Cm 2215 Final-t
1. background 2. account 3. analysis 4. recommendations
Four elements of an accident report
Two main motivational theories
Goal Driven and Behavioral reaction
Two main motivational theories:
Goal driven, Behavioral driven
Pyramid theory of Accidents
H.W. Heinrich
apply to ALL industries
Horizontal standards
1. Engineering 2. PPE 3. Administrative
How JSA Hazards are resolved
an inappropriate or undesirable human decision or behavior that reduced, or has the potential for reducing effectiveness, safety, or system performance.
Human error
Four steps to creating a JSA:
Identify the job, Identify the steps, Identify the hazard, Identify the control for each hazard
Four modes of entry for stressors:
Ingestion, Inhalation, Injection, Absorption
Inspection conducted at random
Intermittent Inspection
JSA is an acronym for:
Job Safety Analysis
JSA stands for?
Job Safety Analysis
1. management commitment and employee involvement 2. worksite analysis 3. hazard prevention and control 4. safety and health training
Major elements off an effective occupational safety and health training program
These can be used to obtain operating costs when lacking historical data
Manufacturer manuals
Goal Driven
Maslov
His hierarchy is an example of the type of motivation:
Maslow and goal driven
_____'s hierarchy is an example of _____ motivation.
Maslow, goal driven
Maintenance and repair, tires, fuel, service, downtime, and operator salary are all what type of costs? They are incurred only when the equipment is in use
Operating costs
Depreciation, interest, taxes, insurance, storage, and license fees are all what type of costs? (cost of owning, leasing, or renting he equipment)
Ownership costs
Behavioral Based
Pavlov
Motivational theories assume this fact:
People are rational
requires performance of some kind, when OSHA gives you way to handle
Performance Standards
Three types of inspections:
Periodic, Intermittent, General
To be successful, a contractor must be able to _____ the cost of doing a task and then _____ the cost of doing that task
Predict, control
"A nearby dollar is worth more than a distant dollar"
Principle 1
Accident investigation is not complete until this final step:
Recommendations to avoid future accidents
positive reinforcement =
Reward
A method of problem solving that used branching to identify the root causes of faults or problems
Root Cause Analysis
1. anticipate 2. Develop 3. Implement 4. Measure
Safety Professional duties
If company has 10 or fewer employees, injury and illness records are not required
Size Exemption
specifies a particular measure that must be met in order to do work
Specificstion standards
offer the opportunity for gain as well as loss
Speculative Loss exposures
Representative of all employees
Stearing committee
In a JSA, avoid too many of these
Steps in a job
Identify job, identity steps, identify hazards, identify the control for each hazard
Steps in creating a JSA
In a JSA, avoid too many or too little ________.
Steps to a job
2 types: 1. goal driven- working hard looking for a reward 2. Behavioral Reaction - don't come up with good behavior until you get the reward
Study of Motivation
a group of interconnected elements that are united to form a single entity
System
Research indicates this about using incentives for safety monitors:
They don't work very well
i=inspections:
They should be frequent and regular
applies only to SPECIFIC industries
Vertical standards
payroll, basic rate, experience modification rating (EMR)
WC premium factors
Manual premium SIC NAICS
Workers comp premiums
Accident investigation is not about _____.
blame
Initial cost less the depreciable value
book value
Inspections must be conducted by a _____.
competent person
Type of person that performs inspections
competent person
Four modes of entry for stressors
congestion, inhalation, injection, and absorption
One who has general supervisory authority over the whole job site
controlling employer
Inspection and audit results should be used immediately for _____.
correcting deficiencies or hazards found in the worksite
involves selecting the proper type and size of equipment
cost effectiveness
The network diagram shows the _____ _____ that must be followed to ensure the project is completed on time. It also shows early or late start and finish times for _____
critical path, floaters
ownership costs _____ over time while operating costs _____ over time
decrease, increase
The purchase price less the salvage value
depreciable value
An artificial expense of an estimated loss that can offset income taxes over a period of years
depreciation
Used to determine the annual depreciation value
depreciation accounting
The number of years the equipment is owned
depreciation period
The unplanned release of energy and/or hazardous materials
direct causes
The unplanned release of energy verses unsafe acts and conditions
direct causes vs. indirect causes
Depreciation occurs at year zero for _____ ______
disposable items
Research indicates that using incentives for safety monitors _____.
doesn't work very well
Anticipate, recognize, evaluate, and control
duties of industrial hygiene
The plan for the acquisition of equipment that will enable the firm to design and produce produces economically
engineering economic decisions
Evaluates and predicts future events
engineering economy
Selected by its productivity relative to its cost to select the most cost effective method to do the tasks
equipment
The main cost of most site work tasks are _____ and ____. ____ is usually minor
equipment, labor, material
payments that differ in amount may be equal if made at different points in time
equivalence
involve the failure to do something
error of omission
involve performing an act incorrectly
errors of commission
Contractors must be able to do this in order to find both ownership and operating costs
estimate
What makes engineering economic decisions difficult?
estimating
relative index of a company's safety reliability, calculated by rating bureau, based upon each employer's claims experience, considers last 3 years
experience modification rating
people, equipment, materials, environment, process
factors that create hazards
Depreciation occurs over a series of year for:
heavy equipment
title, subtitle, chapter, sub-part, section, paragraph, sub-paragraph, sub-sub paragraph
hierarchy
the smaller the indirect cost, the _____ the multiplyer
higher
What is the best source of getting operating costs of the same or similar equipment?
historical records
Unsafe acts and conditions:
indirect causes
time lost from work, loss of earning power, economic loss to injured family, lost time by fellow workers, loss of efficiency
indirect causes of injury
Hazard + exposure =
injury
_____ should be frequent and regular.
inspections
Equipment and operating costs are second to this as far as unpredictability
labor
average cost, fixed multiplier, sliding ratio
methods of calcuating indirect cost
Motivational theories assume that:
people are rational
Negative reinforcement =
punishment
have potential for loss with no opportunity for gain
pure loss exposures
Project plans and specs are used to determine the _____ of work
quantity
Measures the quantity of work to be performed
quantity take-off
Accident investigation is not complete until this final step:
recommendations to avoid future accidents
occur when a person performs a task, or step in task, out of sequence
sequence errors
occurs when a person fails to perform an action within the allotted time either performing too fast or too slow
timming errors
reason to investigate?
to prevent future accidents
Classifies stressors according to their effect on living organisms:
toxicology
classifies stressor according to their effect on living organisms
toxicology
Periodic, Intermittent, general
types of inspections
chemical, physical, biological and ergonomic
types of stressors
two things selection of equipment should consider
1. Cost effectiveness 2. versatility
Two methods of schedule development
1. bar chart 2. network diagram
TLV-STEL ( Threshold Limit Value-Short-Term Exposure Limit)
15 minutes
Number of people killed each day annually
17
Number of people injured each day
24,000
1. downtimes 2. local wages or hourly rages 3. fringe benefits
3 Things operator costs consider
injury must be recorded within what time span?
7 days
TLV-TWA (Threshold Limit Value-Time-Weighted Average)
8 hours
death or catastrophe has to be reported within how long?
8 hours
TLA-TWA vs. TLV-STEL
8 hours versus 15 minutes
Percent of accidents caused by human error
85%-90%
Percent of accidents caused by human error:
85-95%
1. poor management safety policy 2. personal factors 3. environmental factors
Accident causation
Reasons to conduct a JSA for a particular task
Accident severity and/or frequency
Single factor theory domino theories Systems theory Psychological /Behavioral Theories Energy-related accident theories
Accident theories
1. Unplanned 2. release of energy 3. Could hurt someone
Accidents
a JSA can assist with investigation of these:
Accidents
rescheduling work, changing a procedure, reassignment to another work area, requiring certain PPE to do a task
Administrative changes
Duties of industrial hygiene:
Anticipate, Recognize, Evaluate, Control
A quantitative assessment tool for measuring safety
Audit
1. Employee driven 2. management commitment 3. long term commitment
BBS Requirements
The four elements of an accident report:
Background, Account, Analysis, Recommendation
the only approach that has routinely produced significant reductions in incidents in well designed research studies -not a safety program -only one of many safety tools -should complement but not replace JSA's
Behavior Based Safety
Accident investigations is not about what?
Blame
1. Human factor (most) 2. Environmental factor
Cause of accidents
Four main types of stressors:
Chemical, Physical, Biological, Ergonomic
error of omission errors of commission sequence errors timing errors
Classifications of human errors
1. Horizontal standards 2. vertical standards 3. performance standards 4. specification standards
Code of federal regulation categories
One who is engaged on the same worksite as the exposing employer and is responsible for correcting a hazard
Correcting Employer
Inspection and audit result should immediately be used for this:
Correcting deficiencies or hazards found in the worksite
One that caused a hazardous condition that violates an OSHA standard
Creating Employer
This method of depreciation is the most accurate b/c equipment loses value quickly
Declining balance
Directly associated with a specific event, easily identified and counted, and those that are paid by insurance
Direct costs of injuries
damage or loss to people or equipment
Direct loss
1. identify the job to be examined 2. identify the steps or elements of the job 3. Identify the hazards of each key step 4. Identify the controls to address each hazard
Elements of Job Safety Analysis
One whose own employees are exposed to the hazard
Exposing Employer
The reasons to conduct a JSA for a particular task depend on ____.
accident severity and or frequency
A JSA can assist with investigation of _____.
accidents
Evaluates past performance
accounting
a list of tasks developed during task analysis
activities
Principle 2: All engineering economics counts are the differences among _______
alternatives
A quantitative assessment tool for measuring safety.
audit
