Cm 2215 Final-t

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1. background 2. account 3. analysis 4. recommendations

Four elements of an accident report

Two main motivational theories

Goal Driven and Behavioral reaction

Two main motivational theories:

Goal driven, Behavioral driven

Pyramid theory of Accidents

H.W. Heinrich

apply to ALL industries

Horizontal standards

1. Engineering 2. PPE 3. Administrative

How JSA Hazards are resolved

an inappropriate or undesirable human decision or behavior that reduced, or has the potential for reducing effectiveness, safety, or system performance.

Human error

Four steps to creating a JSA:

Identify the job, Identify the steps, Identify the hazard, Identify the control for each hazard

Four modes of entry for stressors:

Ingestion, Inhalation, Injection, Absorption

Inspection conducted at random

Intermittent Inspection

JSA is an acronym for:

Job Safety Analysis

JSA stands for?

Job Safety Analysis

1. management commitment and employee involvement 2. worksite analysis 3. hazard prevention and control 4. safety and health training

Major elements off an effective occupational safety and health training program

These can be used to obtain operating costs when lacking historical data

Manufacturer manuals

Goal Driven

Maslov

His hierarchy is an example of the type of motivation:

Maslow and goal driven

_____'s hierarchy is an example of _____ motivation.

Maslow, goal driven

Maintenance and repair, tires, fuel, service, downtime, and operator salary are all what type of costs? They are incurred only when the equipment is in use

Operating costs

Depreciation, interest, taxes, insurance, storage, and license fees are all what type of costs? (cost of owning, leasing, or renting he equipment)

Ownership costs

Behavioral Based

Pavlov

Motivational theories assume this fact:

People are rational

requires performance of some kind, when OSHA gives you way to handle

Performance Standards

Three types of inspections:

Periodic, Intermittent, General

To be successful, a contractor must be able to _____ the cost of doing a task and then _____ the cost of doing that task

Predict, control

"A nearby dollar is worth more than a distant dollar"

Principle 1

Accident investigation is not complete until this final step:

Recommendations to avoid future accidents

positive reinforcement =

Reward

A method of problem solving that used branching to identify the root causes of faults or problems

Root Cause Analysis

1. anticipate 2. Develop 3. Implement 4. Measure

Safety Professional duties

If company has 10 or fewer employees, injury and illness records are not required

Size Exemption

specifies a particular measure that must be met in order to do work

Specificstion standards

offer the opportunity for gain as well as loss

Speculative Loss exposures

Representative of all employees

Stearing committee

In a JSA, avoid too many of these

Steps in a job

Identify job, identity steps, identify hazards, identify the control for each hazard

Steps in creating a JSA

In a JSA, avoid too many or too little ________.

Steps to a job

2 types: 1. goal driven- working hard looking for a reward 2. Behavioral Reaction - don't come up with good behavior until you get the reward

Study of Motivation

a group of interconnected elements that are united to form a single entity

System

Research indicates this about using incentives for safety monitors:

They don't work very well

i=inspections:

They should be frequent and regular

applies only to SPECIFIC industries

Vertical standards

payroll, basic rate, experience modification rating (EMR)

WC premium factors

Manual premium SIC NAICS

Workers comp premiums

Accident investigation is not about _____.

blame

Initial cost less the depreciable value

book value

Inspections must be conducted by a _____.

competent person

Type of person that performs inspections

competent person

Four modes of entry for stressors

congestion, inhalation, injection, and absorption

One who has general supervisory authority over the whole job site

controlling employer

Inspection and audit results should be used immediately for _____.

correcting deficiencies or hazards found in the worksite

involves selecting the proper type and size of equipment

cost effectiveness

The network diagram shows the _____ _____ that must be followed to ensure the project is completed on time. It also shows early or late start and finish times for _____

critical path, floaters

ownership costs _____ over time while operating costs _____ over time

decrease, increase

The purchase price less the salvage value

depreciable value

An artificial expense of an estimated loss that can offset income taxes over a period of years

depreciation

Used to determine the annual depreciation value

depreciation accounting

The number of years the equipment is owned

depreciation period

The unplanned release of energy and/or hazardous materials

direct causes

The unplanned release of energy verses unsafe acts and conditions

direct causes vs. indirect causes

Depreciation occurs at year zero for _____ ______

disposable items

Research indicates that using incentives for safety monitors _____.

doesn't work very well

Anticipate, recognize, evaluate, and control

duties of industrial hygiene

The plan for the acquisition of equipment that will enable the firm to design and produce produces economically

engineering economic decisions

Evaluates and predicts future events

engineering economy

Selected by its productivity relative to its cost to select the most cost effective method to do the tasks

equipment

The main cost of most site work tasks are _____ and ____. ____ is usually minor

equipment, labor, material

payments that differ in amount may be equal if made at different points in time

equivalence

involve the failure to do something

error of omission

involve performing an act incorrectly

errors of commission

Contractors must be able to do this in order to find both ownership and operating costs

estimate

What makes engineering economic decisions difficult?

estimating

relative index of a company's safety reliability, calculated by rating bureau, based upon each employer's claims experience, considers last 3 years

experience modification rating

people, equipment, materials, environment, process

factors that create hazards

Depreciation occurs over a series of year for:

heavy equipment

title, subtitle, chapter, sub-part, section, paragraph, sub-paragraph, sub-sub paragraph

hierarchy

the smaller the indirect cost, the _____ the multiplyer

higher

What is the best source of getting operating costs of the same or similar equipment?

historical records

Unsafe acts and conditions:

indirect causes

time lost from work, loss of earning power, economic loss to injured family, lost time by fellow workers, loss of efficiency

indirect causes of injury

Hazard + exposure =

injury

_____ should be frequent and regular.

inspections

Equipment and operating costs are second to this as far as unpredictability

labor

average cost, fixed multiplier, sliding ratio

methods of calcuating indirect cost

Motivational theories assume that:

people are rational

Negative reinforcement =

punishment

have potential for loss with no opportunity for gain

pure loss exposures

Project plans and specs are used to determine the _____ of work

quantity

Measures the quantity of work to be performed

quantity take-off

Accident investigation is not complete until this final step:

recommendations to avoid future accidents

occur when a person performs a task, or step in task, out of sequence

sequence errors

occurs when a person fails to perform an action within the allotted time either performing too fast or too slow

timming errors

reason to investigate?

to prevent future accidents

Classifies stressors according to their effect on living organisms:

toxicology

classifies stressor according to their effect on living organisms

toxicology

Periodic, Intermittent, general

types of inspections

chemical, physical, biological and ergonomic

types of stressors

two things selection of equipment should consider

1. Cost effectiveness 2. versatility

Two methods of schedule development

1. bar chart 2. network diagram

TLV-STEL ( Threshold Limit Value-Short-Term Exposure Limit)

15 minutes

Number of people killed each day annually

17

Number of people injured each day

24,000

1. downtimes 2. local wages or hourly rages 3. fringe benefits

3 Things operator costs consider

injury must be recorded within what time span?

7 days

TLV-TWA (Threshold Limit Value-Time-Weighted Average)

8 hours

death or catastrophe has to be reported within how long?

8 hours

TLA-TWA vs. TLV-STEL

8 hours versus 15 minutes

Percent of accidents caused by human error

85%-90%

Percent of accidents caused by human error:

85-95%

1. poor management safety policy 2. personal factors 3. environmental factors

Accident causation

Reasons to conduct a JSA for a particular task

Accident severity and/or frequency

Single factor theory domino theories Systems theory Psychological /Behavioral Theories Energy-related accident theories

Accident theories

1. Unplanned 2. release of energy 3. Could hurt someone

Accidents

a JSA can assist with investigation of these:

Accidents

rescheduling work, changing a procedure, reassignment to another work area, requiring certain PPE to do a task

Administrative changes

Duties of industrial hygiene:

Anticipate, Recognize, Evaluate, Control

A quantitative assessment tool for measuring safety

Audit

1. Employee driven 2. management commitment 3. long term commitment

BBS Requirements

The four elements of an accident report:

Background, Account, Analysis, Recommendation

the only approach that has routinely produced significant reductions in incidents in well designed research studies -not a safety program -only one of many safety tools -should complement but not replace JSA's

Behavior Based Safety

Accident investigations is not about what?

Blame

1. Human factor (most) 2. Environmental factor

Cause of accidents

Four main types of stressors:

Chemical, Physical, Biological, Ergonomic

error of omission errors of commission sequence errors timing errors

Classifications of human errors

1. Horizontal standards 2. vertical standards 3. performance standards 4. specification standards

Code of federal regulation categories

One who is engaged on the same worksite as the exposing employer and is responsible for correcting a hazard

Correcting Employer

Inspection and audit result should immediately be used for this:

Correcting deficiencies or hazards found in the worksite

One that caused a hazardous condition that violates an OSHA standard

Creating Employer

This method of depreciation is the most accurate b/c equipment loses value quickly

Declining balance

Directly associated with a specific event, easily identified and counted, and those that are paid by insurance

Direct costs of injuries

damage or loss to people or equipment

Direct loss

1. identify the job to be examined 2. identify the steps or elements of the job 3. Identify the hazards of each key step 4. Identify the controls to address each hazard

Elements of Job Safety Analysis

One whose own employees are exposed to the hazard

Exposing Employer

The reasons to conduct a JSA for a particular task depend on ____.

accident severity and or frequency

A JSA can assist with investigation of _____.

accidents

Evaluates past performance

accounting

a list of tasks developed during task analysis

activities

Principle 2: All engineering economics counts are the differences among _______

alternatives

A quantitative assessment tool for measuring safety.

audit


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