CMST 3001 Exam #1

Discuss the aims, ideas, strategies, and features of Carnegie's "Wealth"

Andrew Carnegie - Scottish Immigrant - born to a very poor family - No access to formal education but family stressed the importance and value of books and the importance of learning as much as you can on your own - Carnegie comes with family to US when he is 13 years old, Settles in PA ----> Takes many jobs to help support family Telegraph operator - Transitions to work for the PA railroad telegraphs communications network (Telegraph is new and changing the entire face of business) - Works his way up through the corporate ladder - At the PA railroad, learns about shipping, distribution, what is needed to have an effective railroad, and STEEL - Invested in oil, then steel - Rags to riches story of a poor immigrant who comes to the US, works hard, and makes sound investments, and becomes the richest man in the world Carnegie reinvents steel and what it can be used for - built first skyscrapers, bridges, railroad lines o 1989 - Carnegie Steel is the largest corporation in the world and Carnegie is the Bill Gates of personal wealth Homestead Strike - Carnegie Steel run by Henry Frick - a bad guy in every way. - Wanted to make more money so tries to impose new restrictions on the union ----> Clash of two titans: biggest corporation in the world, biggest union in the world. - Frick starts locking the gates of Carnegie Steel to keep the workers out so they can't work and get paid - Frick decides he is going to bust the union and break the strike - Hires the Pinkertons (private detectives/hired guns) - big battles with 9 workers killed, 7 Pinktertons killed - PA governor sends in the National Guard to break the strike - Strike results in worse conditions for the workers as they had less money than they would have and their were dead bodies "Wealth" - published in North American Review - lots of readers Carnegie argues that the standard of living has increased due to the wealthy - It's a fact of life - there's no turning back - wealth is part of the system - Social Darwinism - defends competition and says it's a way of life - those that deserve to be on top will naturally be on top. Interrelation between character, work, and money - Interrelation between how hard you work and how much money you have - The individual and how hard they work determines success. No systemic factors other than the existence of capitalism itself. ---> Doesn't take into account gender, race, monopoly, etc. Talks about other structures - "The Socialist or Anarchist who seeks to overturn present conditions is to be regarded as attacking the foundation upon which civilization itself rests..." Carnegie is proof of his own argument in so many ways

Summarize Stanton's suffrage activities and work as a rhetor

Anthony gave one way of talking about suffrage - the speech for today is an attempt to rethink some of the themes and strategies Susan B. Anthony employed in the voting rights speech we looked at by Harper - Stanton (1815-1902) - Upstate NY is the place to be if you want to be a reformer at this time - This is where she gets her start - she's part of a prominent family in a little town. Her family was already interested in reform activities. - Educational reform for women was huge for her - she received a very impressive education because of that. - Her father was also a famous legal educator - helped train a lot of the lawyers in NY in this time period - received an extensive legal education at the time as well. Marriage and early activism -Understood argumentation, rebuttals, evidence, etc. -1840, married a man named Henry B. Stanton - a very prominent abolitionist and Anti-slavery orator - thrust into a culture of reform - if you're a reformer, you did a lot of different activities. - 7 kids in total - removes herself from public life a little bit - has the vision to articulate a lot of ideas about reformation but couldn't travel as much as she wanted to b/c of kids Seneca Falls and Declaration of Sentiments - She is the pioneer of women's rights in the modern sense that we think of in the 19th century - invited to tea at a friend's house - they get to talking about what's happening in the present - talk about abolition. Start talking about how they need to do that for women. - In two weeks they schedule a conference that will go down in history as the birthplace of women's rights. Occurs in Seneca Falls NY. They throw it together - take out an advertisement. Turned out to be incredibly popular and successful. People come from all over upstate New York. - They end up writing what is considered the discursive crown jewel - the Declaration of Sentiments. ----> Stanton is the primary author of the Declaration of Sentiments - public readings and revisions. This is an adaptation of the Declaration of Independence. - This key and core document is adapted to the purposes of women's rights and of the issue of suffrage ---> People have taken declaration of independence and adapted it to their causes Work with Anthony - she ends up meeting Susan B. Anthony as a result of her work in this field - Balance: Stanton was the visionary for the arguments they were going to make - but she had to stay home a lot. So Anthony was sent out to share these ideas. They were the driving force for the suffrage part of the women's right movement in the 19th century Popular lecturing - Come together as a community to listen to lectures - She was incredibly successful at it - great lecturer - Combination of entertainment and education in her lectures Type of rhetorical style - A lot of the times she sounded like Susan B Anthony - Logical, legalistic, argumentative style was what Elizabeth Cady Stanton also did - "solitude of self" is the opposite of her typical style, although it was mostly an evolution - in these early decades after the civil war in the womens rights movement there is a legalistic and evidence based form of public speaking Addressing legislative committees - one of the first women in American history to testify before different legislative committees, usually at the state level. - In 1854 she spoke to the state legislature of NY about Women's suffrage - did the same thing 6 years later. - Unheard of at the time, for a women to be invited to speak to male legislators about social issues. She's breaking a lot of these different public discourse barriers. Other key texts: really known as an author later in her career. - History of Woman Suffrage (1881-85) - describe key figures in the women's suffrage movement. - Woman's Bible (1895) - she took the bible and changed it to be more gender inclusive. A lot of suffragists were not happy because they considered it distracting to their movement - made enemies *** Solitude of Self is a spiritual meditation of equality of the sexes. Wasn't about voting - about human rights more generally. How do we treat people as equals - how do we grant women intellectual, spiritual independence.

Discuss the aim, ideas, strategies, and features of Douglass's speech at the unveiling of the Freedmen's Memorial - "Oration in Memory of Abraham Lincoln"

Occurred on April 14th, 1876 - - Pivotal time: Election and end of Reconstruction - Everyone in attendance are political big wings except for the freed slaves who paid for the memorial Douglas was the best guy to speak at this unveiling - Hot and cold discussion about Lincoln in Douglas's speech ----> Representative of real relationship --> Frederick Douglas' speech is a challenge to a lot of these ideals - Douglas recognizes that at this memorial, he can just do the same old thing and run the same old "memorial" speech ----> This is bigger - he has to adapt it and redirect it - refers to the memorial as a "highly interesting object" - controversy Douglas spends the majority of the speech talking about Lincoln, so contradiction because he says "there is little necessity to speak of this good man" Christian mindset - establishing Lincoln as Jesus or martyr - to free men from the bondages of sin (in the same way that Lincoln freed men from slavery). Purging of the nation's sin, through blood sacrifice in the 600,000 people that perished. Douglass is confronting the audience with uncomfortable truth - first words after "friends and fellow citizens" is "I" and then "you" Doesn't really unite the audience - division between speaker and audience - trying to confront the fact that division still exists --- Sense of unity that does occur is with the blacks in the audience Douglas goes from "I" and "you" to "WE" - We refers to black freedmen in the audience - This will go into history because it is the first monument ever funded by freedmen like this - Sense of unity that exists at the beginning of the speech is a unity with black in the audience - effort, money and sweat to make memorial Refers to Lincoln as the white man's president - Says Lincoln went along with the capturing of fugitive slaves - Says that Lincoln was ready and willing to deny, postpone, and sacrifice the rights of humanity in the colored people to promote the welfare of the white people of this country - Lincoln was NOT the "Great Emancipator" - Mixed legacy - fugitive slave law ----> "You are the children of Abraham Lincoln. We are at best only his step-children; children by adoption, children by forces of circumstances and necessity." - Lincoln is not the hero that the statue suggests Text and Parallel Structure - "Under his rule we saw" ----> Saying this is a lot different than saying "we saw Lincoln do this or that" - o - Douglas is saying: things happened while Lincoln was president by I'm not ready to give Lincoln credit for it - Douglas isn't trying to trash Lincoln, but he's asking everyone to be honest about what this monument actually represents ** One of the themes of the speech is the difficulty of speaking - How do we put into words what all this means, what we should do with these values that are represented in this statue, how do we talk about Abraham Lincoln

Discuss the aim, ideas, strategies, and features of Stanton's speech

Significance about self-sovereignty - Considered very pessimistic "doesn't matter if you're a man or a woman - we are all alone " - solitutude of self Individual citizenship - Talking about the individual rights of women back to democracy and foundations of political society - Also tying it back to religious or Protestant ideals (This is the basis of the advocacy) Compare: - Susan B Anthony's approach was more focused on the natural rights that God has given us relative to the rights we should be given from the constitution ---> She gives a ton of different quotes - legalistic - Stanton sets that aside and talks about "natural rights" and who we are as created beings, as people born into this world and the position we face ---> Regardless of all the legal scholars that Anthony sites That position: - Individuality of each human soul: - No mater your gender, the way that you were born determines your God given rights (It's not debatable) Here we have the mother of the women's right movement getting up there is saying that she's interested in individuality. Why does she adopt this tactic? Focusing on individuality is a way of trying to build a coalition. By focusing on the individual, I want other people to identify with me as individuals (everyone can relate). It is by focusing on individualism that she is trying to build a bigger movement. In a lot of ways it works for both of her audiences. Tries to build a movement out of existential loneliness - Talks about developing yourself. Focus on the individual as a way of making the plea of gaining these rights. - When you're born, everyone has their own problems in their life but the tools you need to get over these problems (education, opportunity) • Giving a disadvantage to women because they are not given the tools needed to make something of theirselves - so they wont be able to She puts women into age groups A. Children - isolated, lonely creatures - it is sad to see how soon friendless children are left to bare their own burdens before analyzing their feelings - they are thrown on their own resources - The great lesson that nature seems to teach us is self dependence, self support B. Adolescents (girl of 16) - things are still lonely, terrible and awful C. Girl who is married with kids - desperate and lonely as well D. Young wife and mother - even the most educated upper class women needs to depend on herself E. Old woman - Uneducated women - deals with these problems too. They get solitude in old age when the pleasures of youth have passed - hurry and bustle of life are over - Still alone ------> what is this doing? Everyone is in the same boat - by stripping ourselves of everything in life, we can see that man and women are alone - at the bottom there is a soul that is ultimately alone - which in a weird way allows for a connection with other people --> by stripping people down to their bare souls we can see how to connect - whatever the theories may be of women's dependence on man - in the supreme moments of life he cannot bare her burdens Who else is lonely? - Jesus is lonely - In the last sad days on earth he felt the awful solitutde of death - Progression technique- focusing on this person all the way until the final ages

Discuss the aim, ideas, strategies, and features of Harper's "Woman's Political Future"

Paragraph 1 - "the world has need of all the spiritual aid that woman can give for the social advancement and moral development of the human race." - "So close is the bond between man and woman that you can not raise one without lifting the other" ---> Tries to tie everyone together ---> Man can't go anywhere without women ---> Tells men: if you want to help yourselves, you have to help women ---> Community involves common ground of both men and women ** Community where men and women are partners in moving towards political change and social justice ** Community of interests is a community that tries to change the world and does put up with failures, blunders, and crime but tries to make the world more free ---> Harper tries to harness energy to make change and get things done - She never blamed men specifically - "show not tell" Harper uses examples that any woman could relate to - Men basically are drunkenly voting "The unsteady hands of a drunkard can not cast the ballot of a freeman." - Not supporting the good of the community Voting - "The result will be not to make home less happy, but society more holy; yet I do not think the mere extension of the ballot a panacea for all the ills of our national life" ----> Need to cause change in the people in order to solve the national problems ----> Frances tells people who have put their life on the end for voting rights that maybe the vote is not all it should be - Don't focus so much on the institutions - focus on the character of the people involved - Arguing for a shift in what her audience had been doing for at least a couple decades Ranking of Values *** Voting is good but if we're not holding people accountable for lynching or any other violence, then it doesn't matter - At the end of the day, voting is not as "up here" as some people think that it is - it may be down there. "up there" is morality and character and education and conscience ---> She's fighting for civil rights How do we do this though? Focus on EDUCATION - Lets focus on education of children of those who are born under the shadow of institutions - slavery - Instead of spending so much time voting, lets start on making schools for AA children - education is more important than the vote - There are divisions in this community according to her framework of value, education is very important Suggestions for women: - Press, home, write letters, communicate with other people, work in churches to make it better - Even if you don't have the vote, there is still a lot of work to do "I do not believe in unrestricted and universal suffrage for either men or women. I believe in moral and educational tests" - Don't worry about race or gender - worry about character (and education) 3 Specific roles for women to work on: 1. Intemperance - drunk Irish immigrants who come to America and mess everything up 2. Prostitution 3. Lawlessness - lynching Take the political energy in the room to accomplish things that are closer at hand - Can't let voting blind us to the other social issues in our society

Women continued

**Who is right? Her or Susan B Anthony? - COULD BE AN ESSAY QUESTION** - Harper caters to the more ordinary woman - it's all about the small things - do the little things, they make a difference, do the best you can to cause change - Susan B. Anthony advocates for the law - The law needs to come first, then the morality stuff comes next

Explain the myth-making nature of Grady's "The New South"

Grady portrays the South as doing better than it ever has - he gives this speech to all business men from the north to persuade them into giving to the south and investing in the south.

Discuss the aim, ideas, strategies, and features of Anthony's "Is it a Crime?"

Strategies 1. Rhetorical questions (Make people come to the conclusion themselves; Participating in the argument) 2. Other people's rhetoric 3. Evidence (many legal documents) 4. Analogical arguments/relations( Women to slavery, Women to revolutionaries) Specific Strategies 1. "We the people" not "we the white male citizens" (people important because all inclusive) 2. Women compared to slavery in marriage and rights 3. Taxation without Representation (nod to American Revolution) Uses 'we' and 'us' and makes her argument very obvious - identification with audience She positions her speech as forensic She sets up an argument that fits in with the court system - always oriented towards questions of fact and evidence - oriented temporally towards the past - evidence extremely important If she had framed it as deliberative, she would be putting herself in a position of framed guilt. She doesn't want to give Congress the power. Argues that the right to vote is a God given right, a natural right - the Constitution's job is to actually give this to the people - it secures the right to vote - We must amend the constitution! Why would she configure her argument like this? - People aren't going to go against God and nature - Grounding something outside of man made legal structures puts the burden on the constitution/ legal structures themselves - Very powerful argument in the 18th and 19th century - constitution secures and guarantees the rights that are ALREADY given to us by God Important that she labels women as "persons" because black men used to be property but now are seen as free people - deductive reasoning - if/then - if she's a woman, then she's a person and she gets these rights She argues that women are in the same positions as slaves were, relative to their masters. Now that slaves have the right to vote, so should women. Parallel draws from oppression that people see in slavery. - She could be offending people by saying this - too much to argue at one time. Comparing white women's plight to the plight of slaves. The white men are the ones holding women as slaves, and that's who her audience is. She argues that if men won't let her vote, then she's not going to pay her taxes. No taxation without representation - this is a nod to the American Revolution - analogy between the plight of women in 1873 and the revolutionaries Deductive argument makes her seem like a lawyer. Wants to turn every little village into its own courtroom, making the argument as though she were in court - She uses evidence from founding documents, legal decisions, the federal constitution, state constitution, previous presidents - she wants to show that she is competent and has credible sources The fact that she can argue this stuff (research, evidence, order) as effectively as any man means she is a citizen, therefore she should be given the right to vote - act of making a masculine argument is important - says that if you allow us to vote in public life, this is what we can do. OVERALL - Let people do these things and circumvent Congress - Do, live, perform the Natural Rights ----> Stop worrying about the stuff (congress, government, etc.) that gets in the way - All that matters is God and you and the rights given by him to you ----> start living out the man made legal system - screw it, just go out and vote and be that citizen - let women everywhere exercise their vote

Discuss the aim, ideas, strategies, and features of Ingersoll's "Liberty of Man, Woman and Child"

This is the "irony" of Christian oration - Ingersoll trying to establish Christians as hypocrites One of the biggest arguments at the time was that Christianity was the basis of morality - Ingersoll wanted to break those things apart and uncouple the idea that Christianity = goodness/morality - He wanted to do this because Christianity promoted backwardness and ignorance instead of intelligence - Calls the person who defied the church the hero and the marker of progress Breaks apart morality and Christianity by using symbols. Iron arguments of Christianity (iron = torture device) - Medieval torture devices used during the Inquisition (cruelty of torture devices used by Christians in the name of grace/salvation ) Ingersoll tries to push two concepts that are generally tied together apart - Pushes together the king and the priest; says King and priest are different sides of the same coin --> Need to start thinking about them together --> In the same way we overthrew the monarch, we need to overthrow the religious authority figure ** Criticizes religion in that it has to be tied to sadness and suffering - Ingersoll says its too dark and it doesn't have to be that way --> Example a kid growing up in church (You end up hating religion/church because you have to sit there and be quiet; too strict - criticizing the traditional manner of most services) Ingersoll takes the argument of liberty and says that it should apply to women and to children ---> Kids are in the coal mines - Hints at respecting the lives of children and women that we haven't yet in industrial America - This is a performance of free thought *** - Free thought isn't a movement with a clear focus - it's about everything all over the place, liberty/equality across the board Disrupts the idea of family - Dissociating traditional genders roles - true equality in the family ----> Relates physical liberty to intellectual liberty - slavery - Monarchy and liberty → Religion and liberty Symbolism - freedom, liberty, justice - takes all of these terms that are part of the American experience, and he's claiming them as part of his movement. All these struggles over what it means to be an American. Uses 'I' a lot - demonstrates independent thinking, the kind of thinking he wants his audience to take on. - Disrupts the story of Genesis by becoming an actor in it himself, plays with it, recasts it... - By inserting himself he's saying that people can think more individualistically for themselves. Taking the idea of creed and adapting it to his own purposes. "I believe in the fireside. I believe in the democracy of home. I believe in the republicanism of the family. I believe in liberty, equality and love." - wants audience to feel comfortable professing your beliefs and asserting your feelings - "God must like an honest infidel rather than a dishonest believer" - the important thing is to think for yourself even if you come to different conclusions than the religious institutions, than if you don't think for yourself

Explain the development of Lincoln's oratory during the war

• The mythic of Lincoln emerges through his oratory - Lincoln was monumental, mythical figure that many misunderstood - He was a brilliant speaker and great at knowing how to speak about an issue for a particular audience --> Ability of timing and audience adaptation were greatest strengths ** - Knows how to talk about states rights, slavery, free labor ideology and is able to climb the political ladder in the US - Oratory is the way in which Lincoln climbed the political ladder - The Civil War changed Lincoln in fundamental ways - there was both spiritual and political growth - He spoke a lot like a lawyer in the beginning of the war but by the end of the war, he turned to religion and became more spiritual --> At the end of the war, Lincoln was less concerned with legal questions. He was more concerned with what the war MEANT. --> The law doesn't provide us with good answers so he turned to GOD -Began to read the bible and Shakespeare every day - Speaks more metaphorically after the war - Asks a lot of questions we don't have the answers to - Lincoln set the standard for the way we talk. Before Lincoln people spoke for hours with long flowery sentences and fluff. With Lincoln, he speaks with shorter, more concise and exact words, ideas got more exact- more like us

Background on Harper/Context ** (Not on outline)

- Born in Baltimore, MD 1825 - Frances Ellen Watkins Harper - Well-to do family, Free African American family in Baltimore - Family very interested in the intellectual goods of life - Loses her mother at a young age - raised by uncle who was a minister who ran his own school (very common) ---> Aka Sunday schools ---> Taught Harper classical rhetoric and oratory (Cicero, Aristotle...) - Harper was a great writer and speaker even at a young age - Gets a great education Dual life as an incredible writer and brilliant lecturer - Many times historic writing - Starts off as a poet - publishes first collection of poetry in 1845 (very significant - a black woman in 1845 publishing a collection of poems - almost a historic event) - Very good prose writer - 1859 - makes literary history by being the first black woman to publish a short story in America --> becomes known as the first black woman to publish a novel (makes a lot of money from publishing) - establishes a platform as a lecturer - incredibly effective public speaker - Frances Harper is the female version of Douglas - she is so eloquent that people don't believe how she could be such an effective speaker Abolitionism is how she makes her mark - Tours the country as a lecturer before the war - Helped found the National Association of Colored Women with Ida Wells OVERALL - Harper wants the women's right to vote - Harper sits in an interesting position as a black woman - intersection of women's suffrage (white women) and black rights (black men) Harper's speech at Expo, May 20, 1893 - By 1893, Harper is the most prominent black female literary figure in the country - Celebrated for both oral and written eloquence - Harper is literally at the center of the tension between race and gender as an AA female - Board of Lady Managers sets up panels for women to speak on women's issues to a predominately female audience

Discuss Susan B. Anthony's role as a suffragist, speaker and activist

- Born in MA to a well off family - Quaker - some of the most religious advocates in the nation - early ones to back women and gender issues. ----> growing up in this religion, access to political causes and education Settles in upstate NY - hotbed of reform activity in the US, prior to civil war and afterwards She was first interested in abolitionism and temperance. Becomes involved in suffrage after Seneca Falls In 1851 she meets Elizabeth Stanton - they complement each other perfectly. -- Stanton is the visionary to carry out mission and Anthony is the organizer; they do a little bit of each - Stanton had 8 kids so had to be home a lot, so Anthony worked when the other couldn't Suffrage activism - begins in 1850s but picks up after the civil war - Launched a national effort ----> Civil War was a catalyst because the newly freed slaves could vote but the white women couldn't - Huge fights among abolitionists and suffragists - what are we supposed to advocate for? Anthony as Rhetorician - Work with written word, writer and editor - Organizational ability to manifest other people - newsletters, announcements - With Stanton launched a weekly journal called The Revolution - helped to spread the word about women's suffrage ---> Advocated positions, tried out arguments, shared platforms and strategies Work as public speaker - Active lecturer (Delivers hundreds of lectures and speeches per year during a time when travel is hard and terrible) - Says a lot about her commitment and dedication Anthony's reputation - Not good, Grumpy, old, haggard woman - Received a lot of criticism for masculinity/mannish in behavior - People thought that if women became involved in public life, they would become masculine like her

Discuss the aim, ideas, strategies, and features of Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address

- Known as the most important and meaningful inaugural address in history - Lincoln is confronting the tensions and challenges of the war head on. - Brevity of the speech itself and the sentences make it very direct. - If the meaning of the war is only understood by God, how do we talk about it and move forward? - A speech about time In the 1st paragraph - - He puts himself on the same level as everyone else - we are equals in not understanding the war ("fellow countrymen") - Then vs. Now vs. Future (words of time: references to the past, present, and future) - speaks in passive voice - he has removed himself from calculations about presenting anything new, making predictions. Passive voice distances the subject from the verb so you don't know the actor of the verb. - He leaves it up to god, divine understanding *** Second paragraph deals with the past - "All dreaded [the Civil War], all sought to avert it" --> If both are trying to avoid it, no one tried to start it. Takes the blame off everyone's shoulders. All of us as citizens are together. It must have been divine intervention. "One" vs. "the other" - There is one sense of blame - "one group of them would make war, and one would accept war" - doesn't want to say confederacy brought war. Ambiguous in his reference here. Turnign Point --> Unity - " Both read the same Bible, and pray to the same God; and each invokes His aid against the other" * First half of the speech: one vs. the other * Second half of the speech- unity to understand the war Ultimately saying we shouldn't judge - almighty has its own purposes. We cannot judge God. Together in human ignorance - we don't understand what happened. Final paragraph - Lincoln gets to the limits of secular time - brings sacred time back to our understanding of the moment. We should move forward with God's perspective, doing our best to carry this out. Last two words: "All nations" - Ends with an international perspective, how we understand ourselves relative to the rest of the world. We need to stick more clearly about our place in the world and decide what kind of nation we want to become - foreshadows US becoming the industrial powerhouse of the globe OVERALL - What the speech is Doing: • ** Unite the Union - How does he do it? • Language, word choice, pronouns • Stitching up a wound - bring two sides together and mend the gap - How? • Word choices - "both" and "all" • Purposefully resists blaming/naming an enemy - denying responsibility for the war

Explain Leff's claim about Lincoln's speech

- Leff argues that Lincoln uses temporal shift. This affects how people perceive it. - There is a difference between *secular time* and *sacred time* - Secular time is perceived in a straight line - Sacred time is cyclical, mystical. It is about divine meanings, about transcendent perspectives, about a time that gives us a godly perspective on our situation and our moment. Also about origins and purpose. Why would Lincoln raise the time of the Civil War from secular time to sacred time? o Secular time promotes a blame that needs to be placed on someone o Sacred time promotes thought that this was part of our fate / divine / god wanted - provides a mystery that allows us to get out of blaming other people (ex. saying the South is evil for starting war/killing people so they should be punished) - In elevating to Sacred time, everyone can come to terms with the war and unite. It's not anyone's fault, the war is in God's hands.

Discuss the aim, ideas, strategies, and features of Grady's "The New South"

- Occurs at the end of Reconstruction - The south makes a deal - they will support Republican Rutherford Hayes if the north pulls federal troops out of the south ----> Troops were making sure freed slaves could vote, go to school, etc. When the troops leave, bad things happen like lynchings, clan riding through the streets... Grady is an editor of the Atlanta Constitution - his job is to effectively get people interested in the south, now that the troops are gone - believes it's his job to entice people to forget about the war, reconstruction, and give the South a new image Speech occurs on December 21st, 1886 - New England Club (Club important because they are all business people, leading economic forces of the north, who are potentially thinking about investing in the south) - Grady's job to entice them to build factories in the south, trade with the south ---> "The New Progress" - Grady claims that the economy in the south has moved past slave labor - Worth more to have someone work willingly, more efficient - Freed slaves will work in factories, they count more than they did as slaves - claims blacks are equal and prosperous: not true at all - says everything is fine, race relations are great, when it really isn't - creates opportunity for business where there isn't any ---> sales pitch: there are economic opportunities in the south that you don't want to lose out on Grady says the south is more interested in economics than politics, and in doing so he is steering the north away from focusing on the Jim Crowe Laws, denying the people the right to vote, lynchings - instead, focus on the economic opportunities of the south Tells us to look to the future and to move forward - don't worry about the politics of it and only worry about the economy - doesn't want them focusing on the Jim Crowe laws they have been passing. He says the new south presents a perfect democracy. Speech is a perfect example of the difference between saying vs. doing • Saying: creates a myth about the south in order to revitalize the south - Tells the north - you succeeded in rebuilding the south, it is better than it ever was, new opportunities down there - creates a picture of the mythic south that continues for the next several decades • Doing: • We can't take Grady at face value because he is lying to us about the south

Discuss Lincoln's views about slavery

- We think of Lincoln as the "Great Emancipator"—MISLEADING (not the hero of race he's often painted as) - NOT an abolitionist - he was just anti-slavery ----> Abolitionism: 1) immediate emancipation of slaves, 2) equal rights for the freed slaves - Lincoln was very passionate about preserving the union ----> He was morally opposed to slavery and didn't want it to spread in new territories, but was OK with slavery where it already did exist and defended the rights of those slaveholders - - felt abolishing slavery would create issues - He represented the general moral opposition to slavery, esp. in north -Believed in colonization and supported the American Colonization Society --> he supported sending the slaves back from where they came from, and colonizing them in Liberia --> - Tries to sympathize with slaveholders leading up to the war. Argued that slaveholders are at risk of losing their property (slaves), and defends their rights. - "Right to Rise" (at the heart of the American promise) - Lincoln was against slavery because it violated his belief in this "right to rise", which was the basic human capacity to do labor and the ability to keep what you earn. Even though he didn't think people were created equal, they should still be allowed to rise and advance as far as their skills and strengths would take them - - "free labor ideology"

Discuss the general purposes and functions of memorials and monuments

1. Make the past relevant to the future 2. Promote order and meaning amidst chaos and destruction (While we go through the horrors of life, memorials give us a sense of order) 3. Create a sense of continuity with the past (civil war, WWI, revolutionary war) 4. Teach civic virtues (teach people in the present and the future how to be) Memorials are integral to rhetorical culture and the way we speak to each other in public Everyone knew memorials would be the defining thing about America - we build memorials - Memorials are: -----> constant reminder -----> vehicle for memory - they carry the past with it and remind people that this was a really important thing -----> Somewhere to congregate and mourn and remember and honor outside of the home (Space for public togetherness) Push for memorialization of the Civil War - Capture the spirit and heroism and courage of the people that gave their lives for the nation - almost every town in the nation built a memorial for fallen soldiers --> There was even a memorial statue building industry that sprang up after this "Typical" civil war memorial statue - one single man holding a musket ---> the everyman statue - one soldier, one country (encourages unity image) - statue looking down - more personal element (humble, not proud of what was done)

Provide an overview of the World's Columbian Exposition, including its controversies

1893 - Chicago aka "the White City: - Expo was the World's Fair - designed to showcase what America had become - Stature, scale, prominence, grandeur of the fair was a marker of American progress that the entire world was invited to witness - 30 years after the Civil War, this was an announcement of America as an industrial giant Many of the buildings were built to look cool but not with the structure to last long - many of them don't - Very fist Ferris wheel created for the exposition - Momentous and pivotal time in American history Called Columbian Exposition because of Columbus - Marked the 400th anniversary of when Columbus found America (1 year late because of issues) - Other cities wanted to host the exposition, but Chicago was selected as the site (Probably to show Midwestern cities are also cities of power, not just NYC and Boston) Architect Daniel Burnom hired to build the world's fair - Vision of a city that is inspired by neo-classical architecture (like ancient Rome/Athens) - Visual link of the great cities of the past and the current United States White City and Midway Plaisance o Burnom constructs the White City because most of the buildings were built out of white stucco - White city was the center of the world's fair (especially the intellectual side) - Midway Plaisance was the fair and entertainment part of the exposition - Ferris wheel, rides, drinking, prostitutes - Series of booths that are designed to demonstrate world progress (Millions of different exhibits) *** Goal to keep White City clean and pure - entertain in Midway Plaisance (amusement park of world cultures) Display exhibits became a racist spectacle of what people from Chicago thought of people from around the world (ex. The Chinese booth, African booth) - Americans loved it, their chance to experience the world as they saw it (nearly impossible to travel outside of the nation) Intellectual aspects of Expo - Focused on showcasing the greatest ideas of the world - Greatest discoveries in science, anthropology ---> Electricity, Henry Ford's internal combustion engine - Many lectures --> different halls in the white city you would hear lectures about religion, biology... Devil in the White City - Serial killer Dr. H.H. Holmes who is loose in the White City during the expo - House of Horrors hotel - kills between 20 and 100 people Race controversy - Organizers weren't excited to showcase the progress about race (Lynching epidemic taking place across the country) - They don't know how to showcase any sort of black advancement in the country - Controversy over what to do with African American inventors ----> Organizers build the "Negro Building" off to the side so black inventors are segregated and can showcase their stuff ** Tension and issue within the black community over what to make of this - Ida B. Wells is terribly opposed to this (--> Open letter criticizing what's happening_ - Frederick Douglas is not happy with the situation, but says let's just do our best and show the world what we are capable of doing

Background on Civil War +++ (Not on study guide)

2nd Inaugural address comes at the end of Civil War Reasons for the Civil War (Civil War starts 1861) o 1. Stop the spread of slavery into the territories o 2. Secession - the power of states to leave the Union o 3. The struggle over power between the government and the states Lincoln: Above all, primarily, the war was fought to preserve the Union - it was not about slavery Emancipation Proclamation - January 1863 - made slaves in the deep south free - Lincoln freed the slaves in a place where he had NO power - Lincoln did nothing about slaves in the border states --> He didn't free the slaves there so they wouldn't join the confederacy "North" v. "South" - North and South had terribly divided interests - (people in the North were profiting just as much on slavery as the South) - Most people could not afford to have slaves - Power elites who owned slaves pushed us toward civil war

Provide a general overview of labor issues in the Gilded Age

America's workforce in the Gilded Age - Shift from agrarianism to industrialism (Shift from earning keep on farms to earning keep in factories in urban centers) - Machines replace skilled human labor - labor is broken up according to a small particular part of what you do in the factory line - By 1880, 5 million Americans are engaged in manufacturing, construction, industrial skills - By 1900, the industrial workforce comprises 1/3 of the US population ---> 1 out of every 3 laborers was an immigrant (Huge wave from eastern Europe. Opportunity to make something of yourself) Most crowded neighborhood on the planet is the lower east side of NY - public health nightmare - disease, no hot water, sewage Women have a surprising number of new job opportunities - the number of women employed in industrial settings rises from 2.6 million to 8.6 million in 20 years. Prevalence of "homework". Glass ceiling - no upward mobility 1890 census revealed there are more than 1 million children between ages ten and fifteen working in America. 20 years later there were 2 million. 15-20 hours a day on average worked by children. Sometimes parents "sold" kids to industrial servitude. No child labor laws Wage issues - 40% of the population lives below the poverty line - 500 dollars a year. Even if you worked all of the time, you couldn't get enough money to work above the poverty line. Subject to the whims of your employer - no control. Safety issues - 1900 - we have 1 million injuries in these industrial settings and anywhere from 25,000 - 35,000 deaths per year. Railroads and mines - claiming lots of lives. - Carnegie wants to build parks and libraries, but people are dying in his factories

Carnegie continued

Carnegie says there are 3 options to do with your money: 1. Leave money to family/descendants - bad because doesn't teach kids to be good people - enables them and doesn't teach them how to work hard -proof: Europe and kings and queens 2. Give it to public purposes after you have died - selfish - if you were alive you'd still have the money - people will erect statues of you in folly 3. Give it away while you're alive - When you give money while you're alive, you can make sure it's for good. If you don't give away wealth throughout your lifetime, you will collect tax. Incentive to give during your life. - Death tax is the state's incentive for you to spend your money wisely while you're alive --> Gets people away from hoarding wealth Giving money while living is how we enrich the community. Says money should not be given directly to poor people - if you give them money they won't work - instead, use your money to build up the public infrastructure so people can learn to do it for themselves. - Libraries were subscription services at the time, so only the wealthy had access to knowledge. Wealthy are wealthy because they have the experience, ability and skills to show people the right way. Should Carnegie be paying his workers more or build libraries for them? Big Idea: All about INDIVIDUALS doing things to fulfill American Dream

Explain the general context of Conwell's "Acres of Diamonds"

Conwell - baptist minister - he adds religious dimension to character, work, and money - Most in demand speaker of this time period - the speech is delivered all over the place - makes his reach so incredibly big Acres of Diamonds - 1870-1924 - delivered it over 6,000 times - he made at least a million dollars from giving this speech Speech is told through narratives and anecdotes. Anecdotes were never told in the same order - doesn't matter the order in which you tell them!

Discuss the aim, ideas, strategies, and features of Debs's "Working Class Politics"

Debs - 1910 - speaking during midterm political elections Takes the emotional route - Logical appeal isn't enough - Instantly sets apart workers from capitalists to give more pride to the workers. Sometimes the best way to be together as a group is to be against somebody. Unification and division. - The unification against an enemy (Enemy is the master class) - Analogy of workers compared to slaves ----> there is a sense of hope and accomplishment involved with this analogy of slavery - they're free and we can be too. Debs - workers themselves must take the initiative in coming together and unify as industrial unions For Debs, Socialism is the fulfillment of the American promise *** There are fights over what it means to be American - Is it Carnegie version: "Pull yourself up by you're bootstraps" - Or is it Socialist industrial democracy ------> Capitalist structure has no place in US - according to Debs ------> What means to be American is to be a socialist and fight for equality (let's include women in this fight) The binding of economics and politics - about two different political systems and we need to take a stand to overthrow the capitalists. We need to be together as workers. Debs thinks Gompers is one of THEM - the wealthy hypocrites. Workers must come together - the leaders will never do it for them - the workers, once united in one great industrial union, will vote a united working class ticket. The biggest problem is we are divided as labors - Uniting everybody in THIS industrial union that can resist the power of the master class is his goal. Industrial and social democracy - empowering the workers as equals - fundamentally American - when we think of Socialism, we think of it as outside of the American experience. Debs thinks it is the fulfillment of the American promise. ***Who do you find more American? Carnegie, Debs, or Gorman --- THINK ABOUT THIS because maybe for the test***

Explain the rhetorical situation Stanton faced in delivering "Solitude of Self" and explain her approach to the situation

Delivered a year before Harper's speech we talked about last class Stanton's rare rhetorical situation - delivers the same text with some modification to two very different audiences in a very short period of time 1. ---> First to the House judiciary committee (This committee is a legislative committee - about deliberation) • DELIBERATIVE rhetoric 2. ---> Then to the National American women's suffrage association • EPIDEICTIC occasion - special occasion speech These two audiences are significant because one was more male dominant (male-female division) - She has to justify the movement of her rhetoric to people outside of the movement and then people within the movement - Also a division in the sense of different sort of genres or types of rhetoric Stanton is using solitude of self to try to persuade a male dominated place (using it as a plea to the judiciary committee) but also as a farewell address within to her national American women's suffrage association - This is her "singular statement" she designed it to be a text for posterity, for what we read in this class. the book that we read in this class about this time in American history and suffrage

Critique the Freedmen's Memorial and explain the controversy around it

Design of memorial - Slaves got the money together to fund the memorial --> paid for by the freed men: the freedmen's memorial to Lincoln - Model is based on a real former slave --> The last slave picked up under the Fugitive Slave Law Memorial was and is incredibly controversial - Conflict over design of memorial - Douglas recognizes the memorial is problematic in its design in many ways and realizes that so he doesn't talk about the memorial much in his speech - Memorial depicts Lincoln holding hand over kneeling slave - Lincoln always said, "you have the right to rise" - key terms in America about liberty, sacrifice and emancipation - sense of stature and potential progress in this - it glorifies Lincoln - says he's bringing all the slaves up - Douglass is the embodiment of what he (the slave) can become Memorial features: - "Emancipation" written on it - Image of George Washington - Lincoln is dressed like a man and the slave is kneeling with a loincloth and a chain (Clothing symbolizes authority and civility vs. savagery) Hierarchy of scale, vertical power dynamic o Lincoln is the one with the power and authority who is able to liberate the slaves o Slave in kneeling position, able to rise and get to Lincoln's position

Explain Douglass's work and relationship to Lincoln during the war

Douglass - upbringing in slavery in MD - Mother was a slave and his Father was white; witnessed the most brutal slave treatment growing up in a difficult moment of slave history - At 8 he's sent to Baltimore to work for a ship carpenter - he is given better treatment than he received earlier in his life - *he learns how to read and write* --> PIVOTAL moment in life, equal to escaping slavery Douglas says - Beats up a slave breaker (breakers took uppity slaves and broke them to make them more compliant and obedient) - Douglas plan on escaping slavery but people find out his plans and he is imprisoned for a number of years - When he gets out, he manages to obtain the papers of a free black sailor who worked on the ship - Douglas impersonates this guy and escapes slavery ---> Heads to NYC → free In NYC and Massachusetts he learned how to be an abolitionist - Campaigners realize Douglas is brilliant and a former slave who could talk about his own experiences in traveling as an orator and help the cause - Defined himself as the spokesperson for his race - most influential AA in the country • So eloquent, people don't believe that he could have been a slave ---> so, he writes an autobiography and self-identifies himself as a fugitive slave -------> Douglas must flee to Ireland and England for a few years Pressured Abe to let free blacks fight in the war - 1863 - first black regimen in the Union was launched - Through this push, he developed a relationship with Lincoln Douglas became an advisor for Lincoln during the war - Often fought about what to say/do next - On one hand he applauds the emancipation proclamation, but on the other he claims it is not enough - By the time Lincoln is up for re-election, Douglass does not support him - Start to patch things up once it is clear that the Union is going to win the war - First AA invited to the white house gathering for Lincoln's second inaugural

Discuss the key questions of reconstruction

Era of Reconstruction (1865-1877) - Begins with the end of the Civil War, ends with the inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes in March of 1877 - Themes about rights, social movements, voting, violence Reconstruction dealt with a few key questions: 1. What do we do with the Southern States? - Did the southern states succeed or try to succeed and fail in seceding? Do we allow them back into the nation? - Lincoln himself wanted to tell us that we're all in this together, we're all Americans - but there is enough anger and frustration for many people in the north that the radical republicans weren't gonna listen to Lincoln - Radical Republicans wanted to teach the south a lesson. - How do we handle these people who didn't want to be a part of us? 2. How do we repay for rebuilding? - People were starving, families were torn apart... 3. How do we deal with former slaves? - Millions of people now need housing, schooling, food, etc. - Majority of African American population is still located in the southern states- as we're rebuilding the south how do we build structures to help integrate them into American society 4. Role of Providence in the war? - We were a chosen nation - United States was seen as a new heaven on earth in a way - How do we consider that image with the huge disaster of the Civil War, violence, and 600,000 deaths Abolition in 1865 "Dependent plantation laborers" - former slaves still being controlled by white landowners. - Freeman's Bureau distributed food and clothing to blacks across south - Black codes: Tried to make the status of former slaves that of dependent plantation workers - No civil rights... - Reconstruction act of 1867 o required each southern state to write a new state constitution? o African Americans elected to congress, etc. - part of government

Discuss the religious dynamics of the post-Civil War decades

Free thought emerges as it seems that American culture and the public seem to be getting much more religious - Dramatic increase in religious participation (church, rights and rituals) 1. Freed slaves and new churches - We have a whole new population of freed slaves - what does this population do? --> They build churches so they can gather - Free thought resulted in an increase in religious participation 2. North-South common ground - Religion is a big way that the north and south try to reconcile with each other --> Religion is a way to connect as Protestantism is a COMMON GROUND 3. Religious revivals - incredible wave of religious survivals - Tent revivals - people would get together and sing songs/ talk about religion 4. Appetite for religious inquiry - People are hungry for discussions about religion - they want to have these conversations, whether in free thought periodicals or tent revivals, people want to engage these ideas - Now there is a market for religious thought - Helps us try to figure out why Ingersoll is so successful as a lecturer - and could enthrall and capture audiences of people who believe the very thing he is challenging

Provide an overview of the Free Thought Movement

Free thought is a religious and intellectual movement without a particular political focus. (example: not a movement like abolitionism with focus of freeing slaves) - Ingersoll was the lead spokesperson for the free thought movement. **** Free thought: Social justice movement focused on spreading equality and liberty in every area of public life - Brought people together and activists who wanted to make America better and more "American" Free thought advocates addressed a variety of different causes - religious liberty, death penalty, public schooling, suffrage, temperance, prison reform, monetary policy. Golden Age of free thought (1875-1914) - people start asking different questions. Try to have different conversations - explosion in new periodicals devoted to the free thought movement. Origins of free thought: 1. Influx of immigrants - waves of immigrants from new and different places than before - new people with very different belief structures living among us - prompted people like Ingersoll to question beliefs that they grew up with 2. Rise of modern science - ideas of natural selection and evolution raise a lot of questions for people (Darwin's Origin of Species) 3. New psychology - new studies and discoveries about the brain, mind, how we think - made it possible to start accounting for people differently than before (ex. chemically like the brain) - paradigms based in psychology and physiology

Expo Continued

Gender controversy - What do you do with women and represent them as writers, scientists at the expo? --> The make "The Women's Building" so they can showcase what they are involved in - Organizers create the Board of Lady Managers to oversee the Women's Building and decide who gets to showcase their ideas/stuff • Board of Lady Managers is all white women • Race and gender controversies intersect ------> Black women argue: why aren't we included in this planning? -----------> The Board responds by making a Black lady from Chicago the Secretary, and invites several prominent Black women to speak at expo conversations - One of the women who is invited to speak is Frances Harper

Discuss the aim, ideas, strategies, and features of Gompers's "The Labor Question"

Gompers - 1888 - Addresses members of the AFL Similar type of strategy to what we've discussed prior - different sections that are very concise. Didn't belabor any certain points and no flowery language. - he was his own example in his speech Sophistry point - Teachers taught rhetoric, taught persuasion, taught people how to speak persuasively ----> *****The problem of this is that laborers don't know how to articulate the value of their labor or talk about their significance. They aren't trained in how to speak Gompers says labor is "the creator of all value" Gompers: Speech is about how to articulate the value of people for people who need to know their value ---- Gives people the talking points to use. Gompers models for his laborers how you articulate the value of labor for other people ---- How to do this? Be succinct, use Metaphors and images, No big words. -----> Forceful, practical, straightforward discourse needed to articulate the value of labor. His sections are "talking points" you can use when you are engaging someone about talking about the value of labor. Poses the question: "What shall we do to be saved?" - Acts like he is a part of the everyday working man, not the boss, not the president of the AFL Gompers talks about labor as a mass of people, not individual people - Carnegie was about individualism - Gompers focuses on the collective - says it's by bringing these people together that we will most effectively navigate American society. He doesn't get very emotional with it - doesn't use very much to rally the people all together and not many calls to action - It's not about overthrowing the system - it's about practical negotiation. all about justifying the approach of the AFL Last Paragraph VERY IMPORTANT - Section "How to Organize" - Labor is related to a brotherhood like an army fighting together for their rights (Pride associated with armies and fighting for your country - the collective, not just yourself) - Gompers showing a bit of his radical side

Explain the context of Anthony's "Is it a Crime?"

In 1872, Anthony showed up with her sisters to register to vote in NY - a lot of debate as to whether or not they should allow them to register. - All they want to do is register and say that I am someone who is eligible to vote - People working area have no idea what to do ------> Advisor determines to allow them to register as citizens, and let the court sort it out later 4 days later they showed up to actually vote in the presidential election - debate between poll people on what to do --> Anthony tells the poll people, "I will pay your court costs if it comes to that" - they are able to vote 2 weeks later, the local Marshall shows up at Anthony's house and arrests her - she is just one of many people who have been arrested - people were arrested if they registered, actually voted, and the poll people who let them vote In 1873, Grand Jury consisting of 20 men - brought up charges against Susan. She then did a speaking tour to rally as much support as she could before her trial date in May - goal was to reach as many potential jurors as possible. Judge moves the county to a neighboring county because of Anthony's touring - however, does nothing as Anthony then goes on a speaking tour of Ontario county Trial begins on June 17th, 1873 - Judge does not allow her to speak for her defense at her own trial Conviction & fine - Fined $100, but never pays the fine ---> NY didn't even collect it because if they did then she would have many options to appeal the fine The speech we read today is the one she gave in these different countries - she would have given this speech at this trial if she were allowed to.

Early Labor Unions ** (Not in Outline)

Knights of Labor - one of the oldest labor orgs nationally - Starts in 1869 in PA - started small and made of tailors. Over the next decade it grew, encompassing a number of different skill sets. Anyone could join, regardless of what kind of labor you did or what color or what gender you are. Wanted to be as egalitarian as possible - Not true for many other labor organizations. - tried to get rid of child labor laws - tried to enforce a 9-5 job - By 1886 - 700,00 members - Knights of Labor wanted skilled and unskilled labor. Whole bunch of membership - pushed for a lot of the reforms we recognize as being accomplished. American Federation of Labor - Samuel Gompers President - National convergence of craft unions - must have a skill to be a part of it. --> Gompers wanted to unite these people. Unskilled workers were not part of this union. - Decidedly practical. We don't want to overthrow the capitalist system. We want to take as many gains as we can. Industrial Workers of the World - Started much later than Knights of Labor - radical labor org --> Wanted nothing less than the overthrow of the US government and the capitalist system. - Believed in sabotage - most members of the IWW were communists or socialists. - Much more industrial in the sense that whether you were skilled didn't matter. If you were in it for social change, you're in.

Explain Logan's argument about Harper's speech at the Columbian Expo

Logan claims Harper bolsters her arguments on woman's political future and woman's suffrage by basing them on the concept of a common community of interests. These arguments are that: 1) suffrage rights should be linked to character and education 2) suffrage must also be understood in the context of woman's influence 3) suffrage carries with it the obligation to resist oppressive acts, that deny the civil rights of their victims 1) ** Radical in claiming that suffrage should NOT be universal - says there should be standards for voting ----> Suggests education tests and character tests 2) asks - is it just voting we are interested in, or influence more broadly? How can women influence the social, economic, political system? Setting sights on voting alone is not enough - we can't get blinded by the appeal of voting 3) once you get the vote - the work begins ---> then you have to worry about the poor people in the south getting lynched, blood in the street ---> let's think carefully about we are doing as women and African American women to make society work - it is NOT just the vote Significance - Why does this matter? According to Logan: Here's how we navigate race and gender, here's how we figure a way forward - not just in Chicago in 1893 - but as a nation of people and citizens of this society ---> Harper made the speech gender neutral to appeal and apply to all the people involved in this "Community of interests" - whole argument based on developing and obtaining this "community of interests" - group of people trying to better society, having everyone's best interests in minds - define values as a community - better them - values for moving forward - Communities support and hold people together - Communities are always about links and divisions (What holds us together and what pushes us apart) ** - Harper says we are a community that values moving forward - how do we bracket what pushes us apart and focus on what we have in common and can do to push our agenda forward

Stanton Continued

Metaphors involving men - talks about the sea of life and women being the "captain of their own ships". Extended analogy between people and water. Swim upstream - drift with the current. She's talking about moving water - how much power do people have over the water of nature? - NONE - Water wins for most of this speech. We are adrift on the sea of life and we have to do the best we can. ---> BUT, we have to be in control as much as possible bc no one else is going to be there to help us - Power of water when a flood happens, you realize how much water destroys - Water has a power over people, drift currents of life - We are controlled by forces not our own BUT - - Women were able to overcome the power of water by using their own resources - specifically, they were able to use what they had on hand and put them together - You beat the storms of life by joining together, holding on to each other - They made a chain and formed a connection that was much more powerful than anyone by themselves would have been - If we form a chain together and unite we can beat that nature ----> She includes men in this chain - By the end of the speech we have contained the power of water and have done it by joining together - Instead of focusing on the laws that we need to change on legal precedent on cases (that susan b Anthony talks about) lets instead focus on bare soul that we all have and then join together as a result of that --> THEN we can rise above our natural condition Conclusion: - Back to the question of solitude - Comes back to the issues of soul but it is designed to create identification with audiences who up to this point hadn't been jumping on board with the movement - Maybe if we talk about women differently, just as souls .... Then we'll be able to find the way forward ****Who made the case better between this and Anthony's speech? Which speech connected more to you? - In regards to public culture, women voting, etc. - Stanton is more persuasive because it is putting everyone on the same level at their barest form ------>It's not about suffrage, it's not about the vote - it's about how we're all the same people --> Her arguments are more long standing - Comes up with a different formulation of what it means to be a human being in this day in age

Votes for Women, General ** (Not on Outline)

Perception of women who advocate in public • Women seen as disruptive and disorderly • Suffrage advocacy disrupts the family (damaging future generations and children) • Suffrage advocacy images of a spinster Rhetoric is always about perceptions and appearances ** Susan B. Anthony fighting a war of Perception - Speech about argument and evidence but also about the act of speaking about it itself -----> she CAN and is COMPETENT enough to make these arguments in public, and for that very reason alone, she is demonstrating her capacities as a citizen and as a person ---------> similar to Douglas's angle of perception: his speech was important because it was about him being able to commemorate the memorial - the act of commemoration in itself

Explain the main issues of an dynamics of the Pullman strike

Pullman, IL - company town George Pullman - Head of the Pullman Palace Car Company - owned the town --> Decided he was going to build a town for his workers. Modern features and amenities. By 1893 there are 12,000 people living there. - Pullman makes all the rules: "I own the town, I control the houses you rent from, I control what you pay for goods, I control what you make from wages" Depression of 1893 - Pullman slashed wages by 25% (rent stays the same despite drop) - Strike approaches and is inevitable ---> The mast majority of workers are members of the ARU - American Railway Union - Leaders of the ARU (headed by Eugene Debbs) decide to go to Pullman to help resist the changes that George Pullman is enacting Strike Begins, early May 1994 - 90% of workforce walks off the job - George Pullman is feeling the pressure as business is halted - strike starts to pick up momentum - strike rose to national proportions with sympathy strikes (Because the AMU called a strike, the AFL and IWW also called strikes to support them) - George Pullman refuses to negotiate with any workers ----> Huge tensions Federal Intervention - Grover Cleveland is president and determines gov. needs to intervene for the good of the nation ---> Says the US mail is being interfered, and that was the excuse/reason to go to Chicago to put down the strike - Sends the national guard into Chicago ---> many times these troops are hired at bars and are local yahoos - • 50 people die in strike related violence around the country Strike ends early July of 1894 - federal troops overpower the strikers - 1,000 workers lose their jobs as a result of this - the workers who are allowed to return, return to conditions equal to or worse than the conditions they had when the strike began Eugene Debs and many other organizers are arrested and sent to prison - Debs serves 6 months in jail - reads Karl Marx for the first time - inspired him to take up Socialism - Debs becomes a household name as a labor organizer and political agitator Debs is leader of the socialist party at the time - Debs tries to run for president 5 times as a Socialist candidate - he wins more votes than any third party candidate in history, prior to 1992 - Socialism was a viable political alternative, because of the horrific effects of uncontained capitalism ---> Hadn't learned lessons of what was eventual to happen in the Soviet Union - Many people wanted radical political change to reign in the excess of the Gilded Age

Explain the context of the debate between Stevens and Raymond

Represents two sides: 1. Radical Republicans - Thaddeus Stevens 2. Supporters of Andrew Jackson (slave owner) and Lincoln (to an extent) - Henry Jarvis Raymond - Both were Northerners, Republicans, and White Debate takes place at the end of 1865 • Republicans control the US government --> Democratic party existed in the south - when the war is over the only people effectively left are Republicans Thaddeus Stevens - Leader for the Radical Republicans - PA Representative - Stevens thought the Southern states should not be allowed back into the union unless they gave blacks the right to vote and own land, etc. Henry Jarvis Raymond - campaigned for Johnson to become president - chairman of Republican National Committee - NY Context - when Lincoln is assassinated, there is a huge power struggle/vacuum o and people rush/struggle to try to fill it Andrew Johnson (new president after Lincoln dies) - only southern senator to remain loyal to the Union during the Civil War. (He came from east TN, and there were counties in TN in that territory that did not secede with the rest of the state; But, Johnson does have Southern sympathies) - Congress doesn't like the power Johnson has. He proposes the Amnesty Plan Amnesty Plan - Part 1: if you are or were a confederate officer, all you have to do is submit a loyalty oath to the union and then you can be readmitted to the south. - Part 2: 10% plan - you as a state can come back to the union if only 10% of your state pledges loyalty to US. ---> If you are a member of congress, this is scary because 90% of the states would be unwilling Southern citizens, so they are going to elect their representatives to go to Congress, change the laws, and vote to reestablish slavery ------> Lincoln had proposed basically the same plan before his death - Johnson carrying it on - without Lincoln's support, hard for people to get behind it

Explain Ingersoll's place in public culture and discuss his approach to oratory

Robert Ingersoll - Forgotten part of American history - 1875-1899, born in upstate NY -----> part of the country known as the burn over district (hotbed of social movements and reform activity, especially women's, Mormonism, spiritualism) - father was a Presbytyrian minister and heavily invested in abolitionism ----> while Ingersoll had different religious beliefs than his father, he loves his father's commitment to social justice Ingersoll was a colonel in the war - He and his brother raised and led a cavalry unit for the Union army - after war goes back to IL Starts his own law practice - Becomes one of the most prominent attorneys - everyone knew him - Very important high profile cases, scandal cases - Makes a name for himself and a lot of money Ingersoll considered the most eloquent Americans alive - Biggest lecture draw of the time, known for his oratory - He is very easy to misunderstand - Larger than life personality - Whitman: "Ingersoll's speeches are marvels of beauty....very select few who are alive and keep others alive with him" - *** Most prominent free thought lecturer Gained fame when he gave the nomination speech for James Blaine (1876) at the Republic National Convention - Considered one of the greatest speeches ever written - The next day every newspaper reprints his speech - Becomes known as the guy who gives eloquent and powerful speeches Ingersoll the Orator: Republican stump speaker - Because of his nominating speech for Blaine, becomes one of the most sought after stump speakers for the Republican party - lasts for two decades - People wanting to run as a Republican wanted him to speak for them --> Ingersoll would often draw a larger crowd than the candidate himself - Very involved in government - part of the republican political establishment at the time Lecture tours across America - Over 20 lectures that he would deliver across the country year after year - At this time in American history, for entertainment, you could go and listen to lectures - one of the biggest things communities did for entertainment - Town lecture hall wanted to bring the biggest speakers to town so town could socialize and network - Every night Ingersoll would perform in a different city (Made $50,000 to $100,000 per appearance - in today's money equivalence)

Discuss Hogan's argument about Stanton's speech

Stanton arguing for a "nobler type of womanhood" - Stanton talked about how the movement needed to be less conservative. It's not just the vote - we need to talk about women on a different level in a broad sense - In the past it has been too much of a political movement based on women's right to vote, but this is more of a feminist movement (about broadening the base) - Focus on how you can make women equals in terms of independence or self- sovereignty (how women can be masters over themselves - spiritual, religious, intellectual independence" - She wants to broaden the scope of the argument and # of people you are able to reach as a result of it Solitude and stanton's other work - talk about it as radically different from the other kinds of speeches and texts she produced earlier in her career. This speech is not really a reversal, but the outcome of a larger evolution. Divide with Anthony - Anthony wants to push what Hogan talks about as the more conservative strategy - Let's focus on suffrage and leave other stuff until after that. - Stanton says that they haven't made much progress - "lets broaden our appeal" ---> Older suffrage advocates were not pleased with these actions. Focusing on too many spiritual things - Stanton becomes friends with Robert Ingersoll - her focus on things like independence, liberty, spiritual self-determination - a lot of it is part of her relationship to Ingersoll.

Discuss the aims, ideas, strategies, and features of Conwell's "Acres of Diamonds"

Starts off with an opening story about Al Hafed - very wealthy guy with a lot of land, a priest comes and tells him about diamonds - the guy goes to look for the diamonds but the entire time it was in his backyard - he gives up his land, travels all over the place then ultimately finds out that his back yard (where he was when he started) was filled with diamonds POINT: the resources for your success are right around you already - you don't have to go looking for them. Argues that wealth is right at home, not in some distant land Example of making toys for kids - ask your own children. Don't be stubborn, look around you and look at the world and serve those needs Themes of the Gilded Age: - Everyone has these capabilities! - Everyone can be Andrew Carnegie - appeal to the common man Point: Story of Christianity is intertwined with the story of Capitalism - serve others and work hard and you will be rewarded. Your success in life is evidence of what kind of person you are More of a democratic appeal here vs. Carnegie's - what does this reveal? There are people and they have a lot of potential - it's on them to do great things. - If you see an old guy who is poor - what do you know about that guy? He didn't look around him for the diamonds

Ingersoll's "Liberty of Man" Continued

Why would they flock to these lecture halls to listen to him? - He's just giving people the opportunity to think about your beliefs *** This is not an anti-religious text - this is text that is designed to prompt religious inquiry - he's advocating for people to be autonomous - You're allowed to leave the auditorium and say "I still believe everything I believe" because I have thought about it - FREE THINKER Tapping into a larger culture of people hungry for discussions of religion and big ideas - he didn't convert people to atheism - He doesn't care if they don't all agree - his job is to poke you and prod you to think differently or just think you don't eve have to come to different conclusions - * let me make this country a little uncomfortable so we can think big thoughts together *

Ingersoll Continued

Typical lecture stop - Newspaper would publicize lecture ----> Ministers would say: don't go listen to him - he has bad ideas - But, Ingersoll would actually thank the ministers for giving him advanced publicity - Religious leaders would stand outside the lecture hall giving out bibles and praying for the people going inside (Generated attention and generated more ticket sales) --- Ingersoll fed religious and intellectual inquiry that America loved --> Adverse reactions to his lectures fueled further lectures Speaking habits - Brilliant speaker, photographic memory - usually no note cards - Speak for 2-3 hours all from memory - Funny - Audience was everyone - Even though he was attacking the bible, Christians showed up still - Big influence on others: Other speakers/writers would say that Ingersoll was his greatest inspiration/model/influencer

Compare and contrast the speeches of Stevens and Raymond

Thaddeus Stevens speaks first - Talks about the South as an old and a new South - Calls the South dead carcasses that need life breathed back into them ----> Significance of referring to the south as dead: there needs to be a rebirth - the country needs to cleanse itself before we can heal as a Union, establish a new identity, and rebuild - the sins of this nation have been purged by blood and now we need a new beginning -----------> Dead things have no power - who's in charge of dealing with the dead?The US. - Who has all the power in this situation? The NORTH. OVERALL: *** Thaddeus: The south DID leave, but now they are within our borders again - what do we do with them now? Henry Jarvis Raymond - Refers to Southern states as rebel states - *** Said the South never seceded Question: when does secession happen A. when you say, "I secede" B. when you say, "I secede", and then fight a battle and WIN the war - With Raymond there is still a sense of agency with the south - they tried to secede but they failed - it's like attempted murder. Temporal context - Thaddeus is about looking to the past - Jarvis is about looking to the future and focuses on how do we move forward, not accounting for the wrongs of the past Who are we not talking about in this debate? - The slaves - "Southern states" refers to whites in those states, for the most part - One glimpse into slave issue given by Stevens at the end of his debate: •** Without the right of suffrage in the late slave States (I do not speak of the free states) I believe the slaves had far better been left in bondage. ---> Even if everyone were equal, whites would still be superior - Thus, there's no reason to not make freed slaves equal because they need the help of white men to help them succeed.

Explain what the Gilded Age is and discuss its key issues, as presented in lecture

The gilded age is the age of wealth and power, and was the time between the Civil War and World War I during which the U.S. population and economy grew quickly, there was a lot of political corruption and corporate financial misdealings and many wealthy people lived very fancy lives. • The wealth problems of the gilded age resulted in the Great Depression Wealth disparities - 1% of the population owns well over 50% of the nation's wealth. - In 1890, 11 million of the nation's 12 million families earned less than 1200 dollars a year for the family - In 1897 the combined value of corporations is 5 billion Arrival of the modern corporation - The idea of a corporation changed everybody's perception of public life - how do they change people's relationships to work and their own money and lives? Idea of a company town - corporation would build a town Corporations are deemed people for the right of the law. Same rights as natural people. Fight over what it means to be "American" - are these corporations part of the American experience? - do they represent the American dream or do they crush it - many oppressed immigrants - are they apart of this American story or not? Money, character, and work - The interrelationship between money, character and work - your character, who you are as a person, relates to the amount of money you're able to earn and the kind of work you're able to do - Who you are is closely connected/ inspeperable from your money and your work