CM 4101 final
PERT
Dr. Charles E. Clark developed a concept of network with three time estimates for each activity, and the logic and mathematics that form the basis of ________.
optimistic, most likely, and pessimistic
PERT estimates three types durtions: _____, _____, and ______.
dummy
______ activities are not required in precedence diagrams
networks
______ are graphic representations using nodes and links
CPM, PERT
______ has determined activity durations while ______ has three estimated- times, optimistic, modal, and pessimistic estimate
network analysis
______ includes calculating early and late star/finish times, identifying the critical path(s), and scheduling activity start/finish times
arrow diagrams, precedence diagrams
______ use links to represent activities, and nodes to represent events; while ______ use links to represent relationships between activities, and nodes to represent activities
sequencing, scheduling
a WBS organizes the work of a project but does not address the _____ and the _____ of project activities
labor productivity rate
a ______ is the number of workhours it takes for a specific crew to place or install one unit of a particular item of construction
work breakdown structure
a _______ provides a framework for breaking a project down into successively greater detail by level and organizing activities that make up a project
cost variance
a comparison of the budgeted and actual cost of work that has either already been completed or is currently in progress
total variance, under budget, over budget
a comparison of the budgeted cost of work scheduled and the annual cost of work performed. if positive- the project as a whole is _______ at the time of analysis. if negative- the project is _______ as a whole at the time of analysis.
cost under-run, cost overrn
a positive cost variance indicates a _______ (favorable) while a negative cost variance indicates a ______ (unfavorable)
ahead of schedule, behind schedule
a positive schedule variance means ________ and a negative schedule variance means _______.
schedule
a time-based arrangement of activities planned to take place in order to efficiently complete a project. an organized method of presenting information on when activities need to be started, how long activities are planned to take, and when activities are planned to be completed- it may also convey the logical relationships between activities
repetitive and concurrent
activities included in linear scheduling are _____ and _____.
project control
activities or processes that are executed in response to the information collected via project monitoring in order to achieve the project goals
project monitorting
activities or processes that consist of means to understand what is happening on a project and obtain the status and the progress of the project by some means
time, resources, start and finish, assignable and measurable
activities: - consume _____ and usually _____ -have a definable ______ - and are ______ and ______
resource allocation
allows the planner to assign resources such as labor, equipment, and materials to each activity in the project schedule; the demand for resources should not exceed their availability
finish to finish
an activity linking relationship where the finish of the predecessor determines the finish of the successor
finish to start
an activity linking relationship where the finish of the predecessor determines the start of the successor
start to finish
an activity linking relationship where the start of the predecessor determines the finish of the successor
start to start
an activity linking relationship where the start of the predecessor determines the start of the successor
linear scheduling
an alternative to network scheduling; it is especially applicable where similar activities are repeated
total cost
an assumption of the time-cost relationship is that decreasing a project's duration may increase or decrease ______ of a project depending on whether the additional direct costs required to decrease activity durations are greater than or less than the indirect cost saving of decreasing the project's duration
lower indirect costs
an assumption of the time-cost relationship is that decreasing a project's duration will lead to ________.
increased direct costs
an assumption of the time-cost relationship is that increasing or decreasing an activity's duration will lead to _______ for that activity.
cost/schedule control system
an integrated view toward cost and schedule for a cost-loaded schedule, activity progress is a function of budget
activity analysis
any PERT path along which calculations are to be made must contain enough activities to make the central limit theory. this is an assumption of ______.
forward pass calculation, backward pass calculation
basic time analysis of precedence diagrams includes ______, which determines early activity times and project duration and ______ which determines late activity times.
percent complete, budgeted cost of work
budgeted cost of work performed= (______)(_____)
percent scheduled, budget cost of work
budgeted cost of work schedule= (____)(____)
dependencies
determine the logical relationship between activities
structuring the bid estimates, cost accounting system, cost code to the network schedule activity
developing a project budget from estimates: by _________ in accordance with the contractor's project _________ and then assigning _______, a cost loaded schedule can be established for cost analysis and control
activity
discrete part of a project that can identified for planning, scheduling, monitoring, and controlling the construction project
henry l. gantt
during WWI, ______ developed a display for production control techniques, later simplified as a scheduling technique called bar chart.
scheduling, production
during the 19th century, _______ was done on an informal basis as an inherent part of other activities, and basic planning and scheduling methods were used in ________.
immediate preceding activities
example: there are three activities, A, B and C. the dependency among these three activities are: B depends on A, and C depends on B and A. after removing the redundant dependencies, the list of activities is called _________.
estimated cost at completion
forecasted the total actual costs required to complete a project
linear
high-way projects, high rise buildings, residential communities where many houses are identical or similar, or sewer lines are all examples that are best suited for what type of scheduling?
use the activity notation but with 0 duration
how do you show important events (ex: milestones) in precedence diagrams?
randomly distributed
in PERT, it is assumed that every activity has durations that are ______; the shape of this distribution may be normal, exponential, or any other type.
time constrained
in ______ scheduling, there are no constraints on resources, the project during is fixed, and is and will use up available float if smoothing of resources will occur.
resource constrained
in ________ scheduling, resources are limited and project duration is not fixed
activities, activity links
in a precedence diagram, nodes represent ______ and may be drawn in any shape desired. lines represent ______, which are used to represent the dependencies between activities.
abcissa, ordinate
in cash flow analysis, the flow of funds- whether revenues or disbursements- is generally plotted against project time. the ______ is shown as the project duration, and the _______ is the cumulative funds flow. (s-curve)
improvement factor
in manual leveling, for each activity that is being considered, the optimal number of float days to be utilized is established. this is done by calculating the ______ for each potential change in the start date; the calculation of this forms the basis of the leveling decisions.
fixed
in resource leveling, the project duration is ______.
series method
in the ______, activities are scheduled according to their early times as much as possible. once an activity is started, it cannot be interrupted until its finish
milestones
included in schedules to mark a particular point in time for reference or measurement- they do not consume any time or resources and it is a particular event
resource
labor, equipment, and material would all be examples what type of constraints?
tangilble
man, machine, and material are all examples of what type of resources?
chain/path analysis
mean of the distribution of the early event, ES/EF, is given by the maximum mean of the duration distribution of the paths entering the node. this is an assumption of ________.
graphic representation, mathematical theory
network based scheduling techniques (CPM, PERT)= _________ + __________
to communicate the construction plan
one of the six reasons for planning, scheduling, and control that addresses a schedule as the primary means that general contractors use to communicate the construction plan to other parties
complexity of construction projects
one of the six reasons for planning, scheduling, and control that addresses fragmentation and the sheer size of many construction projects
to control resource consumption
one of the six reasons for planning, scheduling, and control that addresses how expensive the cost per day for an average commercial project
to establish production goals
one of the six reasons for planning, scheduling, and control that addresses the construction schedule providing the project team with the plan for completing the overall project on time and within budget
to monitor and measure project progress
one of the six reasons for planning, scheduling, and control that addresses the construction scheduling providing a baseline against which the current status of a project can be compared to determine if the construction is ahead or behind schedule
indirect
overhead and profit are included in the _______
field operation
part of the project control cycle that includes actual construction activities that utilize resources according to the budget plan; data collection, labor time card, equipment time sheet, bar code, photography, video, etc.
initial work plan
part of the project control cycle that includes cost budget, project schedule, and other planning information
profit
part of the return on investment or services earned by the company over its total cost
scheduling
process to determine when activities need to be started and completed
types of activities
production/construction, procurement, management, and star-up and testing are all examples of_________
time cost analysis
relationship between time and cost
resource, time
resource allocation deals with _______ constraints while resource leveling deals with _______ constraints
bar charts
simple and time-scaled presentations that show how major work activities are scheduled
schedule variance
subtracting the budgeted cost work schedule from the budgeted cost of work performed gives you the ________. finding this gives an indication of project status because both work performed and scheduled are measured based on budgeted cost
project status, needs for schedule adjustments, activities for possible project acceleration, and logical relationships between activities
the 4 disadvantages of bar charts: ______, _____, _____, and ______ cannot be determined
network analysis
the PERT critical path is long enough in time so as to be longer than any other path in the network based on the probability of each path. this is an assumption of ________.
initial schedule
the _____ is the schedule with the least number of constraints
actual cost of work performed
the ______ is a measure of the actual amount of money expended in completing the actual work that has either been completed or is currently in progress- actual value; it is obtained from cost accounting system
target schedule
the ______ is developed by shifting non-critical activities within the allowance of their total float; it can level resource usage resulting in higher resource productivity, lower costs, and so on.
budgeted cost of work schedule
the _______ is the planned amount of money budgeted to complete the planned work through the analysis date- planned value; based on the original schedule, it would be the sum of the estimated cost of all activities performed or in progress as the analysis date
critical path method
the _______ was developed in 1956 by Morgan Walker because the complexities of construction work for chemical plants faced by Du Pont required more sophisticated planning and scheduling techniques- it is based on network planning and mathematical theory that uses computer technology
budgeted cost of work performed
the ________ is the planned amount of money budgeted for the actual work planned and completed to date- earned value; based on the original budget, it would be the sum of the estimated cost of all activities that have actually been completed or in progress as of the analysis date
company overhead
the costs that are not specifically identified as being associated with a particular project within the company; they are incurred whether or not projects are under construction (corporate personnel, corporate office services and supplies, administration, etc.)
job overhead
the costs that are not specifically identified as being associated with a particular work item; they are incurred whether or not productive work is actually accomplished (site superintendent, temporary facility)
direct costs
the costs that are readily identified as being related to putting the facility components in place (material, equipment, and labor costs)
cash flow analysis
the disbursement and receipt of funds (labor, equipment, materials, subs, etc.)
production rate, productivity rate
the duration of an activity is essentially determined by the _____ or _____ of a crew or a sub that performs the task
sequential, concurrently
the goal of linear scheduling is to allow some _____ activities to be carried ______ without reference.
velocity diagrams, buffer
the linear schedule is an illustration of all ______ of activities and ______ requirements.
total float
the maximum amount of time by which an activity's completion can be delayed without extending the completion date of the project under construction
free float
the maximum amount of time that an activity can be delayed without delaying the early start of any other activity, especially those activities that immediately follow that activity
budgeted cost at completion
the original cost estimate of the total cost of construction
all normal, least cost, least time, all crashed
the original schedule= ? the schedule associated with the least project cost= ? when critical activities are the shortest= ? when all activities are the shortest= ?
duration
the period of time that will be consumed in completing a task
event
the point in time or an instant at which the status of completion of a project or an activity can be defined
planning
the process of determining how a project will be carried out- answers questions who, what, where, and how
external factors
the project control cycle that includes factors such as labor strike, vandalism, bad weather that affect field operation
cost/schedule engineers
the project control cycle that includes the corporation of data from field and the comparison with the initial
project management
the project control cycle that represents the final decision point in the control process
historical data
the project control cycle that represents the permanent storage of information to use by a company in future job planning
lag time
the time that follows and activity or is delayed from the start or finish of its predecessor
lead time
the time that precedes the start or finish of any activity
intangible
time and money are examples of what type of resources?
lag
time associated with a link line- it indicates the difference between the early finish of the activity preceding the link and the early start of the activity follow the link
resource leveling
totals each type of resource used in the schedule for each time unit between schedule project start and finish
productivity factors
used to compensate for the difference between the current project and the "standard project"
activities cannot be interrupted, only one resource is leveled at a time, and resource consumption is constant (over the duration of an activity)
what are the 3 assumptions of using the minimum-moment algorithm?
simple and easy to use
what are the advantages of bar charts?
identify activities that need to be repetitively carried out through the entire project, estimate activity production rates, develop activity sequence, and construct linear schedule
what are the four major steps of developing a linear schedule?
budget and schedule
what are the two key items that the initial work plan includes?
the predecessors of an activity that has some predecessors that also appear as the predecessors of that activity
when developing an IPA list, which predecessors of the activity need to be removed from the dependency list of that activity?
arrow diagrams, precedence diagrams, CPM, and PERT
which scheduling techniques use network presentations to represent activities, sequences/logic, times and durations, and support critical path analysis?
constraints
why an activity must or cannot start at a certain point of time
