inside a chest this figure entrusted to their sister Pandrosus. That chest contained a son of this figure who later overthrew Cecrops and instituted the festival of this deity. This deity's son Ericthonius was born after Hephaestus attempted to rape her. This goddess produced an olive branch to win a contest against Poseidon. She famously sprung fully formed from the head of Zeus. For 10 points, name this Greek goddess of wisdom.

Athena

One of this faith's members summarized its principles in the Tablet to the Hague. A symbol of this religion is the Ringstone. Four goals of this religion were developed in the Ten Year Crusade, and one of its leaders eulogized two brothers and attacked a critical cleric in the Epistle to the Son of the Wolf. This religion's only Guardian was (*) Shoghi Effendi. Jesus and the Bab were among the Manifestations of God in this religion whose holy text, the Book of Certitude, was written by Baha'u'llah. For 10 points, name this Persian religion centered in the Universal House of Justice in Haifa.

Baha'i faith

The second leader of this religion wrote the book The Secret of Divine Civilization. This religion's founder announced he was "He whom God shall make manifest" at the Garden of Ridvan and later wrote The Seven Valleys. The Ten Year Crusade was launched to promote this religion by its (*) "Guardian," Shoghi Effendi. This religion uses a nine-pointed star as a symbol and its primary text is the Book of Certitude. The founder of this religion was a follower of the Bab, and this religion is centered at the Universal House of Justice in Haifa, Israel. For 10 points, name this Middle Eastern religion founded by Baha'ullah.

Baha'i faith

One of this belief's holy texts states that those who "tread the path of faith" and "thirst for the wine of" truth "must cleanse themselves of all that is earthly." That work, the Book of Certitude, was retranslated into English by one of its leaders Shoghi Effendi, along with the Epistle to the Son of the Wolf and The Seven Valleys. Followers of this faith observe eleven holy days over the course of a year divided into nineteen months with nineteen days. They believe that all religions, though possessing different tenets and creeds, originate from a same identical God. For 10 points - name this Persia-based religion whose most famous prophets include Siyyid Ali-Muhammad, or the Bab, and Baha'u'llah.

Bahai

In one poem titled for this figure, Odin disguises himself as Vegtam to find out why this deity is having bad dreams, and in the Gesta Danorum he is badly wounded by Miming's sword. The dwarf Lit died on one of this god's possessions, and that possession was launched by Hyrokkin. The land of "fewest baneful runes" was home to his hall Breidablik, and his brother Hermod was denied while petitioning on his behalf by the giantess Thokk, really Loki in disguise. This owner of the ship Hringhorn was the father of Forseti by Nanna, and Vali was born to avenge his death. For 10 points, identify this Norse god of light, killed with a mistletoe dart by his brother Hodr.

Baldur [accept Balderus or Phol]

This thinker believed that climate affected behavior, with those living in cold climates being vigorous, noble and trusting, and those in hot climates strong, mercurial, and passionate. This man wrote an epistolary work in which the behaviors of Europeans are at first comically misinterpreted by Usbek and Rica, who converse in the titular Persian Letters. He distinguished between monarchical, republican, and despotic governments in his best-known work, which greatly influenced Locke and Jefferson. FTP who is this Frenchman who articulated the "separation of powers" in his The Spirit of the Laws?

Baron Montesquieu (Charles de Secondat)

This book argues that because we exist as part of the past without being able to live in the past, Descartes' cogito should be re-worded as "I think, therefore I was." This book gives the example of confusing a mannequin for a real person as an example of a phenomenon that it argues is the origin of sexual desire. This book argues that emotional alienation results when one avoids experiencing one's own subjectivity by identifying with (*)) "the look" of the other and introduces a term for adopting false values and disowning one's own authenticity. A consciousness conceived as a lack of being is described in this book as being-for-itself, which is contrasted with being-in-itself. For 10 points, name this book that introduced the concept of "bad faith," an existentialist tome by Jean-Paul Sartre.

Being and Nothingness: An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology [or L'Être et le néant: Essai d'ontologie phénoménologique]

This philosopher introduced an analogy describing where the burden of proof should rest, which is called his "teapot." This thinker wrote a work that argues we can avoid the ramified theory of types by introducing the axiom of reducibility. In another work, he describes how a woman married to a syphilitic man would be told to avoid birth control by the Church. This thinker's namesake paradox refers to the set of all sets that do not contain themselves. This philosopher is best known for a three volume work describing the basic analysis derived from fundamental axioms. For 10 points, identify this author of Why I Am Not a Christian who collaborated with Alfred North Whitehead to write Principia Mathematica.

Bertrand Russell

This deity convinced a moon god to return Tara to her husband Brhaspati. He tricked Taraka into accepting a boon of limited invulnerability and talked the ketaki flower into lying about his having traveled to the end of a huge burning lingam. The sage Daksha was born from the right thumb of this inhabitant of Satyaloka. His ten children share a collective title with the Vedic god with whom he was identified, Prajapati. He rides a (*) swan, like his wife Saraswati, and he is often depicted holding a water pot, a sacrificial ladle, a string of prayer beads, and a copy of the Vedas. He was born from a lotus that grew out of Vishnu's navel. For 10 points, name this four-headed, four-armed "creator" member of the Hindu Trimurti.

Brahma [accept Brahm (eliding the final 'a'); do not accept "Brahman" or "Brahmana" or "Brahmin" or "Brahms", but do accept "hey remember that IS-set tossup on the letters 'B-R-A-H-M', wasn't that a trip"]

His beard turned red due to the brightness of the flaming discus used to slay Jalamdhara, and Kartikeya was born as a result of a boon this deity granted Taraka that made him nearly invincible. His two halves are referred to as Purusha and Satrap, and the Prajapatis were born from the head of this figure. Growing five heads in order to never lose sight of Shatarupa, he lost one after lying about reaching one end of the lingam. His city is located atop Mount Meru, and Sarasvati is his consort. For 10 points, identify this member of the trimurti, the Hindu god of creation.

Brahma [do not accept Brahman or Brahmana]

One church that originated in this country was accused of murdering the British child Anna Climbie after she was allegedly possessed by demons. One evangelist in this country aroused controversy by kicking a statue of the Virgin Mary on national TV in 1995. That televangelist was a member of this country's Universal Church of the Kingdom of God, which is led by Bishop Edir Macedo. This country's Cardinal Odilo Scherer was a leading candidate to replace Pope Benedict XVI. It's not in Africa or North America, but in one religious tradition from this country, participants wear white and worship Olodumare and other orixas ("oh-REE-shah"). This country's state of Bahia is home to a large population of black Muslims. For 10 points, name this country where the syncretic religion of Candomblé ("CAN-dom-BLAY") originated among slaves brought by Portuguese colonizers.

Brazil

A language from this country does not follow the "immediacy of experience principle," according to a "reassessment" of it by Nevins, Pesetsky, and Rodrigues ("rod-REE-gez"). Many dialects of this country's most common language feature L-vocalization and palatalization of the stops "t" and "d" into affricates ("AFF-ruh-kits") before a high front vowel. A scholar who wrote about a language in this country in the book Don't Sleep, There Are Snakes claims that its apparent lack of recursion is evidence against Chomsky's universal grammar; that linguist is Daniel Everett. Unlike its European counterpart, many dialects of the most common language in this country, such as carioca ("kah-ree-OH-kah") and paulista ("pow-LEECE-tah"), replace the informal second-person "tu" with the formal "você" ("vo-SAY"). For 10 points, name this country home to the tribal language of Pirahã ("PEE-ruh-hah") and the majority of the world's speakers of Portuguese.

Brazil [or Federative Republic of Brazil; or República Federativa do Brasil]

This man contributed the forward to Reo Fortune's Sorcerers of Dobu. Mauss criticized this thinker for ignoring the mapula, an error this man admitted in a work which discusses the "theory of primitive communism". Another of his works showed how communities founded on "mother-right" did not experience the the Oedipus complex. In addition to writing works discussing both Crime and Custom, as well as Sex and Repression, "in Savage Society", he conducted "participant observation" in the Oaxaca valley of Mexico and the kula ring between Trobiand islanders. For 10 points, name this Polish functionalist anthropologist, the author of Coral Gardens and their Magic as well as Argonauts of the Western Pacific.

Bronislaw Kasper Malinowski

In x-bar theory, one category of words denoted by this letter can be question and tense-positive or negative. This letter also denotes the type of selection in which affixes select the category of the morpheme they are affixed to. This letter denotes a category of words such as "that" and "whether" in syntactic theory. This letter is used to denote a "j" sound in the Turkish alphabet. This is the alphabetically prior letter whose pronunciation is affected by the Habsburg (*) lisp in Spanish. In archaic Spanish and modern French, the cedilla diacritic can be applied to this letter. In Pinyin, this letter is pronounced as "ts", and it's not "g", but this letter evolved from the Phoenician and Greek letters gimel and gamma. For 10 points, name this letter that can stand for "complementizer" or "category" in syntax.

C [accept Complementizer, COMP, CP, c-selection]

This state is home to Matthew Barnett's Dream Center in Echo Park, near the former site of Life Bible College, which is the educational arm of a denomination founded in this state. In 2008, a Lake Forest megachurch in this state hosted the Civil Forum on the Presidency between John McCain and Barack Obama and was moderated by the author of The Purpose Driven Life. A Roman Catholic diocese in this state recently purchased the building where Robert Schuller hosted the Hour of Power; that building is a Philip (*) Johnson-designed glass church. Aimee Semple McPherson founded the Church of the Foursquare Gospel in a southern city in this state, which is home to the Rick Warren's Saddleback Community Church near Mission Viejo in Orange County. For 10 points, name this state, home to the Archdiocese of Los Angeles.

California

One leader of this group was expelled after its army was disbanded with the 1955 assassination of Th?. This group's godhead is symbolized by a left eye on a sphere and its theology posits three periods, each of which sees teaching by Buddhas, then Sages, then (*)) Saints. Founded after a 1919 seance, this religion is headed from Tay Ninh by a Giao Hoang or Pope and some of its sects venerate Pericles, Victor Hugo, and Sun Yat-sen. For 10 points- name this syncretic religion of Vietnam.

Cao Daism

This monastic order permanently gave up meat after its seven founding monks allegedly fell asleep for forty-five days and awoke to find their meat turned to ash. Philip Groning spent six months filming the lives of some of these monks for his 2005 documentary Into Great Silence. This order, which was founded by Bruno of Cologne, has an emblem which includes a banner with seven stars and the motto "the cross stands rm while the world turns." On Mondays, members of this contemplative order take a long walk called a spatiamentum. The monks of this order occupy themselves by distilling a sweet liqueur which has given its name to a greenish-yellow color. This hermit order lives in monasteries called "charterhouses." For 10 points, name this monastic order which is named for its founding monastery near Grenoble in the French Alps, the Grand Chartreuse.

Carthusian Order [accept the Order of Saint Bruno until "Bruno"]

One man with this last name included Narcissism and Pugnacity in a list of "ergs," or innate drives. An unrelated woman with this last name extended the age range of the Stanford-Binet test down to 3 months with a namesake Infant Intelligence Scale. That woman, Psyche, was the daughter of a man with this last name who taught Edward Thorndike and experimented with hashish while working as an assistant to Wundt. The first man with this last name distinguished between crystal and fluid forms of intelligence, while the second man with this last name founded Popular Science and Scientific Monthly. The first man with this last name studied with Charles Spearman, and used Spearman's method of factor analysis to develop a list of 16 primary traits and then derive the "Big Five" global personality traits. For 10 points, give this last name shared by psychometricians Raymond and James McKeen.

Cattell

Kropotkin's The Conquest of Bread begins by supporting this man's ideas on segregation. He theorized that the society he was creating would lead to an era of 8,000 years of happiness in which androgynous plants would copulate, six moons would orbit the earth, and there would be 37 million humans on earth whose skill rivals Homer. The ideas that he formed were implemented in La Reunion and the New England Community Place. Most of his ideas can be found in his The Theory of the Four Movements, which proposed that humanity would be ruled by an omniarch and live in cities called phalanxes. Influencing people like Robert Owen and George Ripley, for 10 points, name this Utopian theorist from France.

Charles Fourier

This philosopher wrote a series of six essays in The Monist arguing that properties of the universe had evolved in Darwinian fashion, as a result of the "tendency of things to acquire determinate properties" combined with "absolute chance." Aside from supporting that theory, which he termed "tychism," this thinker argued that icons, indices, and symbols were three examples of "hypostatic abstraction" through which "representations" could produce "interpretants." This philosopher developed the groupings of "Firstness," "Secondness," and "Thirdness" in his paper "On a New List of Categories," and argued that a blanket refusal to adapt one's opinions to new information constituted the "method of tenacity." For 10 points, name this author of "The Fixation of Belief" and "How to Make Our Ideas Clear," an American Pragmatist.

Charles Sanders Peirce ("purse")

A proposed refutation of this "from a Logical Point of View" by Jack Copeland involves people playing cricket at a gym. One argument against this asserts that Maxwell's Theory of Electromagnetic Waves cannot be disproved by waving a magnet in front a light bulb and generating no light. Besides that illumination argument against it by the Churchlands, one argument against it asserts that the entire system accomplishes what this formulation claims to refute. Other proposed refutations of it include the Other Minds, Many Mansions and Robot Replies. The title entity is capable of passing the Turing Test, and its formulator argued against the notion of Strong AI. For 10 points, identify this thought experiment asserting that a man given rules to manipulate characters is not truly understanding the namesake language, which was proposed by John Searle.

Chinese Room

Retrospection and Introspection, No and Yes, and Unity of Good are three of the Prose Works authored by the founder of this religion. This religion fosters a discussion of 26 set topics twice each on every Sunday during the Lesson-Sermon, and its services are conducted by Readers. The literature of this religion is distributed in its namesake "Reading Rooms," which publisher Virginia Harris helped popularize. Augusta Stetson was excommunicated by its Mother Church, which is in Boston. For 10 points, name this Christian denomination whose namesake discipline is laid out along with "Health with Key to the Scriptures," founded by Mary Baker Eddy.

Christian Science

This religion's founder was healed by Phineas Quimby, and later wrote The Manual of the Mother Church. Branch churches in this religion do not use an article in their name so as to not be confused with the Mother Church in Boston. There are 26 topics for this religion's Lesson-Sermons, but sometimes "Christ, Jesus" gets read three times in a year. (*) Adherents meet on Sundays in Reading Rooms, mostly in the United States but around the world. This religion publishes a newsletter focused on domestic and international current events, titled The Monitor. Its female founder wrote its primary text in 1875, Science and Health with a Key to the Scriptures. For 10 points, name this religion founded by Mary Baker Eddy which, like Pentecostalism, does not condone the use of medicine because of the belief that disease comes from fear.

Christian Science or Church of Christ, Scientist

This biblical figure was thrown in jail for refusing the romantic advances of Potiphar's wife. This man slipped a silver cup into a bag of grain after his brothers, including Gad and Judah, sold him into slavery. This brother of (*)) Benjamin was Rachel's first child, making him the favorite son of Jacob. For ten points, name this biblical man who owned a beautiful coat.

Joseph

The clergy in this religion include Seventies and the Order of the Twelve, and are divided into Melchizedek [mehl-KIH-zah-deck] and Aaronic [ay-ron-ick] Priesthoods. Urim [oo-rim] and Thummim [thoo-mihm] were used in the translation of holy texts in this religion. The angel (*) Moroni revealed this religion's holy book, written on golden plates, to this denomination's founder, Joseph Smith. For 10 points, name this Christian denomination headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah.

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (accept Mormonism; prompt on LDS)

This man is the narrator of a pseudonymous story in which an old man debates St. Peter over the futility of prayer before this man and his brothers ultimately recognize the old man as their father. That romance narrated by this man also describes how Simon Magus proclaimed a woman named Luna or Helena to be Sophia incarnate, and exists in two versions as the Greek Homilies ("HOM-uh-leez") and the Latin Recognitions. This pope is credited with a namesake (*) epistle to the Church in Corinth in response to a dispute in which young men deposed established leaders; that epistle is possibly the earliest Christian text outside of the New Testament. This pope is the patron saint of mariners and is symbolized by an anchor, since he was supposedly martyred by being tied to one and thrown into the sea. For 10 points, name this fourth pope, who is considered to be the first of the Apostolic Fathers.

Clement I [or Clemens Romanus or Clement of Rome; accept Clementine Homilies, Clementine Recognitions, Clementine romance, or Clementine literature; do not accept "Clement of Alexandria"]

One researcher on these peoples, Gary Haynes, has found evidence that the inhabitants of the Buttermilk Creek complex predates them. Tom Dillehay excavated another culture that is also thought to predate this one after a grad student found a mastodon bone at MV-I. In 1968, a construction worker found the well-preserved Anzick Boy, which was later confirmed to be a former member of this culture. These peoples would have to be from the Old World if the widely discredited Solutrean Hypothesis were to be accepted. The "Dryas overhunting" (*)) hypothesis may explain their disappearance, since they may have hunted the wooly mammoth to extinction. The Folsom peoples are descendants of this other culture, whose best preserved artifacts are characteristically fluted arrowheads. For 10 points, name this pre-historic Indian culture whose tools have been found in New Mexico, and who are thought to be the precursors to all indigenous Native Americans.

Clovis culture

A resident of this place says he does not need a beard to be wise because if beards caused wisdom goats and sheep would be smarter than humans. Veikko Vaananen compiled the most complete original text about this location, which is described in the first of the Kildare poems. Residents of this location who sleep until noon earn the most money but cannot use it to buy anything. Women in this location have equal rights and are encouraged to (*) sleep with men they like in the middle of the street. When residents of this location refuse to stop flying, a man beats a maiden's bare ass like a drum until they land. To reach this island west of Spain you must walk through pig shit for seven years. The Fountain of Youth in this location only works for people who are at least thirty years old. Monks kidnap skinny-dipping nuns in this location where Lent happens every twenty years but Christmas and Mardi Gras are celebrated four times a year. A river of half red wine, half white wine flows through this location where walls are made of fish and roofs are bacon. For 10 points, name this land of plenty from Medieval myth.

Cockaigne [or Cockayne or Cockaengen; do not accept or prompt on "utopia" or "paradise"]

This work criticized an institution as being "ranked in the scriptures as one of the sins about the Jews." Furthermore, it criticizes the supporters of constitutional monarchy, arguing that in a certain country "the crown hath engrossed the commons." However, it also simplified the views of John Locke by stating "Society is produced by our wants, and government by our wickedness," while also referring to the "natural principles" the author believed needed defending. Selling over 100,000 copies in its first year it declared that a certain conflict was "in great measure the cause of mankind" and advocated a declaration of independence. For 10 points, name this 1776 radical pamphlet calling for Americans to declare independence by Thomas Paine.

Common Sense

This work shares its name with a Scottish school of philosophy whose members included Thomas Reid and Adam Ferguson. An "Epistle to the Quakers" was appended to later editions of this work. It says that the ancient Jews angered God by wanting a king, but He let them have one. This work later argues that monarchy could come from election, usurpation, or random selection, and that hereditary selection is illegitimate in any case. Beginning with a section that finds monarchical and aristocratic tyranny in the English constitution, this work lambastes the absurdity of an island ruling a continent. For 10 points, name this revolutionary pamphlet by Thomas Paine.

Common Sense

One scholar of this religion wrote a "Book of Changes" that is one of this religion's "Five Classics." Followers of this religion, whose scholars include Mencius, practice respect for their ancestors and parents, otherwise known as (*) filial piety. Emperors began following this religion after the decline of Legalism. For 10 points, name this philosophy based on the teachings of the Chinese author of the Analects.

Confucianism

In one story involving this figure, a tree is endowed with propitious qualities when this figure throws the sheep at the tree. In another story, this figure took on the guise of a hunter and built a pool in order to woo his love interest. After following that lover down a stream, both he and that lover turned into ducks. This figure also did battle with a rock named Iya, whom he had earlier covered with his (*)) blanket. One comrade of this figure dug holes in the earth, which forced an enemy to give up his weaponry and lead to his death at the hand of this figure. This creature also made it impossible for living things to return from death, when he embraced his consort a day too early. In a myth of the Karuk people, Frog, Chipmunk and Squirrel helped this figure steal fire from the Fire-Beings. For ten points, name this brother of Puma, a Native American trickster figure.

Coyote

Roslyn Weiss has argued that this work's protagonist uses the phrase "especially an orator" to distance himself from the arguments presented in its second half. At the end of this work, the protagonist says that he hears "just as the Corybantes seem to hear their flutes," since "the sounds of these words resonate within [him] and make [him] unable to hear the others." In this work, a woman "clad in white" evokes Book IX of the Iliad by telling the protagonist (*) "on the third day you will arrive to fertile Phthia." The protagonist of this work argues that leaving the city without its permission would constitute breaching a contract. In this work's second half, the protagonist engages in a hypothetical conversation with the laws of Athens. For 10 points, name this Platonic dialogue in which Socrates refuses the title figure's offer to assist his escape from prison.

Crito [accept Criton]

According to Pausanias, the statue of Britomartis in the temple of Olous was made by him, and in the Iliad, Homer calls him the creator of a wide dancing-ground. The son of Metion, after arriving in Sicily, he built a temple to Apollo and was taken in by King Cocalus, whose daughters murdered his former employer. The partridge avoids high places because his nephew, the inventor of the saw, was turned into one by Athena after he tried throwing Perdix off a tower, and his identity is revealed through a riddle about a sprial seashell. At the request of Pasiphae he made a wooden cow, he was locked up after (*) Ariadne fled, but in his escape his son didn't listen and ended up drowning. FTP, identify this mythological inventor, the father of Icarus and the man who built, and then escaped from, the labyrinth.

Daedalus

This deity's temple was the site of refuge for Apollonius, a general of the Seleucid Demetrius II, after he lost to the armies of Jonathan Maccabaeus. Shamsi-edad I of Assyria built a temple to him at Tirga, where he was part of a trinity with Shamash and Idurmer. Along with Nergal and Misharu, he was one of the Assyrian judges of the dead. Naram-Sin claimed to have conquered the West with weapons from this deity, and the Hebrew word for "corn" has led some to associate him as a god of that domain. In I Chronicles it is said that the head of Saul was fastened to this god's temple, and after the Ark of the Covenant was captured and placed in a temple to this god, a statue of this god fell to the ground. Sometimes misinterpreted as a ? fish-god, he was worshiped in Ashkelon and Gaza. FTP, name this god who received praise when the Philistines finally captured Samson.

Dagon [or Dagan or Dagun]

In one of this thinker's works, one character considers the creation myth of a planet inhabited by spiders to critique the argument from design. This man classified all objects of inquiry into two categories exemplified by the Pythagorean theorem and the statement "the sun will rise tomorrow." This thinker described how all ideas are derived from impressions in his "copy principle." This man divided all knowledge into relations of ideas and matters of fact. This author of Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion formulated the is-ought problem. For 10 points, name this Scottish empiricist who wrote A Treatise of Human Nature and An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding.

David Hume

This philosopher attempted to disprove the design argument using the concept of a house in a work framed as a conversation between Cleanthes ["clee-AN-thees"], Philo, and Demea. This thinker cited a statement about the sun rising tomorrow and the Pythagorean Theorem as examples of two distinct forms of knowledge. This philosopher distinguished between "relations of ideas" and "matters of fact" in an example of his (*) "fork." This author of Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion considered a thought experiment in one work involving a missing shade of blue. For 10 points, name this Scottish philosopher who wrote An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding.

David Hume

This thinker imagined an architect who built a house whose residents experienced "noise, confusion, fatigue, and darkness" in his formulation of the problem of evil. This thinker compared the truthfulness of mathematical statements with the idea of the sun rising tomorrow and posited the existence of black swans in a critique of inductive reasoning. This thinker distinguished between(*) necessary and contingent ideas in his namesake fork. In another work, this thinker posited the "is-ought" problem and posited a missing shade of blue. For 10 points, name this Scottish empiricist, the author of A Treatise of Human Nature and An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding.

David Hume

One essay argues that this thinker discovered the survival of "obligation" long after the abandonment of the framework of divine law that made it "really intelligible." It's not Frege ("FRAY-guh"), but using an abstraction principle named for this thinker, Crispin Wright proved that Peano arithmetic can be derived from second-order logic. This thinker names a metaphysical thesis that states that in any two worlds with the same spatio-temporal distributions of local natural properties, contingent facts are the same. David Lewis proposed a supervenience thesis named for this thinker, who divided statements into "matters of fact" and "relations of ideas." He argued that simple ideas are copies of simple impressions in a work that provides a counterexample to that idea by imagining a man who suddenly notices a "missing shade of blue." For 10 points, name this Scottish author of An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding.

David Hume (The first essay is Elizabeth Anscombe's "Modern Moral Philosophy.")

Together with Christopher Jencks, this thinker co-authored a sociological history of the American education system titled The Academic Revolution. This thinker had planned on punning on that title in a later work that was to be titled The Academic Counterrevolution; instead, that work, which criticized the consumerist attitude of university students, was titled On Higher Education. This thinker collected essays like his satirical vision of bombing the USSR with consumer goods, titled "The Nylon War," and his criticism of deterrence, titled "The American Crisis," in a collection whose titled asked Abundance for What? Lionel Trilling praised another collection of this man's essays for being better than any American novel in "giv[ing] me the sense of the actuality of our society;" that collection, which contained an essay titled "Philosophy for Minority Living," and coined the term "nerve of failure" to refer to Jews' ability to be themselves despite general societal disapproval, was Individualism Reconsidered. This man's most famous work analyzed the "changing American character" as it transitioned from inner-directed to outer-directed. For 10 points, identify this American sociologist who together with Reul Denny and Nathan Glazer co-authored The Lonely Crowd.

David Riesman

Beginning on this calendar day, Poles leave an empty place at the table for an unplanned guest to arrive to a Wigilia ("vi-GIL-yuh") supper. Jews often consumed garlic and avoided latrines on this date, which they called Nittel Nacht. A feast sometimes known as The Vigil starts on this day in many Italian-American households and centers on eating seven different types of fish. The BBC broadcasts Nine Lessons on this date in between performances of the (*) Choir of King's College. A Clement Clarke Moore poem that opens on this date describes "visions of sugar-plums" dancing in the heads of sleeping children. Many celebrants stay up on this day for a Midnight Mass, often singing "Silent Night." For 10 points, name this day before Jesus's birth.

December 24th [accept Christmas Eve or The Night Before Christmas; prompt on Holy Night or Good Night; do not accept or prompt on "Christmas"]

This goddess turned Ascalabus in to a lizard when he mocked her for drinking an entire vessel of water. This goddess hid among the horses of King Onkios when fleeing from Poseidon, and advised Psyche to go beg Aphrodite for forgiveness. King Eleusis asked her to nurse his two sons, and she was interrupted by Metanira when turning Demophon immortal. She accidentally ate the shoulder of Pelops. For 10 points, name this Greek goddess of grain and harvest, the mother of Persephone.

Demeter [accept Ceres before "Poseidon"]

On Crete, Karmanor served as the consort of this deity. Two different stories describe this deity turning either Abas or Ascalabus into a lizard for mocking her eager drinking. She turned the Scythian king Lyncus into a lynx as punishment for attempting to kill a son of King Celeus. This goddess, the older of the two deities celebrated at the Thesmophoria, accidentally consumed the (*) shoulder of Pelops. After Metanira interrupted a ritual she was carrying out, she opted not to provide immortality to Demophon and instead taught her own skills to Triptolemus. Eleusis was a cult center for this goddess, who supposedly caused winter by spending months grieving for her lost daughter. For 10 points, name this Greek goddess of the harvest, the mother of Persephone.

Demeter [or Ceres]

In a recounting of the travels that led to this work, its author discusses a host who has a black bear as a guard dog. Its first part shows that division of property among children and rotation in office create a so-called absolute equality central to the title structure, and observes that religion is prominent in political life precisely due to its disestablishment. The second volume of this result of a trip with Gustave de Beaumont, ostensibly to inspect prison systems, examines civil society in the title place. Taking as a central theme the idea that tyranny of the majority is a natural consequence of the titular political system, for 10 points, name this magnum opus of Alexis de Tocqueville.

Democracy in America

A novel by this man makes fun of sentimental fiction and plagiarizes a long love story from Tristram Shandy. One of his dialogues centers on the Querelle des Bouffons [keh-RELL day boo-FAW] and is set in the chess players' Regency Café. The title servant of one of his books took a bullet to the knee but still insists that everything is written on a "great scroll" in the sky. He worked with a (*) physicist who wrote a "Preliminary Discourse" placing all of human knowledge into three branches. Jacques the Fatalist and Rameau's Nephew were written by—for 10 points—what French Enlightenment philosophe, who co-edited the Encyclopédie with d'Alembert?

Denis Diderot

Te-shan burned twenty years of commentary on this work after failing to understand its passages on the inability to attain the past, future, or present mind. According to legend, Hui-neng achieved enlightenment after hearing a monk chant this work's line "Let your mind function freely, without abiding anywhere or in anything." It begins with a dialog between the Buddha and Subhuti in Shravasti. This crown jewel of the "Perfection of Wisdom" genre is, along with the Heart Sutra, one of the two main texts in Zen Buddhism. For 10 points, name this major text of Mahayana Buddhism, named for a jewel that "cuts through illusion."

Diamond Sutra [or Vajracchedika Prajnaparamitra Sutra]

This figure's followers were said to devour raw flesh, usually after tearing a bull apart with their bare hands. Pentheus was similarly torn apart by the maenads, this god's crazed female worshipers. This god's mortal mother, (*)) Semele, died of seeing the full glory of Zeus, who then sewed this god into his thigh. For ten points, name this "twice-born" Greek god of theater, fertility, and wine.

Dionysus (accept Bacchus)

The Epitaphios [eh-pih-tah-fee-ohs] is used during the week leading up to this holiday, and the Harrowing of Hell is celebrated on the day before this holiday. The Orthodox Church precedes this holiday with forty days of fasting. The week leading up to this (*) moveable feast celebrates the washing of feet on Maundy Thursday, which occurs near the end of Lent. For 10 points, name this springtime Christian holiday that celebrates the resurrection of Jesus.

Easter Sunday (accept Pasch or Pascha)

This book's opening word was first rendered in Greek as mataiotes ("mah-tah-YO-tays"), which may explain its corruption from an original meaning of "breath." This book's final chapter lists times such as "when the keepers of the house tremble" and "when the almond tree blossoms" as times to perform its invocation to "Remember your Creator," and compares shepherds' goads to the words of men such as its narrator, an unnamed "Teacher." John Paul II's encyclical Laborem exercens says "no one on earth... could not apply" words from this book's discussion of the fruitlessness of labor "under the sun." This book says "for everything there is a season, and a time for every purpose under heaven" and opens by declaring that all is hevel ("HEH-vell") or "vanity." For 10 points, name this Bible book consisting of Solomon's reflections, whose English name is a Greek word for congregations.

Ecclesiastes [accept Kohelet or Koheleth]

British historian Robert Irwin criticizes this thinker's thesis in the book For Lust of Knowing, while George Landow directly attacked this man's scholarship. Justus Weiner has accused this man of falsifying his autobiography to better effect a "subaltern." He defended Barenboim's performance of Wagner in Israel in the article "Better to Know." Along with Cedric Watts, this thinker disagreed with Chinua (*) Achebe's characterization of Joseph Conrad as a terrible racist. And the most famous work by this thinker quote Victor Hugo's poem "Lui" to support the thesis that all Arabs are seen either as oil suppliers or terrorists. For 10 points, name this Palestinian-American postcolonialist who wrote Culture And Imperialism and Orientalism.

Edward Said

This author compared Lampedusa's The Leopard with Visconti's film adaptation in his final work, The Late Style. A series of conversations moderated by Ara Guzelimian between this man and the conductor of the West-Eastern Divan Orchestra formed the basis of Parallels and Paradoxes. In addition to his collaborations with Daniel Barenboim, another work of his contained a notable postcolonialist critique of Mansfield Park. This theorist's best-known work identified the titular construction as identification, by imperialist Westerners, of Arab and other Eastern cultures as a homogenized, caricatured "other". A notable advocate of the "right of return", for 10 points, name this Palestinian-American author of Culture and Imperialism and Orientalism.

Edward Said

On the day before this time period begins, certain individuals spend the night at Muzdalifah, after hearing a sermon atop Mount Arafat. During this time period, it is customary to divide up a qurban into three parts, one of which is shared with the needy. This time period is considered to be the "greater" of two time periods during which a special prayer with six additional (*) takbirs is said. During this celebration that begins on the tenth day of Dhu al-Hijjah, the jamarat become the targets of stone-throwing pilgrims participating in the Stoning of the Devil. This celebration, which marks the end of the hajj, is often commemorated by sacrificing an animal. For 10 points, name this Islamic celebration that commemorates the willingness of Ibrahim to sacrifice his son.

Eid al-Adha [accept Eid al-Kabir or Greater Eid until "greater" is read, but prompt afterwards]

This holiday, whose cuisine is typically "salty" as opposed to "sweet," is the year's second major opportunity to use outdoor spaces known as "gah." The second of two Bengali celebrations known as Chaand Raat, and the only one whose exact date is known well in advance, takes place the night before this holiday, which coincides with the end of one day's fasting on the Day of Arafah. A special khutbah on this holiday, which begins on the tenth of Dhu al-Hijjah, includes instructions for qurbani. In many countries, the name of this holiday incorporates the word "bakri," meaning "goat," referencing a ritual slaughter of livestock that leads some English speakers to call this holiday the "Feast of the Sacrifice." Hajj participants undertake the rami-al-jamarat, or Stoning of the Devil, on, for 10 points, what holiday that celebrates the willingness of Ibrahim to sacrifice his son and is the "Greater Eid" of the Islamic calendar?

Eid al-Adha [or Eid al-Kabir; accept Eid al-Adha or Eid al-Kabir after "Eid"; accept Bakr-Eid or Bakrid before "bakri"; prompt on "Greater Eid" before "Eid"; prompt on "al-Adha or "al-Kabir" before "Eid"; prompt on "Feast of the Sacrifice" or "Sacrifice Feast" before "sacrifice"]

At Mount Horeb, this man does not hear God in an earthquake, wind, or fire, but only in a "still, small voice." This Tishbite later performed a miracle by giving endless flour and oil to a widow in Zarephath. This man defeated the servants of Baal by calling down fire from heaven. Jesus compares John the Baptist to this prophet, who appeared with Moses and Jesus on the Mount of (*) Transfiguration. In First Kings, this prophet clashes with King Ahab and Queen Jezebel. On Passover, Jews leave out a "cup" for this prophet, since he will return with the Messiah. For 10 points, name this Biblical prophet, who was succeeded by Elisha after God whisked him away in a chariot of fire.

Elijah [or Elias; or Eliyahu; or Ilyas; do not accept or prompt on "Elisha"]

A philosopher from this country analyzed existence in terms of "creativity" in Process and Reality. Another man from this country objected to analyzing the good in terms of natural qualities in a 1903 book. A philosopher from this country introduced the term "consequentialism" in her article "Modern Moral Philosophy." A man from this country analyzed "definite descriptions" like "the (*) present King of France is not bald" and developed the theory of types. G.E.M. Anscombe and G.E. Moore were philosophers from this country, home to a philosopher who wrote "On Denoting" and co-wrote Principia Mathematica. For 10 points, name this home country of Bertrand Russell.

England [accept United Kingdom, U.K., or Great Britain]

According to tradition, this city was home to the "Seven Sleepers," Christian martyrs who slept for 309 years after being sealed in a cave by the Romans. In Chapter 5 of the book named for this city, St. Paul condemns fornication and tells his followers to "walk in love, as Christ has also loved us". That epistle also commands slaves to obey their masters and contains the metaphor of the "Armor of God," while its general theme is that the church is the body of Christ. One church council in this city anathemized Patriarch Flavianus and defended Eutyches, for which it was decried as the "Robber Synod." The first council in this city rejected the idea that Christ has two distinct natures. For 10 points, name this Asia Minor city in which Nestorianism was condemned.

Ephesus

The sexless kurgarru and kalaturru were sent to negotiate with and flatter this goddess. This goddess's younger sister once tried to claim rulership of this goddess's domain after entering a temple of lapis lazuli dedicated to this goddess, or else paid a visit on the occasion of the death of this goddess's husband Gugalanna, the Bull of Heaven. She told her porter Neti to let her sister in, but forced her sister to strip off clothes and jewels at each of seven gates, then killed her when she was naked. FTP, name this ruler of the Great Below and sister of Inanna, the Sumerian death goddess.

Ereshkigal

A former researcher for this thinker, Jane Loevinger, developed the Washington University Sentence Completion Test to test a model based on his theories. This thinker's concept of personal experimentation during a so-called "moratorium" inspired the work of J. J. Arnett. According to this thinker, individuals who work towards guiding the next generation experience a sense of "generativity," as opposed to stagnation. James Marcia expanded upon a concept that this thinker argued emerges from a conflict between cohesion and role confusion and explored in works such as Childhood and Society and Young Man Luther. For 10 points, name this psychologist who theorized the existence of eight stages of psychosocial development and developed the idea of the "identity crisis."

Erik Erikson

It mainly works to meet its targets via open market operations at its New York site, which usually involves buying and selling securities. Over the past few months, it has greatly expanded its balance sheet, taking on commercial paper and opening its discount window. Consisting of 12 branches throughout the country, its chairman has stated that it might use a helicopter, if it had to, to keep credit flowing. For ten points, name this quasi-Federal institution charged by Congress with managing the money supply, chaired by Ben Bernacke.

Federal Reserve Bank of the United States

After insulting the gods, this figure fled to Franang's Falls disguised as a salmon. This god's daughter rules a namesake underworld, and earthquakes are the result of this god writhing in pain as he is punished for tricking Hodr into killing Baldr. He is the lover of the giantess (*) Angrboda, and is often depicted as a part-giant shapeshifter. For 10 points, name this Norse trickster god.

Loki

The conclusion of a book in this language describes the "sickly-sweet, feminine revenge" one feels on putting one's hand in slime. That book in this language draws on Heidegger to propose a kind of "transcendence" that "nihilates" "facticity." Philosophers in this language built on Husserl's work to describe one's ethical obligation to the Other. A book in this language opens claiming that the only "truly serious philosophical (*) problem" is suicide and declares at the end that "one must imagine [the title character] happy." The existentialist books Being and Nothingness and The Myth of Sisyphus were written in—for 10 points—what language of Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus [cah-MEW]?

French [or Français]

One of this god's sons drowned while visiting Frode when he slipped and fell into a vat of mead. This owner of the horse Blodughofi was attended by Byggvir and Beyla and received the realm of Alfheim as a teething gift. One account details how his aforementioned son Fjolnir succeeds him as king in Uppsala, where he was also known as Yngvi. This god defeated Beli with an antler after giving his magic sword, which fights all by itself, to his servant Skirnir in order to help woo the giantess Gerd; unfortunately, this leaves him weaponless at Ragnarok, where he is killed by Surtr. He arrived at Baldr's funeral on his golden boar Gullinbursti, and he also traveled on his folding ship Skidbladnir. This member of the Vanir was the son of Njord. For 10 points, identify this Norse fertility god, the brother of Freya.

Freyr ["Frey" or "Freyr", but not "Freya"]

He claimed that altruism springs from low self esteem in a work which attempts to undermine the idea of morals, his The Dawn or Daybreak. In another work, he predicts that "higher culture" will be based on science in future years; that work contains a section on "Tokens of Higher and Lower Culture." In addition to that work, which was followed by The Wanderer and His Shadow, he wrote a work in which he hypothesizes that punishment is simply a way for the punisher to recoup the injury caused by a perpetrator, and a work which describes Wagner's operas as a way to replace something lost since Greek times and one in which he famously asks "Supposing truth is a woman, what then?" For 10 points, name this German philosopher who wrote The Genealogy of Morality, Human, All Too Human, The Birth of Tragedy, Ecce Homo, and Beyond Good and Evil.

Friedrich Nietzsche

This philosopher questioned why people followed Socrates when it was well known that Socrates was ugly in an 1888 work. He criticized Euripides for failing to emphasize the Dionysian element compared to the Apollonian element in his first major work, The Birth of Tragedy, while he offered reasons for why he was such a great philosopher in his autobiography, Ecce Homo. He elucidated the concept of the ubermensch in one of his best known works about a figure from an eastern religion. A proponent of the "will to power", for 10 points, identify this philosopher who wrote works like Thus Spoke Zarathustra and Beyond Good and Evil, who proclaimed "God is dead".

Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche

This deity was the mother of Ourea and Pontus, and was born alongside Eros. This goddess hid her children, including the cyclopes, inside herself to protect them from her husband (*)) Uranus, and helped her daughter, Rhea, save Zeus from Cronos. For ten points, name this Greek deity who arose out of Chaos at the beginning of time and gave birth to the Titans, the Greek personification of "Mother Earth."

Gaia (accept Gea)

One of this figure's offspring attacked Leto or Artemis in Panopaeus, but was killed and sent to Tartarus, where snakes devoured his liver; that son of this deity was Tityus. Another of this deity's sons was conceived with Aether; Thaumas, Ceto, and Phorcys were among the sons of this goddess and that son Pontus. The dragon Campe guarded other offspring of this goddess in Tartarus, but this goddess's grandson later released those sons, the Hecatonchires and the Cyclopes. She created an adamantine sickle to aid her grandson in overthrowing her most famous son, Cronus. For 10 points, identify this daughter of Chaos and mother of the titans, the Greek goddess of the Earth.

Gaia [accept Gaea or Gea]

One figure in these texts is has aspects of Armaiti, Asha, and Khshathra, as well as three others termed the "Bountiful Immortals." Only five of them have survived, but one of these "of the Seven Chapters," or Haptanghaiti, was written after their author's death and provides evidence of reform in that a new genre of feminine gena powers and a commentary on the pre-existent soul were created. The worship of false religion is condemned in them, especially towards the "evil mind," Aka Manah, and other daevas. Their final section is a dialogue between Jamaspa and their creator and they comprise Yasnas 28-53 of a sacred text alongside the Visperad, Videvdat, and Yashts. For 10 points, name these Zoroastrian prayer-hymns.

Gathas [prompt on answers of Zend-Avesta, or on Yasna before it's mentioned]

This man's Five Companions included Kaundinya, the first arhat. This man's cousin Ananda recorded the Sutta PItaka, part of the Pali Canon, for this man, who sat under a (*) Bodhi tree and preached about the Eightfold Path and the Four Noble Truths. For ten points, name this religious leader, born Siddhartha Gautama, who founded a meditative Indian religion.

Gautama Buddha (accept Siddhartha Gautama before it is read)

The French view that this philosopher only looked backwards was countered in a 1996 book that introduced a concept of the "capacity to receive...and...to produce form," which is demonstrated by the human ability to use language to "translate the logical process into a sensuous form." That "plasticity" reading of this philosopher's Future is by Catherine Malabou. Anglophone misreadings of this philosopher were attacked in Shlomo Avineri's 1972 book on this man's Theory of the Modern State. This philosopher claimed that, while a man ought to "produce himself," he cannot be other than what he "implicitly is," which is termed his (*) Anlage [AHN-lah-guh]. This thinker called philosophical work a "Penelope's web" in a book that consists of numbered sections with "Remarks" and "Additions." In one of those additions, this man called the state "is no ideal work of art," because it suffers "caprice, chance, and error." He claimed that, like "a criminal," the state is "always a living man" in a section calling it "the march of God in the world." For 10 points, name this author of Elements of the Philosophy of Right.

Georg Friedrich Wilhelm Hegel [accept The Future of Hegel or Hegel's Theory of the Modern State]

This thinker distinguishes between dyadic groups and the problems of collective action in larger groups in the essay "Quantitative Aspects of the Group." He writes of the titular reckless life experience in "The Adventure," a component of his elaborated system of social types, which includes identifications like "the man in the middle," the "mediator," and "the poor." He discusses the reciprocal nature of dominance in an oft-cited chapter on "Superordination and Subordination," and talks about the rationalizing effects of modernity in "The Metropolis and Mental Life." A close colleague of Tonnies and Weber, FTP, name this pioneering German sociologist probably best known for a work about the social transition from barter economy entitled The Philosophy of Money.

Georg Simmel

This philosopher discussed the philosophy of Henri Bergson in The Winds of Doctrine, and held that to judge something as beautiful was to differentiate between fundamental ideals and transitory ones in The Sense of Beauty. His discussed essence, matter, truth and spirit in The Realms of Being, and he wrote a five-volume work on the "phases of human progress" which notes that "those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it." For 10 points, name this Spanish-American naturalist philosopher who wrote The Life of Reason and Skepticism and Animal Faith.

George Santayana [or Jorge Agustin Nicolas Ruiz de Santayana y Borras]

The 1979 documentary Town Bloody Hall depicts the 1971 New York debate between Norman Mailer and this writer. Her 2007 biography Anne Hathaway was called Shakespeare's Wife, while her Whitefella Jump Up advocates that all native-born (*)) Australians consider themselves Aborigines. She questioned male participation in feminism in The Whole Woman, thirty years after claiming that a passive sexual role is evidence of patriarchy and sexlessness. For 10 points, name this author of The Female Eunuch.

Germaine Greer

A hawthorn branch from this town that unusually flowers in the winter as well as the spring is a traditional gift to the monarch. Iron oxide deposits under this town give the water of one of its wells a reddish hue, leading to legends about the healing properties of the well. It contains the ruins of the Benedictine Abbey of St. Mary, which according to legend became the First Christian church in England when it was founded by Joseph of Arimathea, who brought the Holy Grail to this town. In 1191, monks digging here discovered the supposed graves of Arthur and Guinevere. Only the tower of St. Michael's Church remains atop the terraced conical "tor" that towers over this town. This town neighbors the town of Pilton, where a "Pyramid Stage" is annually built for a major musical festival. For 10 points, name this town in Somerset, England that is sometimes identified as the mythical Avalon.

Glastonbury

This measurement was first proposed in 1972 as a yardstick for the Middle Path of Development. The Tala project, which generates hydroelectric power via run-of-the-river methods, exemplifies its conservation and environmental concerns. The promotion of Buddhism and traditional dress are among cultural preservation efforts made to further this initiative. Voters chose the "Thunder Dragon" party in a recent mock election designed to educate the populace about democracy, which is meant to contribute toward its equitable socio-economic development pillar. King Jigme Singye Wangchuck voluntarily released certain controls in order to further, FTP, what wacky ? Bhutanese development statistic introduced to critique GNP?

Gross National Happiness

He argued for a reduction of taxes on farmers and established the system of Langars, or communal kitchens. In addition to constructing a colony for lepers at Tarn Taran, he taught that all, including women, were welcome in the Gurdwara. Also called the "Sacha Patshah," or "True Emperor," his support of Prince Khusrau led to his capture by Murtaza Khan. He was subsequently burned and executed under the direction of Jahangir. His greatest accomplishment was precipitated by the false teachings of men like Prithi Chand and dictated to Bhai Gurdas. That accomplishment was first displayed within the Harmandir Sahib in 1604. For 10 points, identify this Sikh holy man who was preceded by his father Ram Das as Guru, and who compiled the Adi Granth.

Guru Arjun Dev

This figure designates the numeral one or Oan as the divine, which is typographically depicted by an arc flying off. In one of this man's hymns, he claims that "Only the relisher of fragrance can recognize the flower." In another hymn, the Japu, he articulates the notion of Ik Oankar and suggests that humans must be committed to removing dualites or dubida. During this figure's lifetime Ibrahim Lodi was defeated at the Battle of Panipat, leading this figure to compose the Baburvani, which criticizes the narrow worldview of Babur's Mughal Empire. Recorded by Bhai Gurdas, the janamsakhis are the collected mythologies of this figure's birth. At his death it is said that his body disappeared and flowers remained so that he could be cremated or buried and after his vision at Sultanpur, he proclaimed, "There is no Hindu; there is no Muslim." For 10 points, name this first of the ten Sikh Gurus.

Guru Nanak Dev

This location contains the Fields of Asphodel, and one of this land's judges, Rhadamanthus, ruled the region of Elysium in this land. Tantalus was unable to reach food or water in this location, which contains a descent into (*)) Tartarus. Eating part of a pomegranate forces Persephone to stay in this location for part of every year. For ten points, name this Greek underworld ruled by a namesake death god.

Hades (accept Greek underworld until it is read; prompt on "underworld" alone)

In the Qur'an, a person of this name is the chief advisor to Pharaoh during the time of Moses. One legend states that he spent 22 years as a barber, and he is frequently claimed to be the same person as Memucan. He is an Agagite, husband to Zeresh, and the father of at least ten sons who are all ultimately put to death. Before being forced to dress his nemesis in the king's robes and lead him around, this astrologer selects the date of Adar 13 for a plan. After the King interprets his actions as sexually assaulting the replacement of Vashti, he is hanged on the gallows he had prepared for Mordechai. For 10 points, identify this antagonist of the book of Esther whose ears name a delicious Purim pastry.

Haman {EN}

In one story, this figure stopped another character from killing himself after failing to complete this figure's challenge to build a bridge made of arrows. That character, Arjuna, later placed a flag depicting this figure on his chariot. While young, this figure was struck in the chin by the Vajra for trying to eat what he thought was a mango while later in life he carried a mountain back to save his friend (*) Lakshmana. In order to prove his allegiance, this figure provided a woman with a ring from her husband after he had shrunk in order to enter a city undetected. Later, this figure set that city on fire with his tail. For ten points name this monkey son of Vayu who in the Ramayana helped Rama save Sita from Ravana.

Hanuman

Some buses in areas populated by this group maintained segregated seating until the practice was banned by a 2011 court ruling. The concept of Torato Umanuto ("toh-rah-TOH oo-mah-noo-TOH") has effectively granted youth belonging to this group freedom from a government requirement. After a 2012 protest called "No Female Candidate, No Female Vote," female members of this group founded a new political party for women. Members of this group often get their news from telephone hotlines and broadsides (*) pasted to public walls, called pashkevilim ("posh-kvee-LEEM"). This group is represented by the political parties UTJ and Shas ("shoss") in the Knesset. The Mea Shearim ("may-AH sheh-ah-REEM") neighborhood in Jerusalem is populated by this group, whose members have historically been granted exemption from service in the IDF. For 10 points, name this group within Orthodox Judaism known for its strict adherence to Jewish law.

Haredim ("ha-ray-DEEM") [or ultra-Orthodox; prompt on Hasidim; prompt on Orthodox Jews or Jews]

The Hyndlujoth records that this man's strength comes from the earth, the ice-cold sea, and the blood of swine. In fact, the names of his parents are merely adjectives for the sea. One of his possessions is currently hidden underneath the Yggdrasil tree. A kenning for mankind is the "doom of" this god, while a kenning for (*)) head is the "sword of" this god, which is named Hofund. Sometimes called Hallinskidi or Gullintanni, this resident of Himinbiorg can hear the grass grow and has golden teeth. He will be killed by Loki at Ragnarok, which starts when he blows the Gjallarhorn. For 10 points, name this son of nine-billow maidens, who guards over Bifrost.

Heimdall

In one account, this figure died after a group of handmaidens dressed as the Furies and hung her from a tree; in that account, she was driven from her home by Nicostratus and found refuge with Tlepolemus and Polyxo. In another story, Hermes created an image of this woman out of clouds while she took refuge in Egypt. Her daughter Hermione later married Neoptolemous, and this daughter of Tyndareus was rescued by the Dioscuri after Pirithous and Theseus attempted to kidnap her. Born from an egg laid by swan, FTP, name this husband of Menelaus and daughter of Zeus and Leda, who's kidnapping by Paris began the Trojan War.

Helen of Troy

One work by this thinker includes an appendix that defines "fire-philosophers" and contrasts Robert Fludd's distinction of the components of fire with that of the theurgists. A ridiculous claim by this thinker is that Iamblichus is superior to Plotinus because the former was the first person to levitate in the air. According to another work, the earth was inhabited by black people who used the sacred word "tau" in meditation and airships powered by a substance called vril - that idea was most likely stolen from the novels of Edward Bulwer Lytton. According to that work, the earth was populated with ethereal humans who split like amoebas. After writing The Secret Doctrine, she then created a society with "twelve inner circles" after founding its international branch in Chennai, India. For 10 points, identify this woman, whose writings such as Isis Unveiled popularized the Theosophy movement.

Helena Blavatsky

Many of this god's sons were worshipped in Samo·thrace as the cult of the Cabeiri. In Book 21 of the Iliad, this deity battles the river god Scamander. When this god's semen falls onto the earth, it is absorbed by Gaia, who proceeds to become pregnant with Erich·thonius. In Hesiod's Theo·gony, this god's wife is listed as (*) Aglaea. This father of Periphetes [puh-RIH-fuh-teez] uses a cursed chair with invisible chains to ensnare his mother Hera; in another myth, this god exposes an affair between his wife Aphro·dite and her lover Ares. For 10 points, name this Greek god of the forge.

Hephaestus [do not accept or prompt on "Vulcan"]

Most stories hold that this deity, not Athena, blinded the prophet Tiresias (TYE-ree-see-uhs). She cursed the nymph Echo to repeat only what others had said. This figure gave birth to Hephaestus (heh-FESS-tuss) and later threw him out of Olympus because of his ugliness. After her husband impregnated Leto (LEE-toh), she refused to let Leto give birth on land. For 10 points, name this Greek goddess and wife of Zeus.

Hera

This goddess blinded Tiresias for siding against her in an argument and tempted Paris with control of Europe and Asia. After Argus was killed, this goddess placed his eyes in the tail of her sacred bird, the (*)) peacock. This mother of Hephaestus took revenge on Leto for having children with her husband, the king of Olympus. For ten points, name this Greek goddess of marriage and wife of Zeus.

Hera (prompt on Juno until "Greek" is read)

This man helped Atlas steal apples from the Hesperides and rerouted two rivers to clean the Augean stables. This man killed Hippolyta and stole her girdle, and at the request of Eurystheus, he used the (*)) hydra's own venom to kill it. As a baby, this hero defeated a pair of snakes sent by hera. For ten points, identify this Greek who slew the Nemean lion as one of his twelve labors.

Heracles (accept Hercules until "Greek" is read)

This deity turned the shepherd Battus to stone when he didn't keep his promise and, along with Aegipan, he recovered sinews from Typhon. In one myth, this god lulled the 100-eyed Argus to sleep, and he saved Odysseus from (*) Calypso and Circe. This son of Maia stole Apollo's cattle and created the first lyre, and his staff was called Caduceus [kah-doo-see-us]. The counterpart of the Roman god Mercury is, for 10 points, what Greek messenger god with winged sandals?

Hermes (accept Mercury until it is read)

In this religion, Puja is the act of welcoming a deity or spirit as a guest, and may include offerings of ghee. This religion's Trimurti includes a preservation god whose consort is (*)) Lakshmi. The Ganges River is holy to, for ten points, what Indian religion whose primary gods are Vishnu, Brahma, and Shiva?

Hinduism (accept word forms like Hindu faith)

This non-Islamic religion counts among its saints a student of Sheikh Budhan named Dadu, whose teachings were heavily influenced by another saint named Kabir. Though his patrons murdered many of this religion's faithful, Sufi saint Moinuddin Chishti is often venerated by its followers. A religion similar to this one called Kalash was practiced by most Nuristanis before they converted to Islam, leading their land to be called "Kafiristan." Scholars debate whether this typically theistic religion's followers are "People of the Book" as they don't fit the usual definition involving tawhid ("tau-HEED"), but have been de facto treated as such since Muhammad ibn Qasim's conquests. "There is no" member of this religion and "there is no Muslim" according to Guru Nanak, who founded a religion mixing elements of the two. For 10 points, what religion was practiced by most beneficiaries of emperor Akbar's abolition of the jizya tax?

Hinduism [accept specific subtypes like Shaivite Hinduism or Bhakti Hinduism; prompt on Indian religion]

This man was born because his father disguised himself as Gorlois [gorl-wah], and was the son of Igraine. At the Battle of Camlann this man was wounded by his own son and taken to Avalon to recover. That son, Mordred, was the child of (*) Morgan le Fay. This legendary man led knights like Sir Gawain and Sir Lancelot after pulling a sword from a stone, and was advised by Merlin. For 10 points, name this mythical king of Camelot.

King Arthur Pendragon

This statement, as first posed in Discourse on the Method, was explained as the unshakably true "first principle" of its author's philosophy. This concept denies the idea that nothing exists, since it's possible for its subject to question that statement. (*)) "Cogito ergo sum" is the Latin translation of, for ten points, what philosophical statement, made in 1637 by Rene ́Descartes, noting that thought is proof of one's existence?

I think, therefore I am (accept (ego) Cogito ergo sum before it is read; accept je pense, donc je suis)

Mohamed el-Erian recently proposed a re-evaluation of this organization's "Special Drawing Right." In December 2016, this organization's current head became the third in a row to be a convicted criminal after being found guilty for negligence handling a sportswear company's deals; that leader of this organization withdrew from an invitation to speak at the 2014 commencement of Smith College. This organization is traditionally headed by a (*) European, such as Rodrigo Rato, unlike a counterpart that is usually headed by an American and also provides "structural adjustment" packages. Its creation was proposed at the Bretton Woods conference, and it was formerly headed by Dominique Strauss-Kahn. For 10 points, Christine Lagarde heads what sister organization of the World Bank?

IMF [or International Monetary Fund]

This thinker's comparison of pure concepts to those formed empirically through the categories of "schema" was criticized by Arthur Schopenhauer. He answered the title question as "Man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity" in the essay "What is Enlightenment?", and claimed to have been awakened by David Hume from his (*) "dogmatic slumber." This philosopher identified a moral maxim in which one acts only when wishing something to be "universal law." This man analyzed synthetic a priori truths and formulated the concept of the categorical imperative. For 10 points, name this German philosopher who wrote the Critique of Pure Reason.

Immanuel Kant

In one religion in this country, funerals are sometimes held years after death so that families can throw a lavishenough ceremony to help the decedent reach an afterlife called "Puya." It's not Ethiopia, a religious tradition inthis country traces itself back to a group of nine semi-historical apostles. A Muslim movement in this country,which struck out at perceived superstitions, was founded by Ahmad Dahlan and called Muhammadiyah. TheToraja practice the animist "aluk" faith in this country. A tradition in this country includes feasts called (*))"slametans" and is divided into "abangan" and "santri" variants. Monotheism is the first of five principles in thiscountry's official founding philosophy of Pancasila. For 10 points, name this most populous Muslim country, whichwas discussed by Clifford Geertz in Islam Observed and The Religion of Java.

Indonesia

Robert Jarvik's wife, Marilyn vos Savant, has the highest recorded value for this specific metric according to the Guinness Book of World Records. Mensa is a group that was founded to cater to individuals with very high recorded values for this metric. The Wechsler test returns this type of numerical value, as does the (*) Stanford-Binet test. The median value for this quantity in the United States is one hundred, and it is normally distributed. This metric is often colloquially contrasted with the controversial EQ value. For 10 points, name this value that is thought by some to be a measure of general intelligence.

Intelligence Quotient [accept IQ; prompt on descriptive or partial answers such as intelligence]

A text titled "Tales of the Elders" from this country is framed around two of its heroes narrating its stories to a Christian visitor. In a story from this country, a spear thrown from the foot ends a three-day duel fought in a ford. A cycle of epic poems was allegedly written by one of its heroes, the son of a man who built a bridge of basalt pillars joining this country with its eastern neighbor. A hero from this country tied himself to a rock so he could die standing, which occurred shortly after he ate dog meat, and singlehandedly defeated the forces of Queen Medb ("mave") during the Cattle Raid of Cooley. For 10 points, name this country whose heroes include Ossian, Cuchulainn and Finn McCool.

Ireland [or Eire]

A dispute over this man was settled by a curse called a mubahala. This man breathes life into a clay bird in the third surah, which is named for his grandfather, Imran. This man, who spoke in the cradle, revealed the injil, and he's mentioned more than any other person in the Quran. Either this man or the (*) Mahdi will slay the false Dajjal before the Day of Judgement. The Qur'an's 19th surah is named for this man's mother, who receives an annunciation from Jibril, or Gabriel. For 10 points, name this penultimate Messenger who preceded Muhammad, who Muslims hold is the son of the Virgin Mary, but not the son of God.

Isa ibn Maryam [accept Jesus Christ or obvious equivalents]

Philae was the center of this goddess's cult. This goddess made a snake out of earth to bite Ra, which forced Ra to give up his true name. This goddess searched for a tamarisk tree to find her dead husband after he was tricked by (*) Set; she later reassembled thirteen pieces of that husband to make him the god of the dead. For 10 points, name this Egyptian goddess, the mother of Horus and wife of Osiris.

Isis (accept Aset, Eset, or Ese)

Participants are required to put on their best attire during the jumuah forms of this, and are always encouraged to express their heartfelt intention, called the niyah, when performing it. The set of actions required for performing it is called the rakat. Prior to performing it, one must engage in Wudu or Ghusl, and it is usually preceded by the adhaan. It requires the recitation of the Fatiha, and begins with the participant expressing the Takbir through the phrase "Allahu Akbar." Performed while facing the qibla in the direction of the Ka'aba, for 10 points, identify this action, which is required to be performed five times a day by Muslims.

Islamic prayer [accept salat or salah or namaz]

This man is replaced with a Zibhin azeem, or "great sacrifice," after copper appears on him to prevent his death at the hand of his father. After this man's mother ran back and forth between the hills of Al-Safa and Al-Marwah seven times, this figure scratched the ground with his heel to produce the (*) Well of Zamzam. That event took place after this figure and his mother were sent away because of his mother-in-law's jealousy. This figure married two women from Jurhum, and he traveled to Mecca with Ibrahim to build the Kaaba. For 10 points, name this patriarch who was the half-brother of Ishaq and the first-born of Ibrahim by his mother Haajar.

Ismaa'eel [or Ishmael]

His surgical skills were said to be so precise that he could insert a catheter into a femoral artery without anesthesia and produce no pain. This researcher used that technique on a procedure that maintains blood flow to a pouch which is isolated from the influence of food. He used that pouch to show how secretions from digestive glands facilitate digestion, as well as in an experiment where he caused those glands to secrete fluid without introducing any food. For 10 points, name this man whose experiments with dogs showed that ringing a bell could cause salivation, establishing the basics of classical conditioning.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

Though not a composer, this man used whistles, metronomes, and tuning forks in his work. He won a Nobel prize in Medicine in 1904 for researching the digestive system, from which his most famous work stemmed. The term which he is most famous for introducing was actually a result of a mistranslation into English, which caught on when John B. Watson used it. He started the study of TMI, or transmarginal (*)) inhibition, an organism's response to overwhelming stimuli, such as stress or pain, relating shutdown points to temperament. In his most famous experiment, he paired a CS with a US, ringing a bell whenever meat powder was present. FTP, name this psychologist known for conditioning dogs to salivate.

Ivan Petrovitch Pavlov

A text in this religion comprising biographies of holy figures is the Kalpa Sutra, and this religion's followers chant the Namokar mantra. A sect of this religion believes that Mallinatha was a woman and fasts during Paryushana. Asteya and satya are two of five vows taken by adherents of this faith, who also follow ratnatraya or the "three jewels." Rishabha is the first of 24 "ford makers" or tirthankaras of this religion, which is divided into the Svetambara sect and the Digambara or "sky clad" sect. Mahavira is the last tirthankara of, for 10 points, what religion founded in India whose followers practice ahimsa, or nonviolence?

Jainism

In this religion, the "living substance" is contrasted with the substances of motion, rest, atoms, space, and sometimes time. In this faith, the story of the blind men and the elephant is used to illustrate a concept of "non-one-sidedness." This faith is represented by a logo including a crescent moon above three dots, all above a hand with a wheel on the palm. Members of this religion try to achieve correct knowledge, faith, and conduct. One of its sects believes that women can't attain moksha and that monks should be (*) nude. Its monks use a broom to avoid killing insects. 24 tirthankaras, including Mahavira, founded—for 10 points—what Indian religion based on nonviolence, or ahimsa?

Jainism

Two of this scientist's research subjects were the polio-stricken Mr. McGregor and David Greybeard. Important discoveries by this anthropologist was that her subjects ate meat, even hunting colobus monkeys, and used tools, such as using straws to pick up (*) termites to eat. Goliath was the alpha male in her community at Gombe Stream National Park. For ten points, name this woman who spent over four decades in Tanzania studying chimpanzees.

Jane Morris Goodall

The bull In Eminenti compared the doctrines of this group with those of Baianism. Francois Pinthereau and Nicolas Caussin wrote prominent refutations of their ideas. This sect drew comparisons to Calvinism due to its adherence to the concept of efficacious grace, which Clement XI condemned in the bull Unigenitis. Its adherents argued that rare confession was necessary for morality. Two members of this sect, Pierre Nicole and Antoine Arnauld, wrote the Port-Royal Logic. This sect's namesake and founder wrote the work Augustinus. One adherent of this heresy condemned the lax morality of the Jesuits in his Provincial Letters, a conflict known as the Formulary Controversy. For 10 points, name this Catholic heresy whose adherents included Blaise Pascal.

Jansenism [accept word forms]

According to the Ahmadiyya, this man is buried at Roza Bal, a shrine in Kashmir. In the Surat Al-Ma'ida, this man asked God to send down food from heaven. This man made a clay figure of a bird and breathed into it, causing it to come to life. After he was born, this man's mother was told to shake a palm tree for dates. The Surat An-Nisa describes the apparent (*) death of this man, who revealed that Injil was actually an illusion. This man will appear alongside the Mahdi and kill the Dajjal before the Day of Resurrection. In Islam, this man is considered to be the second-to-last prophet, preceding Muhammad. For 10 points, the Surat Maryam describes the virgin birth of which prophet, who in another tradition could walk on water?

Jesus Christ [accept either underlined portion; accept Isa ibn Maryam]

This thinker describes as "useful inefficiencies" the tendency of politicians to shelter interest groups from globalization. He claims in one work that the attraction of hard currency is too great for all but the most resolute despots to ignore, and cites the example of European indecisiveness in Yugoslavia to explain why there must be a power broadly acceptable to as a leader. This man co-developed the concept of "complex interdependence" in Power and Interdependence and he attacks foreign policy decisions that promote arrogance, unilateralism, and parochialism in his book Paradox of American Power. His most important theory suggests that the ability of a polity to attract others is through the legitimacy of its policies and the values that underlie them. For 10 points, name this co-founder, along with Robert Keohane, of neoliberalism and proponent of soft power.

Joseph S. Nye Jr.

During the 2004 Presidential election, he was seen as the most likely pick for John Kerry's National Security Advisor. One of his early works, a collaboration with Robert Keohane, championed the idea that international relations cannot be analyzed on a state to state basis, an idea called complex interdependence. In later works, he argues that the US must maintain its hegemony not by military might or economic incentives as in the neorealist view, but by diplomacy and noncoercive means, or "soft power." The author of Power and Interdependence and The Paradox of American Power

Joseph S. Nye, Jr.

This lecturer spoke on "Nation-States under the Pressure of Globalization" during a 2001 visit to China. A 1968 work of his traces the "dissolution of epistemology" and argues that all knowledge is rooted in interest. His political arguments include one that democracy and constitutionalism are conceptually interdependent. Author of The Postnational Constellation, The Inclusion of the Other, Legitimation Crisis, Towards a Rational Society, and the aforementioned Knowledge and Human Interests, he posits an arena to mediate between the state and society in his first work, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. FTP, name this German philosopher best known for The Theory of Communicative Action.

Jurgen Habermas

The journal The Critical Rationalist is devoted to the followers of this man, who worked withpsychologist Donald Campbell to develop the idea of a body of knowledge existing outside of humanthinkers in his theory of knowledge as evolution. That theory was elaborated in such works as AWorld of Propensities and Objective Knowledge. In another work, he accused Marxists of using ad-hochypotheses to patch up their theory and denounced large-scale social planning as a confusion of (*))trends with laws. Another of his political works seeks the origin of "the high tide of prophecy" in "the spellof Plato." He is likely most known for arguing against "verificationism" and in favor of "falsifiability" asthe criterion for good science. For 10 points, identify this author of The Open Society and Its Enemies andThe Logic of Scientific Discovery.

Karl Raimund Popper

This designation was derived from a word alluding either to an upstanding officer of the revenue department or a piece of land directly under government control and it was first used in a religious setting by Kabir. Before it took on its current meaning the groups known as masands were abolished, and the man responsible for that new meaning clarified his purpose in the composition known as the 33 Swayya. In common usage when prefaced by "Sarbatt" it can refer to a gathering of members of a certain religion. It came to identify a group who partook in the Pahul by taking a water-sugar drink in the Amrit Sanchar ceremony. That group would be differentiated from the Sahajdharis, who typically do not keep the kanga or the kirpan. For 10 points, name this group established by the Guru Gobind Singh as the purest of all Sikhs.

Khalsa

Giewont is associated with a myth of this type in Polish folklore, and one of these myths provides a Székely [SAY-kay] nickname for the Milky Way and concerns the Hunnic prince Csaba. Another myth of this type concerns Holger Danske and the Kronborg Castle. (*) Drake's Drum is the subject of a myth of this type, while the Kyffhäuser in Germany is associated with one of these myths concerning Frederick Barbarossa. This kind of myth casts Constantine XI as "Marble Emperor." For 10 points, name this type of myth that gives King Arthur the epithet "the once and future king."

King in the mountain [accept King under the mountain; accept Kyffhäuser myth before it is read; accept sleeping hero or sleeping army; accept folklore motif D 1960.2 and tell the player that Tom Hill is buying them a drink; accept any description of the idea of a figure lying dormant in some place with the prospect of returning in a time of need]

This thinker's 1966 work looks at its titular phenomenon in "Coral Fish in the Laboratory" and in "Rats," before declaring "Ecce Homo!" in chapter thirteen. Conducting A Search for a Natural History of Human Knowledge in 1973's Behind the Mirror, a late work of this writer examined The Foundations of the discipline he founded. The monumental The Natural Science of the Human Species is a recent posthumous publication of his, but better known are King Solomon's Ring and the aforementioned On Aggression. FTP, name this ethologist perhaps most famous for discovering imprinting by training some ducklings to follow him around; the winner of the 1973 Medicine Nobel with Tinbergen and von Frisch, a fellow Austrian.

Konrad Lorenz

In a myth of these people, a man plants orange trees around his house and sticks a silver pin in his head to ward off a death-spirit who nevertheless kills him with an iron hammer. A god of these people captured his wife by drawing lines on the ground that grew into a copper castle, then defeated her father in a three-part metamorphosis contest. That god of these people is accompanied by swan-riding attendants and multi-colored, music-producing clouds. A queen and king of these people were born on the same day at different forest wells, she from the rib of a cockatrice and he from an egg watched over by a white horse. After remaining in a cave for 100 days while eating only garlic and mugwort, a bear transformed into a woman who became the mother of these people's first king, Dangun, as related in the Samguk Yusa. For 10 points, identify these people who created founding myths for kingdoms like Silla and Gojoseon.

Koreans [or Hanguk-in; or Joseon-in]

He was born in a prison cell on a day known as Janmashtami, shortly followed by his supernatural escape to the care of his foster parents in Vrindavana. Upon rescuing the 16,000 maidens held by the demon Narakasura, he married all of them in order to preserve their social status. Often depicted as a child eating butter or playing the flute, he held a hill up above the residents of his town to shelter them from a storm. Duryodhana chose this deity's army for the Kauravas after he refused to raise a weapon in the Kurukshetra. The Pandavas, however, chose him as he served as Arjuna's charioteer, to whom he delivered the Bhagavad Gita. For 10 points, name this incarnation of Vishnu, generally shown alongside his consort, Radha.

Krishna

This holiday's seven principles are represented by a kinara holding seven black, red, and green candles that are lit throughout this holiday.This holiday was established in 1966 by Maulana Karenga, who named it for a (*)) Swahili phrase meaning "first fruits." For ten points, name this winter holiday celebrating African heritage, which takes place from December 26 to January 1.

Kwanzaa

The seventh section of this work ends with the memorable command, "be not therefore troubled," and the sixth section considers the impossibility of a man without thought. Declaring at one point "how hollow and full of ribaldry is the heart of man," the work begins with a statement of the difference between the mathematical and intuitive mind and goes on to draw some parallels to characters from the commedia del arte. Containing sections like "Justice and the Reason of Effects," and "Perpetuity," it is most famous for outlining some reasons for believing in God in the section "Of the Necessity of the Wager." FTP, name this seminal work of Blaise Pascal, with a French title roughly translated as "the thoughts."

Les Pensees (or Thoughts of Pascal or equivalents before mentioned)

Jerome Bruner, a notable scholar of this man's work, wrote about the way that his theory of education proceeds in a dynamic way. One of this man's concepts is exemplified by the way that Mayan girls learn to weave through their mothers and their surrounding environment; that process relies on internalization and is called "cultural mediation." Another important concept to arise from this psychologist's work is his theory of the symbolic interactions of play. He analyzed the relationship between learning a language and cognitive development in his work Thought and Language. The upper limit of this man's most notable contribution is defined as the level of responsibility that a child can accept with assistance, while the lowest level is defined as the maximum that the child can accomplish on its own. For 10 points, identify this psychologist who coined the term "zone of proximal development," a Russian.

Lev Vygotsky

This work concludes by mentioning a Roman judge who would ask accusers cui bono. Its first section, "Of Man," gives competition, diffidence and glory as the three causes of conflict, while its middle two sections discuss commonwealths and Christian commonwealths, respectively, and its fourth and final section is concerned with a "confederacy of deceivers" called the kingdom of darkness. This work argues that only a strong sovereign can prevent a war of all against all. For 10 points, name this work which characterizes life as "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short," a book by Thomas Hobbes.

Leviathan

The "Treatise on the Emanations of the Left" by Rabbi Isaac ben Jacob ha-Kohen describes this figure possessing a "burning fire" from the waist down. The Zohar of Kabbalistic tradition posits that this figure is diametrically opposed to Shekhinah. Isaiah 34:13 uses the name of this figure to connote a "night bird." The story of this figure is related to Nebuchadnezzar by the title character in The Alphabet of Ben-Sira, in which this figure claims dominion over a certain child for either eight or twenty days, depending on the gender. In that story, the angels Sansenoy, Senoy, and Semangelof threaten to (*)) drown this figure, who speaks the Ineffable Name after an argument regarding the position she should take relative to her husband during intercourse. This woman has been syncretized with Lamia and has been treated as an evil temptress. For 10 points, identify this figure, the supposed first wife of Adam.

Lilith [accept Lamia until mention]

The third of these people was known as the "Righteous Sprout" after a book he compiled, while the sixth of these people had his death sentence commuted while he sat in Spalerno Prison. The first holder of this position wrote "The Letter of Repentance" and "The Book of the Average Men," two sections of his five-part work, the Tanya. A later holder of this position established the custom of "Sunday Dollars," in which people lined up to receive dollar bills from him to give to charity. The best known holder of this title stayed at (*)) 770 Eastern Parkway, which is now a pilgrimage site. This title was held by a man whose motorcade struck a child in 1991, leading to the Crown Heights riots. For 10 points, give this title held by members of the Schneerson family, who are at the center of a quasi-messianic branch of proselytizing Chassidic Jews.

Lubavitcher Rebbe [with any word form of "Lubavitch"; or Schneerson before it is read; prompt on rabbis]

In a section of this work, a figure describes a tree with its roots in the heavens that symbolizes material existence and is to be felled with the "axe of detachment." A character in this work is humiliated when he mistakes a pond for a polished floor and falls in. When a noble family in this work attempts to strip (*) Draupadi in front of their court, her clothes magically grow in length. After losing a game of dice in this work, a family is exiled for 12 years. A section of this work sees Arjuna converse with his charioteer Krishna. For 10 points, name this Hindu epic which includes the Bhagavad Gita.

Mahabharata (anti-prompt [ask for less specific] on Bhagavad Gita until read)

The first epic poem written in this language is Il Gifen-Tork, and the title of the first novel in this language translates to Elvira, or the Love of a Tyrant. After Athanasius Kircher visited the area where it is most widely spoken, he offered evidence against the then-prevailing theory that it was descended from ancient Punic. The first known document written in this language is the fifteenth-century poem Il Cantilena by Pietru Caxaro. Like many other languages in its family, such as Amharic, most of its words have triliteral roots, meaning that they consist of three consonants. However, it is unique among its language family in that it uses the Latin alphabet. For 10 points, name this Semitic language now known to be descended from Siculo-Arabic, the official language of a tiny island nation in the Mediterranean Sea.

Maltese

This god was accompanied into battle by Geri and Freki, since he gave them all his food. This god will attack Fenrir with his spear, Gungnir, at Ragnarok, and he kept Huginn and Muninn, a pair of messenger (*)) ravens. This god gained wisdom from the Well of Mimir by losing an eye. For ten points, identify this chief Norse god, the father of Thor.

Odin (accept Wotann)

This philosopher recounted a parable by Zeno of Citium which compared the way the soul assents to a clear perception, or katalepsis, to a fist. Macrobius wrote a Neoplatonic commentary on a passage by this philosopher in which Scipio is presented with visions of life after death and the nine celestial spheres. This philosopher discussed conflicts between honor and expediency in a Stoic-influenced essay for his son, (*) De Officiis (day OFF-ih-KEE-eess), and wrote a dialogue on Roman history and government called De Re Publica. Petrarch's rediscovery of this man's letters in the 14th century reignited interest in classical culture. For 10 points, name this Roman statesman and orator whose denunciations of Marc Anthony in the Philippics led to his assassination.

Marcus Tullius Cicero

This author of "Blackberry Winter" studied the Tchambuli, Mundugumor, and Arapesh groups in one of her works, and this person wrote Male and Female, in which she compared Pacific tribesmen to men and women in the contemporary United States. Derek Freeman criticized this woman's (*) Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies, claiming that natives she interviewed on a Polynesian island lied about their experiences. For 10 points, name this American anthropologist who claimed that adolescence on Ta'u was less stressful due to fewer sexual norms, in her work the Coming of Age in Samoa.

Margaret Mead

In their pantheon, the Bacabs were a group of four gods who held up the sky while Tepeu was one of the gods associated with their creation. Another of their deities, closely related to Cocijo, was associated with rains and floods and was named Chac. Their underworld, accessible through the ball court, was known as Xibalba [she-bal-ba] and was described in their epic, the Popul Vuh. With a religion practiced at places like Palenque and Tikal, for 10 points each, identify this culture primarily of the Yucatan Peninsula that are not the Aztecs.

Maya

A myth of these people describes a pair of youths who trick their elder brothers into climbing a tree that continually grows taller. In another of their myths, a demon is crushed to death by a mountain after trying to eat a delicious-looking fake crab. These people told of a bird demon whose eyes and teeth are pulled out after he pretends to be the Sun and the Moon. The bat god Cama·zotz lives in the underworld ruled by (*) One Death and Seven Death in these people's epic about Hu·nah·pu [hoo-nah-POO] and Xba·lan·que [sh'ba-lahn-KAY], the Hero Twins. The Popol Vuh [POH-pohl VOO] was authored by, for 10 points, what Meso·american civilization whose Long Count calendar most recently ended on December 21, 2012?

Maya people [or Mayan people; accept K'iche' Maya]

Six Miqats are stations on the way to this city. This city is visited during the Umrah, and believers in this city walk in circles around this city's (*)) Ka'aba to remember its construction by Ismail and Ibrahim. All able-bodied Muslims must at some point in their life complete the Hajj, a pilgrimage to, for ten points, what holy Saudi city?

Mecca

In one story, this mythological figure, who was often depicted in the company of a bird and a squirrel, asks Nera to speak to the dead on Samhain. This figure's marriage is described in a section of the Book of Lecan known as the "Cath Boinde," which also reveals how this figure acquired the court of Cruachan.Killed by a man with a slingshot while bathing in a pool, this figure was succeeded by one of seven sons, Maine Athramail. In the most well known story about this figure, whose lust earned her the epithet "the friendly-thighed," she seduces Fergus Mac Roiche in an attempt to win an argument with her husband, Ailill; an event that precipitates an attack on Ulster and the theft of the Brown Bull of Cooley. For 10 points, identify this queen of Connacht whose forces kill Cuchulainn.

Medb or Maeve

This work claims that "loaves of bread" that split open "in the oven" shows how "Nature's inadvertence has its own charm, its own attractiveness." This text states that after the deaths of Alexander the Great and his "mule driver", their souls either became part of the "life-force" of the world, or were turned into "atoms" of an "Epicurean universe." This work, whose Greek title Ta eis heauton ("tah ays HEY-ow-tohn") means "things to one-self," begins by thanking the author's teacher (*) Rusticus, who introduced him to Epictetus's ("eh-PIC-teh-tus") philosophy. It was written in koine ("KOY-nay") Greek from 161 to 180 AD while its author was campaigning in places such as Carnuntum while fighting against the Quadi ("KWAH-dee") barbarians. For 10 points, name this set of Stoic writings by Marcus Aurelius.

Meditations

This work's Preface claims inspiration from Apollonius and Pappus' geometry in its method of exigesis. Its final section dismisses the efficacy of a particular counterargument based on the notion that man, at times, knows not whether he is asleep or awake, by noting that one's memory never joins dreams to the other actions of life. That discussion is preceded by the author's argument for "extension" as an essential property, which cites the example of a ball of wax that melts and changes shape but remains the same substance. Dedicated to "the deans and doctors of the faculty of sacred theology in Paris," its fourth section argues all that we perceive is true, while the fifth section offers a "new proof" for the existence of God. For 10 points, identify this essay which responded to the queries prompted by its author's previous piece, Discourse on Method, a work by Rene Descartes.

Meditations on First Philosophy

One section of this work utilizes the example of a candle whose wax grows alternately hot and cold to illustrate a point about changing natures, while this text also asserts that the wax of that candle was not the same thing as its whiteness or the sweetness of honey. In the fourth part of this work, "On Truth and Falsity", the author declares that he is an "intermediate between God and nothingness." In the previous section, he attempts to establish the existence of God by arguing that the idea of God is neither adventitious nor invented, but must be innate. The second section of this work asserts that the nature of the mind is more easy to know than that of the body, presaging this work's argument. The final part concerns the mind-body problem, building off the author's earlier conclusion that he truly does exist. For 10 points, identify this work by Rene Descartes that encourages systematic doubt of everything.

Meditations on First Philosophy or [Meditationes de Prima Philosophia]

This figure's blood created the corals of the Red Sea and the Saharan vipers after she was punished for defiling Athena's temple. Her sisters, Stheno and Euryale, were immortal, but this woman was not. After her death, Chrysaor and (*) Pegasus were born from her body. With the help of Athena's mirrored shield, Perseus beheaded this mythical monster. For 10 points, identify this snake- haired Gorgon who turned anyone who looked at her into stone.

Medusa

During a duel, this character grabs his opponent's helmet and drags him along the ground, until Aphro·dite suddenly whisks his opponent away. The epithet xan·thos [ZAAN-thohss] used to describe this character is frequently taken to mean "red-haired". This successor to Tyn·dareus fathers Mega·penthes ["MEGA"-PEN-theez] to express his great sorrow from being away from people such as his daughter (*) Hermione. While this man is away at his grandfather's funeral, his wife is kidnapped by Paris, and "a thousand ships" are launched to rescue her. For 10 points, name this king of Sparta and husband of Helen of Troy.

Menelaus

This work deploys an elegant analogy suggesting that, like bats which cannot process blinding sunlight with their blind eyes, so too does the truth elude us. Translators baffled by this work's phrase "the what it was to be" rendered the whole thing as the word essentia, from which we get the English word "essence." This work arbitrarily defines a human being as a two-footed animal in order to demonstrate the impossibility of believing the same thing to be and to not be, in an extended illustration of the principle of (*)) non-contradiction. In his autobiography, Avicenna claimed to have read this work 40 times without understanding it before encountering al-Farabi's elucidation of its "purposes." Book XII, or lambda, of this work terms a being whose "thinking is a thinking of thinking" the "unmoved mover." For 10 points, name this work by Aristotle which gives its name to the field of philosophy concerned with the nature of being, with a title suggesting that pupils should tackle it after reading his Physics.

Metaphysics

A soldier executed for rape and murder in this country became the folk saint "John the Soldier" after there were reports of blood seeping from his grave and miracles occurring nearby. In 2012, a woman in this country was arrested for performing human sacrifice in the cult of Holy Death. That cult is popular among criminals in this country, as is the cult of the Robin Hood-esque (*) Jesús Malverde. A man in this country had four visions and was told by the fourth to collect non-native roses in his cloth as proof, and when he later opened the cloth, an image of the Virgin Mary had appeared. The Catholic Church in this country has condemned the growing popularity of syncretic "narco-saints". For 10 points, name this country where Juan Diego saw Our Lady of Guadalupe.

Mexico

Evidence of female literacy in this language is contained in such corpora as the Wooing Group and the Katherine Group. The merging of dialects in this language caused the loss of distinction between the present participle and the gerund, while the lengthening of first-syllable vowels in words composed of two short syllables led to the muting of final "e." This language's writing system included an all-purpose character for velar sounds, which resembles a cursive "z" and is called "yogh." This language existed for most of its lifespan alongside (*)) French and Latin, and became the sole tongue during the transition to its successor, the "Early Modern" phase. Perhaps the most well-known text in this language begins "Whan that Aprill, with his shoures soote." For 10 points, identify this language, which flourished from around 1070 to 1500 in the British Isles.

Middle English [do not accept or prompt on "Old English" or "English"]

In a work about "the other side" of this place, Luke Eric Lassiter argued that the lack of African Americans in it could be seen as a metaphor for the invisibility of African Americans before the Civil-Rights era. One work about this place explored the "Pattern of Business-Class Control" of the X Family and concluded with a lengthy list of the title place's values and contradictory values, its namesake (*) "Spirit". The first book on this place outlines six interactions people have with it, including "training the young" and "making a home." Against the suggestion of Robert Park, this place was chosen for its homogeneous population of white Anglo-Saxons, and life here in 1890 was contrasted with conditions in 1925. For 10 points, name this place studied by Robert and Helen Lynd, in actuality Muncie, Indiana.

Middletown [prompt on "Muncie, Indiana" before mentioned]

In one story about this figure, he tricks a man into thinking he can diagnose the black murrain in order to kill some sheep and throw them in a river. This figure was often challenged to contests by people who wanted to win his prized single red feather, which he wore to signify his physical prowess. This figure was alternately nicknamed "the Snag" and "the Snapping-Turtle," and is frequently described in stories as "half-horse, half-alligator." Most accounts of his death agree that he was murdered by Talbott for killing his friend Carpenter. This figure used his gun Bang-All to shoot tin cups of whiskey off of people's heads. He declared "I'm a Salt River roarer! I'm a ring-tailed squealer" in his "brag," which may have been addressed to Davy Crockett. For 10 points, name this figure from American folklore who sailed the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers as the king of the keelboaters.

Mike Fink

This object is discussed in the sixth tractate of the Tohorot in the Mishnah, which states that to be valid, one of these objects must contain at least 40 se'ah. A dispute exists over whether a person with uncombed hair or dreadlocks can properly use this object, and this object is used during the second stage of taharah, the preparation of bodies for burial. Keri, Zavah, and Niddah are states caused by discharge of bodily fluids that this object can remove via tevilah, or ablution via full-body immersion. For ten points, name this type of ritual bath, used for purification in Judaism.

Mikvah

This man called for education vouchers and a volunteer military in a 1962 book. That book by this man attacks both the Bretton Woods system and medical licensing. This man built on the work of Franco Modigliani in his studies of the consumption function. With Edmund Phelps, he developed the idea of a (*) natural rate of unemployment. This man proposed a negative income tax and thought that the money supply should grow by a fixed percentage each year. He emphasized monetary policy's role in causing the Great Depression in A Monetary History of the United States. Capitalism and Freedom is by—for 10 points—what Chicago School economist who founded monetarism?

Milton Friedman

A book about these buildings featuring photographs taken by Ralph Savage was written by James Talmage in response to a blackmail attempt that involved the publication of a book featuring interior photographs of these buildings taken by Gisbert Bossard under the direction of the con artist Max Florence. Each of these buildings has at least one room with large mirrors on opposite walls, as well as a room containing an object supported by twelve bronze oxen, modeled after the description of the Molten Sea in 1 Kings and 2 Chronicles. A (*)) Hosanna shout takes place during the dedication of these buildings. Only people possessing a namesake "recommend" and wearing a namesake "garment" may enter these buildings, which contain Sealing Rooms for performing celestial marriages and basins for conducting posthumous baptisms. For 10 points, name these sacred buildings of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints.

Mormon temples [accept equivalents for "Mormon," such as Latter Day Saints before mention; prompt on "temples"]

Red Rosner has recently translated this thinker's medical texts into English. This man's most notable treatise was the subject of a sharp critique by Gerso called The Wars of the Lord. That work by this thinker features a third volume that heavily examines the merkavah, or the throne of God vision that Ezekiel saw. His other treatises include the Mishneh Torah and a Commentary on the Mishnah. He was heavily influenced by the kalam philosophy of Saadia Gaon, which inspired his religious treatise that cleared up the doubts of Rabbi Joseph ben Judah. For 10 points, name this Jewish Rabbi and author of The Guide for the Perplexed.

Moses Maimonides

A version of this problem centering on a lesion that makes people both want to smoke and more susceptible to lung cancer is used to illustrate a response to it, called the "tickle defense." A "meta-" version of this problem was introduced in a 2001 paper in Analysis written by Nick Bostrom. David Lewis argued that in the prisoner's dilemma, each prisoner faces this kind of problem, which he also wrote about in his paper "Why Ain'tcha Rich?" In response to this problem, Allan Gibbard and William Harper used the probabilities of counterfactuals to develop (*) causal ("CAUSE-al") decision theory. Robert Nozick first formulated this problem to illustrate a clash between the principles of dominance and expected utility maximization. For 10 points, name this problem centering on a predictor who puts either a million dollars or nothing in an opaque box depending on whether they predict that an agent will take an open box containing a thousand dollars.

Newcomb's problem [or Newcomb's paradox; accept meta-Newcomb problem]

In one work, this philosopher praised the five virtues of being merciful, faithful, humane, upright, and religious. His name graces the second of the three psychological disorders known as the Dark Triad. This author praised Hannibal's sternness while dismissing Scipio's forbearance, mocking a genre intending to "mirror" the title character. In order to avoid both snares and wolves, this philosopher instructed his audience to be both a lion and a fox in a work often paired with his analysis of republics called Discourses on Livy. For 10 points, name this author who said "It is better to be feared than loved" in an invocation to Lorenzo d'Medici, The Prince.

Niccolo Machiavelli

Robert Cook published an influential work on this figure and her children. Born at Mount Sipylus to a certain Lydian king and the goddess Dione, she was the sister of Broteas. She is represented in the third movement of Britten's Six Metamorphoses after Ovid, and her tears are mentioned in Hamlet's Act 1 soliloquy. Chloris, Ogygia, Phaedimus, Eudoxa and Damisichthon were some of her numerous children, whose father was Amphion. In one version of the myth, she is the daughter of Assaon, who burned all her children to death after she refused to commit incest with him. The sister of Pelops and daughter of Tantalus, for 10 points, name this grieving figure turned into a rock after watching Apollo and Artemis slaughter her 14 children.

Niobe

This work argues that words that do not represent real things, like "fortune," "prime mover," and "element of fire," should not exist. The second book of this work lists twenty-eight hot things and contains a Table of the Degrees and Comparisons of Heat. This work notes differences in how ants, spiders, and bees collect and process resources around them. This work claims that the Sophistical, Empirical, and Superstitious Systems of Philosophy hinder civilization's ability to advance. That critique is called the Idols of the Theater, which the author lists in this work alongside the Idols of the Tribe, Cave, and Marketplace. This work champions a method of inductive reasoning. For 10 points, name this work of scientific philosophy, an update to a work of Aristotle written by Francis Bacon.

Novum Organum [or The New Organon]

This book features the killing of the prophet Balaam and a war with the Midianites that results in their destruction. This book also includes a section in which a bronze snake known as Nehushtan is constructed. In this book, the Levites are given command of the Tabernacle, and Miriam is punished with leprosy after speaking out against Moses. For 10 points, name this fourth book of the Old Testament that opens with a census to discover how many men are able to serve in the military.

Numbers

This deity discovers the ability to use magical items such as fehu [FAY-hoo], uruz [OOH-rooz], and ansuz [AHN-sooz]. He listens to a prophecy about the end of the world in an anonymous poem titled the Völuspá [VOH-loo-SPAH]; in another text, this deity disguises himself as a trio of wise men named High, Just-As-High, and Third. In the Grímnis·mál, this god witnesses the reign of his cruel foster-son Geirröth ["GUY"-"roth"] from his high (*) throne that allows him to see the entire world. This owner of Hlid·skjalf [H'LEED-sk'yahlf] also possesses the duplicating ring Draup·nir, and rides the eight-legged horse Sleip·nir. For 10 points, name this "all-father" from Norse mythology.

Odin [or Wotan; or Wodanaz]

This man once broke down into tears after listening to the bard Demodokus. He was ordered to found a shrine in a place where the locals would not recognize an oar. Years after this man plundered the city of the Cicones, he was slain with the spine of a stingray by his illegitimate son Telegonus. While on a night raid, this man and Diomedes killed the treacherous Dolon. This man caused the suicide of Ajax by arguing successfully for the armor of Achilles. He sustained an injury while visiting his grandfather Autolycus, allowing him to be recognized years later by his nurse Eurykleia. For 10 points, name this Ithacan hero, the husband of Penelope who spent ten years trying to return home.

Odysseus [or Ulysses; or Ulixes]

In an analysis of another thinker's work, this book calls the Fall a "natural accident" and discusses a period of pleasure and desire called "the festival," after which incest was prohibited. Robert Laporte inspired the name of its section La Brisure, which means both "the joint" and "the break." This work's study of Emile and Confessions appears in the section "That Dangerous Supplement." Levi-Strauss's Tristes Tropiques is analyzed in this book's Part II, (*) "Nature, Culture, and Writing," which takes as its focus the "Essay on the Origin of Languages." This work, originally an unsuccessful doctoral thesis, critiques Saussure's structuralism and introduced the terms "logocentricity" and "differance." For 10 points, name this foundational work of deconstruction by Jacques Derrida.

Of Grammatology [or De la grammatologie]

This work draws on an essay by John Sterling to argue that "Pagan self-assertion" is as valuable as the Calvinist ideal of "Christian self-denial." Matthew Arnold wrote an essay criticizing the parallels that this work draws between Marcus Aurelius's treatment of early Christians and attempts to suppress Mormonism. This work's third chapter criticizes cultural conformity and advocates for individuality as a source of "well-being." This work opens by noting the struggle between "authority" and its title concept, and warns against the "tyranny of the prevailing opinion and feeling" that a majority can exercise in democratic systems. This essay claims that power can only be rightfully exercised against members of "civilized communities" against their will in order to "prevent harm to others." For 10 points, name this 1859 analysis of freedom and society by John Stuart Mill.

On Liberty

Temples dedicated to this god include the Trimbakeshwar and Ramanaswathamy. Five is a sacred number to this god, which is reflected in his namesake "Five Mantras". His sons are Kartikeya and Ganesha. Although he's not Vishnu, this god has a number of avatars, and his wife is (*)) Parvati. For 10 points, name this Hindu god which, along with Brahma and Vishnu, makes up the Hindu trimurti, a "destroyer" god.

Shiva [accept Shiva the Destroyer, Shiva the Transformer]

This religious organization's founder collected 999 maxims introduced as "things that I whisper in your ear, as a friend, as a brother, as a father" in a book titled The Way. This organization's governance is documented by the apostolic constitution Ut sit, which established it as the first personal prelature of the Catholic Church. Though most members of this organization are (*) supernumeraries who are allowed to marry, this organization's numeraries are required to remain unmarried and celibate. Some members of this organization controversially wear a cilice, a metal chain with small prongs, around their thigh as part of corporal mortification. This organization, mostly made up of laymen, was founded by Josemaría Escrivá and emphasizes the "sanctification of ordinary work." For 10 points, name this Catholic organization whose name is Latin for "Work of God."

Opus Dei

This man is credited with convincing Beryllus of Bostra to renounce adoptionism, and this man's father, Leonides, is celebrated as a martyr. After this man's death, his beliefs were spread by the monks of Nitria. This man was ordained a priest by Theoctistus of Caesarea, which sparked this man's spat with Patriarch Demetrius of Alexandria. This man is associated with the doctrine of Apocatastasis, and in his theology he subordinated the Logos, or Christ, to the First Principle of God the Father and taught the transmigration of souls, for which he was anathamized by the later church. For ten points, name this third century AD theologian from Egypt, who combined Neo-Platonism with Christianity.

Origen

This man argued that, just as the Hebrews used treasures plundered from Egypt to build the wilderness tabernacle, Christiansmust use secular philosophical writings to answer theological questions, in his letter to Gregory Thaumaturgus whoresponded with an "address of gratitude" to this person. He provided a paragraph-by-paragraph refutation of a work calledthe Alethes Logos, or The True Word, and that refutation was copied into the Philocalia named for this man, compiled byBasil the Great and Gregory Nazianzen. That piece is his tract against Celsus. Gregory of Nyssa was inspired by this man'steaching of apokatastasis,which, along with his doctrine on the pre-existence of souls, led him to be declared anathema at theFiftfth Ecumenical Council of Constantinople. He also compiled six versions of the Old Testament side-by-side in the Hexapla.For 10 points, name this theologian who allegedly castrated himself, and was a Church Father from Alexandria.

Origen of Alexandria [or Origen Adamantius; do not accept or prompt on Adamantius]

During the Middle Kingdom, this deity was merged with the Abydosian god Khenti-Amentiu, taking on the epithet "Foremost of the Westerners." This deity was the eldest son of the earth god Geb and the sky goddess Nut, and is often depicted wearing an atef crown with a crook and (*) flail in his hands. After being separated into fourteen pieces by his brother Set, this god's wife, assisted by her sister Nephthys, tracked down all remaining pieces before binding them back together. For 10 points, name this husband of Isis, the Egyptian god of the Underworld.

Osiris

Priests of this deity were forbidden from eating fish because of this deity's encounter with an oxyrhynchus ["OX-ee-RINK-us"]. A ram at Mendes was worshipped as an incarnation of this deity. This deity was imprisoned in a (*) coffin that was thrown into a river and later ended up inside a tamarisk tree. Symbols of this god include the feathered atef crown, the crook and flail, and the djed ["JED"], which represents his backbone. Pieces of this god's corpse were collected and brought back to life by his wife Isis. This god's murder by his brother Set was avenged by his son Horus. For 10 points, name this Egyptian god of the dead and king of the underworld.

Osiris

This work discusses the division of humanity into "Chosen People" and "Dangerous Aliens" in its chapter on "The Science of Custom,", and its third section cites Spengler's Decline of the West and claims that Western culture is "too intricate for study". It rationalizes the "lawless and treacherous" nature of one group which lives off the coast of New Guinea, and adopts Nietzsche's constructs of the Apollonian and Dionysian for the other two studied societies, which are judged only by their own values. Contrasting the Dobu, Pueblo, and Kwakiutls, for 10 points, name this work which advanced the idea of cultural relativism by Ruth Benedict.

Patterns of Culture

This figure lost his first wife after she bounced so high she hit her head on the moon. He won a wrestling match with the Bear Lake Monster and wore a rattlesnake necktie. This figure was raised by coyotes until the age of fifteen and attempted to ride a tornado like a horse, creating Death Valley when he finally fell off. For 10 points, name this cowboy hero of American folklore.

Pecos Bill [prompt on Bill]

In a pair of works by this author, Timaeus describes the origin of the universe and Critias details the history of Atlantis. He wrote of Kallipolis, an ideal city-state where philosopher-kings rule, in a work that seeks to define justice for individuals and the (*) city-state. For 10 points, name this Ancient Greek philosopher, a teacher of Aristotle and author of dialogues, like The Republic, which feature his teacher, Socrates.

Plato Bonuses

After his travels with a non-basketball-playing Moritz Wagner, Karl von Scherzer published this work in Europe for the first time. Dennis Tedlock produced the definitive English translation of this work, which features a demonic bird creature who pretends to be the sun and moon. During the first section of this work, humans are made out of wood, but those wooden people are then destroyed by their creator, (*) Kukulkan. After a character in this work is decapitated, his severed head is used for a competition in which the Lords of Death are defeated. This work survives today due to a single copy translated into Spanish in the early 18th century by Francisco Ximénez. For 10 points, name this work that includes the adventures of the Hero Twins as well as the Mayan creation myth.

Popol Vuh [or Popol Wuj]

In one work usually attributed to this philosopher, the term hyparxis is identified with existence as the first principle of a triad which includes life and intelligence. In another work, the civic, purgative, and contemplative types of virtue are considered along with paradigmatic virtue, which corresponds to a virtue's Platonic Form. In addition to Commentary on Parmenides, this opponent of Iamblichus wrote a work rejecting Cronius's theory that the titular location did not exist and interprets its structure symbolically while analyzing The Odyssey as allegorically depicting the history of the human soul. Another work by this philosopher discusses the Aristotelian concepts of genus, species, differentia, property, and accident as an introduction to the Categories. The author of Sententiae, The Cave of the Nymphs and the Isagoge, for 10 points, name this Neoplatonist who edited his teacher Plotinus' Enneads.

Porphyry

Early Catholic dogma used the adjective "inadequate" to modify this concept if it suggested one would achieve either "glory" or "grace," but not both, and Pope John Paul II said the negative form of this concept does not exist. Its so-called "double" form is espoused in the faith with which this concept is most associated, suggesting that both "reprobation" and "election" are already set. That idea of this concept is set forward in the Westminster Confession of Faith which states that God "unchangeably ordain[s] whatsoever comes to pass." Most often associated with Calvinism, FTP what is this idea that one's salvation or damnation is predetermined by God?

Predestination

A journey to one of these locations is explained through a parable in which a man encounters a river of water flowing north and a river of fire flowing south and crosses on a narrow white path. An inhabitant of one of these places is venerated in acts of worship directed towards a gohonzon ("go-hone-zone"). A simple criterion for entering these places is found in the Primal Vow, or 18th vow, found in a "longer" text on which Shandao authored a set of commentaries; Hōnen later proselytized ("PROSS-lit-tized") that doctrine across Japan. Sukhavati ("SOO-kuh-VUH-tee") is an example of these places where, according to some traditions, one may be reborn simply by performing nembutsu, or reciting the name of Amitabha ("ah-mee-TAH-buh"). For 10 points, name this kind of afterlife where a bodhisattva may live in some Mahayana traditions.

Pure Land [or Pure Abode or Pure Realm or jìngtǔ or buddha-field or buddha-land or buddhakṣetra; accept Western Paradises; prompt on paradise or afterlife; do not accept or prompt on "underworld"]

A "little" form of this holiday is celebrated in leap years, and children are instructed to make noise on this holiday. Adults are supposed to drink until two specific phrases are indiscernible, and it includes the practice of mishloach manot, in which observers are to give a gift to two different people, as well as two edible "portions." Hamentaschen are made in preparation for this holiday, which is celebrated on the 14th of Adar. Celebrating the execution of Haman, the book of Esther is read aloud during this holiday. FTP, identify this Jewish holiday.

Purim

Ahalya comes back to life when this character's feet touch a stone. He gains his wife by bending Rudra's great bow, and he conquers his nemesis with the help of that enemy's brother Vi·bhi·sha·na. Towards the end of a work in which he appears, he finds his sons Lava and Kusha fighting his horse, and this son of Dash·rat·ha and Kau·shal·ya was banished by Kai·ke·yi from A·yodh·ya. He lives in exile for fourteen years with his half brother Lakshman, and a bunch of monkeys built a bridge to Sri Lanka to rescue his wife Sita from Ravana back to Hanuman. For 10 points, name the seventh avatar of Vishnu who names an Indian epic poem.

Rama

Chapter 6 of Erich von Däniken's Chariots of the Gods cites this text's mention of a horseless flying vehicle full of flowers as evidence of ancient astronauts. Late in this text, two young boys capture a horse with a golden plate that their father sent out around the country to demand allegiance. A key betrayal in this text occurs when a queen remembers two wishes that her husband granted to her after being reminded by a hunchbacked wet nurse. A character in this text reaches an island with a single leap and later escapes by leaping from roof to roof while his tail is on fire. This text's hero and his brother are exiled to a forest for fourteen years thanks to their mother Kaikeyi. The hero of this epic receives the help of monkeys who build a bridge to Lanka, where he defeats the kidnapper of his wife Sita. For 10 points, name this epic in which Ravana is defeated by an avatar of Vishnu.

Ramayana [accept sub-sections of the Ramayana, such as the Bala Kanda or Sundara Kanda]

The "mansions" of this religion include Bobo Ashanti and the Twelve Tribes of Israel. This religion refers to its home nation as "Zion." Believers in this religion honor the Lion of Judah, a title given to the Emperor of (*)) Ethiopia, Haile Selassie, who is an embodiment of Jah. For ten points, name this religion whose adherents often wear dreadlocks and ritually consume cannabis.

Rastafari (accept Rastafarianism or Rastafarians)

One of this movement's foundational texts concludes with a "Diploma" in a final chapter on "The Theological Lawgiver of Creation." That text helped inspire one of its adherents, who took the pen name G. G. Maragh to write about King Alpha and Queen Omega in another of its central texts, The Promise Key. The Prophet Gad founded one of this movement's branches, or mansions, known as the Twelve Tribes of Israel. Other important textual sources for this religion include one organized into four "Books of (*) Athlyi," The Holy Piby, and one that describes a dynastic line descended from Queen Makeda, the Kebra Nagast. Adherents of this religion celebrate several grounations, partake of the i-tal diet, and participate in ceremonies known as reasonings that feature the smoking of ganja. For 10 points, name this Jamaican religion whose adherents believe Haile Selassie is Jah incarnate.

Rastafarianism [Accept Rasta]

The first use of this in a macro-economic model appears in the article "Investment Under Uncertainty," which uses the concept of an equilibrium of this type. Firms invest given a prior belief about the distribution of output prices, and given aggregate investment, the prior and posterior distributions of market prices are identical, or equivalently, the first moment of agents' forecast error is zero. Kydland and Prescott argued that due to this concept, discretionary monetary policy is never 'credible' and thus ineffective. This concept motivates a critique of macro-econometric models in the style of Katz and Tinbergen since in those models, agents don't change their behavior in response to policy changes. That critique is named after one of the authors of "Investment Under Uncertainty," Robert Lucas. For ten points, what is this economic concept, which caused an eponymous "revolution" in 1970s macroeconomics?

Rational Expectations

In one story, this figure's wife was trapped as a frog in a well for twelve years before being transformed into a beautiful woman. This figure won a sword for shaking a mountain; in another story, he recites the Sama Veda while trapped under that same mountain. This figure's son is ultimately defeated by the aindrastra, which was thrown by a man whose life was saved when Droganiri Mountain was brought to the battlefield. This being's brother sleeps for six months at a time and wakes up ravenously hungry; that brother is named Kumbhakarna. This figure stole Pushpaka, the chariot of his half-brother Kubera. Surpanaka, this being's sister, triggers the conflict that leads to this figure's death when she encourages him to abduct Sita. For 10 points, name this ruler of Lanka, a demon who is defeated by Rama in the Ramayana.

Ravana

This religious movement established its first congregations after the Montreal Convention, and believes in the concept of "transvaluation" instead of divine revelation. Many of the English-language prayers of this movement were written by Eugene Kohn, and are collected in its main prayer book, Kol Haneshamah. Adherents of this movement do not view halakhah as binding, and do not consider themselves the "chosen people," beliefs advanced in its main founder's book Judaism as a Civilization. Cofounded by Ira Eisenstein and Mordecai Kaplan, this denomination believes that Judaism is an "evolving religious community" whose doctrines must be continually reinterpreted to adapt to historic circumstances. Originally an offshoot of the Conservative movement, FTP, name this fastest-growing denomination of Judaism, which is much less popular than reform?

Reconstructionism [accept Reconstructionist Judaism]

This thinker explained that God does not give humans the ability to err, but rather gives them only a limited ability to do right in his essay "Concerning the True and the False." This philosopher described a nervous system analogue called "animal spirits" in his Passions of the Soul. This philosopher wrote a work that offers four precepts of rightly conducted reason and three maxims to use the title subject to discover other truths. The appendix "La Géométrie" appears in this Discourse on Method. For 10 points, name this author of the Meditiations on First Philosophy whose namesake "dualism" originates from his inference "I think, therefore I am."

Rene Descartes

One of this man's works considers "Proust's Conversion" in the section "Beyond Scandal." One of this man's works recounts a narrative by Philostratus in which the Ephesians stone a man for being a "plague demon", thus illustrating the power of contagion in polarizing groups; that section, "The Horrible Miracle of Apollonius of Tyana", appears in this man's I See Satan Fall Like Lightning. One of his works considers Peter's denial of Jesus as a skandalon, and discusses the victimage mechanism of archaic religions and the process of hominization in its first section. That work also considers "The Double Semantic Sense of the Word 'Scapegoat'", and he argued that subsequent to conflict arising from a mutual pursuit of objects, violent competition morphs into an antagonism directed against a single person. For 10 points, name this French philosopher of anthropology, who elucidated his theory of mimetic desire in works such as Things Hidden Since the Foundation of the World and The Violence and the Sacred.

Rene Girard

This philosopher used a pressure-pad-activated statue of Neptune that threatened oncomers with his trident as a model for the mechanistic nature of the body. This philosopher described spatial extension as the primary attribute of matter. He used the dismissal of the Scholastic concept of "heaviness" to explain the interaction of two distinct substances in a letter to Elisabeth of Bohemia. In his Treatise on Man and (*) Passions of the Soul, this philosopher described how the flow of animal spirits from the pineal gland controls one's senses and actions. He had a "clear and distinct idea" of the mind as a thinking thing, which led him to embrace mind-body dualism. For 10 points, name this author of Meditations on First Philosophy.

René Descartes

A response to this document established the "principle of subsidiary function" in trying to find a "middle way" and this document's author was greatly influenced by the corporatist Fribourg Union and the teachings of Wilhelm von Ketteler. The 22nd section of this work notes that "a most strict account must be given to the Supreme Judge for all we possess," and 59th section argues that mutual associations among Catholics are beneficial to the state. It mentions a "dictate of natural justice more imperious and ancient" than bargains between men and cites Thomas Aquinas' On the Governance of Rulers to support notions of distributive justice. This religious document, issued just before the encyclical Inter innumeras, argues that socialists, who would "set aside the parent... act against natural justice and destroy the structure of the home," but acknowledges that employers are obligated to pay a fair wage. Issued by a man known as the Workers' Pope, for ten points, identify this encyclical concerned with the "rightful duties of capital and labor," issued by Leo XIII.

Rerum Novarum or New Things

A passage in this text often quoted in support of gay rights translates to "What seems unnatural is natural." A poem from this text begins by invoking a time when "there was neither non-existence nor existence." One of this text's six consecutive "family books" describes the Battle of the Ten Kings. The term "henotheism" was first brought into wide use in commentaries on this book by Max Müller, who took 25 years to publish its first complete English edition. A hymn from this book is named after its meter, which has three lines of eight syllables each. The preamble (*) "Oṃ bhūr bhuvaḥ svaḥ" opens this text's hymn to the sun god Sāvitrī, the Gāyatrī Mantra. The Nāsadīya and Purusha Sūktas are found in the tenth and final of this book's mandalas. Much of the Samaveda sets poems from this text to music. For 10 points, name this oldest Veda.

Rigveda

In the late Middle Ages, this country was home to the "cutters," a proto-Protestant group, and the Judaizers, who preached that Christians should follow Old Testament codes. Recently, this country outlawed all evangelizing and publishing by the Jehovah's Witnesses. The issue of whether two or three fingers should be folded while making the sign of the cross led to thousands of deaths in this country during the Raskol era, when persecution of the Old Believers took place. Its later dissenting groups included the pacifistic "spirit-wrestlers" who fled to Canada. Patriarch Nikon was one of the most influential religious leaders in this country. For 10 points, the Dukhobors come from what country, which has historically claimed to be the protector of all the world's Orthodox Christians?

Russia

The third secret of Our Lady of Fátima predicted this country "spread[ing] her errors throughout the world" unless it was consecrated to the Immaculate Heart of Mary. Among this country's many New Martyrs from the 20th century was a priest named Hermogenes. This country, which demolished the Church of Christ the Saviour to expropriate its gold, forced many of its youth to join the (*) League of Militant Atheists and set up many "anti-religious museums" as part of an effort to promote "scientific atheism." This country failed in its plan to settle many Jews to the east in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast. For 10 points, name this country whose dominant Orthodox Church was answerable to the Communist Party of Leonid Brezhnev.

Russia [or the Russian Federation or Russian Empire; or USSR; or Soviet Union; or Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; or SSSR or Soyuz Sovietskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik]

He attacked Donatism in On Baptism, and he argued for predestination in The Predestination of the Blessed. He dismissed the claims that Rome was being sacked because the inhabitants stopped worshipping pagan gods and compared Rome unfavorably to Jerusalem, and he discussed his mother Monica and his life as a Manicheist in a work where he pledged to give up all sexuality before being baptized. For 10 points, name this bishop of Hippo and Doctor of the Church who wrote The City of God and Confessions.

Saint Augustine of Hippo

This philosopher argued that, since the soul is immaterial, humans would not exist as unities if there were a plurality of substantial forms. He held that human goodness was only akin to God's goodness, arguing that predication is analogical. Philippa Foot popularized this thinker's principle that an action with unforeseen negative consequences may still be permissible, known as the doctrine of (*) double effect. Albertus Magnus taught this thinker, who wrote a work that begins each response to an objection with the phrase "sed contra." That work, which refers to Averroes as "The Commentator" and Aristotle as "The Philosopher," presents five arguments for God's existence. For 10 points, name this scholastic philosopher who wrote Summa Theologica.

Saint Thomas Aquinas

This philosopher quoted another man's "first principles of demonstration" in a passage that states that "no one can mentally admit the opposite of what is self-evident." A text by this philosopher takes an argument from "the governance of the world." That text by this philosopher borrows from another thinker by defining "motion" as reducing something from potentiality to actuality, and includes sets of objections followed by contradicting statements introduced with the Latin phrase "sed contra." This philosopher argued that God is the first efficient cause in his five proofs for God's existence. For 10 points, name this author of the Summa Theologica.

Saint Thomas Aquinas [or Doctor Angelicus or Doctor Communis]

Alisdair MacIntyre wrote that this man's rule of "double effect" could frame morality without utilitarianism or Kant's duty-based reasoning. This man wrote that sovereign authority, a cause avenging some wrong, and an aim to advance the good were three criteria for just war. This man, who used the objection-reply-response format for his largest work, was taught by Albertus Magnus. He made arguments called the Five Ways in an unfinished synthesis of Aristotelian philosophy with theology. For 10 points, name this Scholastic medieval thinker who included proofs of God's existence in his Summa Theologica.

Saint Thomas Aquinas [or Saint Thomas of Aquino; prompt "Doctor Universalis," prompt "Doctor Communis," prompt "Doctor Angelicus"; prompt "Saint Thomas"]

Chapter 5 of this work discusses the conclusions of a committee, which included such figures as Roux, Bouillaud, and Cloquet that was commissioned to explore the claims of Monsieur Berna on clairvoyance and magnetism. That chapter, "Animal Magneticism Unmasked" is followed by one that quotes Thomas De Quincey's line, "mathematics has not a foot to stand upon which is not purely metaphysical." The preface to this work mentions that a biographical sketch of its author can be found in Retrospection and Introspection. The last chapter in the second titular section discusses "Fruitage" and after quoting Jesus, Paul and Solomon's Song cites a number of testimonials regarding the healing of Epilepsy, Rheumaticism as well as a successful case of mental surgery. For 10 points, name this foundational work of Christian Science written by Mary Baker Eddy.

Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures

Its speaker instructs you to "rejoice, and be exceeding glad," and he has "not come to destroy, but to fulfill." It is claimed that "a good tree cannot bring forth evil fruit," and asks "is not the life more than food, and the body than clothing?" According to it, if "your eye be evil, your whole body shall be full of darkness," and you should "let your light so shine before men, that they may see your good works." The speaker instructs you to "judge not, that you not be judged," and the beatitudes are contained within it, as well as the Golden Rule and the Lord's Prayer. Found in Chapters 5-7 of Matthew, FTP, identify this speech given by Jesus Christ on a mountain.

Sermon on the Mount (prompt on the Book of Matthew)

The "Great Disappointment" for this church occurred on October 22, 1844, when, as their founding prophet had predicted, Christ failed to make his expected appearance in a fiery conflagration over Ithaca, New York. This faith's "Sabbatarian" movement was led by Thomas Preble, who argued that followers must not work or engage in "worldly interests" on the Sabbath, which they designated as beginning Friday at sundown. FTP, name this church based on William Miller's prophecies and the writings of Ellen White, which considers Saturday the Sabbath day.

Seventh-Day Adventist Church

In the '60s and '70s, a pair of studies on the worship of this figure were written by George Eaton Simpson and William Bascom. Along with Old Testament figures like Moses and Ezekiel, this figure was appropriated as a zombi in Kumina. This figure's name is given to a polished stone that's worshipped in St. Lucian kele, and he names a cult that's particularly prominent in Recife. Priests of this figure traditionally dress with red and white necklaces in patterns of four and six beads. Worship of this figure, who names a traditional religion of Grenada, has been combined with Spiritual Baptists practices in (*) Trinidad. This former Oyo king is the figure most commonly worshiped using an asymmetrical hourglass drum called Batá. This figure is often invoked after dismissing Eshu and invoking Ogun. A double-headed axe symbolizes—for 10 points—what most popular Orisha, who represents thunder and lightning?

Shango [accept Sango, Chango, or Xango; accept Jakuta or Badé]

At some sacred places in this religion, fortune telling paper slips can be tied around a tree's branch in order for good fortune to come true or bad fortune to be avoided. Sacred sanctuaries found in shrines of this religion are often kept private except on festivals, and are called honden. A shrine of this religion that contains a sacred mirror is torn down and rebuilt every twenty years. Structures painted vermilion and black that consist of two horizontal bars attached to two vertical pillars mark the entrance to shrines in this religion, and are called torii. In this religion, divine beings called kami are venerated. For 10 points, name this native religion of Japan.

Shinto

One of these places contains a spring that visitors use to wash their money in the hopes it will multiply. Visitors to them may rinse their mouths and pour water over their hands into a basin with a ladle as part of a purification ritual. Ema are wooden plaques with (*) wishes on them that are hung near these places, and they typically contain a central building called a honden. These places are often guarded by komainu, or stone lion-dogs. Gates known as torii stand outside these places, and spirits called kami are worshipped at them. For 10 points each, name these places of worship for practitioners of the main animistic religion of Japan.

Shinto shrines (prompt on just temple or shrine or synonyms without religion being given; accept jinja; or shinsha; or gongen; or gongu; or jingu; or mori; or myojin; or myosha; or taisha; or ubusuna; or yashiro; or any answer about a Shinto place of worship until end)

This god transforms ten million idle and unfocused gods into stone when they oversleep on the morning of a journey. In another myth, this god's mount transforms into a shark in order to find this god's wife, who has been transformed into a fisherwoman. This god judges a contest between a pair of rival gods while in the form of a (*) pillar of fire. This god's devotee Ravana spends one thousand years crushed underneath this god's home of Mount Kailash. In his capacity as the "lord of dance", or nata·raja, this father of Ganesha is often depicted alongside his wife Parvati. For 10 points, name this Hindu god of destruction who forms a trinity with Brahma and Vishnu.

Shiva

This author argued that Moses may have been the pharaoh Akhenaten in the book Moses and Monotheism. He described behaviors as guided by Thanatos, the death drive, as a companion to sexual drive in his Beyond the Pleasure Principle. (*) Carl Jung opposed this man's theory of the psyche, in which the superego controls one's instincts. For 10 points, name this Austrian psychoanalyst, the author of The Ego and the Id and The Interpretation of Dreams.

Sigmund Freud (accept Sigismund Schlomo Freud)

The mother-in-law of this resident of Capharnaum was healed of a fever by Jesus after the Sermon on the Mount, and this man argued that converts to Christianity must follow Judaic law at the Council of the Apostles. His actions also include raising Tabitha from the dead, condemning Ananias and Sapphira to death, and declaring that Jesus was "the Christ, the Son of the Living God". Along with James and John, this apostle was present at the Transfiguration and was crucified upside down during Nero's reign. With a name meaning "rock", name this apostle of Jesus best known for denying him three times after the Crucifixion.

Simon Peter or Cephas (prompt on "Simon")

Robert de Boron attributed this man's behavior to being suckled on peasant breast milk. This man kicks a female dwarf senseless after she mocks Efrog's son as a paragon of chivalry and knighthood even though this man offends Peredur. In the Welsh tradition, this man died at the hands of Menestyr's son Gwyddawg. This man taunts Calogrenant for his defeat by Esclados, prompting (*) Yvain to avenge his cousin. In the Tale of Culhwch and Olwen, this man traps the giant Dillon Farfog in order to obtain his beard. Legends about this man's ability to hold his breath for nine days and nine nights earned him a spot among the Three Enchanter Knights of Britain. This man is commanded to cut off the head of a giant terrorizing Mont Saint Michel when his lord is on his way to fight Emperor Lucius. This knight's forgetfulness causes his foster brother to pull a sword from a stone. For 10 points, name this son of Sir Ector who served as the seneschal, or steward, at King Arthur's court.

Sir Kay [or Sir Cai]

In one legend, this man founded the city of Ephyra, which was filled with people created from mushrooms, although in another, he was given the city by Medea. This man fathered two sons with Tyro, and then blamed their death on his brother, Salmoneus. After branding the hooves of his cows, this man discovered they were being stolen by Autolycus. Following the death of his nephew Melicertes, this man founded the Isthmian games. This figure's demise started when he told the river god Asopus about Zeus's abduction of Aegina. This man managed to handcuff either Hades or Thanatos, and later told his wife Merope to leave him unburied, allowing him to come back to the world of the living. For 10 points, name this figure from Greek myth who was punished to eternally roll a boulder up a hill.

Sisyphus

One story claims that this figure was told by Apollo to father sons with Tyro, his brother's wife. With his brothers Athamas, Cretheus, and Salmoneus, he was the son of Enarete and Aeolus, though some claim that he was a son of Autolycus. This figure discovered the body of Melicertes on the coast of Corinth, later founding the Isthmian games in his honor. He twice avoided death, once by requesting that his wife Merope refuse to honor him after his death and once chaining up Thanatos to thwart Hades. For 10 points, identify this King of Corinth who was cursed to spend eternity in Tartarus rolling a boulder up a hill, only to have it roll back down.

Sisyphus

One of these languages marks yes/no questions with the particle li. Forbidding consonant clusters resulted from the loss of the letter yer in this language group, which underwent a series of three Palatalizations. A medieval language in this group's southern branch was written in the Glagolitic alphabet and known as its "Old Church" type. These languages had a heavy influence on nearby Romanian. For 10 points, name this group of languages sometimes connected to neighboring Baltic languages like Latvian and Lithuanian, many of which are written with Cyrillic and which include Macedonian, Serbian, Czech, and Russian.

Slavic languages [or Slavonic languages; accept Balto-Slavic languages"; accept South Slavic languages until "southern"]

One essay by this author claims that diseases may have non-genetic origins in "trauma," and makes the claim that it is not sufficiently defined as the "nurture" of nature versus nurture nor as Varela's "embodied mind." In that essay, he supposes that gender differences might be all that separate us from machines and cites Michel Houellebecq's Elementary Particles. This author of "No Sex Please, We're Post-Human!" wrote about The Perverse Core of Christianity in his The Puppet and the Dwarf. Another of this author's works is titled after a quote from Morpheus in The Matrix and discusses cultural foreshadowings of and results of catastrophes such as 9/11. This author postulated that one can perceive the Real by seeing its symbolic interpretations and moving between vantage points, a process he dubs The Parallax View. For 10 points, name this neoMarxist and author of Welcome to the Desert of the Real and How to Read Lacan, a Slovenian cultural theorist.

Slavoj Zizek

In one work, this man argues about holiness with Euthyphro but learns nothing to help him in his upcoming trial. Later, Crito tries to buy this man out of prison, but he refuses to escape his death penalty for (*)) corrupting the youth of Athens. For ten points, name this ancient Greek philosopher who was executed via a cup of poison hemlock.

Socrates

A group from this country, the Nazareth Baptist Church, threatens legal action against companies that try to trademark an instrument allegedly invented by its founder. Missionaries sent from Zion, Illinois, to this country by John Alexander Dowie founded its Zionist Churches. A theology developed by a clergyman from this country is named for a term he used to mean "I am because we are." Islam was introduced to this country by the (*) Malay population of one of its coastal cities. In the 1850s, a teenage prophetess promoted a mass cattle killing as part of a millenarian movement among this country's Xhosa people. Ubuntu theology was developed by an Anglican bishop from this country, Desmond Tutu. For 10 points, name this country home to the diocese of Cape Town.

South Africa

An Ottoman army was apocryphally frightened off by priests from St. Justine's waving this saint's skull over thewalls of Rab, Croatia, either by his divine intercession or by making the enemy realize that the town was full ofinsane skull-removing priests. Scholars identify this man with the Egyptian St. Minas. According to the GoldenLegend, this man sought out a bandit after hearing a king say he feared the devil, but left after finding the banditfeared Jesus. Various translation errors led Orthodox iconographers to depict this man as a hulking giant with thehead of a dog. A hermit told this man to use his large size to ferry people across a river. For 10 points, name thispatron saint of travelers who thus became understandably known as "Christ-bearer."

St. Christopher

This saint's discovery of a hill overgrown with basil prompted the Greek tradition of distributing sprigs of that plant. The Jew Judas Cyriacus was himself sainted for aiding this saint. According to legend, this saint instantly calmed a storm by throwing a nail into the sea. A pageant held on the final day of the Filipino festival Flores de Mayo honors this saint's most important miracle, in which she either raised a dead man or healed a sick woman on her third attempt. She is said to have caused an overpopulation of cats at a Cypriot monastery by having them imported to battle an infestation of snakes. She is the namesake of a chapel in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, which was built on the site where she discovered the True Cross. For 10 points, name this saint who was almost 80 years old when she began a relic-hunting trip to Jerusalem at the behest of her son, the Roman emperor Constantine.

St. Helena of Constantinople

King Mvemba a Nzinga of the Kingdom of Kongo credited his 1509 victory over his rebellious brother Mpanzu a Kitima to the intercession of this figure, and in gratitude declared a national holiday on July 25. Together with his brother, he is described as being a "son of thunder" by Mark 3:17, and his question about the signs of the end times prompts Jesus' discussion of eschatology in Mark 13. According to tradition, he ordained as first bishop of Braga a man whose namesake spring is believed to cure sterility, St. Peter of Rates, while another tradition states that he appeared at the Battle of Clavijo on horseback, leading to the nickname Matamoros, Slayer of Moors. For ten points, name this patron saint of Spain, an apostle whose symbol is the scallop shell, and whose shrine is at Compostela.

St. James the Greater (accept James the Moor-Slayer before it is mentioned; prompt on James or on Santiago)

One of this thinker's works is structured as a series of objection and responses, and that work introduced the "unmoved mover" argument. At the behest of Urban IV he wrote Against the Errors of the Greeks. This man's best known work is divided into thirty-four sections that make up three larger books titled "Theology," "Ethics" and "Christ." This man originated the "Doctrine of Double Effect" to motivate just war theory. This theologian studied under Albertus Magnus and he is sometimes called "Doctor Angelicus." This man's best known works offers five arguments for the existence of God. For 10 points, identify this Christian theologian who wrote Summa Theologica.

St. Thomas Aquinas

This man studied the mental maps of residents of New York and Paris. In one of this psychologist's breaching experiments, subway riders were asked to give up their seats and in another study, objects marked for the Friends of the Nazi Party were mailed with low frequency. This conductor of the (*) lost letter experiment used a mailing campaign to study the six degrees of separation in the Small World experiment, while in this psychologist's most famous experiment, experimenters said "you must go on" as actors faked pained noises and collapsing. For 10 points, what Yale psychologist conducted a namesake experiment in which most participants were willing to administer fatal electric shocks?

Stanley Milgram

This philosophical tradition has recently become popular in the U.S. military due to a book by James Stockdale. A philosopher of this school devised a system of propositional logic that was more popular than Aristotle's until the early Middle Ages. A philosopher from this school emphasized the careful use of one's prohairesis, which is the only thing truly within our power. A Handbook and (*) Discourses in this tradition were written by the former slave Epictetus. Nero's tutor Seneca espoused this school, which is exemplified by the Meditations of Marcus Aurelius. For 10 points, name this philosophical school that emphasized self-control and detachment from worldly things.

Stoicism

In this work's supplement, the apocalypse will bring about a new world made of non-living material that beautified by fire and a new heaven and hell. This work's third section discusses the role of the inherent grace of the sacraments in the salvation of the soul, and its second section formulates the doctrines of just war and natural law and is entitled "Ethics." This work's first section contains the author's analysis of the nature of the universe and his Five Proofs of the existence of God. Attempting to apply Aristotelian logic to Catholic theology, for 10 points, identify this scholastic work of theology by Thomas Aquinas.

Summa Theologica [or Summa Theologiae]

This man included a set of fictional lectures to the Symparanekromenoi and an essay on the sexuality of music in one of his books. This man asked, "Is there a Teleological Suspension of the Ethical?" as the first of three Problemata in one of his books. This man considered (*) despair as one not aligning himself with God, thus committing sin. This man discussed Agamemnon's sacrifice of Iphigenia and Abraham's sacrifice of Isaac to contrast the Knight of Faith with the Knight of Infinite Resignation in his book Fear and Trembling. For 10 points, name this existentialist Danish philosopher.

Søren Aabye Kierkegaard

This thinker engaged in a conflict with the satirical newspaper The Corsair and he stated that "truth is subjectivity." This philosopher proposed three stages of life including the aesthetic and religious, while one of his works contains the section "The Seducer's Diary." This philosopher examined the (*) teleological suspension of the ethical which allowed one person to become a knight of faith rather than infinite resignation; that example involves Abraham and Isaac. Johannes Climacus and Victor Eremita are among this thinker's pseudonyms. For 10 points, name this philosopher of the Danish golden age who wrote Either/Or andFear and Trembling.

Søren Kierkegaard

Karl Barth's book The Epistle to the Romans cites this philosopher's notion of the "infinite qualitative distinction." A text by this philosopher uses Mozart's operas as an example of the musical-erotic and distinguishes between the views of Don Juan and Faust. This philosopher of a Concluding Unscientific Postscript divided life into aesthetic, ethical, and religious stages. He discussed the "teleological suspension of the ethical" in a text that uses the example of Abraham's willingness to sacrifice Isaac as an example of the "Knight of Faith." For 10 points, name this Danish philosopher of Either/Or and Fear and Trembling.

Søren Kierkegaard [prompt on Johannes de Silentio or Johannes Climacus]

Paul Kahle ("KAH-luh") was forced to base his edition of this group of works on the Leningrad Codex, since he was not allowed access to a Syrian manuscript that was a few decades older. A spoken vernacular paraphrase of this group of works was called a targum ("tar-GOOM"). This collection is alternatively known by the substantive form of the word "to read," or Mikrah ("meek-RAH"). The Aleppo Codex is the oldest surviving complete version of this collection, whose passages are used to show that God is incorporeal and can only be defined with negative means in The Guide for the Perplexed. The Masoretic text is the authoritative version of this collection, whose name is actually an acronym, with two of its sources being nevi'im ("neh-vee-EEM") and ketuvim ("k'too-VEEM"), meaning "prophets" and "writings." For 10 points, name this collection of twenty-four canonical Hebrew books that overlaps with most of the Old Testament.

Tanakh [accept Hebrew Bible; prompt on the Bible; prompt on the Old Testament; anti-prompt on the Torah by asking "what set of Jewish texts is the Torah part of?"]

A concept translated as "self so" in this religion can be illustrated by pu, or uncarved wood. One text in this religion describes a debate about understanding the joy of fish, as well as a butcher using a knife so skilfully it lasts for nineteen years, and was written by (*) Zhuangzhi ["dzwang dzi"]. This religion's central text states that "the name that can be named is not the eternal name," and one of its leaders described a dream in which he was a butterfly. A text with a title translated as the "Book of the Way" and the concept of wu wei, or non-action, are key elements in this religion. For 10 points, name this Chinese religion founded by Laozi.

Taoism (or Daoism; or daojiao)

A text from this school of thought contains the story of a man who picks up a skull on the roadside, uses it as a pillow, and converses about death with it in his sleep. In another story from this school of thought, a man whose wife just died is found happily drumming on a bowl. The "Inner Chapters" are found in a text from this school of thought; another text from this tradition claims that the only important motion is "returning" and notes that a pot is useful because of its emptiness. This school of thought uses the metaphor of an uncarved wooden block to represent human nature. The concept of "action through inaction," or "wu wei" ("woo way"), is central to, for 10 points, what Chinese school of thought based on the teachings of Zhuangzhi and Laozi (JWANG-zuh and "LOUD"-zuh), the latter of whom wrote the a book whose title translates as "The Book of the Way of Virtue"?

Taoism [or Daoism; accept forms of the words Tao or Dao]

A formula to regulate them and minimize their range was proposed at the Tokyo Round Negotiations and is known as the Swiss formula. This is similar to a method meant to lower them, known as the Uruguay Round Approach. Deadweight loss often occurs in small nations when these are enacted, which typically come in ad valorem and specific types. The Morrill one was enacted in 1861 while one passed during Herbert Hoover's presidency led to "beggar thy neighbor" policies and would exacerbate the effects of the Great Depression. FTP, identify this government economic policy that includes ones named for Payne-Aldrich and Smoot-Hawley, that tax imported goods.

Tariff

This work's welfth chapter discusses the use of fire and other environmental factors. The 1910 translation of this book discusses the "nine situations," the use of spies, the laying of plans, and marching and maneuvering. This book was written during the Spring and Autumn Period and has been applied by Douglas MacArthur and Mao Zedong. For 10 points, name this Chinese text written by Sun Tzu (soo) as a manual for the leaders of armies.

The Art of War [or Sunzi Bingfa]

Ulric Neisser led a task force studying the controversial claims of this work, subtitling his report "Knowns and Unknowns." The first appendix in this work is called "Statistics for People Who are Sure They Can't Learn Statistics," providing a discussion of the regression analysis on socioeconomic status put forth in its section "Cognitive Classes and Social Behavior." In a discussion about the "eugenic interlude" after World War II in the United States, this work's author attack the ideas of James Flynn, suggesting the apparent rise in (*)) test scores is ill-defined. Stephen Jay Gould's The Mismeasure of Man was revised to address the claims of this work as applied to race. For 10 points, identify this book by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray the mass function of the intelligence of the human race may be modeled by the titular shape.

The Bell Curve

The first dated Bombay lithograph of this work was published in June 1893, in the hand of the calligrapher Mishkin-Qalam. Split into two parts, the second engages in theological proofs and contains the popular, "Tablet of the True Seeker." Composed in two days and nights, the first part deals with the foundational tenets regarding the progressive and interrelated nature of revelation manifested in the other Abrahamic traditions as evinced by the verse, "Muhammed, Himself, declared: I am Jesus." Written as a response to the questions posed by the maternal uncle, a Muslim, of Siyyid Ali Muhammed Shiraz, also known as el-Bab or "The Gate," regarding the ontological validity and final causes of the Bab, for 10 points, name this chiefly theological work written by Mizra Husain-Ali, or Baha'u'llah the founder of Baha'i.

The Book of Certitude or Kitab-i-Iqan

This work's second section ends with a list of ten measures that will be applicable in most countries, including free education in public schools and the abolition of inheritance rights. It holds that each man must eventually face "his real conditions of life, and his relations with his kind" because "all that is solid melts into air." Its final section briefly discusses the Social Democrats in France and the Radical party in Switzerland. This work describes hidden interests "lurking" behind law, morality and religion and advocates an association in which (*)) "free development of each is the condition for the free development of all." Its first section notes that "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles" and it begins with the phrase "A spectre is haunting Europe." For 10 points, name this work of Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx.

The Communist Manifesto [or Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei; or Manifesto of the Communist Party]

It compares the pursuit of pleasure by men to the stinging of a bee because each leaves something behind after the act. The last part opens with the story of a farmer digging for gold to illustrate the belief in chance. It discusses the concept of "honor" by referring to "an ulcer" of a man named Nonius and illustrates its consideration of the "world-soul" with references to Plato's Timaeus. This volume inspired Alcuin's preface to De Grammatica, and its translators included such authors as Jean de Meun and Geoffrey Chaucer. The most important of its five sections considers whether or not mental acts of free will exist in light of God's ability to know everything. Written in the form of a dialogue between a condemned man sitting in a prison and a woman who personifies the title entity, for 10 points, identify this work written in 524 by Boethius.

The Consolation of Philosophy

According the Farrer Hypothesis, this book was written last out of a certain group of three "synoptic" books. Its use of medical language and dedication to Theophilus is evidence that its author also wrote (*)) Acts of the Apostles. The Beatitudes are stated in the beginning of its Sermon on the Plains, and it is the only Gospel that contains the parables of the Prodigal Son and the Good Samaritan. Coming after Mark, this is, for 10 points, what third and longest of the canonical Gospels?

The Gospel of Luke [or the Gospel According to Luke]

It supplanted an earlier effort by Matthew Parker, and drew heavily on previous work by John Rogers and Theodore Beza. Its origin lay in one of the points of the Millenary petition, which itself resulted in the Hampton Court conference, where its creation was authorized. William Wiston attempted a revision of this work in the context of reviving Arianism, while Samuel Wilberforce attempted a modernization and Rastafarians maintain that it is a corruption. Prefacing this work are the Epistle Dedicatory and The Translators to the Reader, and by royal order, there were to be "no marginal notes at all...but only for the explanation of the Hebrew or Greek words." FTP, name this popular translation of the Bible named for an English monarch.

The King James Version or The Authorized Version

The introduction to this book argues that there is "no contrast" between the theories of elementary ideas, original community, and migration, and asserts that all preceding studies of the same subject projected the human psyche onto the processes of nature. Its third section notes that the title concept is "preceded by difficulties, such as continence, or prolonged barrenness, or secret intercourse of the parents." Its second section compares Jesus Christ with Zoroaster in between discussions of Hercules and Sigfried, and begins by describing Akki the water carrier's rescue of Sargon. This book argues that the essentials of the title concept are descent from noble parents and being exposed to a river in a box, before analyzing the stories of its second section, "The Circle of Myths." FTP, name this book which psychoanalyzes the ? origins of legendary figures, a work by Otto Rank.

The Myth of the Birth of the Hero [or Der Mythus von der Geburt des Helden]

A later version of this document was approved at the same time as a Tome and two notable letters, and the discussion which led to its approval included a debate over the word "homousios." The question of whether a word was written with one or two instances of the letter "nu" is important to its interpretation, and it was accepted by Damasus I after being promulgated at a meeting which established trinitarianism. The "filioque" clause of this document has been rejected by the Eastern churches, and it ends by stating that "we look for the resurrection of the dead and the life of the world to come." For ten points, identify this profession of faith, deceptively not issued by a namesake 325 C.E. council.

The Nicene Creed (or Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed)

This office is symbolized by gold and silver keys. The time during which this office is vacant is termed sede vacante (SEE-day vah-KAHN-tay). The holder of this office is elected in a conclave of the College of Cardinals and wears the Ring of the Fisherman, which depicts St. Peter, the first holder of this office. For 10 points, identify this head of the Roman Catholic Church, whose current holder is Benedict XVI.

The Pope [or Bishop of Rome; or Vicar of Jesus Christ; or Successor of the Prince of the Apostles; or Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church; or Primate of Italy; or Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province; or Sovereign of the State of Vatican City; or Servant of the Servants of God; or Pontifex Maximus; or Patriarch of the West; prompt on His Holiness]

This work notes that people are being willfully controlled by large social structures and worries they will become "cheerful robots." An appendix published with this book includes excerpts of its author's detailed notes on Gaetano Mosca as an example for students and is titled "On Intellectual Craftsmanship." This work attacks the relentless pursuit of data on minutiae exemplified by Paul Lazarsfield's work, which its author compares to market research and terms "abstracted empiricism." The first attack in this work is against the elaborate ungrounded systems propounded especially by Talcott Parsons which are deemed "Grand Theory." Instead, beginning in its opening chapter "The Promise," this work advocates a problem oriented approach which focuses on connecting the travails of individual people to greater social movements. For 10 points, name this work by C. Wright Mills.

The Sociological Imagination

One work of this title argues for the reduction in white collar jobs and the removal of women from the workplace in order to recreate the nuclear family of the past. Another section of that work introduces a society that is neither free of nastiness nor "inherently militarist" called the the practopia. That work of this title contains an addendum called "War and Anti-War" that discusses violations of the "Zone of Peace" concept. The title society of that work arises in succession to the previous Neolithic and Industrial Revolutions. Another work of this title claims that (*)) the Vatican II reforms of the Catholic Church and economic growth are two of the five "independent variables" that have caused the recent development of non-totalitarian governments. For 10 points, identify this title that names both the first follow-up to Alvin Toffler's Future Shock and a work about the recent boom in democratization by Samuel Huntington.

The Third Wave

This man wrote a piece that called for a new interpretation of the Thirty-Nine Articles; that piece brought an end to a series of works that he had started with works that claimed apostolic descent for the clergy of the Church that he would later leave. Tracts for the Times would form the basis of a movement that included Edward Pusey and John Keble, named for an English university. He also wrote a work in response to an article by Charles Kingsley that claimed that he and the Church that he had converted to did not regard truth as a virtue. In that work, he discusses the religious opinions he held throughout his life, including his conversion from Anglicanism to Catholicism. Due to be officially beatified in September, for 10 points, identify this English Cardinal, the founder of the Oxford Movement and the author of Apologia Pro Vita Sua.

The Venerable John Henry Newman

This event supposedly only will effect those taller than an ox's yoke, so others may duck to the ground to avoid being harmed. According to Walter Map, the instigator of this event was a king who had traveled to the Netherworld and returned three hundred years later to find his land settled by foreigners. The character Harlequin may have been re-interpreted as a comic after originally being based on a participant in this event named Herla. Legendarily, both Saint Guthlac and (*)) Hereward the Wake were thought to have taken part in this event. The thirteenth-century poem "The Monster" places its title character as the leader of this non-Christian event, with Dietrich von Bern defending a maiden during it. Its leader is Dietrich in some accounts, and is depicted as Samiel [zah-MEEL] in the opera Der Freischutz. For 10 points, Wodan was commonly identified at the head of what common Germanic motif, an event in which a horde of marauders pursues animals at night?

The Wild Hunt [or Die Wilde Jagd]

This man claimed that the United States was dominated by what he termed as "the music of slaves" in his essay "On Jazz." This man claimed that the way humans talk is a major societal fallacy in his work "The Jargon of Authenticity." One of his works claims that "Life does not live," and that toys are subjugating; that book seeks to explain how to live correctly and is titled Minima Moralia. At the beginning of one of his works, this man claims that philosophy is still necessary because the time to realise it was missed. That work is Negative Dialectics, but in a better-known work, this philosopher wrote about the homogenizing effects of pop culture and claimed that high art and culture was threatened by the tyranny of identity. For ten points, identify this philosopher, a member of the Frankfurt school, who along with Max Horkheimer wrote The Dialectics of Enlightenment.

Theodor Wiesengrund Adorno

In one story from this religion, the beautiful Sulasa throws her evil husband Sattuka off a cliff. That story is one of this religion's five hundred fifty Jataka tales. According to this religion, which includes nuns known as bhikunnis, one can become an Anagami, a Sakadagami, or a Sottapanna by overcoming various numbers of the ten hindrances. One who overcomes all ten hindrances is called an Arahant. One part of the main text of this religion concerns the rules of the sangha, while another section of that work is known as the "basket of threads" and contains primary accounts of teaching. Containing sections known as Vinaya, Sutta, and Abhidamma, that text is the Pali Canon. With a name meaning "teaching of the elders", for 10 points, name this variety of Buddhism practiced mainly in Southeast Asia that differs from Mahayana.

Theravada Buddhism [prompt on Buddhism until "variety;" accept "Teachings of the Elders" before it is mentioned]

The sections of a three-part book by this man usually begin with a three-part series of difficulties, described by a phrase meaning "it seems not." This man argued that a good deed with an intended good effect is morally OK, even if it has a negative consequence like killing someone. This philosopher, who invented the principle of (*) double effect, elaborated on an idea from Augustine's City of God to outline the conditions for a just war. In his major work, he uses the phrase "sed contra" to begin counterarguments to over 500 questions. For 10 points, name this saint and scholastic philosopher who gave five arguments for the existence of God in the Summa Theologica.

Thomas Aquinas

This thinker was unflatteringly labeled "the American Heidegger" in a Steve Fuller work.

Thomas Kuhn

This thinker posited that self-consciousness about deliberating whether or not to do something evidences the existence of moral liberty. His first publication argued against the ability to measure virtue and was titled "An Essay on Quantity." This philosopher's core beliefs were initially popularized in the Essay on Truth, a simplified take on his ideas by James Beattie. One of his final works, which included such chapters as "The Sense of Duty," contrasted "speculative power" with "active power." This student of George Turnbull, rejected the empiricist reliance on ideas as the basis of knowledge, instead he argued that sensations of an object's primary qualities offer up natural signs to the mind, which are interpreted like words. For 10 points, identify this philosopher whose works include Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man and Enquiry Into the Mind on the Principles of Common Sense.

Thomas Reid

This thinker wrote that Jews flourished in science because living within Christian societies made them more skeptical of established ideas in his essay "The Intellectual Preeminence of Jews in Modern Europe." This thinker argued that ownership began when warriors in primitive societies started habitually seizing female captives in essays such as "The Beginnings of Ownership." He wrote that the relative lateness of Germany's industrialization enabled it to borrow knowledge from Britain without being hampered by existing obsolete infrastructure, an example of what he called "penalty of taking the lead." This economist argued that business leaders keep prices artificially high by sabotaging production, in contrast to industrial workers such as engineers motivated by the "instinct of workmanship." He pioneered institutional economics in books such as Imperial Germany and the Industrial Revolution and The Theory of Business Enterprise. For 10 points, name this American economist who coined the phrase "conspicuous consumption" in his book The Theory of the Leisure Class.

Thorstein Bunde Veblen

The occultist Aleister Crowley collaborated with Lady Frieda Harris to create a tarot ("TAIR-oh") deck named after this deity. Setne ("SET-nuh") is bewitched into thinking that he has killed his own children after he discovers a text named for this deity. This deity was syncretized with a messenger god into the author of the Emerald Tablet, Hermes Trismegistus. When this god traveled south to bring back the Eye of Ra, he disguised himself as a baboon. This god gambled with the moon god Khonsu to win light for five extra days, and he helped Isis piece together the body of Osiris. For 10 points, name this Egyptian god of knowledge who is depicted with the head of an ibis.

Thoth [or Djehuty]

The period leading to this holiday is termed Bayn Ha-Metsarim, during which marriage is prohibited, and in the Shabbat Hazon preceding this holiday, the blessing of wine during havdalah is postponed to Sunday night. The eve of this day sometimes sees the consumption of a boiled egg sprinkled with ashes. As during any period of shiva, it is prescribed to sit on low stools during this holiday, and studying any but a few sad tractates is forbidden as it is an enjoyable activity. This holiday sees the reading of the Kinnot and of Aycha, the book of Lamentations, in the afternoon, and it commemorates, among other calamities, the destruction of the First and Second Temples of Jerusalem. For 10 points, name this mournful summer holiday occurring on the namesake ordinal day of a certain Hebrew month.

Tisha b'Av

In the late 1970s, the "wild card option" was often used to settle futures contracts of these entities, which also uses the difference between the implied and actual repo rates drive the notion of "cheapest to deliver" for settling its futures contracts. Pension fund demand resulted in re-issuance of longer-dated ones in 2006, while TIPS are those which are tied to CPI. Regularly scheduled auctions replace the current "on-the-run" versions and supply the market with these semi-annually coupon-bearing entities, and the simultaneous purchase of long-dated and sale of shorter-dated ones in 2011 has been dubbed "Operation Twist." Generally regarded as risk-free assets, for 10 points, name these financial instruments that represent the debt of the United States government.

Treasuries [or Treasury securities; or Treasury notes; or Treasury bonds; or Treasury bill; or anything that mentions the word Treasury; prompt on "bond" or "note bill"; accept US bonds or US government bonds before mentioned]

It has led a number of institutions to reconfigure themselves as bank holding companies, including Morgan Stanley, Goldman Sachs, and GMAC. Originally devised as an asset purchase program, its focus shifted to taking capital stakes in the institutions it is meant to help, and eventually, to consumer loans, after criticism that it is not helping unthaw the credit markets.

Troubled Asset Relief Program (lets take the bailout)

Brian Loar's critique of this argument opens by citing the Frenchman Pierre in Saul Kripke's "A Puzzle About Belief." In The Conscious Mind, David Chalmers replies directly to this argument by proposing a two-by-two matrix whose diagonal and top row encode primary and secondary intensions. This argument was modi3ed by Tyler Burge, whose paper "Other Bodies" discusses a woman named Jane with arthritis in her thigh. The classic statement of this argument appears alongside a discussion of the di5ference between elms and beeches and states two Fregean (FRAY-gee-an) principles it 3nds fallacious. That statement of this argument takes place in the year 1750, before modern chemistry, and concludes that meaning "just ain't in the head" because "water" means both H2O and XYZ. For 10 points, name this thought experiment 3rst proposed by Hilary Putnam which involves a planet super3cially identical to our own.

Twin Earth thought experiment [or semantic externalism argument]

Because this god and his children hate each other, he hides them all inside of his mother's body, which causes her to become congested and moan in agony. According to the Works and Days, this god's son is the ruler of the Golden Age. Orphic texts strangely name Aether [EE-thurr] as the father of this deity, who is the Greek analogue of the Roman god (*) Caelus [SEE-luhss]. The blood of this deity blisters into the Me·li·ae [MEH-lee-AY], or hazel nymphs, as well as into the Furies. The goddess Aphro·dite foams out of this god's genitals after he's castrated by the sickle of his jealous son Cronus. For 10 points, name this primordial Greek god of the sky.

Uranus [or Ouranos]

The initiates of this religion dedicate themselves to a protector known as a met tet during the kanzo ceremony. This religion believes in the spirit world of Ginen, and the Ghede, Rada, and Petro spirits serve its chief god. The male priests of this religion are called houngan, and a (*) top-hat wearing deity in this religion is called Baron Samedi. Bondye is the chief god of this religion, which believes in spirits called loa that power the curses and magic found in this religion. For 10 points, name this syncretic religion from Haiti and Louisiana popularly known for zombies and its namesake dolls.

Vodou (or Voodoo; or Vodun)

This religion's initiation rite includes a series of baths and the crushing of leaves. Many rites in this religion are accompanied by words called "Langaj" with a "j." In this religion, the soul is made up of the "big" and "little" good angels. Spirits in this religion are grouped into "nations" like Rada, Petro, and Ghede. This religion's (*) sorcerers are known as bokor, and are contrasted with its male priests, or houngans and female priests, or mambos. In this religion, the supreme God Bondye can be reached by loas like the guardian of the crossroads Papa Legba and the death spirit Baron Samedi. For 10 points, name this syncretic religion of Haiti.

Voodoo [accept Vaudou, Vodun, Vodoun, Vodu, or Vaudoux]

Adolph Reed Jr. claimed that this thinker turned to an ideology close to Fabian socialism. This thinker pondered the question "How does it feel to be a problem?" in one work, and called for the creation of "race organizations" in his speech "The Conservation of Races." In one book, this thinker wrote that "the problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color-line." That book's chapter "Of Our Spiritual Strivings" describes the feeling of (*) "two-ness" within African-American subjects, resulting from seeing themselves through white eyes, as "double consciousness." This man argued that a "talented tenth" would lift up African-Americans and rejected Booker T. Washington's Atlanta compromise. For 10 points, name this author of The Souls of Black Folk.

W. E. B. Du Bois [or William Edward Burghardt Du Bois]

Echoing Spencer's First Principles, this thinker posited that the "arbitrary choice of the Creator" was the rationale for the initial distribution of atoms in the first world. He introduced the "logical alphabet" and was criticized by Robertson and Boole for that work, The Principles of Science. He responded to "sentimental writers" who charged economics with being a "dismal science" by using iron in an illustration of the division of labor. This economist analyzed fluctuations of agricultural output caused by the title phenomena in "Commercial Crises and Sunspots," though he achieved more infamy for assuming that Irish workers would be too inebriated to work. He analyzed the relationship between demand and marginal utility in his magnum opus, Theory of Political Economy. For 10 points, identify this contemporary of Leon Walras and central figure in the marginalist revolution in economic thought.

William Stanley Jevons

The Well of Urd is one of three wells under this object, which is tended by the Norns. This object is ironically called "Odin's horse," and is home to Ratatoskr, a squirrel that carries messages between Nidhogg and an eagle who perches in the (*)) branches of this tree. For ten points, identify this enormous ash that stretches between the worlds of Norse mythology.

Yggdrasil (accept World Tree before "world" is read)

On the day before this holiday, some believers practice kapparot, the swinging of a chicken. This holiday includes readings from the Book of Jonah and ends with the ne'ila prayer. The Kol Nidre prayer is recited on this last of the High Holy Days that follow (*) Rosh Hashanah. This holiday includes a day of fasting and vidui, the confession of sins. For ten points, name this Jewish" Day of Atonement."

Yom Kippur (accept Day of Atonement before it is read)

According to this people, the god Kiaklo, who imparts all myths to this people, dug his own eyes out after he tried to seduce his sister Siwiluhsitsa, though he regained sight from the light of the fire god Shulawitsi. This people shares Paiteyuma, the clown companion of the sun, with the neighboring Keresan peoples, and one of their myths blames the incest among members of the Corn Clan for a great flood. Another tale of this people holds that death remains in the world because a youth could not stop himself from touching his wife, after she was brought from the Lake of the Dead for him by the owl people, and the existence of winter is attributed to Coyote's curiosity drove him to open the box containing the sun and the moon allowing them to fly away. In one creation myth attributed to this people, all living creatures were trapped in the womb of the Earth Mother, until she, taking the form of a woman, visited her own surface and was assured of nature's ability to sustain them. That myth was dubiously recorded by Frank Cushing, who wrote several works on this people after living with them for five years, and like other tribes of their region, they are known for their kachina

Zuni

According to tradition, this figure helped Abraham regularly visit his wife Hagar. In art, this figure is traditionally depicted as having a woman's face and wearing a crown. In the Koran, this figure is so shamed by the criticism of the angel Jibril that he begins to sweat profusely. This figure is capable of taking steps equal to the range of human vision and is described as "bigger than a donkey, but smaller than a mule" and had wings attached to its thighs. This figure was most notably used to reach the farthest mosque in less than one day during the Night Journey. For ten points, name this steed on which Muhammad rode from Mecca to Jerusalem.

al-Buraq

In Judaism, one of these creatures is a transformed man named Enoch, and another creature of this type stood in the way of Balaam's donkey. Two of these creatures visited Lot's home before the destruction of Sodom. These creatures are organized into (*) "hosts," which include seraphim and cherubim. For 10 points, name these holy beings, whose leaders include Michael and Gabriel, and who are often depicted wearing halos.

angels (accept archangels before "Balaam" is read)

Defendants in this area of the law can claim immunity under the Noer-Pennington doctrine if their actions are political in nature. A largely discredited offensive doctrine used in this realm is the "essential facilities doctrine." Cases in this area often hinge on whether courts find the defendant per se liable or use the much more intensive Rule of Reason. Metrics used in this area of law include the SSNIP and the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index. "Tying" is an example of a Section 1 case in this field, while Section 2 cases require a showing of market power. Mergers may be squashed under this area of this law if they violate the Clayton Act. For 10 points, name this area of the law which is governed in the U.S. by the Sherman Act and which seeks to prevent monopolistic anticompetitive behavior.

antitrust law [prompt on "monopoly law"]

Korean has a three-way distinction of this feature, as illustrated by the minimal triplet of words meaning "moon," "daughter," and "mask." Chin-Wu Kim was the first to suggest that the length of this feature is correlated with the width of the glottis opening. A version of it, which accompanies the closure of a consonant occurs in North Germanic languages such as Icelandic. In Ancient Greek and Sanskrit, this feature is lost in its first occurrence in words, which have two consonants with this feature in adjacent syllables, a process known as Grassmann's law. In English, voiceless stops have this feature at the beginning of stressed syllables, but typically not after [s]. It is indicated by a positive voice onset time, and in the IPA, it is represented by a superscript h. For 10 points, name this puff of air which is released along with English consonants such as [p], [t], and [k].

aspiration

Swati employs one form of this feature on a noun prefix syllable to express the copula; that form of this feature can take the form of glottal friction and appears in Icelandic and Faroese after stressed vowels but before plosives. Words in Ancient Greek and Sanskrit with two consecutive consonants with this feature lost the first example. This feature, when voiced, is depicted in IPA with two subscripted dots and is called "murmur," and labial, dental, and velar stops with this feature became voiced in Proto-Germanic. For 10 points, name this feature depicted as a superscript h in IPA, the release of air following an obstruent.

aspiration

Hans Phaf created a connectionist model of this concept, SLAM. Eriksen and St. James developed the zoom-lens model of this concept in contrast to the spotlight model of it. According to Anne Treisman's model of this concept, selected features are assimilated into a saliency map. That model is known as feature integration theory. The Stroop effect occurs because of interference with this concept. Daniel Simons and Christopher Chabris demonstrated this concept's "blindness" in an experiment in which fifty percent of subjects did not perceive a person in a gorilla suit because they were counting the number of times that teams passed a basketball. For 10 points, name this psychological concept which William James defined as the mind's possession "of one out of...several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought," whose deficit leads to a disorder found in hyperactive children.

attention [accept word forms]

Maxime Rodinson wrote the most-read Marxist-perspective book of this kind, and other modern books of this kind include The Sealed Nectar and one strictly limited to primary sources by Martin Lings. In 1977, Marion Barry was shot during the occupation of buildings in Washington by protesters against a filmed version of one of these, which starred an interlocutor played by Anthony Quinn. The earliest ones are known as the sira, including an influential but lost one by Ibn Ishaq. These texts usually discuss incidents such as the extermination of the Banu Qurayza, the Night Journey to heaven, and the flight to Medina. For 10 points, identify this type of book which recounts the life of a Meccan merchant who was spoken to by Gabriel and told to transcribe the Quran.

biographies of Muhammad [or obvious equivalents; not "autobiographies of Muhammad", though]

A Hindu goddess who consumes this substance goes on a rampage until she accidentally steps on her husband and bites her tongue in remorse. In the Puranas, Rakta·bija uses this substance to regenerate himself until he is killed by Kali. This substance is mixed with ground-up bones to create the fifth age of (*) humans of Aztec mythology. In the Saga of the Volsungs, consuming this substance enables Sigurd to understand the language of birds. An analog of this substance called ichor ["ICK"-er] is present in the bodies of Greek deities. For 10 points, name this substance that's consumed by vampires.

blood [accept dragon's blood]

One of these objects is in the possession of King Janaka until a hero picks it up and accidentally breaks it. Vurna gives one of these objects named Gandiva to a warrior who is attempting to help Agni burn down a forest. That character later uses one of these objects to make a deathbed for his mentor Bhisma. One of the Pandavas uses one of these objects while staring at a pool of water to win Draupadi's hand in marriage. Kamadeva is generally depicted holding one of these objects made of bees and sugarcane, and the warrior who rides in Krishna's chariot during the war in the Mahabharata specializes on this weapon. For 10 points, what is the primary weapon of Arjuna?

bows [or bows and arrows; prompt on just "arrows"]

One experiment associated with this phenomenon tested subjects' ability to pull on a rope and confirmed that the Ringelmann effect contributes to this phenomenon. Another experiment observing this phenomenon asked Columbia University students to complete a questionnaire while a room filled with smoke and was conducted by Darley and Latane. Pluralistic ignorance and diffusion of responsibility are causes of this phenomenon, which was cited to explain the apathy to Winston Moseley's murder of Kitty Genovese on a busy New York street. For 10 points, name this social phenomenon that observes that people are less likely to intervene during an emergency when more witnesses are present.

bystander effect [accept Ringelmann effect before mentioned]

A book titled for this concept argues that inequality arises when income deriving from this concept outstrips long-term economic growth. One component of the Mundell-Fleming model's "impossible trinity" is the free movement of this concept. A surprise best-seller of 2013 was Thomas Piketty's book on this concept In the Twenty-First Century. Gary Becker helped popularize a type of this concept that includes social (*) skills and technical knowledge—that's this concept's "human" type. This concept, land, and labor are the main factors of production. For 10 points, name this term for assets like money that can be invested to produce more assets.

capital [accept human capital; prompt on assets until mentioned]

A 1905 book titled for this system used a method of "Verstehen" ["fair"-SHTAY-en] to understand a series of "ideal types." That book titled for this system ties its development to progressive "disenchantment," creating what Talcott Parsons translated as the "iron cage" of rationality. The social effects of this system were explored in the "Paris Manuscripts" and the Grundrisse. The doctrine of (*) predestination and other aspects of the Protestant Ethic were linked to the "Spirit" of this system by Max Weber. A 1776 book described its inadvertent benefits as the result of an "invisible hand." For 10 points, name this economic system described in Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations.

capitalism [accept The Protestant Ethic and the "Spirit" of Capitalism; accept Die protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus]

This relationship was elicited using "kinks" in linear data in an influential 2010 article about student aid by Nielsen, Sorensen, and Taber. A model of this relationship that requires the "SUTVA" assumption is named for Jerzy Neyman and Donald Rubin. In a "structural model," this relationship must meet a back-door criterion to be identifiable. A time series whose lagged values better predict time series Y's than Y's own lagged values alone has a type of this relationship named for Clive (*) Granger. Regression discontinuity designs use arbitrary cutoffs to find this relationship, which is the subject of a 2018 popular-press book by Judea Pearl. Social scientists use instrumental variables or "as-if" random assignment to infer this relationship when controlled experiments are infeasible. "Confounders" produce false indications of—for 10 points—what relationship that's not implied by correlation?

causality [accept any word form of the word cause]

In Dong Zhongshu's Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals, the gibbon and crane are described as masters of utilizing this principle. According to the Huaninanzi, this concept operated as the primary organizing principle in wuxing or "Five Phases" natural philosophy. Later its meaning expanded, and in Zhu Xi's and Cheng Yi's Neo-Confucian metaphysics, this principle was ethically bivalent but ontologically antecedent to li. Zhuangzi noted that "When the Great Clod exhales breath, it is called wind." In Warring States period Daoism, those who were particularly adept at utilizing this could claim to dispense with food and water. Its root meaning comes from the word for "moist emanation," and its logogram resembles steam rising from rice. For 10 points, name this central principle in Chinese thought which is commonly translated as "vital spirit," or "power."

ch'i or Qi

Leto earned the surname "Phytia," meaning "to grow," after granting a request for this action to happen to Leucippus, the daughter of Galatea. Poseidon made this happen to Mestra when she requested she not be caught by a slaver who saw her on the beach. Poseidon granted invulnerability and this transformation to a figure who was later pounded into the ground by the Centaurs; that person changed her name from Caenis to Caeneus after undergoing this action. FTP what transformation happened the second time Tiresias hit some copulating snakes with a stick, changing him from a priestess?

changing from woman to man or female to male; we'll accept "changing sex" at DB; However, do NOT take "changing from man to woman"—that's wrong

Bart Kosko developed the "fuzzy" type of these concepts, which are measured by Hasse diagrams. Robert Axelrod's book The Structure of Decision analyzes these concepts in political elites. These concepts are divided into "route-based" and "survey level" types, and were introduced in an article about rats which navigated radial alleys in an elevated maze. These concepts were first theorized by the author of Purposive Behaviors in Animals and Men, who compared them to "sign Gestalts." For 10 points, name these mental representations of the outside world theorized by Edward Tolman.

cognitive maps

Pius X [the tenth] justified this practice with the Gospel of John, in which Jesus breathes on his disciples and tells them to "forgive." Since Vatican II ["two"], this ritual may be performed while facing a priest. The Act of (*) Contrition may be read during this practice, which often ends with an order to pray for forgiveness by reciting a number of Hail Marys. For 10 points, name this Catholic act of admitting one's sins to a priest.

confession (accept Sacrament of Penance and Reconciliation; accept Sacrament of Reconciliation; prompt on "penance" alone)

Members of the German Democratic Republic created the Jugendweihe as their own version of this event. During this event the Bishop sports red vestments symbolizing the red tongues of fire hovering over the heads of the apostles at Pentecost. The Catholic church will administer this event a second time on those coming from Protestant or Anglican churches, because those are seen as lacking properly ordained ministers. After this event, the person undergoing it becomes anointed as "a (*) soldier of Christ." This sacrament differs from an earlier sacrament because each individual chooses their own sponsor, not their parents. This sacrament is generally performed during adolescence and each individual selects their own name for this sacrament. For 10 points, name this sacrament, that involves a characteristic profession of faith.

confirmation

In Islam, a prayer called the Salat al-Janazah is spoken before and on behalf of these entities. Jewish advocacy groups and the Vatican have vehemently attacked the Mormon practice, promoted by James Strang, of baptizing them. Because they are not allowed to contaminate the earth or fire in (*)) Zoroastrianism, they are given to the birds in Dakhmas or "Towers of Silence." In their honor, adherents of Judaism wear a torn garment called the keriah during the seven days of sitting shiva. Most indulgences were purchased to benefit them and the Kaddish is often said for them in Judaism. For 10 points, name these entities that either go to heaven or hell in Christianity.

dead people [or "corpses," or other equivalents]

After one of these events, the practices of tahara are typically overseen by a local hevra kadisha. This kind of event is followed by the shloshim, and yizkor prayers are said following them. After one of these events, some people make a keriah by ripping their shirt, and they do not wear leather, shower, or shave for seven days. Traditionally, the Sh'ma is supposed to be the last thing recited before this kind of event. These events are annually (*) commemorated using a yahrzeit candle. After one of these events, relatives "sit shiva" and say the Kaddish for 11 months. For 10 points, name this kind of event immediately followed by a Jewish funeral.

deaths [accept reasonable equivalents]

A 1995 paper by Berry, Levinsohn, and Pakes uses random coefficients to perform this technique while avoiding the "independence of irrelevant alternatives." One method for performing this action was first applied to mass transit in the Bay Area, and assumes that personal idiosyncrasies follow an extreme value distribution. The "characteristics approach" for performing this action treats goods as bundles of properties in order to get around the problem of finding an unwieldy (*) substitution matrix. Philip and Sewall Wright were among the first people to recognize the simultaneity problem in performing this technique, which they got around by inventing instrumental variables. Failing to recognize price endogeneity can cause this technique to give implausible results like curves that slope upward. For 10 points, name this technique for finding out how much people are willing to buy at a particular price.

demand estimation [or supply and demand estimation; do not accept only "supply estimation;" prompt on discrete choice estimation or discrete choice modeling before "Wright"]

Though it's not the capital asset pricing model, Lintner's model for the policy governing these entities invokes a target ratio for these and the time rate of change for these. It is not debt, but one ramification of the Modigliani Miller theorem states that under certain tax law, it is invariant for a corporation to issue these entities as opposed to repurchasing stock. One must hold an equity investment on the "record date" to receive this cash flow.

dividends

Laelaps was one of these animals who always caught her prey; she was given to Europa by a love- struck Zeus. After spying on Artemis bathing, Actaeon was eaten by these animals, which he used for hunting. Upon Odysseus' return to Ithaca, (*) Argos, an animal of this type, dropped his ears and wagged his tail when he saw his master. The guard of Hades, Cerberus, is a three-headed one of, for 10 points, what kind of domestic animal?

dogs

A god who took this form was offered two sacrifices who floated on a calabash, but was unable toaccept them, and had to be propitiated in order to build embankments. A god who took this form crushedthe bones out of a creature for failing to retrieve a monkey's liver. A god who took this form was the fatherof Otohime and through her the grandfather of emperor Jimmu. That god who took this form used threejewels to control the tides. A god who took this form was to receive Kushi-inada-him as a sacrifice, but shewas turned into a comb and this god was defeated by Susanowo. For 10 points, name this form of Japanesedeities and monsters such as Mizuchi, Ryjin, and Yamata no Orochi.

dragons [or serpents; prompt on snakes]

The tradition of connecting these events to landmark events in Islamic history took off after one of them supposedly inspired al-Mamun to order his scholars to translate Aristotle. Ibn Sirin, the son of one of Abu Bakr's slaves, authored several treatises about these events. If an istikhara prayer is successful, it is supposed to be followed by one of these events. The Qur'an repeatedly contrasts ruya hasana, or "good," examples of these events, with aghath al-ahlam, or "muddled" ones. According to Abu Hurayrah, Muhammad advised spitting in response to an unpleasant examples of these events, which he divided into righteous examples (*) sent by Allah, sad ones sent by Shaitan, and ones "in which a man's own soul speaks." Because of one of these events, Muhammad knew that he would be obstructed by the Quraiysh upon his return to Mecca to circumambulate the Ka'aba. Despite tradition dictating that Muhammad physically undertook the Night Journey, the Qur'an refers to it as, for 10 points, what kind of experience?

dreams

In Slavic mythology, porcelain cups would be used to store the souls of those on whom the Vodyanoy inflicted this fate, and Rusalka were people who suffered this fate. In Mexico, a creature would inflict this fate while crying, "Oh my children!" and was named "La Llorona," or the (*) "Weeping Woman." Tlaloc most notably ruled over people who died in this fashion, and the Scottish Kelpie would pretend to be a horse to try to inflict this fate on children. After he flew too close to the sun and his wings melted, Icarus died in this manner. For 10 points, name this manner in which the Atlanteans most likely died when their city sunk into the sea.

drowning (accept anything involving dying in the water; prompt on dying)

Neopagans celebrate this many seasonal festivals collectively known as "The Wheel of the Year." A member of a group of this many people had a dream in which he became rich and famous then lost all of his wealth, all of which occurred when he fell asleep cooking yellow millet. A set of this number of blessings opens the Sermon on the Mount. A set of this many doctrines begins with (*) "right view" and "right resolve." This is the number of Beatitudes. Daoists revere a group of this many "Immortals." A doctrine named for this number is the last of the Four Noble Truths. Nirvana can be achieved through a "Noble" path of—for 10 points—what number of parts?

eight [accept Eight Immortals or Noble Eightfold Path]

Saez ("sighs"), Slemrod and Giertz conducted research on one form of this quantity with respect to marginal tax rates and suggested alternate parameters to estimate when that form of this quantity is not a sufficient statistic. Given a constant marginal utility of wealth, an estimate of one version of this quantity can be calculated in a method named for Frisch. Often seen while estimating the determinants of the wage rate, taking the (*) log-log transformation allows the coefficients to be interpreted as these quantities. The midpoint method can be used to estimate this quantity that is higher for goods with fewer substitutes. A good is said to be perfectly this quantity if the price version of this quantity is equal to 1. For 10 points, identify this quantity, whose price version is usually the percentage change in quantity divided by the percentage change in price.

elasticity or elastic [accept any of elasticity of taxable income, demand elasticity, labor supply elasticity, income elasticity, price elasticity; prompt on "percent change in quantity divided by percent change in price" or "log Q divided by log P" before mention]

In The Stripping of the Altars, Eamon Duffy recounts how, when this practice became widespread, some medieval English people would go to several Masses in one Sunday, leaving immediately after the performance of this ritual. Along with several bows, one version of this ritual is performed between the two components of the anaphora, which are followed by the anamnesis. In the Roman Canon, one instance of this practice follows the "Per quem hæc omnia" and coincides with the "Per ipsum," i.e. "Through him, and with him, and in him...." After one version of this ritual, its central object is returned to the (*) paten. In Catholicism, this nonverbal practice and its two surrounding bows are each accompanied by a ringing of the altar bell. This ritual typically comes before the Fraction following the Words of Institution and the Lord's Prayer, and was originally designed to make the product of transubstantiation visible. For 10 points, name this ritual in which the consecrated bread and wine is raised.

elevation of the Host [accept any answer involving elevation, e.g. elevation of the Elements; prompt on Eucharist]

Description acceptable. Several of these concepts are classified as "Bartlebean" ["Bartleby"-an] in a 2005 book that analyzes Melville's The Confidence-Man in its opening chapter on "Tone." Before her work on postmodern aesthetic categories, Sianne Ngai wrote a book about "Ugly" concepts of this kind. This concept is described as "autonomous" in Brian Massumi's Parables for the Virtual, which studies the body through movement, sensation, and this concept. These concepts are treated as an intersection of speech acts and embodied cultural practices in a 2004 book on their Cultural Politics by Sara (*) Ahmed. A 1983 book describes how people feel a "pinch" that causes them to mobilize these concepts in a kind of "gift exchange," due to namesake social "rules" surrounding them. That book studies how flight attendants and bill collectors use these concepts on the job. Arlie Hochschild's The Managed Heart analyzes—for 10 points—what kind of "labor?"

emotions [or affects; or feelings; accept Ugly Feelings; accept The Cultural Politics of Emotion; accept emotional labor; accept feeling rules]

The French equivalent to costing "an arm and a leg" is the cost of these body parts. In Latin, this word translates as "oculus," while the Greek translation, "ophthalmos," gives the terms "ophthalmologist" and "optometrist" for doctors of these body parts. "Les yeux" in French and "los ojos" in Spanish identify, for 10 points, what body parts that you can idiomatically have "four" of if you wear glasses?

eyes

Description acceptable. This period is reimagined in the story of a man who saves a snake in a burning tree; that snake transforms him into an ugly dwarf, allowing him to return to his beloved. During this period, a retelling of a Jataka tale describes a king who offers increasingly larger portions of his flesh to placate a hawk trying to kill a dove. Toward the end of this period, a series of 124 ethical questions is asked to a man who witnesses men go one by one to fetch water after witnessing a deer steal a priest's firebrand. This period takes up the entirety of the Vana and Virata parvas, and is directly caused by an event (*) won using magical objects belonging to Shakuni. This period is spent in the Kamyaka and Dwaita forests and is immediately followed by preparations for the Kurukshetra war. For 10 points, name this event precipitated by Yudhishthira losing a dice game, an event in which five brothers were forced to leave the kingdom for thirteen years.

exile of the Pandavas [or banishment of the Pandavas or equivalents] (The first clue describes Nala and Damayanti; the second clue describes King Shibi.)

One important case in which this status was found not to apply was Original Appalachian Artworksv. Topps Chewing Gum. Generally, disclaimers and acknowledgement do not enhance this status. Ithas been deemed an affirmative defense ever since 1994's Campbell v. Acuff-Rose, a case involving a(*)) 2 Live Crew song. As set out in section 107 of title 17 of the U.S. Code, the four factors that determinewhether this status applies are effect upon market value, the nature of the original source, whethercommercial value is being sought, and the amount used. For 10 points, identify this status which can applywhen parodists, researchers, or others republish some amount of a copyrighted work.

fair use

If this action is not performed, one may compensate by caring for a poor person or making a bequest in a wasiyat, and it is interrupted by waking for a sahri. This action does not occur on the three days of Tashreek, and it can be voluntarily done on the first nine days of Zil-haj. It must begin with niyyah, or intention, and individuals can perform it early in Shawwal to (*) make up for days on which it was not performed. Commencing before the Salat-ul-Fajr, or dawn prayer, most ceremonially end this practice with daily iftars of dates and water when it occurs before Eid-al-Fitr. For 10 points, name this pillar of Islam known as sawm that is practiced during Ramadan and that involves abstention from food during the daylight hours.

fasting [or sawm before mention]

In Mesopotamian legend, these animals form the bodies of a group of seven sages called the apkallu. In Japanese folklore, the god Kashima restrains one of these animals named Namazu, who causes earthquakes whenever it breaks free. The head of a goat and the body of this animal characterizes Capricorn, the namesake of the constellation. In an Irish myth, one of these animals (*) eats nine hazelnuts that fall into a well. This animal form is taken by Vishnu's first avatar, Matsya. While cooking one of these animals, Finn MacCool burns his thumb. For 10 points, name this type of animal represented by the constellation Pisces.

fish [or fishes; accept catfish; accept salmon; accept namazu until mentioned; accept bradán; accept bradán feasa [F'YAH-sah]]

According to English popular tradition, the weather on St. Swithun's Day will persist for this length of time. In Islam, Adam is said to have received his life-breath this long after he was formed from clay. Before getting killed by Jesus, it is prophesied that the Islamic false messiah figure Al-Masih ad-Dajjal will spend this length of time corrupting the earth. A journey which retrieved grapes from the brook of Eshcol lasted for this length of time, after which a favorable report was given by Caleb and Joshua. In Jewish tradition, an embryo receives its soul this long after conception. In a New Testament story, Jesus refuses to throw himself from the top of a tower or to create bread out of stones despite spending this much time being tempted by the devil, inspiring the observance of Lent. For 10 points, name this running time of the deluge which flooded the world in the Book of Genesis.

forty days and nights

The Bible includes an enigmatic directive to catch these animals in Song of Songs 2:15 ["chapter two, verse fifteen"]. One of these animals is finally captured by his nephew Grimbert and brought to King Noble's court in medieval tropes that often pit him against his scarred and deformed uncle Isengrim. In Japanese Shinto, these animals flank red torii [TOH-ree] gates in their capacity as servants of the kami Inari [eeh-NAH-ree]. These animals include the trickster (*) Reynard and the East Asian Huli jing, kumiho, and kitsune ["kit"-SOO-nay]; the latter of these, according to legend, may have up to nine tails. For 10 points, name this animal which complains about "sour grapes" in one of Aesop's fables.

fox [or V. vulpes or Vulpes vulpes; accept red fox]

In a 10th-century poem, one of these creatures floods a river with her urine until a pair of gods escape by grabbing the branch of a rowan tree. The Proto-Germanic words *etaną [AY-tah-NAHN] and *etunaz [AY-too-NAHZ], meaning "glutton", evolved into the traditional word for these creatures. One of these creatures has an enormous glove that some of the gods mistake for shelter during their journey to (*) Utgard, where many of these creatures live. One of these creatures builds part of Asgard's walls; another, named Thrym, steals the hammer of Thor. For 10 points, a Norse jotun [YOH-toon] is an example of what race of large, usually brutish humanoids?

giant [accept jötunn [YOH-toon] or jötnar [YOHT-nahr]]

Stephen Pacala and Robert Socolow proposed fifteen "stabilization wedges" to respond to this phenomenon. Bill Nordhaus criticized the low discount rates in the assessment of this phenomenon's effect on the economy in the Stern Review. Hsiang (shyong), Burke, and Miguel have found evidence that this phenomenon increases rates of human conflict. Responses to this problem are often divided into adaptation and mitigation. This problem cannot be addressed by neoliberal capitalism, according to Naomi Klein's This Changes Everything. The 2007 Nobel Peace Prize went to an intergovernmental panel that produced several reports on this problem. Rising carbon dioxide levels cause, for 10 points, what problem that is causing polar ice caps to melt?

global climate change [or global warming]

In one experiment measuring this effect, subjects were divided into two groups and watched separate interviews of a professor with a strong Belgian accent. In another experiment measuring this effect, Karen Dion gave female students an account of a seven-year-old who pelted a sleeping dog with sharp stones, and found that their analyses of the child's behavior were based on looking at a picture of the child's face. This term was introduced in "A Constant Error on Psychological Ratings," an essay by Edward Thorndike. Solomon Asch's article "Forming impressions of personality" examined the results of this effect on impression formation, finding that changing one out of seven characteristics of a fictional person from "warm" to "cold" caused subjects to drastically change the other characteristics ascribed to that person. Also studied in a 1977 experiment by Wilson and Nisbett, for 10 points, name this cognitive bias in which the perception of one strongly (*) positive trait, like attractiveness, causes people to rate a person's other traits more highly.

halo effect

This Hebrew word denotes symbols such as a U in a circle, the seals of kosher certification organizations. A man of this name had one son who led the conservative Moderate Party, and a grandson who ranked highly in the Social Democratic Party. This man worked with another politican, the Liberal Party leader, to develop a theory, contradicted by the Leontief paradox, about whether a country exports capital- or labor- intensive goods. For 10 points, name this collaborator with Bertil Ohlin.

hechsher [or Eli Heckscher]

Description acceptable. Two participants in this event were supposedly hidden when a spider spun a web covering the entrance to their cave overnight. "Helpers" during this event are called ansar. This event was followed by the writing of a Constitution that defined the ummah. The goal of this event was defended five years later in the Battle of the (*) Trench. This event took place in 622 A.D., which became the starting point of a calendar. After this event, its destination of Yathrib was renamed. Abu Bakr was a main participant in this event, which was prompted by an assassination plot among the Quraysh. For 10 points, name this event in which Muhammad was forced to leave his hometown.

hijrah [or hegira; accept any description indicating Muhammad's flight from Mecca to Medina; accept answers describing Muhammad's flight from Mecca to Yathrib until it's mentioned]

The opening line of the Brhadaranyaka Upanishad states that this animal's head is the dawn before going on to compare each of its body parts to something and telling a story about death transforming himself into this animal. Uchaishravas was a flying animal of this kind that emerged from the churning of the milk ocean and was eventually acquired by Indra. The ashvamedha ceremony involved mimicked copulation between this animal and the queen and functioned as a kingship ritual that ended in this animal's sacrifice, a key ceremony in Vedic and Proto-Indo-European religion whose sacrificial victims would be selected for prowess in racing. For ten points, name this animal that says "neigh".

horse [accept: ashva from an adhvaryu priest before "ashvamedha"]

In Sikhism, a Dastar protects this substance, which is called Kesh and tended with a Kangha, two of the Five K's. Payot are a variety of this substance worn in Orthodox Judaism, and some Muslims cover this substance with a (*)) hijab. Samson derived his strength from this substance, and became weak when Delilah cut it. For ten points, name this substance that grows out of human heads and faces.

human hair

This concept is viewed as a control system with a standard, an input, a comparator, and an output in a theory put forth by Peter Burke. An experiment in which boys formed in-groups and out-groups over alleged preferences for Kandinsky or Klee paintings was used to develop a theory of this concept's social form by Henri Tajfel ("TIE-fell"). This concept can be "diffused" or "foreclosed" depending on commitment level in James Marcia's model. An outburst in a (*)) choir is used as evidence of a conflict over this concept in the psychohistory Young Man Luther. A condition in which this concept is fragmented, or disassociated, is also called multiple personality disorder. Cohesion of this concept conflicts with role confusion in the fifth stage of Erikson's model of development. For 10 points, Erikson defined the "crisis" of what concept, a person's self-image?

identity

The Jewish interpretation of this practice can be found in the section of the Mishneh Torah called "Hilkhot Avodat Kokhavim". In Hinduism, this practice is known as "puja murti" and is deemed important by the Bhagavad Gita because men desire to "perceive through their senses". Sikhs reject this practice in favor of meditation on "shabad", or God's word. In Islam, one must commit to tawhid, or monotheism, and avoid this practice, which is called "shirk". Protestants have often accused Catholics of conflating the "dulia" and "latria" forms of this practice, and it is mandatory in Orthodox Christianity in the form of icon veneration. For 10 points, name this religious taboo forbidden by the second commandment that involves praying to images instead of God himself.

idolatry [accept things like worshipping idols, praying to graven images before mentioned etc...]

This concept motivated the teleological side of its author's model of human motivations. Though out of favor with sociologists, the concept used to be broadly applied, particularly to the British Commonwealth, as "cultural cringe." As originally defined, one emerged from two separate feelings: a "secondary" compensatory desire for security would inflame a "primary" observation of personal weakness, leading to a vicious cycle common to neuroses. FTP, identify this driving force, a belief in one's insufficiency, that was theorized by Alfred Adler.

inferiority complex

The rate of this process, plus one, is in the numerator of the discount factor. According to the time derivative of the equation of exchange, the rate of this process is proportional to the time derivative of M, times V over Q. A nominal measurement is converted to a real measurement by accounting for this process. This process is tracked by considering a (*) basket of goods relative to the base year. This phenomenon was coupled with stagnation during the 70s oil crisis. In December 2015, the Fed raised interest rates to prevent this process, which results if the money supply increases. For 10 points, name this phenomenon in which prices go up.

inflation [or deflation]

Raymond Cattell theorized this concept's crystallized and fluid forms. L. L. Thurstone's seven clusters, Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory, and Charles Spearman's general g-factor are all theories of this phenomenon. Howard Gardner proposed eight (*) "multiple" forms of this ability which included naturalist, bodily-kinesthetic, and spatial. The Stanford-Binet test measures this ability, while another measure of it compares two types of ages and is averaged at 100. Savants may have an exceptionally high number for, for 10 points, a namesake quotient measuring what concept of how smart someone is?

intelligence

External factors impacting this concept were studied by J. McVicker Hunt. Aspects of this concept were grouped into seven "clusters" by L.L. Thurstone. The "triarchic" theory of it proposed by Robert Sternberg simplifies Howard Gardner's theory that there is no one "g-factor," but rather (*) "multiple" versions of this concept. A popular way of measuring this concept is named for David Wechsler. Measures of this concept gradually rise in the Flynn effect. Social success is based on the "emotional" form of this concept. The Stanford-Binet test measures—for 10 points—what capacity's namesake "quotient"?

intelligence [accept emotional intelligence or intelligence quotient; prompt on IQ]

Factors of 1 plus this value all to the nth power appear in both the numerator and denominator of the amortization formula. Dividing a final value by the nth power of one plus this quantity yields present value. Factors of one plus this quantity to the nth power and one plus n times this quantity, when multiplied by a (*))principal value, represent its compound and simple types. For 10 points, name this quantity that represents the cost of borrowing money.

interest rate [accept simple interest rate or compound interest rate]

The fact that the short-term form of this quantity cannot fall below zero is known as the ZLB or zero lower bound problem. A linear approximation usually written as i approximately equals r plus pi relates the real and nominal forms of this quantity and is known as the Fisher equation. The LIBOR is an average of several of these quantities that, in another context, can be measured in basis points. A simple rule of thumb holds that, if one knows this quantity, one can (*) divide 72 by its value to calculate the doubling period. Banks with low reserves may apply to the Fed to receive the "discount" form of this quantity, which is charged at the "federal funds" level between banks. For 10 points, name this rate that may be computed in a "simple" or "compound" fashion, which denotes how much a lender charges a borrower.

interest rates [prompt on "rate of return" or "return (on investment)" or equivalents if the answerer appears to be a bank or creditor]

Perceiving this phenomenon has surprisingly been shown to activate the primary visual cortex in congenitally blind patients. A controversial evolutionary account of human use of this phenomenon was published in 1994 by Steven Pinker. Processing of this phenomenon is usually severely impaired in patients who've had their left hemisphere removed. A feral child named Genie never developed the ability to (*) use it, suggesting a "critical window" for its acquisition. This phenomenon determines thought patterns, according to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Damage to Wernicke's and Broca's areas can cause "aphasia," an inability to use—for 10 points—what kind of communication?

language [accept words or speech; accept verbal communication; accept The Language Instinct]

An essay by Ian Hacking claims that J.G. Hamann was the first philosopher to make this phenomenon "go public." A 2016 book splits historical theories of this phenomenon into the schools "HHH" and "HLC." One thinker described a child recognizing a sheep by its bleat to suggest that this phenomenon develops from hearing more than from sight. That man claimed that the "inward emergence" of this phenomenon resulted from "human awareness," or Besonnenheit [buh-ZOH-nun-"height"]. Johann Peter Süssmilch's claim that this phenomenon was God-given was refuted in an essay by Johann Gottfried Herder, whose theories on it were discussed in a 2016 book by Charles Taylor. Another thinker bemoaned that the rationalizing tendencies of ancient Greece caused this phenomenon to be used to (*) convince rather than to move, in a work that opens by contrasting "gesture" and "voice." That man claimed that this phenomenon began with a more passionate and musical Southern variety, before migrating north. Derrida's Of Grammatology attacks Rousseau's Essay on the Origin of—for 10 points—what cultural phenomenon?

languages [accept origin of languages; accept The Language Animal; anti-prompt on "speech"; do not accept or prompt on "writing," since every thinker here until Derrida is specifically claiming that language is not writing]

A text named for these things proposes a society of exactly 5,040 male citizens governed by a Nocturnal Council. In an imagined speech, these things point out that Socrates has almost never left Athens, that he is like a child and a servant to these things, and that he can't benefit his children by escaping to Thessaly. Socrates does not appear in a late, 12-book dialogue titled for these things, which was Plato's (*) longest work. Socrates imagines a speech given by these things in response to Crito's claim that it is just to violate them. For 10 points, name these rules that govern polities like Plato's Republic.

laws [or nomoi; or nomos]

The face of this animal can be found on depictions of a Gnostic deity known as Yalda·baoth [YAHL-dah-BOWTH], Saklas, or the Demiurge. Ovid's Metamorphoses attributes the colour of the mulberry fruit to the splashing blood of a youth who believes that one of these animals has killed his lover Thisbe [THIZZ-bee]. Toward the end of their lives, (*) Atalanta and Hippo·menes turn into these animals. Near the town of Cleonae, a youth tells Heracles that he will sacrifice himself to Zeus if one of these animals is not killed within thirty days; Heracles then kills that animal from Nemea as his first labour. For 10 points, name this animal that forms the lower body of the Sphinx.

lion [or Panthera leo or P. leo; accept Nemean lion]

In the first of the Three Woes of Revelation, these creatures appeared with scorpions' tails and the power to torment nonbelievers for five months. With wild honey, these animals made up the diet of John the Baptist. These animals (*)) "darkened the land" after being called down by Moses, and consumed every growing plant in Egypt. For ten points, name this winged family of grasshoppers known for swarming on crops.

locusts (accept Acrididae or Acrididaes; accept akris or akrides; accept arbeh; prompt on "grasshopper" before it is read; prompt on "insects")

In a text named for these things, a father promises toy carts to get his children out of a burning house, illustrating the idea of "expedient" or "skillful" means. That text named for these things, which is especially influential in Japan, emphasizes that anybody can become a Buddha. The Red Turban Rebellion was started by members of a sect named for a (*) white one of these things. The Buddha just held one of these objects in the founding "sermon" of Zen Buddhism. Lakshmi is represented by this plant, which names a Hatha yoga asana with legs crossed and feet on top of the thighs. For 10 points, name this flower whose "position" is adopted during meditation.

lotuses [accept just flowers or equivalents; accept Lotus Sutra or Saddharma Pundarika Sutra; accept Padma; accept White Lotus society; accept flower sermon]

The legal scholar Ralph Richard Banks analyzed the barriers to this practice in the African-American community in a book whose title asks Is [This] For White People? It's not personality, but in The Truly Disadvantaged, William Julius Wilson developed an "MMPI" index to analyze the connections between the potential for this practice and employment. A 2000 book by Nancy Cott argues that this practice has historically functioned as a "pillar of the state." The idea that the historical legacy of the slave economy's discouragement of this practice had produced a "tangle of pathology" in African-American families was central to the Moynihan Report. Pace v. Alabama upheld the constitutionality of a ban on forms of this practice through anti-miscegenation laws. For 10 points, name this practice historically signified by "jumping the broom" in certain black cultures following a wedding ceremony.

marriage [accept equivalents like getting married or getting hitched; accept wedding until it is read]

The idea that this process is context-dependent suggests that you can do better on tests by listening to the same music while studying and taking the test. George Miller joked that most people can only hold seven or so ideas in the (*)) short-term type of this process. The inability to do this process is known as amnesia. For ten points, name this mental process of storing and retrieving information.

memory (accept word forms like remembering)

Kit Fine holds that this field can be explained by non-causal dependencies known as "grounds". "Revisionary" and "descriptive" approaches to this field are contrasted in P. F. Strawson's book Individuals. This field titles a book which posits that a statue is different from a lump of bronze by virtue of its cause, illustrating its author's theory of hylomorphism. The thesis that this field "affords us knowledge of a transcendent reality" is rejected as unverifiable in the first chapter of Language, Truth, and Logic. The logical positivists sought to "eliminate" this field which was called "first philosophy" in a namesake book describing the "unmoved mover" written by Aristotle. For 10 points, name this branch of philosophy concerned with the fundamental nature of the world.

metaphysics

One of the first recognized implementations of this policy came with an organization founded by Al Whittaker and David Bussau, and according to an article in The Economist, its first beneficiary was Carlos Moreno in 1974. Projects like Zopa's and Prosper seek to extend this basic idea to private action in developed nations. A summit dedicated to its furtherance was convened in 1997, and a second last November in Halifax. A development that won Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank a Nobel Peace Prize in 2006, FTP, give the term used to describe this idea of extending very small loans to particularly the poor and unemployed.

microcredit (or microloans or microfinance)

In Chinese mythology, Dian Mu used these objects to throw her lightning bolts. The Shinto goddess Amaterasu was lured out of a cave by one of these objects, which showed her brilliance. The Aztec god Tezcatlipoca was represented as a "smoking" one of these objects, and (*)) Perseus used a shield as one of these objects to freeze Medusa with her own gaze. For ten points, name these reflective surfaces.

mirrors

Temporary or limited versions of these buildings are known as musalla. Their qibla wall is indicated by a semi-circular mihrab. These buildings do not have icons or statues, though blue tiles decorate a famous one of these in Istanbul, which has six tall (*) minarets. The Kaaba [kah-ah-bah] is found in the world's largest and oldest one of these places, the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca. For 10 points, name these places of Islamic worship.

mosque (accept masjid before it is read; accept Blue Mosque or Sultan Ahmed Mosque)

The puranas recount the churning of one of these things made out of milk which represents an awakening. Jörmungandr [YORE-mun-gahn-dur], the Midgardian Serpent, was thrown into one of these places by Odin. Izanagi dipped his spear into one of these locations to create Japan's islands. At the end of The Republic the city of (*) Atlantis falls into one of these geographical features. For 10 points, name these domains which are ruled by the likes of Neptune.

oceans (Accept obvious equivalents like sea)

This sensation is modulated by receptors classified as delta, kappa, mu, or orphanin. The intensity of this sensation is determined in the insular and cingulate cortices. Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall developed a "gate control" theory of this phenomenon. This sensation is triggered unusually often in (*)) allodynia, and it's experienced more intensely in hyperalgesia. This sensation is caused by "noxious" stimuli. Wilhelm Erb wrongly theorized that this sensation results from any stimulus if it is intense enough. It is often transmitted with touch and temperature. The "slow" variety of this sensation is transmitted via C-fibers, and it is triggered by free nerve endings. This sensation is transmitted via Substance P. For 10 points, name this sensation that is dulled by NSAIDs like ibuprofen and opiates like morphine.

pain [or nociception]

Raymond Cattell studied this concept with a test measuring 16 primary traits and the "five factors," including agreeableness and extraversion. This concept is measured by self-report inventories like the MMPI test and projective tests like the (*) Rorschach inkblot test. For 10 points, what psychological concept, sometimes divided into Type A and Type B, describes a person's patterns of thought and behavior that distinguish them as an individual?

personality

Rotokas is often thought to have the smallest number of these, although Pirahã may have fewer. If two of these objects exclusively appear in different environments, they are said to be in complementary distribution. The contrast between these objects can vanish in neutralization. Two of these objects are in free variation if choosing one or the other does not alter (*) meaning. Minimal pairs are words which only differ by one of these units. These units differ in regular patterns as allophones of a single sound. For 10 points, name these smallest linguistic units of sound that can bring about a change in meaning.

phonemes [prompt on "sounds" until read]

An essay by Peter Wollen compares these things to the element of "ice," saying they have "cryogenic power." Another analysis of these things discusses their power of both studium and punctum, or the "civility" and "pricks." An essay about these things begins by stating "Humankind lingers unregenerately in Plato's Cave" and notes that humanity is educated by these creations, which are "experience captured." An essay by Roland (*) Barthes whose title mentions the word "lucida" is about the power of looking at these things. Another essay about these things notes that to create them is to violate people, since to use the object that creates them is to engage in "subliminal murder"; that essay is by Susan Sontag. For 10 points, name these things which Diane Arbus produced, one of which shows a child with a toy hand grenade in Central Park.

photographs [or photos; prompt on cameras or film; do not accept or prompt on "films" or "works of art" that do not mention photos.]

Austronesian languages like Sursurunga have a variant of this property called the paucal. This property is often created using what Hockettians call "the morpheme [this property]," but which Bloomfieldians name after a specific letter. In Korean, this property can be emphasized with the addition of the suffix -deul ["rhymes with pull"]. An experiment by Jean Gleason used pictures of small blue bird-like creatures to show that children generalize rules concerning this property; that is the wug test. Some languages have both "massive" and (*) "numerative" forms of this property. When applying this property to compound nouns in English, the first word is typically inflected and the second left unchanged. In Hebrew, masculine nouns are given this property by adding the suffix -im ["eem"]. For 10 points, name this property that in English is usually created by adding "s" to the end of nouns.

plurality [or grammatical number; or quantity; accept word forms like pluralization or being plural or descriptive answers like there's more than one; accept singular until "morpheme" is read]

During worship of Shiva, devotees often anoint themselves with this substance over parts of their body where the chakras are located; in that context, this substance is called vibhuti. Vaishnavites may use sandalwood paste in place of this substance to smear a "U" pattern. Kumkuma is a common red variety of this substance made from turmeric and slaked lime. Married women may adorn their (*) hair partitions using a form of this substance called sindoor. Shaivites form three white horizontal lines with this substance, which is smeared onto a person's forehead to form a tilaka or tika (TEE-ka). In a legend that explains one use of this substance, Krishna used it to darken Radha's fair skin, which later evolved into gopis festively spraying water containing this on each other. For 10 point, name this substance people throw at each other during Holi.

powder [be generous with accepting answers as long as they describe something that resembles powder, like dust; accept ash; accept colors; accept kumkuma before mention; accept sindoor before mention; accept vibhuti before mention; prompt on "paint" or "pigment"]

Baha'i adherents may carry these objects to help with recitations. Like those found in Islamic traditions, these are kept in numerical accordance to the names of God. In Zen Buddhism, collections of these usually number 108; only the first hundred are used to count out spoken mantras. The paternoster and chotki are forerunners to these meditative objects commonly used in Christian denominations. Frequently used to focus the petitioner's thoughts and spiritual energies, FTP, what are these religious objects, a necklace type of which is a rosary?

prayer beads

The first one of these institutions in New York State was designed by Joseph-François Mangin and was later replaced by a facility in Ossining. Institutions of this type across Europe, such as Bridewell, were studied in the late 1700s by John Howard, and a book titled American [this institution] chronicled the history of these institutions, along with Mother Jones reporter Shane (*) Bauer's experience working in one of them. David Skarbek's The Social Order of the Underworld studies how these places derive structure and order through groups like the Nuestra Familia. In late August and early September 2018, a nationwide strike was organized in these places to protest exploitative labor practices, and these institutions are said to have created a racial caste system in Michelle Alexander's The New Jim Crow. For 10 points, name these places that hold inmates.

prisons [or jails; or penitentiaries]

It's not a color, but a particular use of this word was popularized in a book about "unpacking the invisible knapsack" by Wellesley professor Peggy McIntosh. Journalists have a doctrine of this type in the UK but do not in the US, thanks to the ruling of Branzburg v. Hayes. This is the second word in the name of a power affirmed by United States v. Nixon that allowed the denial of subpoenas, which is possessed by the (*) executive branch. A legal doctrine denoted by this word implies permits a party to decline to give evidence, as in the attorney-client relationship. For 10 points, identify this term used to describe both a legal immunity or a special social status, which some people argue may be conveyed by whiteness.

privilege [accept white privilege]

One god of this domain has four minor gods named after himself, one each for the cardinal directions. One figure got this from the Milky Way, which he kept in a jug; that was the Incan Ilyap'a. One figure who controlled this became associated with Atonatiuh and lived on his mountain with Chal·chi·huit·li·cue. That god, like Quetzalcoatl, had a mask of serpents, and was the object of great fear and child sacrifices for his propensity to wreak havoc on the Aztecs. For 10 points, name this weather phenomenon whose gods included the Mayan Chac and the Aztec Tlaloc and which is often seen in storms.

rain gods [accept thunder gods; prompt on "weather" until mentioned]

Mechanisms can be characterized as having ex-ante, interim, or ex-post individual forms of thisproperty. The weak axiom of revealed preference is a consequence of assuming this type ofpreference relation, which is defined to be complete and transitive. A good whose current utilitydepends upon past consumption was modeled in a paper about this type of addiction by KevinMurphy and Gary (*)) Becker. A common modeling assumption states that an individual's forecasts are equalto the expectation conditional on present information, which is a hypothesis named for this type of"expectations." For 10 points, game theory typically assumes what type of utility-maximizing behavior inwhich people act reasonably?

rational [or rationality; or word forms]

One of these entities was romantically pursued by Tyro, who was tricked into instead sleeping with Poseidon, resulting in the births of Pelias and Neleus; that one is called Enipeus. Another of these beings had nine daughters including Thespia, Thebe, and Corcyra, who were abducted by four gods. That one of these may be a syncretization of Phliasian and Boeotian progenitors, as all are named Asopus. Another one of these deities has the alternative name Xanthos and fought alongside the Trojans after figures like Lycaon covered it with blood. For 10 points, name these children of Oceanus and Tethys, one example of which that fought Achilles was named Scamander.

river deities

In one story, the skin of one of these deities turns black after an encounter with a frenzied Shiva, who had just been shot by one of Kama's magic arrows. A female one of these deities is honored along with her brother in the festival of Bhai-Dooj. That god, a daughter of the sun god Surya, is a twin of Yama. One of these deities was called to earth after the sixty thousand sons of Sagar were killed by the sage Kapila. After drowning the first seven of her children with Shantanu, that deity gave birth to a personification of Dyaus named Bhishma. One of these gods was held within the hair of Shiva after threatening to destroy the world and was created from the sweat of Vishnu's feet. One of these gods is often depicted riding her mount Makara, who is half mammal and half fish. For 10 points, name these gods, who embody features like the Yamuna and the Ganges.

river gods [or water gods; accept equivalents for "river" or "water"; prompt on Hindu gods]

One deity of these natural entities pursued the nymph Arethusa. In one myth, two of these called Alpheus and Peneus were used to help Hercules complete his fifth labor with the Augean (*)) stables. One of these consisting of fire was called Phlegethon. Drinking from one of these caused forgetfulness, and Charon ferried people across one of these entities. The Lethe and Styx are examples of, for 10 points, what type of geographic feature with running water?

rivers

A history of these entities is discussed in Mind Children and other books by Hans Moravec. An article by Marvin Minsky asks if they will inherit the earth. The first theoretical description of one was given in a book by Julien La Mettrie, who described their composition. An article in Energy compares a statue made by a woodcarver to these entities and suggests that the presence of movement in them increases (*)) uneasiness more so than death. That article by Masahiro Mori compares these agents to a bunraku puppet in relation to human affinity. The fear of them is the Frankenstein complex, and their resemblance to humanity inspired the uncanny valley hypothesis. For 10 points, name these machines which are subject to three laws postulated by Isaac Asimov.

robots [or androids, prompt on "A.I" or "Artificial life," if they mention "man made of machines" or other such equivalents, accept it.]

One version of this practice can be used to determine whether an action is good or evil and is called the Istikhaarah. A part of this practice involves standing up and is known as I'tidal, while another involves returning to the original position during the Tashahhud. The Khawf variety is employed during times of fear or on the battlefield and along with the ishraq, is categorized with the Nafl type. The Jumu'ah version is performed in large groups and replaces the afternoon dhuhr on its namesake day. The process of ghusl or wudu must be performed before engaging in this activity and it is performed in repeated cycles known as raka'ah. Typically performed on a musalla while facing a qibla, for 10 points, identify this pillar of Islam that involves a five times per day ritual prayer.

salat or salah or namaz [prompt on prayer]

This concept embodies the principle of anicca or anitya, one of three "Marks." This concept, which does not directly affect one's atman, can be mitigated by self-knowledge or jnana. Other paths away from this concept include raja and bhakti. The (*) end of this concept, along with artha, kama, and dharma, is one of the four Purusharthas or main goals of human life in Hinduism. In Tibetan Buddhism, this concept is represented with the Bhavachakra, a wheel. The end of this cycle comes with moksha. One's karma impacts—for 10 points—what cycle of death and reincarnation?

samsara [prompt on any answer indicating a cycle, rebirth, reincarnation, or future lives]

This approach was used by Albrecht and Axell to develop a model that assumes two types of sellers with different reservation prices. First-generation models in this approach suffered from the Rothschild Paradox that homogenous goods cannot be sold at different prices under equilibrium conditions. A major model used in this approach was devised to challenge Lucas' neutrality of money model, and exhibits several Pareto-ranked equilibria for output based on the "optimism" or "pessimism" of agents in the steady-state. Daron Acemoglu and Robert Shimer used this approach to prove that social insurance policies that reduce risk aversion can increase output. A major model used in this approach, which imagines an island where producers climb coconut trees they cannot consume before trading, won the 2010 Nobel Prize for Mortensen, Pissarides, and Diamond. For 10 points, name this framework often used to model the effect of frictions on the labor market by assuming costs for workers looking for jobs.

search and matching theory

An idol in the form of this creature was destroyed by the reforming king Hezekiah and was named Nehushtan. Moses had a bronze one of these animals made in order to heal those affected by a plague of "fiery" examples of these animals. A woman in the Torah is told that her child's heel will bruise and be bruised by this creature. After he turned it into one of these animals, (*) Aaron's rod swallowed other rods belonging to Pharaoh's sorcerers. At the same time as women were cursed with painful childbirths, this animal was cursed to crawl on its belly. For 10 points, name these reptiles associated with Satan, one of which tempted Eve to eat the Forbidden Fruit.

serpents [accept snakes, vipers, etc.; accept nahash; prompt on reptiles before mentioned; prompt on dragons]

Abas is rewarded with one of these objects after the death of his grandfather Danaus [dah-NAY-uss]. A battle against Cyc·nus, son of Ares, is the subject of a poem titled for one of these objects of Heracles. Book 18 of the Iliad describes how a newly-made one of these objects includes an image juxtaposing a peaceful city with a warring city. The head of a Gorgon is (*) affixed to the front of one of these objects, just moments after its shiny reflection is used by Perseus in his battle against Medusa. The aegis [EE-jiss] of Athena is an example of—for 10 points—what type of defensive object often used in battle alongside a sword?

shield [or aspís; accept Shield of Heracles or Aspis Herakleous; accept aegis before "aegis" is read]

Outmoded types of these religious actions are acedia and vainglory. Believers may compensate for these actions by acquiring a plenary or partial indulgence instead of serving temporal (*)) punishment on Earth or in Heaven. Gluttony and wrath are two of the Seven Deadly types of these actions. For ten points, name these actions that go against the commands of God.

sins (accept reasonable equivalents like trespasses)

In the Mahabharata, Indra agrees not to kill one of these animals with anything dry or wet, or at day or night, but finds a loophole by killing him with sea foam at twilight. Shiva has one of these animals named Vasuki on his neck, and a Minoan goddess was often depicted holding two of these animals in her hands. In (*) Australian mythology, this kind of animal lives in waterholes that never dry up and represent rainbows. In Norse myth, one of these animals was slain by Thor and had encircled the world. One of these animals created from spit and dirt by Isis bit Ra. For 10 points, name these animals, one of which tricked Eve into eating the Forbidden Fruit.

snake [accept serpent]

In the second part of Ludwig von Mises' book Human Action, Mises claims that this concept should be understood metaphorically and that its tools can only operate in times of peace. Richard Hofstadter traced it in American thought, identifying Lester Ward as one of its main opponents. This two-word concept titles a book with such sections as "Sociology," "War," and "Some Natural Rights" written by William Sumner, but its first and best-known proponent was the man who, in his 1864 work Principles of Biology, coined the term "survival of the fittest." FTP, name this theory most famously advocated by Herbert Spencer and which sought to apply evolutionary methods to the study of society.

social Darwinism

When expressing this English word, Urdu speakers use the word "pathar," and Russians say "kamen." It is also the meaning of the French name "Pierre" and the Latin word "lapis." One Greek word for this lends its name to an ancient city in Jordan built entirely from this material. Over a hundred English words incorporate the root "lith," from another Greek word for this English term, including the words "paleolithic" and "neolithic," designating the two halves of its namesake "age." For 10 points, what is this English word, that is also the meaning of the German surname "Stein" and can designate the pit of a fruit or a material worked by masons?

stone [or rock; or word forms of either]

In French, the third person singular ending in this construction is "e" and the first person plural is "ions." French forms this construction by adding "que" before the pronoun, dropping the "ent" from the third person plural "ils" present tense form, and then adding set endings. It is rarely seen in English, but survives in constructions such as "If I were to tell you." For 10 points, identify this mood which expresses a hypothetical or wishful state, as opposed to the indicative mood.

subjunctive mood [or conjunctive mood]

This economic quantity is increased in quantitative easing while the Federal Reserve lowers the yield of Treasury notes. On a graph of price vs. quantity, this quantity's curve slopes upward, because more good are (*)) produced at higher prices. For ten points, name this economic concept, the amount of a good that can be produced, often compared against a good's demand.

supply (accept money supply; prompt on money until it is read)

One of these objects containing an emerald was used against Fulad-Zereh by Arsalan, while another is noted for its proficiency against grass and emerged from the corpse of Orochi. In addition to Shamshir and Kusanagi, one hung over the head of Damocles, and another had the inscriptions "take me up" and "cast me away" as well as a holder that would clot wounds. That one was returned by Sir Bedivere to the Lady of the Lake. For 10 points, name this object whose examples include Excalibur, King Arthur's weapon.

swords

Both the Atkinson-Stiglitz Separability theorem and the Cortlett-Hague theorem relate this quantity for commodities to goods that are substitutable for leisure. The Lindahl form of this entity is employed in an equilibrium dependent on the personal marginal benefit of a public good. Christina and David Romer's recent study found the multiplier of a reduction in this entity to be roughly three. Ramsey developed an optimal set of rules based on the quantity demanded of each good to minimize total burden. Externalities can be limited by the Pigouvian type of them. Deadweight losses are caused by the imposition of, for 10 points, which financial charges collected by the government to finance the nation's budget?

taxes [do not accept more specific answers]

According to Book 11 of the Aeneid, this group may include a member of the Volsci named Camilla; at various other times, the leader of this group is named as Myrina. During the nightmarish last days of the Trojan War, a leader of this group is killed by Achilles, who weeps over the corpse. During a great battle against Heracles and Theseus, many of their members are killed, including, according to some sources, (*) Pen·the·silea [pen-theh-zih-LAY-uh]. For his ninth labour, Heracles retrieves the belt of one of these people named Hippolyta. These people are said to cut off their right breasts to shoot arrows better. For 10 points, name this tribe of warrior women in Greek mythology.

the Amazons [or the Amazones]

A philosophical survey by A.C. Graham is titled for Disputers of this concept. This concept was the first to be discussed in terms of a word meaning "natural" or "self-so." The first line of a text states that the "this concept" that can be "this concept-ed" is not the eternal "this concept." An "enigmatic female" is repeatedly discussed in a text that calls this concept the mother of the "ten (*) thousand things." An 81-section, 5,000 character text claims that harmony with this concept can be achieved through inaction or wu wei. "Virtue" or "De" is discussed alongside—for 10 points—what title concept of a text attributed to Laozi?

the Dao [prompt on answers like "The Way" or "The Path"; accept mispronunciations that sound like "Tao"; accept Daodejing or Tao Te Ching; accept Disputers of the Tao]

Description acceptable. This speaker concludes that one group of people practice an "appearance-making," or phantastikē, imitative art, and he demonstrates his method on a "paradigmatic" model by discussing the technē of a fisherman. This speaker brings in the five "great kinds" to identify non-Being with difference and thus show that false statements are possible. This speaker discusses the nature of politics with two men named Socrates in the (*) Statesman. This man uses a method of definition based on collection and division, called diairesis. Socrates does not speak in the most famous dialogue featuring this speaker, which is set the day after the Theaetetus. The Sophist is monopolized by—for 10 points—what unnamed Platonic speaker, whose usual name comes from his membership in the school of philosophy founded by Parmenides and Zeno?

the Eleatic Stranger [accept any answer involving a man from Elea or an Eleatic; accept any answer indicating the unnamed speaker in the Sophist, until that's mentioned; do NOT accept or prompt on "Athenian Stranger," who's a guy from the Laws]

Plutarch relates that this object was found inside a chest by a god who was hunting swine by moonlight. Individual parts of this object corresponded to provinces called nomes ("NOH-mees"). A book by Jan Assmann ("AHS-mahn") about "Death and Salvation" explains how, in the "Great Procession," this object was ceremonially carried in a barque called the neshmet. It doesn't belong to Jesus, but passion plays featuring this object opened with the procession of "the opener of ways" or Wepwawet. Thanks to an oxyrhynchus ("ox-ee-RINK-us") fish, every part of this object was located except one, so a golden phallus is created to conceive a hero. After it was placed in a gold coffin and fished up by a goddess, this object was cut into fourteen pieces by a rival and placed in a river. For 10 points, what object's pieces were scattered in the Nile by Set after a treacherous murder?

the body of Osiris [or sarcophagus of Osiris; accept the penis of Osiris or phallus of Osiris specifically]

In the Mormon conception of the afterlife, the Terrestrial Heaven is described as having a glory equivalent to this object, and in Psalm 72 David remarks that abundant peace shall exist in Solomon's lands so long as this object "endureth." More famously, as described in the 54th Sura of the Qu'ran, Muhammad supposedly split this object into two parts, although disbelievers explained this action away as "transient magic." In Chinese thought, this object is associated with a rabbit who creates herbal medicines from scratch.According to Joel, and repeated in the Revelation of John the Divine, at the Day of Judgment this object will be turned to blood. For 10 points, name this astronomical body, which, along with the sun and the stars, was halted in its tracks by Joshua.

the moon

Legendarily this first gained prominence when St. Dominic was told to spread it around Toulouse to combat the Albigensian heresy, a fact assumed by Supremi Apostolatus Officio and later encyclicals about it by Pope Leo XIII. It was first officially recognized by the Catholic Church in 1520 by Leo X, and in 2002, John Paul II added a fourth set of mysteries to this prayer, which had consisted of three sets of five each connected by the "Gloria Patri" and the "Pater Noster." For 10 points, name this Catholic prayer consisting of fifteen decades of Hail Marys counted on a chaplet, also known for its namesake beads.

the rosary

After leaving this place, a protagonist holds a funeral for his nurse, Caieta. A poetic protagonist is told how to get to this place by a woman whose mythologically-decorated temple doors don't depict the death of Icarus because they were designed by Daedalus. A "hesitant" or "lingering" plant that contradicts a Sibylline prophecy possibly signifies that a (*) hero is not quite ready to go to this place. This place is left through a gate of "false dreams" made of ivory in the katabasis of Book 6 of the Aeneid. Two doves help Aeneas find the golden bough he uses to enter this place. For 10 points, name this place where Aeneas sees the ghost of Dido.

the underworld [accept Elysium, Hell, Hades, Dis, Pluto, Orcus, or Avernus]

The common-law conception of this legal term is analogous to the French delict or quasi-delict. Dignitary and economic ones include alienation of affections, conspiracy, and abuse of process; property ones include detinue, replevin, trover, and conversion. Defenses to intentional ones include consent and necessity; they may also be crimes as in the case of assault, battery, wrongful death, and fraud, while libel and slander used to be crimes but are now only these. Responsible for the brunt of civil litigation, FTP, name this legal concept, an intentional or accidental wrong or wrongful act by which injury occurs to another, from the Latin for twisted.

torts

In a discourse against this concept, John Tillotson claimed that a man could do "nothing more unworthily towards a friend." In the Eastern Orthodox tradition, the notion of metousiosis forms the basis for this concept and Ignatius of Antioch defended it in 106 CE in his Epistle to the Smyrnaean. Exegetical support for it can be found in First Corinthians 11:27, Matthew 26:26-28, and especially John 6:26. Its justification rests on the distinction between accidents and substance and an analogous Anglican doctrine is known as Real Presence. FTP, identify this dogma confirmed by the Fourth Lateran Council that states that the wine and wafer of the Eucharist literally become the blood and body of Christ.

transubstantiation

One instance of these figures was conceived when a Changing Woman sunbathed nude and was warmed by the rays of the sun. Her progeny would be aided by Spider Woman in a journey to the father, the sun, who bestowed flint armor and lightning and rainbow arrows, used to slay monsters in Navajo myth. Another instance of these figures swapped a torch flame for a toucan feather and cigars for fireflies in a series of feats that kept them alive until Hunahpu had his head sliced off in the Bat House. As well as these characters from the Popul Vuh, Alcmene's son Iphicles is another instance of this group, along with Heracles. For ten points, name these mythological figures who include Castor and Pollux, born at the same time from the same woman.

twins [Monster Slayer twins, Hero twins, etc. Prompt, I suppose, on brothers or siblings.]

By Okun's Law, a one percent increase in this concept leads to a two percent loss in GDP. The Phillips Curve depicts an inverse relationship between inflation and this concept, whose types includes tructural and frictional. Most measurements of it do not include homemakers and students, and some do not account for discouraged workers. For 10 points, what is the term for when people who want to work cannot find jobs?

unemployment [or word forms such as unemployed; or unemployment rate]

A material culture named for these objects made sickle-shaped marks that are interpreted as numerals, was succeeded by the Halstatt ("HALL-shtott") culture, and thrived in Central Europe until the mid-8th century BC. Romans placed these objects in niches inside of buildings whose name comes from the Latin word for "dove." They're not for holding wine or oil, but the elaborate Derveni krater was used as one of these objects. The use of lekythoi and (*) amphorae as cinerary ("SIN-er-AIR-ee") examples of these objects declined as inhumation became more common. The mid-17th-century discovery of several of these objects in Norfolk inspired an essay by Sir Thomas Browne. These objects, which are common grave goods, are displayed in a columbarium. For 10 points, identify these vessels that hold funerary ashes.

urns [accept burial urns; prompt on vases or pottery or amphorae or krater or jars; accept Urnfield Culture or Hydriotaphia, Urn Burial; prompt on busts by asking "what is the bust placed alongside in the niche?"] (The word for "dove" is columba, so columbarium means "dovecote.")

The psychologist Stanley Smith Stevens categorized these entities into the four "levels" of "nominal," "ordinal," "interval," and "ratio." Reuben Baron and David Kenny introduced the division of these entities into "moderators" and "mediators." A type of these entities that ideally have a "strong first stage" and satisfy the "exclusion restriction" are used in conjunction with a separate pair of them and are called "instruments." Longitudinal studies are typically "person-oriented" or oriented toward these entities. The term "interaction" refers to multiplying two of these entities together to identify the separate and combined causal impact of each. The process of strictly setting out how these entities will be defined and measured is known as "operationalizing" them. Values called "attributes" are taken on by, for 10 points, what entities that, in research, may be "dependent" or "independent"?

variables [accept moderator variables or mediator variables or instrumental variables or dependent variables or independent variables]

The use of difference in these entities to create meaning in Proto-Indo-European is called ablaut. "Clusters" lack them, and one follows a cluster and a glide in units characterized by Sievers' law. If one of them follows the second aspirate in a word, the first aspirate is lost by Grassman's law. "Strident" ones are characterized by an epiglottal trill. "Rhotic" ones occur when they follow the letter "R." The "gliding" variety of them occurs when they change quality during pronunciation, in which case they are called diphthongs. For 10 points, name these sounds that underwent a "great shift" in English, where examples of them include "A," "E," and sometimes "Y."

vowels

Due in part to the influence of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, this word completes the sentence in the English translation of The Declaration of the Rights of Man: "The law is the expression of the general [this]." In Michel Foucault's The His- tory of Sexuality, the first chapter is titled "The [this] to knowledge", while a lecture by William James was titled "The [this] to Believe", and this word was paired with Time in the title of Henri Bergson's doctoral thesis. In the title of the best-known work by Arthur Schopenhauer, this term is, depending on the translation, paired with either Idea or Rep- resentation. This word often appears after the word "free", and with a different definition it refers to a document that can have its validity determined by a probate. Give this four-letter word associated with freedom of choice.

will

Houyi defeated a god of this phenomenon who took the form of a one-eyed bull with a serpent's tail. A mace-wielding god of this phenomenon is the father of Bhima in Hindu mythology. Marduk kills Tiamat by gathering this phenomenon and sending it through her body. With the harpy Podarge, a god of this phenomenon fathered the talking horses Balius and Xanthus, and with his wife Orithyia (ori-THIGH-uh), fathered the twins Calais (kuh-LAY-iss) and Zetes (ZEE-teez). In Shintoism, this phenomenon was controlled by Fujin (FOO-jeen), the brother of Raijin (RYE-jeen). In Greek mythology, it was personified by four deities known as the Anemoi. Odysseus and his crew are given a bag of this phenomenon by Aeolus. For 10 points, name this meteorological phenomenon controlled by Zephyrus.

wind [prompt on weather]

Before saying a prayer about this thing, it's traditional to cover or remove challah from the table. The Havdalah candle is traditionally extinguished using this substance. A small amount of this substance is usually administered right before a bris. This substance is blessed by saying "Borei Pri HaGafen." Shabbat is celebrated using two candles, two loaves of challah, and this substance. This is the flagship product of (*) Manischewitz ["man"-ih-SHEH-vitz]. The kiddush is said over this substance, which is dropped onto one's plate to represent the 10 plagues. The Passover seder is organized around four cups of—for 10 points—what alcoholic drink?

wine [accept grape juice]

When this substance was provided to a dying man using a sponge on a reed, some onlookers said, "Wait, let us see whether Elijah will come to save him." A comment about this substance prompted a man to declare, "Woman, what does this have to do with me? My hour has not yet come." This substance prompted a man to tell a bridegroom that, unlike others, he kept the best of this substance for last; that conversation took place at (*) Cana, where some servants were instructed to fill six large stone jars during a wedding. After instructing others to consume this substance, Jesus declared, "This is my blood of the covenant." For 10 points, name this beverage that is consumed along with bread during the Eucharist, which was also the product of Jesus's miraculous transformation of water.

wine [accept sour wine or vinegar during the first sentence; prompt on alcohol]

In a book titled for these people's culture, the anthropologist Sabina Magliocco ("mall-YO-ko") used a term from Michel de Certeau ("sair-TOH") to describe them as "textual poachers" of the work of Charles Leland ("LEE-land") and Margaret Murray. Peter Geschiere ("guh-SHEER-uh") notes that among the modern Maka people, the elite Grands ("grahnd") are thought to derive power from a group of these people engaged in djambe ("JOM-bay"). A book by Silvia Federici argues that campaigns against these people were central to the creation of the proletariat during the transition to capitalism. These people are defined by their inheritance of mangu in their stomach, and their actions are sometimes detected by people who poison a chicken with benge ("BEN-gay"), according to a book by E. E. Evans-Pritchard that examines oracles and these people in Azande culture. The Malleus Maleficarum is a manual for resisting the influence of, for 10 points, what people, typically women, who were often burned at the stake in 17th-century Europe?

witches [accept Witching Culture or The Modernity of Witchcraft or Caliban and the Witch; accept witch doctors or Wiccans; prompt on healers, magicians, shamans, neo-Pagans, sorcerers, or women]

In the Poetic Edda, one of these animals is the mount of the völva Hyndla. Four warriors are unable to control one of these animals ridden by a giantess at the funeral of Balder. A tool intended for one of these animals is created using thought-to-be-nonexistent items such as a woman's beard and the sound of a cat's footsteps. Due to the actions of one of these animals, the god (*) Tyr ["tier"] is missing his right hand. During Ragnarök, a great boot made by Vidarr is used to kill one of these animals named Fenrir. For 10 points, name this animal into which a ly·can·thrope transforms during the full moon.

wolf [or Canis lupus or C. lupus; accept werewolf; do not accept "dog"]