CLP 1006 MIDTERM

John Hick personality theories

"Certainly we seek pleasure for our children, and take great delight in obtaining it for them; but we do not desire for them unalloyed pleasure at the expense of their growth in such even greater values as moral integrity, unselfishness, compassion, courage, humour, reverence for the truth, and per-haps above all the capacity for love. We do not act on the premise that pleasure is the su-preme end of life; and if the development of these other values sometimes clashes with the provision of pleasure, then we are willing to have our children miss a certain amount of this, rather than fail to come to possess and to be possessed by the finer and more precious qualities that are possible to the human personality."

self-concept

(1) a sense of one's identity and personal worth. (2) all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

Inferiotiry Complex

(Carl Rogers) An inferiority complex consists of feelings of not measuring up to standards, a doubt and uncertainty about oneself, and a lack of self-esteem. It is often subconscious and is thought to drive afflicted individuals to overcompensate, resulting either in spectacular achievement or extremely asocial behavior

Different parenting styles and the effects they have on self-esteem.

- Authoritarian Parenting: Restrictive; focusing on following rules; believe children are incompetent. Children of authoritarian parents are at a higher risk of developing self-esteem problems because their opinions aren't valued. - Authoritative Parenting: Warm and nurturing while at the same time setting meaningful limits and controls for the child. Very involved. Researchers have found kids who have authoritative parents are most likely to become responsible adults who feel comfortable expressing their opinions. - Permissive Indifferent: Uninvolved in their childs life; not particularly harsh; don't show important to their children. Children with uninvolved parents are likely to struggle with self-esteem issues. They tend to perform poorly in school. They also exhibit frequent behavior problems and rank low in happiness. - Permissive Indulgent: Very involved in the childs life and loving; but dont set limits. Kids who grow up with permissive parents are more likely to struggle academically. They may exhibit more behavioral problems as they don't appreciate authority and rules. They often have low self-esteem and may report a lot of sadness.

Seligman

- Character: The development of virtures (any admirable quality or attribute) and their corresponding signature strengths - Signature strengths: Traits and behaviors that you can develop by exercising proactive choice.

Stress (physical, psychological, workplace effects)

- Physically, it is clear that when you are under prolonged stress your immune system can be weakened, creating vulnerability to illness and bodily system breakdown. - Psychologically stress is a major factor in the development of anxiety, phobias, panic attacks, depression, post traumatic stress disorder, obsessions, compulsions and all major psychiatric disorders. - The ability to concentrate is significantly affected by stress. It is no wonder that an inability to cope with life stressors leads to lowered productivity and an increased frequency of mistakes on the job. In addition, you are more likely to miss work due to both emotional and physical illness.

internal locus of control vs. external locus of control

-Individuals who have a highly internal locus of control tend to believe that they have a high degree of control over what happens in their lives. For example, a person who has a locus of control that is highly internal may believe that their good health is due to a healthy diet and exercise, or that winning a game is due to skill and effort. These individuals tend to see the good and bad things that happen to themselves and others as a result of their own actions or lack of action. -Individuals who have a locus of control that is primarily external tend to believe that the events in their lives are controlled by external factors like luck, fate, others' behavior or "powerful others." For example, a person with a high degree of external locus of control might believe that their good health is due to genetics or environmental factors, or that winning a game is largely due to lucky events. These individuals tend to see the good and bad things that happen to them and others as being controlled by factors outside of their control.

Optimism vs. Pessimism

-Optimists believe in the beauty of the world and choose to focus on the positive things in life. They tend to have internal locus of control, meaning that they believe they are in control of their own decisions and experiences. -Pessimists often choose to believe in the negative outcomes in life. They tend to have an external locus of control, or the belief that external factors such as fate or the environment will make things impossible.

Research Method. Experimental vs. Correlational research.

-Research method in the scientific process, is the approach to investigating the hypothesis. -In a controlled experiment, the research team has control over the independent variable and other aspects of the experiment. This allows the researchers to make conclusions about whether the independent variable really affects the dependent variable, as opposed to the variables changing at the same time through coincidence. The researcher can also eliminate the effects of other variables. -a correlation study, the researcher or research team does not have control over the variables in the study. The researcher simply measures the data that she finds in the world. This allows her to see if the two variables are correlated whether changes in one are associated with changes in the other.

determinism vs. free will continuum

-The determinist approach proposes that all behavior has a cause and is thus predictable. Free will is an illusion, and our behavior is governed by internal or external forces over which we have no control. (Bandura, Bowlby, B.F. Skinner) -Free will is the idea that we are able to have some choice in how we act and assumes that we are free to choose our behavior, in other words we are self determined. (Maslow, Rogers)

Appreciative Inquiry

A method of establishing positive goals. The focus of this technique is to consider what is right about a situation and ask how more of it can be created.

Premack Principle

A principle that states that making the opportunity to engage in a high-probability behavior contingent on the occurrence of a low-frequency behavior will function as reinforcement for the low-frequency behavior.

Proactivity vs. Reactivity

A proactive approach focuses on eliminating problems before they have a chance to appear and a reactive approach is based on responding to events after they have happened.

self-efficacy

An individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.

mistake

Any behavior, which you do or fail to do which LATER, as you reflect about it, you wish you had not done or had done differently.

Mission Statement

Creates an ongoing goal that can be accomplished but never fully achieved. It should be just out reach from your fingertips at all times. Speaks to human beings and general human desires. It should give people something they can get behind and feel like they're a part of. focused on external impact instead of internal gain. Your mission statement should never be "we want to make a bunch of money".

frames and reframing

Framing is the thought process people use to define a situation and decide how they are going to deal with it. Reframing is doing this over again in a different way: for example, deciding a conflict can be approached in a positive (or "win-win") way, rather than a negative (or "win-lose") way. Ex: you can frame war to be necessary but may reframe it to be unjust later on.

representational systems

How we encode information in our brain. Our five senses.

Morphic Resonance

Implies that all matter and living things are connected and affected by fields that influence not only their structure but also their behaviors.

Benefits of exercise

Improves cardiovascular health Increases muscle tone and flexibility Enhances immune system Promotes weight loss Decreases stress/increases overall feeling of well-being

procrastination

Intentionally putting off doing something that should be done. Changing behavior consumes a lot of psychic energy, but engaging in highly structured cognitive behavioral therapy is one approach that has worked for many.

Attitude of Gratitude

Involves noticing, appreciating, and being thankful for the people, events, and even the small benefits of your life. Research shows that expressions of gratitude benefit both the giver and the receiver. For instance, in one study involving an instance of gift giving, both parties reported increased happiness if the receiver expressed genuine gratitude.

stress hardiness

Is a term describing the attitudes shared by certain people that makes them resistant to the negaitve effects of stress.

Cortisol

It's your body's main stress hormone. It works with certain parts of your brain to control your mood, motivation, and fear. Your adrenal glands -- triangle-shaped organs at the top of your kidneys -- make cortisol. It's best known for helping fuel your body's "fight-or-flight" instinct in a crisis.

Transpersonal Psychology

Maslow's proposed fourth force in psychology that stresses the relationship between the individual and the cosmos (universe) and in so doing focuses on the mystical and spiritual aspects of human nature.

psychosomatic disorders

Psychosomatic disorder is an illness that connects the mind and body. This occurs in such a way that the physiological functioning of the body is affected by the psychological tensions that either cause a disease or worsen the pre-existing disease in a person.

Covey's Time Management System

Recommends that you organize your schedule around priorities rather than prioritize your schedule.

self-talk

Self Talk refers to the ongoing internal conversation with ourselves, which influences how we feel and behave. For example, you find yourself in a traffic jam while rushing to work one morning. You self-talk could be pessimistic and you might think, "My whole day is ruined.

Sensation and Perception

Sensation refers to the process of sensing our environment through touch, taste, sight, sound, and smell. This information is sent to our brains in raw form where perception comes into play. Perception is the way we interpret these sensations and therefore make sense of everything around us.

Pereto Principle

The Pareto principle (also known as the 80/20 rule, the law of the vital few, or the principle of factor sparsity) states that, for many events, roughly 80% of the effects come from 20% of the causes.

What neuroplasticity is and what the research on neuroplasticity says.

The ability of the brain to form and reorganize synaptic connections, especially in response to learning or experience or following injury. Changes in the body, such as the loss of a limb or sense organ, that subsequently alter the balance of sensory activity received by the brain. In addition, neuroplasticity is employed by the brain during the reinforcement of sensory information through experience, such as in learning and memory, and following actual physical damage to the brain (e.g., caused by stroke), when the brain attempts to compensate for lost activity.

fight or flight response

The fight or flight response is a survival mechanism present in humans and most animals which prepares us to deal with physical danger. When faced with threat, two almond-shaped structures in our brain called the amygdala, which play a primary role in the processing and memory of emotional reactions, are activated. They send messages to the HPA axis (hypothal-amus-pituitary-adrenal axis), which forms the circuitry responsible for connecting the brain and the body.

the concept of the pathological critic, where it comes from and how to change it.

The pathological critic is a term coined by psychologist Eugene Sagan to describe the negative inner voice that attacks and judges you. Everyone has a critical inner voice. But people with low self-esteem tend to have more vicious and vocal pathological critic. To change it you must train it to affect you.

Synchronicity

The simultaneous occurrence of events that appear significantly related but have no discernible causal connection.

functional fixedness

The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving. Ex: Viewing a pickle jar as something that could only carry pickles. When emptied it would be thrown away instead of being reused to hold something else.

Visualization

Visualization is the use of mental concentration and directed imagery in the attempt to secure particular goals, whether physical, psychological, vocational, educational, or spiritual. Visualization attempts to program the mind to discover inner power and guidance.

Wellness

Wellness, or the state of being well, is a lot more than just feeling that you are not ill. By the same token, mental health is not the same as an absence of mental illness. Mental health reflects the presence of PERMA: of having positive emo-tions; a sense of meaning and purpose in life; good relationships; accomplishment; and engagement, all the elements of flourishing.

retroactive interference

When new learning interferes with previous learning.

proactive interference

When old learning inhibits retention of new material.

collective unconscious

a part of the unconscious mind incorporating patterns of memories, instincts, and experiences common to all mankind. These patterns are inherited, may be arranged into archetypes, and are observable through their effects on dreams, behaviour, etc.

hedonic treadmill

a theory proposing that people stay at about the same level of happiness regardless of what happens to them

Active Relaxation

becoming aware of your body and physiological reactions so you can consciously reduce your level of arousal

placebo effect

experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.

Goals

general, long-term statements of desired program outcomes and provide the direction upon which all objectives are based.

passive relaxation

goal is to still the mind and body intentionally without the need to tighten and relax any particular body part

Eudaimonia

happiness or flourishing

stress management

identifying sources of stress and learning how to handle them in ways that promote good mental/emotional health. Recommendations for stress mastery: Awareness is important. You need to notice your reactions to stressful events or situations. By becoming more self aware, you can shift your reactions to more appropriate ones.

Effectiveness

improving memory retention, using SQ4R(suvey, question, read, recite, review, reflect), mastering test anxiety.

positive emotions

joy, pride, relief, hope, love, and compassion

What positive psychology is and what it focuses on

positive psychology is a scientific approach to studying human thoughts, feelings, and behavior, with a focus on strengths instead of weaknesses, building the good in life instead of repairing the bad, and taking the lives of average people up to "great" instead of focusing solely on moving those who are struggling up to "normal". Positive psychology focuses on the positive events and influences in life, including: -Positive experiences (like happiness, joy, inspiration, and love). -Positive states and traits (like gratitude, resilience, and compassion). -Positive institutions (applying positive principles within entire organizations and institutions).

do good, feel good effects

psychological and physical well-being enhanced as a result of empathy-induced altruism.

Homeostasis

relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain. This dynamic state of equilibrium is the condition of optimal functioning for the organism and includes many variables, such as body temperature and fluid balance, being kept within certain pre-set limits.

self-esteem and how it contributes to effectiveness.

self-esteem is confidence in one's own worth or abilities and can be an important part of success. Too little self-esteem can leave people feeling defeated or depressed. It can also lead people to make bad choices, fall into destructive relationships, or fail to live up to their full potential. A grandiose sense of self-esteem, as exhibited in narcissistic personality disorder, can certainly be off-putting to others and can even damage personal relationships.

selective attention

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, as in the cocktail party effect; a process whereby the brain selectively filters out large amounts of sensory information in order to focus on just one message.

Yerkes-Dodson Law

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

Stress

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging. Eustress is beneficial(posivtive) stress—either psychological, physical (e.g. exercise), or biochemical/radiological (hormesis). Distress is negative stress which implies an external and usually temporary cause of great physical or mental strain.