CNA Study Guide
How can you prevent pressure sores?
- don't allow person to remain in one spot for too long - observation - provide good skin care - provide good perineal care - anticipate toileting needs - encourage mobility - minimize friction and shearing - good nutrition and hydration - pressure-reducing devices
In women, the urethra is measured about
1 and a half to 2 and a half inches
The kidneys produce 160 to 180 liters of filtrate each day, but only about _____________ liters are excreted from the body in the form of urine.
1 to 1.5
How many compressions should you perform in a minute?
100
What is the normal blood pressure range for school aged children?
100 over 62
What is the normal blood pressure range for adolescents?
102 over 80
Tubs should be between ________________________ temp
105 to 115
Bed baths should be between ____________________ temp
110 to 115
How many hours of continuing education must you complete per year?
12
How long are LPNS (Licensed Practical Nurse) in school for ?
12 to 18 months
What is the normal respiration rate for adults?
12 to 20
What is the normal blood pressure range for adults?
120 over 80
What is the range of respirations?
14 to 20
Hypertension BP
140 over 90
What is normal respiration rate for adolescents?
15 to 20
What is the normal respiration rate for school-aged children?
15 to 25
How many liters of filtrate do kidneys produce a day?
160 to 180
When was the Patient Bill of Rights erected?
1973
When was OBRA (Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act) constructed?
1987
Every _____________ years you must get your certification renewed.
2
How many breaths do you give in BLS Breathing?
2
You should remove someone from a restraint every _______ hours, to perform 10 minutes worth of range of motion execises and mobility
2
A person should be repositioned in a wheelchair every
2 hours
How long does it take for cells die?
2 hours
Rigor mortis is the stiffening of the muscles that usually develops within ________________ hours of death
2 to 4
Rheumatoid arthritis affects people much younger in life, most often between the ages of _______________________ years
20 and 40
Multiple sclerosis (MS) strikes people early in life, between the ages of ___________________ years. Some people may have a period of remission (mild or no symptoms) followed by a relapse (symptoms return and are much worse) In the late stages of MS a person may become completely paralyzed. There is no cure for MS, but medication can help slow the process.
20 to 40
The _________ bones in the human body form a framework called the skeleton.
206
What the blood pressure cuff size for a normal adult?
24 to 32
How many days does it take for the cells to reach the surface, die, shed, and regenerate?
28
How many wound intention healing are there?
3
After passing through the esophagus, the food we eat stays in the stomach for _________________ hours where digestion continues to take place
3 to 4
To help prevent shearing caused by a person sliding down in bed, do not elevate the head of the bed more then
30 degrees
How many stages of pressure ulcers are there?
4
How long should a back massage last?
4 to 6 minutes
How long does resident abuse remain on someone's registry?
5 years
In men, the urethra is measured about
6 to 8 inches
Average pulse rate for an adult?
60 to 100
What is the range of pulse?
70 to 100
How many individual skeletal muscles are found in the body?
700
What is the minimum number of hours Nursing Assistants must train according to OBRA?
75
Average pulse rate for an school-aged child?
75 to 110
On average, a person with dementia will live ___________ years after the first symptoms appear.
8 to 10 years
A person usually does not show signs of kidney failure until ____________ of kidney function is lost.
80 to 90 %
Hypotension BP
90 over 60
When using a glass thermometer, it must be shaken down below the ____________ mark
94
Average child axillary temperature?
96 to 98
Average adult axillary temperature?
96.6 to 98.6
Average child oral temperature?
97 to 99
Average adult oral temperature?
97.6 to 99.6
Average child rectal temperature?
98 to 100
Average adult rectal temperature?
98.6 to 100.6
What type of fire is one fueled by wood, paper, cloth, leaves, and grass?
A
A stage 1 (may be pale, white, or shiny) pressure sore is characterized by
A reddened area of skin that does not return to it's original color after the pressure is removed
The Posterior Lobe releases the hormones:
ADH and Oxytocin
People with profound intellectual disability need help with all of their
ADLs
What does HIV cause?
AIDS
Nervous system disorder that causes progessive muscle weakness. The nerves that transmit impulses between the spinal cord and muscles are totally destroyed.
ALS
Form of neglect, act of withdrawing support or help from another person in spite of duty or responsibility. Refusing to help someone.
Abandonment
Excoriation
Abrasion or a scraping away the surface of the skin. Caused by trauma, chemicals, burns, urine, or feces,
The repetitive and deliberate infliction of injury on another person which can be committed by actively doing something or failing to do something is known as ___________.
Abuse
Being accountable for your patients. You can't leave your patients for any reason because that's abandonment.
Accountability
What does AIDS stand for?
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
A usually unexpected, rapid onset illness that has a relatively short recovery time.
Acute
Pneumonia, Appendicitis, Broken Bones, and Labor & Delivery are examples of _____________ illnesses.
Acute
- Medical or surgical emergency that causes a decrease in the amount of blood flow through the kidneys, - Poisoning - Severe infection - Severe allergic reaction are all causes of
Acute Renal Failure
Sharp, sudden pain that occurs with injury. Lasts for a short period of time and decreases as tissues heal.
Acute pain
Physical need for a substance that results in withdrawal signs and symptoms if the substance is withheld
Addiction
Disease that occurs when the adrenal cortex is destroyed, May develop dark discoloration in the skin and disturbances in the body's salt and water balance
Addison's disease
List the things nursing assistants can not do.
Administer medication or oxygen Recieve verbal orders from doctors Diagnose illness or prescribe medication Supervise other nursing assistants Performing sterile procedures Insert or remove tubes from patient's body
A person is more likely to develop pressure ulcers if they have these qualities:
Advanced age, poor nutrition and hydration, moisture, or cardiovascular and respiratory problems.
Process for making a plea or providing support on another's behalf
Advocacy
Needs oxygen
Aerobic
Changes in physical appearance, fragile, dry skin, thickening of thehe nails, less efficient temperature regulation are all effects of _______ in the integumentary system
Aging
When someone is placed in an airborne infection isolation room (AIIR) what kind of precaution are they using?
Airborne
What kind of precautions are used for pathogens spread through the air and into the respiratory tract?
Airborne Precautions
ABCS of Body Mechanics - Good posture - No excess strain on joints or muscules - Back held in neutral position
Alignment
What does ALSO Wash & Document stand for?
Alignment Light Safety Open Wash Document
What are the ABCS of body mechanics?
Alignment, Balance, Coordinated Movement
Most common cause of dementia. One of the leading causes of death in the US.
Alzheimer's diease
Who adopted the Patient's Bill of Rights? Also known as AHA
American Hospital Association
ALS stands for ____________________ or Lou Gehrig's Disease
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Doesn't need oxygen
Anaerobic
What type of shock? Caused by severe allergic reaction. This causes blood vessels to widen and blood to pool away from heart. Also prevents oxygen from passing through the lungs to the blood.
Anaphylactic
General term for a group of disorders affecting the red blood cells
Anemia
"chest pain" as a result of the heart muscle being deprived of oxygen
Angina pectoris
What device applies pressure and compressions to the veins and helps to return blood to the heart?
Anti-embolism (TED) stockings
Four Techniques of Medical Asepsis - Actually killing microbes or stopping them from growing. - Using Antiseptic - Rubbing alcohol and iodine
Antisepsis
State of voiding less than 100ml of urine over the course of 24 hours.
Anuria
Feeling of uneasiness, dread, apprehension or worry. Too much of this can make it difficult to function. Symptoms - sleeplessness - restlessness - fatigue - changes in appetite - increased heart rate & blood pressure - Irritableness - difficulty thinking clearly
Anxiety
Found mostly in the skin of the armpits and the perineum. Produce a thicker substance. Produces body odor.
Apocrine glands
Accidental inhalation of foreign material into the airway is called.....?
Aspiration
Occurs when a foreign object such as food, tube-feeding formula, saliva, or vomit is inhaled in the lungs
Aspiration pneumonia
Threatening or attempting to touch a person without his consent causing that person to fear bodily harm
Assault
In the nursing process, what step is this? - Information specific to the patient is collected. (e.g. medical history, nursing history, and family members) - Nurse exams patient - Asks questions about abilities, level of discomfort, eating, and toileting habits.
Assessment
What are the steps of the nursing process?
Assessment Diagnosis Planning Implementation Evaluation
In this facility the people are able to provide most of their own care, but need help with moving, medications, meals, and housekeeping.
Assisted-living
Condition that affects the bronchi and bronchioles. Triggers cause the bronci/bronchioles to constrict. Makes breathing difficult.
Asthma
Tinea Pedis
Athletes foot
Those who are ______________ have a lower pulse.
Athletic
Upper chambers of the heart. Receives blood being brought back to heart from body and sends to lower chamber
Atria
Respecting another person's right and personal preferences
Autonomy
What type of fire is fueled by petroleum products, gasoline, cooking oil, and grease?
B
What causes these illnesses? - Strep throat - UTI - Absecesses - TB - Meningitis - Lyme Disease - Rocky Mountain Fever - Syphilis
Bacteria
ABCS of Body Mechanics - Stability produced by even distribution - Holding gravity near base. torso. - Spread legs further apart - Bending at knees and hips
Balance
What stage of grief - When the patient tries to make a deal with someone he feels has control over his fate - may want to live long enough to accomplish a goal, witness a certain event, etc
Bargaining
Grouping of Patients - Patients who weigh more than 20% over weight. - Handles obesity - Contains larger beds, toilets, etc.
Bariatric Patient
Liquid used in imaging studies that coats the mucosa of the digestive tract and makes the organs appear on an x-ray
Barium
Measures taken to prevent respiratory arrest, cardiac arrest, or both. Also used to keep person alive if they're already in arrest state. It includes: - rescue breathing - cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) - Automated external Defibriliator (AED)
Basic Life Support
Touching a person without his or her consent
Battery
Sub means
Below
What is the orange stuff in surgery called?
Betadine
Which valve? Separates left atrium and left ventricle
Bicuspid or Mitral
If clinical death is not promptly reversed, allowing oxygen-containing blood to reach the brain and the heart, this death occurs. It is not reversible.
Biological Death
Mental health disorder that causes mood swings. Periods of excessive happiness and excitement that may cause the person to engage in impulsive or reckless behavior (mania) are followed by periods of excessive sadness and hopelessness (depression). Believed to be caused by chemical imbalances in the brain
Bipolar disorder
Infarction means...?
Blockage
For a wound to heal properly, there must be an adequate ?
Blood flow
Venous stasis ulcers develop as a result of poor ________ through the veins in the legs
Blood flow
What vital sign records the flow of blood and how hard the heart has to beat to move the blood?
Blood pressure
For a bloodborne pathogen to be transmitted from one person to another, blood or body fluids from an infected person must enter the ____________________ of the person who is not infected.
Blood stream
The epidermis doesn't contain any
Blood vessels
HIV is a ___________ pathogen.
Bloodborne
Disease-producing microbe that is transmitted to another person through blood or other body fluid
Bloodborne Pathogen
Liquid or semi-liquid substances produced by the body, such as blood, urine, feces, vomitus, saliva, drainage from wounds, sweat, amnotic fluid, and breast milk.
Body fluids
The glomerulus is a capillary bed, enclosed within a structure called the
Bowman's capsule
What is used to predict pressure sore risk?
Braden scale
Inflammation of the bronchi, may cause dry, non-productive cough that sounds like a bark
Bronchitis
Injuries to the skin and underlying tissues caused by contact with extreme heat, chemicals, or electricity
Burns
What type of fire is fueled by electrical things?
C
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure, also known as _____________ is when a person wears a mask while sleeping to keep the airway open
CPAP
If someone who's choking becomes unresponsive, you should lower them to the ground and begin what?
CPR
Person in respiratory arrest may have heart beat initally, but if breathing is not started again soon, his heart will stop beating. This is known as _____________?
Cardiac arrest
There are four types of shock. What are they?
Cardiogenic Hemorrhagic Septic Anaphylactic
What type of shock? Heart is unable to pump enough blood throughout the body to meet the tissue's need for oxygen
Cardiogenic shock
CPR stands for...?
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
In Compression of BLS, where do you check for a pulse?
Carotid artery
People who never develop symptoms of HBV are called ....?
Carriers
A tough, fibrous substance, fills in the space between the bones in the slightly moveable joint. Permits limited movement and acts as a "shocker absorber" between the bones.
Cartilage
Consists of the brain and spinal cord
Central nervous system
An airfluidized bed supports the person with
Ceramic beads
What part of the brain? - Largest part - Characteristic "folds" - Controls voluntary movement of muscles - Gives meaning to information received from the eyes, ears, nose, taste buds, and sensory receptors in the skin - Allows us to speak, remember, think and feel emotions
Cerebrum
What position is this? RN who has completed additional training in licensure in advanced practice. She is able to do some tasks that usually only doctors are allowed to do. They often fill the place of a doctor. They have no management responsibilites. Also known as CRNP.
Certified Registered Nurse Practitioner
What is this position? Licensed nurse who supervises the nursing assistants and may supervise another nurse for a particular shift.
Charge nurse
When a person has irregular, shallow breaths, in an alternating fast-slow pattern.
Cheyne-stokes respiration
A person with shingles should only be cared for by someone who has had __________ before
Chicken pox
Diabetes, asthma, arthritis, and high blood pressure (hypertension) are examples of an ______________ illness.
Chronic
A condition that is ongoing and needs continuous medication.
Chronic Illness
Long-term irritation of the bronchi and bronchioles such as those caused by inhaling tobacco smoke. This irritation leads to the production of thick mucus which blocks the airway. This results in impaired breathing, nagging, productive cough, may complain of tightness in chest.
Chronic bronchitis
Long lasting pain. Lasts beyond time it would take tissues to heal. Can make it difficult to relax, rest, and sleep
Chronic pain
The food and fluids we take in are broken down into smaller pieces and mixed together in the stomach, forming a partially digested food and fluid mixture known as
Chyme
Moves in waving motion on the trachea and bronchi which moves mucus up towards the pharynx so it can be coughed up
Cilia
Civil or Criminal Law - Usually results in a fine or making a finanical settlement to the party that was wronged.
Civil
Defamation, Assault & Battery, False Imprisonment, Invasion of Privacy and Larceny are all examples of violations of what kind of law?
Civil
What type of enema? - Sometimes called "Large-Volume" enemas - Contain 500 to 1000ml of solution - primarily used to remove feces from the lower large intestine
Cleansing Enema
Adaptic dressing is
Clear
A person who is receiving care in his or her own home from a health care agency is a called a ____________.
Client
When pulse and breathing has stopped. Can sometimes be reversed with prompt emergency treatment that restarts heart and breathing.
Clinical Death
When the doctor lines up the broken ends of the bone by simply pushing them back into place.
Closed reduction
Wrinkles form due to the loss of
Collagen
When the bone is splintered into several little pieces. This type of fracture is common when a bone has been crushed under a great weight. The surrounding tissues, such as muscle and skin, may be seriously injured as well.
Comminuted fracture
Transmitted not through common contact (e.g. AIDS)
Communicable
____________ means to make up for a loss by "filling in" or "substituting" something else. For example, a person who feels lonely may eat too much. This substituting food for affection.
Compensation
A airway obstruction where no air can go to the lungs is called a ________________ obstruction.
Complete
Vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) therapy is used to promote healing in
Complicated or chronic wounds
CAB of Basic Life Support stands for:
Compression Airway Breathing
Keeping personal information that someone shows you to yourself
Confidentiality
Maintaining a person's privacy.
Confidentiality
Left-Sided Heart Failure is called _______________. This causes blood to back up into the lungs and makes breathing difficult.
Congestive Heart Failure
Infection and inflammation of the conjunctiva, a clear membrane that lines the inside of the eyelids and covers most of the surface of the eye. Also known as pink eye
Conjunctivitis
Take assignments seriously and follow directions carefully
Conscientiousness
Feces that remains in the intestines for too long causing all of the fluid to be reabsorbed and resulting in a hard, dry stool that is difficult to pass
Constipation
What kind of precaution do you use for touching person or fomite transportation? Or those used for skin and wound infections, digestive tract infections, and some respiratory infections?
Contact Precautions
Rash that is caused by contact with substances like bath soap or laundry detergent in person with sensitivity skin
Contact dermatitis
Transmitted through common contact (e.g. common cold)
Contagious
When something is soiled by pathogens
Contaminated
Means "to change." For example, a person who is depressed may develop a stomachache, and then use the physical problem to avoid participating in an activity
Conversion
Production of sweat is a of ________________ the body
Cooling
ABCS of Body Mechanics - using the weight of your body to help with movement
Coordinated Movement
What is this position? Nurse in charge of continuing education and staff development. Also in charge of maintaing records of training. (e.g CPR)
Coordinator of In-Service Education / Staff Development
Right Side Heart Failure is called _________________. This causes backup in the venous system.
Cor Pulmonale
Occurs when the coronary arteries narrow as a result of atherosclerosis Treatment includes medications and balloon angloplasty and Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
Coronary artery disease
Fissure
Crack in the skin Caused by extreme dryness or athletes foot
A stage 4 pressure sore is when a
Crater of dramaged tissue extends all the way through the tissues to the muscle or bone
Abuse is a violation of what type of law?
Criminal
Civil or Criminal Law - Often results in prison
Criminal
Made up of beliefs (including religious or spiritual beliefs), values, and traditions that are customary to a group of people
Culture
Blue or grey discoloration of the skin, lips, and nail beds
Cyanosis
Infection of the bladder
Cystitis
Pressure ulcers or bed sores are officially known as
Decubitus ulcers
When a blood clot occurs in the deep veins, this condition is called You can tell you have this by dorisflexion of the foot
Deep venous thrombosis
Making untrue statements that hurt another person's reputation
Defamation
Condition that gets progressively worse over time
Degenerative
- Problems with memory, especially short-term memory - Difficulty communicating - Problems with judgement (the person is not able to make good decision) - Disorientation (person, place or time) - An inability to manage activities of daily living (ADLs) are symptoms of
Dementia
Permanent and progressive loss of mental functions (such as thinking, reasoning, and remembering) caused by damage to the brain tissue
Dementia
Refusing to believe something that is true especially if the truth is unpleasant.
Denial
Cavities
Dental caries
Feeling of excessive sadness or hopelessness caused by sudden loss of loved ones, etc
Depression
What stage of grief? - Stage when person fully realizes that death will be the end result of their illness - May become sad and have regrets - May become withdrawn, cry, or not say anything at all - May refuse food or fail to sleep
Depression
Inflammation of the skin
Dermatitis
The deepest layer of the skin
Dermis
The sweat glands and hair follicles are also found in the
Dermis
In the nursing process, what step is this? - Statement that describes a problem the person is having as well as the cause of the problem. - Signs and Symptoms
Diagnosis
A person who has a medical condition that causes him to sweat a great deal
Diaphoretic
Passage of liquid, unformed stool
Diarrhea
Myocardium relaxes, allowing chambers to fill with bloof
Diastole
What is this position? An RN who directs all of the nursing care within the facility. Overall operation. This person hires and manages the nursing staff and that nursing care meets quality and regulatory standards. Also known as DON
Director of Nursing
Four Techniques of Medical Asepsis - Use of stronger chemicals to kill pathogens - Too strong for skin - Used to clean non-living objects (e.g. bedpans, urinals, tray tables)
Disinfection
Bending the foot upward at the ankle by pulling the toes toward the head
Dorisflexion
Chickenpox is contagious because of the
Drainage
What kind of precaution do you use for nose and mouth droplets that cause illness like mumbs, influenza, whooping cough, strep throat, scarlet fever, rubella, meningitis, pneumonia.
Droplet precautions
Your water-resistant skin keeps you from turning into a sponge and from
Drying out
__________________ Muscular dystrophy , the most common form of muscular dystrophy , develops during childhood and usually causes death by the age of 20 years old.
Duchenne
Irregular heart rate, rhythm, or both
Dysrhythmia
Irregular pulse rhythm
Dysrhythmia
Difficulty urinating that may or may not be associated with pain. Often associated with bladder infections, prostate problems, and some sexually transmitted diseases.
Dysuria
List the steps of the Chain of Survival
EMS Basic First Aid Advanced Medication Intervention Hospital Care Rehabilitation
Two types of sweat glands
Eccrine and apocrine
Produce a thin, watery liquid that contains salt and small amounts of other bodily wastes, Helps cool down the body through the process of evaporation
Eccrine glands
Type of chronic dermatitis that is usually accompanied by severe itching, scaling, and crusting of the surface of the skin
Eczema
The dermis consists of _______ that allows it t stretch and move without damage
Elastic connective tissue
How can you break the chain of infection?
Eliminating one step
obstruction of an artery, typically by a clot of blood or an air bubble.
Embolism
Damage to the alveoli that causes the thins walls to break. You can't breathe in enough O2. The small alveoli becomes huge solid ones. Air becomes trapped in the chest and causes "barrel chest"
Emphysema
Smooth inner layer of the heart
Endocardium
Involves using a special instrument to look inside the digestive tract and obtain tissue or fluids for analysis. Allows doctor to look inside the digestive tract for tumors or other abnormal growths
Endoscopy
Smooth, outermost layer of the heart. E
Epicardium
Outer layer of skin. Thickest on soles of feet and palms of hands. Very thin in areas such as the eyelids.
Epidermis
The skin is made up of two layers:
Epidermis and dermis
A Stage 3 pressure sore is when the
Epidermis and dermis are gone, and the subcutaneous fat may visible in the crater. There may be drainage from the wound.
In an unstageable pressure ulcers, there is a loss of the
Epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue
Disorder characterized by chronic seizure activity.
Epilepsy
Practice of designing equipment and work tasks to conform to the capability of the worker.
Ergonomics
Itching, burning, or redness of the skin that accompanies many skin lesions
Erythema
A long narrow tube that serves as a passageway for food to get from the pharynx to the stomach
Esophagus
Moral principles or standards that govern conduct.
Ethics
In the nursing process, what step is this? - Nursing team checks the effectiveness of nursing care plan and revises it as necessary - What needs to be improved or changed
Evaluation
Melanin helps to protect the skin from
Exposure to sunlight
When blood supply to the brain suddenly decreases and results in temporary loss of consciousness
Fainting
Confining another person against his or her will
False Imprisonment
Occurs when constipation is not relieved. Feces builds up in the rectum and becomes harder and harder as more and more fluid is absorbed.
Fecal impaction
Medication in the form of tablets or drink additives, can add bulk to the feces which causes it to hold in fluid and preventing constipation.
Fiber Supplements
Acting with fidelity to earn's other trust
Fidelity
Misusing or stealing another person's money or property. Dishonest people may trick them into giving money for services or charities that do not exist.
Financial Abuse
What extinguishes Type C fires?
Fire extinguisher
Process of holding the bone in one position until the fracture heals
Fixation
Type of joint that does not permit ANY movement at all. The joints between the bones of the skull as an example.
Fixed
Presence of excessive amounts of flatus (gas) in the intestines, causing abdominal distension (swelling) and discomfort.
Flatulence
Who is responsible for making nursing what it is today by setting cleaning and training standards?
Florence Nightingale
Shingles (Herpes Zoster) causes a red rash of smell
Fluid filled blisters
Redness
Flushing
FBAO stands for
Foreign-Body Airway Obstruction
A non-living contaminated object
Formites
A deception that could cause harm to another person (e.g. saying you're a nurse when you're not.)
Fraud
Sometimes the melanin is deposited in an uneven pattern resulting in
Freckles
Type of joint that allows for a wide range of movement. These include the knees, elbows, finger and toe joints, and hip joints. These are covered with cartilage.
Freely moveable
Urinating that occurs more often than usual
Frequency
What type of dementia is caused by damage to the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain?
Frontotemporal dementia
- Involves the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer, and often the underlying muscles and bones as well - need surgery and skin grafts to hear - very high infection rates - scaring can cause severe disfigurement and contracture of the extremities
Full Thickness Third Degree Burns
What type of nursing is when each member of the nursing team carries out the same assigned task for all patients. For example, one nurse gives medication, while another does assessments and special treatments.
Functional / Modular
What causes these illnesses? - Ringworm - Athlete's Foot - Vaginal Yeast Infection - Oral Yeast Infections
Fungi
When people with hiatal hernias often have heartburn because the stomach acid moves back into the esophagus. This can cause irritation and inflammation of the lining of the esophagus
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Grouping of Patients - Elderly people. - Trained to care for those in that particular age set.
Geriatric Patients
What interventions are meant to achieve
Goals
Type of arthritis that is caused by a disturbance in the body's metabolism,
Gout
2 types of seizures, what are they?
Grand Mal Petit Mal
What type of seizure? Characterized by violent jerking of the muscles all over the body.
Grand Mal Seizure
When a bone bends and splinters, but it does not break all the way through. Occurs most often in children because their bones are still quite flexible.
Greenstick fracture
Infections people get while in the hospital or health care setting
HAIs
Who regulates who has the right to view a person's medical records, data, or other private information?
HIPAA
Who set standards on how a person's protected health info is stored and transmitted?
HIPAA
A tiny crack in a bone caused by repetitive stress or force, often from overuse.
Hairline Fracture
Episodes where someone sees, feels, hears, smells, or tastes something that does not really exist
Hallucinations
When elevating a person's feet, you want to always be sure the person's ankles are
Hanging off the pillow
In addition to providing patient care by feeding, cleaning, personal hygiene, and taking vital signs, what else do they do?
Have conversations
HAI stands for ....?
Health Care Associated Infections
What does HIPAA stand for?
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
Blood flow to the muscular wall is blocked and part of the heart muscle dies. This causes the blood not being able to pump through the bottom.
Heart Attack
- Pain, pressure, or tightness in the chest. Which may extend to the neck, back or arm. - Pale or gray skin. - Excessive sweating - Trouble breathing - Nausea or heartburn-like pain Are all signs and symptoms of what...?
Heart attack
Excessive sweating may be a sign of...?
Heart attack
Nausea or a heartburn-like pain could be a sign of a ...?
Heart attack
Pale or grey skin may be a sign of...?
Heart attack
Trouble breathing could be a sign of ....?
Heart attack
Occurs when heart is unable to pump enough blood to reach body's needs Occurs as an effect of heart attack or large and flabby ventricles
Heart failure
What causes these illnesses? - Pinworm
Helminths
______________ usually involves eating or inhaling worm eggs which then grow in the digestive tract.
Helminths
What does vitamin D d?
Helps calcium get transported to bones
Severe, uncontrolled bleeding. Can be caused by trauma to a blood vessel or by certain illnesses. Trauma doesn't allow the blood to clot. People taking anti-clot medication are at an even higher risk.
Hemmorhage
What type of shock? Results from massive blood loss, not enough blood in vessels to supply to the tissues of the body
Hemorrhagic shock
___________ stops the loss of blood from the circulatory system
Hemostasis
When blood builds up in the space between the lungs and chest wall. Caused by injury or a rupture in the lung tissue. Prevents lungs from fully expanding and breathing becomes difficult.
Hemothorax
Hepatitis D is found only in people already infected with....?
Hepatitis B
Chronic disease End-Stage Cirrhosis Liver Failure Liver Cancer are all things commonly caused by ...?
Hepatitis C
What is the leading cause of liver transplant in the US?
Hepatitis C
What is the most common cause of chronic viral hepatitis in the US?
Hepatitis C
Inflammation of the liver
Hepatits
Occurs when part of the stomach passes through the hiatus, the opening in the diaphragm that allows the esophagus to pass into the abdominal cavity. Chances of having this hernia increases with age and is more common in older women.
Hiatal hernia
In this agency, they provide skilled care in a person's home. These people are typically called clients.
Home Health Care
Accurately recording vital signs and other information about the patient's condition.
Honesty
In this organization, they provide care for the dying process and their families.
Hospice
What does HIV stand for?
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Who else handles hiring other than the director of nursing?
Human Resources
Sometimes called water on the brain results from build-up of cerebrospinal fluid either too much CSF or doesn't drain properly Can cause permanent brain damage
Hydrocephalaus
Excessive secretion of thyroxine Sometimes called Grave's disease Symptoms include: - increased hunger - weight loss - irregular heartbeat - inability to sleep - irritability - confusion - increased perspiration - intolerance to heat
Hyperthyroidism
What kind of ostomy is created if the entire large intestines must be removed?
Ileostomy
Positioning Patients How does the respiratory (lungs) system play into positioning patients?
Immobility can prevent the lungs from completely filling with air. can lead to mucous buildup and creation of bacteria like pneumonia
Positioning Patients How does the cardiovascular system (heart) play into positioning patients?
Immobility doesn't allow for blood circulation
When the bone is broken all of the way through, and the broken ends of the bones are jammed into each other. These fractures are often seen in people who have jumped or fallen from a height, for example, off a roof or ladder
Impacted fracture
In the nursing process, what step is this? - Interventions are carried out - Nurse delegates who will do this
Implementation
- Increased temperature - Rapid pulse, respiration, changes in BP - Pain or difficulty breathing - Foul-smelling or cloudy urine - Pain or difficult urination - Diarrhea or foul smelling feces - Nausea or vomiting - Lack of appetite - Fatigue - Skin Rashes - Increased confusion/disorientation - Any unusual discharge or drainage from body are all signs of .....?
Infection
Because skin lesions disrupt the skin's protective barrier, they place the person at an increases risk for
Infection
Illness caused by a pathogen
Infection
In the third-intention wound healing, the wound is left open for a period of time to be sure that an __________________. The wound edges will be closed to speed up the healing process.
Infection is not going to occur
An alternating pressure bed supports the person with a bed that
Inflates and deflates regulatory
"The flu" Acute respiratory infection caused by the influzena virus
Influenza
- Sore throat - Dry cough - Stuffy nose - Fever - Headache - Body ache - Weakness are all symptoms of
Influenza
When a person has been informed of the need for a procedure and he has given her permission to the health care provider, this is ___________.
Informed consent
Occurs when the loop of the intestines bulges through the abdominal wall in the groin area. Repaired surgically.
Inguinal or Femoral Hernias
As collagen is lost from the dermis and the subcutaneous tissue thins, the skin becomes more prone to
Injury
Where is the femoral pulse?
Inner bend of leg
Protection, Maintenance of fluid balance, regulation of body temperature, sensation, vitamin d production, elimination and absorption are all functions of the
Integumentary system
Grouping of Patients - Patients who need very specialized care - after heart attack, stroke, or heart surgery, etc.
Intensive Care Patient
This kind of tort is when someone purposely violates civil law to do harm.
Intentional
There are two types of torts. What are they?
Intentional and unintentional
A wound that is the result of a planned surgical or medical intervention
Intentional wound
Actions taken to help a patient
Interventions
Decreased blood flow to the tissues
Ischemia
What contains pathogens and limits their exposure?
Isolation Precautions
How is a indwelling catheter (Foley Catheter) used?
It is left inside the bladder to provide continuous urine drainage.
A yellow discoloration of the skin and the whites of the eyes.
Jaundice
Surgery that involves removing the ends of the bones in the affected joint and replacing them with parts made from metal and plastic
Joint replacement surgery
Bacteria that live in the large intestine act on the chyme to produce vitamin ________ and some ________ vitamins that are absorbed by the body
K, B
What is the bag technique?
Keeping your bag free of contamination
A substance that causes epidermis cells to thicken and become resistant to water
Keratin
Inability of the kidneys to filter blood effectively
Kidney (Renal) Failure
Stealing is also known as
Larceny
When you give someone who is unconscious mouth care, what position should they be in?
Lateral with head tilted forward
A medication that chemically stimulates peristalsis so that material inside the intestines moves through at a faster rate
Laxative
If someone is about to faint, what should you have them do?
Lay down with head between knees
In Second-Intention wound healing, wounds that are infected or are contaminated with dirt will be cleaned and may be
Left open to heal from the inside out
Any break in the skin. Often associated with skin rashes or other skin disorders,
Lesion
What type of dementia is caused by the build-up of abdominal protein deposits called Lewy Bodies in areas of the brain that are responsible for thinking and movement.
Lewy Body
The responsibility of an individual to act within the confines of the law is know as _________.
Liability
Written Defamation
Libel
What is an LPN?
Licensed Practical Nurse
What is an LVN?
Licensed Vocational Nurse
A lawsuit or legal action taken again a person who is accused of breaking the law is known as a ___________.
Litigation
Jaundice is usually associated with __________________ disorders
Liver
Large organ located just underneath the diaphragm
Liver
Organ that removes toxic substances from the bloodstream
Liver
When a person decides what medical treatments they do and do not want in an effort to save their life.
Living will
This facility is used for those unable to care for themselves at home, but they do not need a hospital either. Here the patients are referred to as residents.
Long-term care
Maslow's Hierachy of Human Needs - Feeling accepted and appreciated - Showing affection and forming close intimate relations - When this is unmet we feel loneliness - Without this, children fail to grow and elderly can even die of loneliness.
Love and Belonging
Shock causes ____________ blood pressure.
Low
Masses of lymphatic issue that clean the lymph by removing bacteria and other large particles
Lymph nodes
MRSA (Methicilin-Resistant) VRE (Vancomyclin-Resistant) are examples of ...?
MDRO
bacteria that is resistant to one or more antibodies is called a
MDRO
What are the types of skin lesions?
Macule, papule, vehicle, pustule, excoriation, fissure, ulcer
Physically removing or killing pathogens and is primarily achieved throughout processes involving soap, water, antisepsis, disinfectant or heat.
Medical Asepsis
Grouping of Patients - Illness or condition that is treated with medication, physical therapy, or radiation. - examples: pneumonia, myocardial infarction (heart attack), stroke, some stomach disorders (ulcers)
Medical Patient
Dark pigment that gives our skin, hair,and eye color
Melanin
Other than producing keratin, the deep layer of the epidermis creates
Melanin
Disease of the inner ear. People with this disorder periodically experience episodes of dizziness (vertigo), ringing in the ear (tinnitus), temporary hearing loss, and a feeling of pressure or fullness in the ears,
Meniere's Disease
A living thing that cannot be seen with naked eye
Microbe
Microbes are also known as ....?
Microorganisms
Definition: A record that tells the degree of assistance or skilled care each resident needs. Known as (MDS)
Minimum Data Set
When a wound is draining heavily, and the dressing must be changed often, what would you use?
Montgomery tie
MDRO stands for
Multidrug Resistant Organisms
An auto-immune disorder that destroys the myelin sheaths that protect the nerves, resulting in faulty transmission of nerve impulses. This disorder usually affected the nerves in the hands, feet and eyes first, then moves inward towards the central nervous system.
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
____________ can be very beneficial for people with Dementia. Research has shown that when we listen to music we enjoy, our heart and respiratory rates slow and our blood pressure becomes lower.
Music therapy
"Heart attack" occurs when one or more of the coronary arteries becomes completely blocked. This causes tissue to die.
Myocardial Infarction
Medical term for heart attack
Myocardial infarction
Middle layer of the heart. Formed of cardiac muscle. Causes heart to pump.
Myocardium
All state training programs must submit proof that they meet requirements to the....
NATCEP
Soft rubber tube that is inserted into the person's nose. Extends back towards the throat.
Nasopharyngeal airway
Where is the Carotid artery?
Neck
Tissue death as a result of of a lack of oxygen is called
Necrosis
Failure to provide for a dependent person's needs
Neglect
This type of person is someone who commits an unintentional tort by failing to do what a "careful and reasonable" person would do.
Negligent
Condition caused by problems with the nerves that controls the bladder. No brain control, causes bladder to overflow.
Neurogenic bladder
You should _______________ lift someone alone. Even if your coworkers are too busy.
Never
The epidermis has two layers. The deep and the surface layer, What is produced in the deep layer?
New cells
Does Hep E have a vaccine?
No
Yes or No Are nursing assistants allowed to administer medication?
No
Yes or No Are nursing assistants allowed to administer oxygen?
No
Yes or No Can biological death be reversed?
No
Yes or No Can nurses perform procedures that require sterile technique without nurse supervision?
No
Yes or No Can nursing assistants diagnose illness and prescribe medications?
No
Yes or No Can nursing assistants receive verbal orders from doctors over the phone?
No
Yes or No Can nursing assistants receive verbal orders from doctors?
No
Yes or No Can nursing assistants supervise other nursing assistants?
No
Yes or No If a nurse delegates you a task that's in your scope-of-practice and the patient is injured, is she responsible?
No
Yes or No Is Hepatitis A a bloodborne pathogen?
No
Yes or No Is Hepatitis E a bloodborne pathogen?
No
Yes or No Is being grossed out a valid reason for refusing an assignment?
No
Yes or No Is feeling tired a valid reason for refusing an assignment?
No
Yes or no Can a nursing assistant insert or remove tubes from a patient's body?
No
The need to urinate more than one or twice during the night to the point where sleep is distruped. It can be a sign of pain, depression, prostate or bladder disorder, or heart failure
Nocturia
More subtle use of language. Use of facial expressions, gestures, body language and tone of voice.
Non-verbal communcation
When you avoid harming those in your care and use kindness and gentleness when administering care, you are showing __________________.
Nonmaleficence
Harmless microbes hat help the human body to function properly
Normal resident flora
Infections acquired by patients or residents while they are in a health care facility
Nosocomial Infections
Who enforces the written and skills test for Nursing Assistants?
OBRA
Who regulates in-service education and performance reviews?
OBRA
Who set regulations improving the quality of life for residents?
OBRA
What requires all employers to maintain a list of the chemicals used in the facility?
OHSA
Information you obtain directly, through measurements or using your five senses
Objective
Objective or Subjective? What you actually see
Objective
Anxiety disorder that causes a person to suffer intensely from recurrent unwanted thoughts (obsessions). The obsessions are usually associated with rituals that the person cannot control (compulsions). These can include: handwashing, counting, or checking
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Grouping of Patients - Those who are pregnant or just given birth. - Extends throughout pregnancy, labor & delivery, and 8 weeks after birth. - Usually outpatient.
Obstetrical Patients
Health care specialty that focuses on helping the person regain or maintain the skills needed for every day life, including those related to activities of daily living (ADL) What type of therapy?
Occupational
What type of enema? - contains mineral, olive, or cottonseed oil - The oil lubricates the inside of the intestine and any stool that is present making the stool easier to pass or remove
Oil Retention enema
State of urinating a very small amount of over a given period of time. Can be caused by dehydration. Voiding only 100 to 400ml over 24 hours.
Oliguria
A person who speaks on behalf of another. This person regularly visits residents of long-term care facilities to check on welfare and satisfaction.
Ombudsman
What does OBRA stand for?
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act
When the bone is broken and the sharp ends of the broken bone have broken through the skin. Because the skin is broken, open fractures carry a high risk of infection.
Open (Compound) Fracture
ORIF on someone's chart means they've had surgery to achieve
Open Reduction Internal Fixation
Microbes that can be considered normal in one part of the body but become deadly if in another. Causes infections.
Opportunistic Microbes
Hard plastic device that is inserted into the person's mouth. Stops tongue from falling back into the throat. Keeps airway open. Only used for those who are heavilt sedated or unconscious.
Oropharyngeal airway
When the cartilage that covers the ends of the bones wears away, making movement of the joints difficult and painful.
Osteoarthritis
Excessive loss of bone tissue
Osteoporosis
Infection of the lining of the external auditory canal Often referred to as "swimmers ear"
Otitis externa
Disorder caused by a change in the stapes, preventing it from movely properly.
Otosclerosis
Where are bed sores most likely to help?
Over boney prominences
Cyanosis develops when someone doesn't receive enough
Oxygen
A person who has a heart or lung disease often has problems getting adequate ___________ resulting in bed sores,
Oxygen and nutrients
Personal hygiene care that is provided whenever a patient or resident needs it, throughout the day or night
PRN (as-needed) care
What acronym did you come up with for chain of infection?
PRPMPS
Type of care that focuses on relieving uncomfortable symptoms, not on curing the problem that is causing symptoms.
Palliative
Paleness
Pallor
When someone has terrifying episodes or "panic attacks" during which she experiences sudden increases in anxiety and feelings of intense fear.
Panic disorders
What causes these illnesses? - Scabies - Pediculosis (lice)
Parasite Insects
______________ live in or on a host.
Parasites
When one of the neurotransmitters called dopamine isn't produced in sufficient amounts, ______________________ occurs. The lack of dopamine doesn't allow the brain's instructions to reach the muscles.
Parkinson's disease
- Penetrates into dermis of the skin - associated with blisters - very painful, - increased risk of infection
Partial Thickness Second Degree Burn
Chain of Infection for communicable diseases:
Pathogen Reservoir Portal of Entry Method of Transmission Portal of Entry Susceptible Host
Microbes that cause illness
Pathogens
The skin (integumentary system) is the body's first line of protection again harmful
Pathogens
A person who is receiving health care in a hospital, clinic, or extended-care facility is called a ________________.
Patient
The American Hospital Association (AHA) adopted the .....?
Patient Bill of Rights
What requires health facilities to educate patients about advance directives and offer them the opportunity to establish a living will, durable power of attorney, or both?
Patient Self-Determination Act of 1990
What type of nursing is when the nurses are trained to learn tasks of another department to reach the patient's needs?
Patient-Centered / Focused
Grouping of Patients - Children and adolescents. - At risk for some diseases that adults are not. - Children's bodies don't function in the same way as adults.
Pediatric Patients
Protective sac that surrounds the heart
Pericardium
Decreased blood flow to the leg muscles that causes pain and cramping when the person walks.
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Consists of the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
What does PPE stand for?
Personal Protective Equipment
_________________ is when residents are able to spend time with animals, such as dogs or cats.
Pet therapy
What type of seizure? May simply stop speaking in mid-sentence and stare into space
Petit Mal Seizure
Pooling of blood in the vein causing the lining in the vein to become inflamed. The skin over the area will be red and feel hard and hot to the touch. Often very painful.
Phlebitis
`Excessive, abnormal fear of an object or situation. The person will do anything to avoid the thing she is afraid of, to the point where she may be unable to do something as simple as leaving the house.
Phobia
Use of force to cause pain or injury to the body
Physical Abuse
Maslow's Hierachy of Human Needs - oxygen, food, water, shelter, elimination, rest and sleep. - physical activity and sexuality. - highest priority. - bottom of triangle.
Physiological needs
In the nursing process, what step is this? - Plan for person's care - Nurse develops interventions and goals - written in formal way - Put on medical record
Planning
Inflammation of the pleura, causes pain during breathing, may also cause fluid build up
Pleurisy
Inflammation of lung tissue. Causes the alveoli to fill with fluid and pus, which prevents air from entering. Gas exchange does not occur.
Pneumonia
Occurs when air builds up in space between the lungs and the chest wall (e.g. chest stabwound) Prevents lungs from expanding Also known as collapsed lung
Pneumothorax
Excessive urine output
Polyuria
Meeting the Dying Person's Physical Needs - Care of the skin = Those who are dying often suffer from incontinence and need more frequent changing. - Care of mucous membrane = Frequent oral care keeps the mouth moist and more comfortable. - __________________ = Person may be immobile. You should reduce chance of getting pressure ulcers. - Other comfort measures = back massages, listening to soft music, or being read to,
Positioning
Showing you are caring and compassionate towards your patients & residents and you commit to doing your job the best you can.
Positive attitude
Common anxiety disorders include - panic disorder - obsessive-compulsive disorder - phobias and ...
Post traumatic stress disorder
Anxiety disorder that occurs after a person experiences an overwhelming traumatic event such a combat, natural disaster, serious injury, criminal assault, rape, or death of another person. Can cause person to have flashbacks, panic attacks, nightmares, depression, and increased anxiety
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Care of a person's body after death
Postmortem care
What extinguishes type B fires?
Powder, Baking soda.
What is it called when the lens becomes less flexible as we age?
Presbyopia
A Suspected deep tissue injury results from ______________ that has caused damage to the underlying tissue.
Pressure or shearing
The most common sites of bed sores are on the heels, ankles, knees, hips, toes, elbows, shoulder blades, ears, back of head, and along the spine. These are known as
Pressure points
placed on top of regular mattress to help prevent skin breakdown in patients who must stay in bed for a long time
Pressure relieving mattress
People who are not receiving adequate nutrition or fluids because of illness, depression, or other condition are more likely to develop
Pressure sores
What type of nursing is it when one nurse cares for several patients and is responsible for all aspects of their care?
Primary
Blaming someone else for your own uncomfortable or unacceptable actions or feelings. For example, a resident may blame a nursing assistant for breaking a vase when she actually broke it herself
Projection
What causes these illnesses? - Malaria - Amebic dysentery
Protozoa
Grouping of Patients - People with impaired mental health. - Counseling and Medication. - May cause harm to themselves
Psychiatric Patients
Medical doctor trained in diagnosing and treating mental illness. Allowed to prescribe medication.
Psychiatrist
Use of words or actions to cause emotional pain or injury.
Psychological / Emotional abuse
Someone who has education and training that allows him to provide counseling services to help people with mental illness
Psychologist
What do wound drains do?
Pull out infection
What does PASS stand for?
Pull, Aim, Squeeze, Sweep
Which valve? Located where the pulmonary artery leaves right ventricle
Pulmonary
Points where large arteries run close enough to the surface to be felt as a pulse
Pulse Point
Force or quality of the pulse. Each pulsation should be strong and easy to feel.
Pulse amplitude
Patterns of pulsations and the pauses between them. Normally it is smooth and regular with the same amount of time in between each pulsation.
Pulse rhythm
VAC Vacuum-Assisted closure consists of a ___________ that creates suction.
Pump
A suspected deep tissue injury has skin that is
Purple or maroon colored or a blood-filled blister
What is this position? Responsible for tracking data that reflect quality-of-care issues such as incidents and accidents, investigations, and the number of residents who get infections, have lost weight, or have fallen or been injured. They identify what needs to be improved. Also known as (QA) or (QI)
Quality Assurance / Improvement Nurse
General characterization that describes skin color, body structure, facial features, and hair texture
Race
Lesions often occur in groups forming a
Rash
Making excuses or creating acceptable reasons for poor behavior or actions
Rationalization
What is it called when your certification may be valid in other states? (However, you must get your certification approved first.)
Reciprocity
Also known as "charting." Written communication about a patient.
Recording
The process of bringing the broken ends of the bone into alignment
Reduction
What is an RN?
Registered Nurse
What is this position? RN's that are in charge of the minimum data set (MDS). Responsible for ensuring the accuracy of the nursing assessment documentation and ensuring the entire MDS is complete. This position is sometimes handled by the charge nurse or head nurse. Known as RNAC.
Registered Nurse Assessment Coordinator
OBRA requires every state to maintain a list of all of the people who have successfully completed their CNA. What is this list called?
Registry
Process of helping a person with a disability to return to his highest level of physical, emotional, or economic function. Involves treatment, education, and the prevention of further disability.
Rehabilitation
Grouping of Patients - Those undergoing therapy to restore them to their highest level of physical, emotional, and mental or vocational functioning. - Includes those recovering from surgery, - Emotional and mental included
Rehabilitation Patients
Others can count on you to come in on time and stay your entire shift. Count on you to do your job and do it well.
Reliability
In a VAC Vacuum assisted closure, the pump is responsible for
Removing wound drainage, stimulating blood flow, and stimulating growth for new tissues
"related to, involving or located in region of the kidneys"
Renal
Number of times the person breaths in 1 min
Repiratory rate
Spoken exchange of information between health care members. It is used to communicate changes about a patient/resident's status to other health care team members.
Reporting
Refusal to remember or think about a frightening or painful memory.
Repression or suppression
What does RACE stand for?
Rescue, Alarm, Contain, Extinguish/Evacuate
A person who is living in a long-term care facility or an assisted living facility is called a __________________.
Resident
Breathing has stopped.
Respiratory arrest
With age, lung capacity decreases. This can cause person to feel short of breath and weak during physical activity putting the person at risk for falls. all examples of what physical change of aging?
Respiratory changes
Cyanosis can be a sign of a _________________________ disorder
Respiratory or circulatory
Regularity with which the person breathes
Respiratory rhythm
Care provided by all members of the health care team that supports rehabilitation effort and helps the person reach the goal of achieving or maintaining his highest level of function
Restorative care
What position is this? When the head of the bed is higher so the head is higher than the feet This is used in recovery of spinal cord injury or back surgery
Reverse trendelenburg
Crippling condition that can cause severe joint deformities
Rheumatoid Arthritis
In a stroke, if the stroke is in the left side of the brain, then which side of the body is affected? Vise versa?
Right
A straight catheter is also known as a
Robinson, Rob-Nel or Red Rubber Catheter
The XPRT Pulmonary Therapy Surface offers
Rotational, percussion, and vibration therapies
Friction and shearing also stands for
Rubbing and pullinf
You have to know where every chemical is and what you have to do with it.
SDS
Maslow's Hierachy of Human Needs - Feeling protected - Trusting others and being free of fear of harm.
Safety and Security
What are the four techniques that make up the practice of medical asepsis?
Sanitization Antisepsis Disinfection Sterilization
Four Techniques of Medical Asepsis - handwashing, cleaning of utensils, and other surfaces with soap and water. - providing clean linens & clothing - Physically removing pathogens thereby preventing their spread
Santization
Very disabling form of mental illness. May have trouble determining what is real and what is imaginary. May suffer from delusions and hallucinations. They may think someone is spying on them, hear voices, see or hear something that isn't there, etc
Schizophrenia
The range of tasks the assistant is legally permitted to do.
Scope of practice
An oily substance that lubricates the skin and helps to prevent it from drying out. Secreted by sebaceous glands.
Sebum
What means that the infection is occurring on top of the original problem
Secondary
What is caused by interruptions of the normal electrical activity in the brain? electrical imbalance
Seizure
Also known as convulsions, occurs when brain activity is interrupted. It can result from a head injury, stroke, infection, high fever, low blood sugar, poisoning, brain tumors, and epilepsy.
Seizures
Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs - must reach his or her full potential - help your patients achieve this by setting small, realistic goals
Self-Actualization
Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs - Influenced by how a person percieves herself and how she thinks others perceive her. - those in long-term care can suffer in these needs
Self-Esteem
Maslow's Hierachy of Needs in descending order. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1.
Self-actualization Self-Esteem Love and Belonging Safety and Security Physiologic Needs
List the steps of proper communcation
Sender creates a message Sender delivers message Reciever recieves message Reciever provides feedback
What type of shock? Caused by severe bacterial infection that involves the entire body. Toxins produced by the bacteria cause the blood vessels to dilate leading to the pooling of blood away from the heart and poor circulation.
Septic Shock
Subjecting a person to unwanted attention of a sexual nature, forcing a person to engage in unwanted sexual activity, or sexually exploiting a person (e.g. taking nude photo)
Sexual Abuse
Ulcer
Shallow crater that is formed when the tissue dies
What is this position? This person has the same responsibilites of the unit manager, but only for a shift. Not 24 hours.
Shift Supervisior
Disorder most commonly seen in people older than 65 years old, is caused by the same virus that causes chicken pox.
Shingles (Herpes Zoster)
- Rapid, weak pulse - Cool, clammy , pale skin - Confusion and disorientation - Rapid breathing - Complaining of thirst are signs of ...?
Shock
When organs and tissues of the body do not receive enough oxygen-containing blood
Shock
Cutaneous is another word for
Skin
The integumentary system is made up of the
Skin
People who are obese are at an increased risk of skin breakdown because of their
Skin folds
Oral Defamation
Slander
Type of joint that allows for limited movement. This are found between the vertebrae in the spine, and where the ribs attach to the sternum (breastbone)
Slightly movable
In the unstageable pressure ulcer stage, the full extent or depth of the ulcer is covered by
Slough or Eschar
Vesicle
Small, blister-like lesion that contains watery, clear fluid. Form the rash in chickenpox
Macule
Small, flat, reddened lesion., seen in measles.
Papule
Small, raised, firm, lesion.
What type of enema? - consists of water and a small amount of very gentle soap called castile soap - the soap solution irritates the lining of the bowel, stimulating peristalsis.
Soapsubs enema
Slough is
Soft, moist, light-colored dead tissue
Prolonged contact with water, urine, feces, sweat causes the epidermis to ____________________ resulting in bed sores
Soften and break down
Health care specialty that focuses on helping the person regain or maintain the ability to communicate with others, chew, and swallow. What person is this?
Speech-language pathologist
Congential defect of the spinal column. Vertebrae do not close properly during development, leaving spinal cord exposed.
Spina bifida
When the bone breaks into circles around the bone in a winding fashion. Spiral fractures are common when the bone has been subjected to a twisting force.
Spiral fracture
Precautions health care workers take with every patient/resident to protect themselves and others from pathogens.
Standard Precautions
Four Techniques of Medical Asepsis - Most thorough method of killing microbes - Used for surgical instruments ( hydrodremic needles, and IV Cathetors) - Autoclave or soaking in chemicals
Sterilization
Non-Adhesive dressing doesnt
Stick to the skin
When the muscle tightens around the trapped tissue, cutting off its blood supply
Strangulated hernia
The prefix for grape-like clusters of bacteria
Straphylo
The prefix for chains of bacteria
Strepto
Also known as a brain attack or cerebrovascular accident (CVA), occurs when blood flow to part of the brain is completely blocked causing the tissue to die
Stroke
Complaints of a sudden, onset severe headache could be a sign of a....?
Stroke
Complaints of weakness, paralysis, tingling, or numbness of the arm, leg, or side of face could be a sign of a .....?
Stroke
Drooling or drooping eyelid and corner of the mouth could be signs of a ....?
Stroke
Slurred speech or unable to speak clearly could be a sign of a ...?
Stroke
Suddenly confused or disoriented could be a sign of a ...?
Stroke
Also known as "brain attacks" or cereobrovascular accidents (CVA)
Strokes
Can be caused by a blocked blood vessel in the brain or by a blood vessel that suddenly ruptures
Strokes
Nails, hair, the sebaceous glands and sweat glands are all accessory ___________ of the integumentary system
Structures
A skilled nursing unit/facility that helps move patients from hospital care to home care.
Sub-acute care
Grouping of Patients - Usually recovering from an acute illness or condition - don't need total hospital care but not well enough to return home
Subacute or Extended Care Patients
The blood vessels and nerves that supply the skin start in the _________________ and send branches into the dermis
Subcutaneous tissue
The dermis rests on a layer of fat called the
Subcutaneous tissue
- Headache - Pain in side - Dizziness - Blurred vision - Nausea are all examples of ________________ data.
Subjective
Information not measured or assessed
Subjective
Objective or Subjective? What is being inferred to be wrong
Subjective
Disorders that involve excessive or inappropriate use of drugs (legal or illegal), alcohol, or inhalants
Substance abuse disorders
The worsening of the person's behavior symptoms in the late afternoon and evening, as the sun goes down. For example, the person may become more agitated, restless, and confused in the evening hours, and may have trouble getting to sleep.
Sundowning
There are common behaviors associated with people who have Dementia: - Wandering - Pacing - Repetition - Rummaging - Delusions & Hallucinations - Agitation - Inappropriate sexual behaviors and ...
Sundowning
- Burn on outermost layer of skin, epidermis - Sunburns - Characterized by redness and pain
Superficial First Degree burns
Treatments that do not prolong life but rather make the person more comfortable such as oxygen therapy, nutritional supplements, pain medication, range-of-motion exercises, grooming and hygiene, and positioning assistance
Supportive care
What does collagen do?
Supports connective tissue and holds skin together
Type of indwelling catheter that is inserted into the bladder through a surgical incision made in the abdominal wall right above the pubic bone.
Suprapubic Catheter
Grouping of Patients - Illness or conditions that are treated by surgery. (e.g. appendicitis) - Many on outpatient basis. Sent home for recovery.
Surgical Patient
What kind of asepsis is used for procedures that involve entering a person's body?
Surgicial asepsis
In First-intention wound healing, open wounds are closed with
Sutures or staples
Older people are more at a risk for overheating because production of sweet decreases and _________________ decrease
Sweat glands
Hep. B causes acute illness in most people, but someone people never develop _______________.
Symptoms
Myocardium contracts sending blood out of the heart
Systole
What are specialized white blood cells called?
T Cells
What are the main targets of HIV?
T Cells
Infection caused by bacterium that usually infects the lungs, but may also infect the kidneys and bones. It is spread by airborne droplets.
TB
What type of nursing is when a team leader(RN) determines all of the nursing needs for the patients assigned to the team and assigns tasks according to each member's skills and level of responsibility.
Team
Illness or condition from which recovery is not expected. Most die from their illness and usually within a short period of time.
Terminal Illness
The Patient Bill of Rights is now called the ...?
The Patient Care Partnership
Which Five Rights of Delegation? "Can I do this safely?"
The Right Circumstance
Which Five Rights of Delegation? "Did the nurse give me clear instructions? Do I understand?"
The Right Direction
Which Five Rights of Delegation? "Am I confident I can do this?"
The Right Person
Which Five Rights of Delegation? "Will the nurse be able to supervise?"
The Right Supervision
Which Five Rights of Delegation? "Am I allowed to do this? Do I have the training?"
The Right Task
What helps protect the kidneys?
The bottom of the rib cage and a layer of fat
What are the Five Rights of Delegation?
The right task The right circumstances The right person The right direction The right supervision
In an unstageable pressure sore, the ulcer will need to be cleaned and dead tissue removed to determine
The stage
Why are people of advanced age more likely to get bed sores?
They have more fragile, thin skin with les circulation
How do you open the airway?
Tilt head back and lift chin
Why do the subcutaneous glands secrete oils?
To keep the skin moist
Why are wound dressings applied?
To prevent pathogens from entering the body, keep wounds dry, and to absorb drainage
A violation of civil law is known as a ________.
Tort
Eschar is
Tough, dry, leathery, dark-colored dead tissue
A surgically created opening that is made in the neck that opens into the trachea
Tracheostomy
Microbes picked up by touching contaminated objects or people who have an infectious disease. Most HAIS are caused by these. They live on the surface of the skin and can be easily removed by proper hand hygiene.
Transient Flora
Temporary (transient) episodes of dysfunction that are caused by decreased blood flow (ischemia) to the brain.
Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)
Precaution used in addition to standard precautions when a person is known to have a disease that is transmitted in a certain way.
Transmission based precautions
What bed position? When the foot of the mattress is raised so that the person's head is lower than the feet This is often used in shock patients to stimulate blood flow to the heart
Trendelenburgs
True or False After someone has a seizure, you should lay them on their side. Provide warmth and quietness. They may be confused, so you should never try to wake them. Let them wake on their own.
True
True or False Fainting could be an early sign of a more serious condition.
True
True or False HIV don't kill T cells immediately. They use the cells to replicate themselves before killing them off. Then they move onto the next T Cell and so on. Eventually all of the T-Cells are gone and the body doesn't have a way to protect itself again viruses.
True
True or False Hep. A lives in the digestive tract and leaves through the feces. Feces contaminates food/water and then someone consumes that food/water and is orally infected.
True
True or False If someone is not breathing and has no pulse, you should immediately start chest compressions.
True
True or False If you notice someone having the symptoms of a heart attack, you should have them lie down and raise head slightly to make breathing easier.
True
True or False If you see water on the floor, you should clean it immediately, regardless of what you are doing.
True
True or False When answering the phone you should always identify yourself. Location; Name; Position; and How may I help you?
True
True or False You should always report abuse immediately.
True
A stage 2 pressure sore is characterized by an
Ulcer-like appearance, abrasion, or a shallow crater. Epidermis peels away or cracks open.
Occurs around the navel (belly button). If the hernia is very small, no treatment may be needed. However, surgery may be required to repair a larger hernia.
Umbilical hernia
The kind of tort occurs when someone causes harm or injury to another person or that person's property without the intent to cause harm.
Unintentional
An unexpected injury that usually results from some type of trauma (e.g. Car accident, gun and knife violence,)
Unintentional wound
What is this position? Also known as nurse manager or head nurse. RN who is in charge of a particular floor or section of the facility. Supervises the charge nurse and has a 24-hour-day responsibility of the floor.
Unit Manager
Unconscious and unable to be aroused or conscious, but not responsive when spoken to or touched.
Unresponsive
Infection of the urethra
Urethritis
Need to urinate immediately
Urgency
Examination of the urine under a microscope
Urinalysis
_____________ stresses the importance of acknowledging the person's reality. For example, if a resident with dementia claims that she is waiting on her father to pick her up, but you know that her father died 20 years ago, you shouldn't tell her that her father died, instead you should try to help her remember fond memories of him.
Validation therapy
A cherished belief or principle. Can be influenced by religious and spiritual beliefs as well as education, culture, and heritage as well.
Value
When the valves are unable to create a seal when they close which allows blood to backflow into the atria when the ventricles pump
Valvular insufficency
Pooling of blood in the superficial veins which causes the veins to become swollen and "knotty" in appearance. May experience pain, aching, swelling, or a feeling of heaviness in legs.
Varicose veins
Pathogens transmitted by a living creature
Vector
Seen on lower legs, usually in ankle area. When pressure on the pooled blood in the veins is forces plasma out of the blood vessels and into the surrounding tissues. Swelling occurs and the skin becomes fragile and inflammed. Eventually causes skin breakdown and results in an open sore.
Venous (Stasis) Ulcers
Lower chambers of the heart. Sends blood from the heart to other parts of the body.
Ventricles
Pustule
Vesicle that contains pus, a thick yellowish fluid that is a sign of infection. Seen in ache.
Violation another person's right to keep certain information and aspects of himself away from the examination of others.
Violation of Privacy
Hepatitis is most commonly caused by a ___________________.
Viral infection
What causes these illnesses? - HIVS/AIDS - Hepatitis - Fever Blisters - Common Cold
Viruses
_______________ take over host cells and use it to make copies of itself
Viruses
What does WEAVERS stand for?
Wash Equipment Announce Verify Explain Respect Privacy Safety
Other than water, what else leaves during sweat?
Waste materials
What extinguishes type A fires?
Water
Sebum is also know as the
Wax in ears
Emotional and physical reaction that occurs when use of the addictive substance is discontinued
Withdrawal
Your attitude towards your work.
Work Ethic
Violent acts (including physical assaults and threats of assaults) direct toward persons at work or on duty?
Workplace Violence
Injury that results in a break in the skin (and underlying tissues as well)
Wounds
Does HBV have a vaccination?
Yes
Yes or No Are nursing assistants allowed to help a patient open a medication bottle?
Yes
Yes or No Can Hep. B be transmitted through the transfusion of infected blood or blood products or across the placenta and through unprotected sex?
Yes
Yes or No Can a nursing assistant insert or remove tubes from a patient's body under an instructor's supervision in a training session?
Yes
Yes or No Can clinical death be reversed?
Yes
Yes or No Can nurses perform procedures that require sterile technique with nurse supervision?
Yes
Yes or No Is Hepatitis B a bloodborne pathogen?
Yes
Yes or No Is Hepatitis C a bloodborne pathogen?
Yes
Yes or No Is Hepatitis D a bloodborne pathogen?
Yes
Yes or No Is not having the proper equipment a valid reason for refusing an assignment?
Yes
Yes or No Is not yet being trained in a task a valid reason for refusing an assignment?
Yes
Yes or No Is refusing a task because it could cause harm a valid reason for refusing an assignment?
Yes
Yes or No Is refusing a task because it is illegal or unethical a valid reason for refusing an assignment?
Yes
Yes or No Is refusing to do a job out of your scope-of-practice a valid reason for refusing an assignment?
Yes
Yes or No Is the nurse not being able to supervise a valid reason for refusing an assignment?
Yes
Yes or No If a nurse delegates you a task that's out of your scope-of-practice and the patient is injured, is she responsible?
Yes
Moving a body part away from the midline of the body (think being TAKEN AWAY)
abduction
People who have had joint replacement surgery have weak muscles and ligaments in the area of replacement, so they need to have wedges, also known an
abduction pillow
What stage of grief? - When the person comes to terms with their death - May say goodbyes, - May plan funeral service, write a poem or a letter to be read when they are gone
acceptance
An unexpected, unintended event that has the potential to cause bodily injury. What's the happening.
accident
The urinary system regulates the ___________ of the blood
acidity
Secretion of too much growth hormone after a person has reached adulthood causes excessive growth of the bones of the hands, feet, and face.
acromegaly
The transverse colon travels
across
In an emergency situation, you're responsibilities are.. 1. Recognize an emergency exists 2. Decide to Act 3. Check for Consciousness 4. ___________________ ? 5. Provide appropriate care until EMS arrives 6. Record care you provided
activate the emergency medical services
Range of Motion: When the patient or resident performs the exercises independently with verbal guidance from the nursing assistant or nurse
active range of motion
If there is bright blood in stool, that lightly means you have an
active ulcer
Range of Motion: When the patient or resident performs the exercises with some hands-on assistance from the nursing assistant or nurse
active-assistance range of motion
Significant loss of muscle tissue can leave a person too weak to walk or carry out ADL known as
activities of daily living
Are the side-effects of diabetes (e.g. acidosis, elevated blood sugar, etc.) chronic or acute?
acute
Illness caused by Hepatitis A is usually ____________ and the person recovers fully.
acute
What is a rapid, onset illness?
acute
What are the phases of rehabilitation?
acute phase, subacute phase, and chronic phase
In the acute phase of rehabilitation, it is the first 24 hours after surgery, injury, or a serious illness. The person is ___________________ ill and needs constant observation and care.
acutely
When taking an axillary temperature you should always
add 1
You should always let the registry know of any ...?
address changes
Moving a body part toward the midline of the body
adduction
Official entry of a person into a health care setting
admission
Where standard information about the person, such as his name, address, date of birth and age, social security number, gender, insurance and employment information, and advance directive information is stored when someone enters a health care setting
admission sheet
A document that allows a patient to make her wishes regarding health care known to family members and health care workers, in case a time comes when she is no longer able to make those wishes known herself.
advance directive
The filtered blood in the enter the capillary bed of the glomerulus through a vessel called
afferent arteriole
What are the risks of accidents occurring?
age, medication, paralysis, poor mobility, sensory impairment,
- Less efficient contraction - Decreased elasticity of arteries and veins - Decreased number of blood cells are the effects of _____________ on the cardiovascular system
aging
Difficulty recognizing information obtained using the five senses
agnosia
What type of phobia? - Fear of having a panic attack in a place from which there is no easy escape or in a place where help is not available. e.g. in an elevator or crowded bus
agoraphobia
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and metabolism all work together, if one is off,
all are off
CNAS are ______________ health professionals.
allied
Baldness
alopecia
to walk
ambulate
Difficulty remembering
amnesia
What are the four A's of dementia?
amnesia, aphasia, agnosia, apraxia
In severe cases of Peripheral Vascular disease, the tissues die and ___________ may be needed.
amputation
Loss of a limb
amputation
Removal of all or part of an arm or a leg
amputation
What is the hiatus
an opening in the diaphragm
If you have low amounts of hemoglobin, you may be
anemic
What stage of grief? - Occurs when a person realizes that he is actually going to die - May become moody and withdrawn, or uncooperative or hostile - May yell or throw objects - May lost faith
anger
When someone sees themselves as very overweight, even though they are excessively thin. Results in loss of appetite, person not eating enough food, skipping meals.
anorexia nervous
The ____________ lobe releases the following hormones Growth hormone Thyroid-Stimulating hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone Prolactin Gonadotropins
anterior
An example of a specific defense mechanism is ....?
antibodies
These help our body fight off *specific* microbes. White blood cells are NOT specific.
antibodies
`The rectum is the last segment of the colon. The place where the rectum opens to the outside of the body is the
anus
What are the signs and symptoms of withdrawal? - tremors - delirium and ...?
anxiety
Which valve? Located where aorta and leaves ventricle
aortic
Difficulty using language
aphasia
What kind of pulse is taken when someone has a weak or irregular pulse that may be difficult to feel in radial artery?
apical
Occasionally, skeletal muscles are attached to other muscles by a broad, flat sheet of tendon called an
aponeurosis
Inflammation or infection of the appendix
appendicitis
Tiny, closed pouch that dangles from the cecum, has no known function.
appendix
Difficulty coordinating the steps needed to complete a task
apraxia
Which type of meninges? the web-like middle layer
arachnoid mater
When a muscle contracts, the muscle shortens and the origin and insertion points
are drawn closer to each other
In hemorrhaging, _______________ injuries spurt or pulse with heartbeat.
arterial
What are the smallest arteries that send of branches called capillaries?
arterioles
Inflammation of the joints
arthritis
What can cause temporary urinary incontinence?
as a result of a bladder infection, or after an indwelling catheter that has been place for a long time
The large intestine is much slow than the small intestines, so the food needs a place to wait until the ______________ is able to accept more food.
ascending colon
You should always ____________ the nurse of there is something you do not understand.
ask
The loss of short-term memory can cause a person to.. - accuse others of stealing personal belonging because he can't remember where he put it - ask for a meal after he's already eaten - stop in the middle of a task and ...
ask the same question over and over again
What does a trapeze bar do?
assist with movement
CNA Role in Rehabilitation Integrumentary System The CNA would be most focused on caring for decubitus ulcers. She would be responsible for...
assisting with scheduled dressing changes, vacuum-assisted closure (VAC), and position changes
Make certain tasks, such as transferring, walking, eating, or dressing easier. These are examples of _______________ devices
assistive
What is it called when the cornea is not perfectly curved?
astigmatism
Tinea Pedis is
athlete's foot
Loss of muscle size and strength
atrophy
A side of ourselves we display to the world, communicating outwards about how we feel about things.
attitude
extreme difficulty communicating and relating to other people and surroundings. Affects every 1 in 1000 births. Affects reasoning skills, language skills, ability to socialize, ability to perform self-care activities, and response to touch and pain. May appear withdrawn, have tantrums, intellectual disabilites, seizure disabilites,
autism
Rheumatiod arthritis is a ____________________ disorder. This mean, the body's immune system is attacking the body's tissues
autoimmune
Examination of the person's organs and tissues after the person has died
autopsy
Arteries send blood ______________ the heart
away from
Types of Thermometers Mouth - Oral Rectum - Rectal Armpit - ??? Ear - Tympanic Forehead - Temporal
axillary
long extension from the cell body that sends information
axon
rod-shaped bacteria
bacili
Where are the kidneys located?
back of the upper abdominal cavity, one on either side of the spinal column
How should you clear the airway of an infant?
back slaps
Weak, ineffective coughing. High-pitched "crowing" sounds, and bluish color is an example of a __________ air exchange.
bad
"Dys" means
bad or difficult
lightweight cotton blanket or flannel sheet that is used to provide modesty and warmth during a bed bath or a linen change
bath blanket
The apical pulse and radial pulse should
be the same
piece of wood that is placed under the mattress to provide extra support
bed board
metal frame that is placed between the bottom and top sheets to keep the top sheet, blanket and the bedspread away from the person's feet. often amongst those recovering from burns
bed cradle
Square of quilted absorbent fabric backed with waterproof material. Also called incontinence pads or soaker pads. Used for people with incontinence or draining wounds
bed protector
Used for elimination when a person is unable to get out of bed at all
bedpan
Chair frame with a toilet seat and removable collection bucket.
bedside commode
You should never pour anything in the sink, where should you pour it?
bedside commode or toilet
Where is the popliteal pulse?
behind the knee
By doing good for those in your care by preventing harm and promoting the health and welfare of the person above all else, you are showing __________.
beneficene
What is the normal bath temp?
between 110 and 115
Where is gout most commonly found?
big toe
Substance that helps with the digestion of fats
bile
What does the liver produce?
bile
Once in the small intestines and duodenum, the chyme mixes with the _________ (secreted by the liver) and the ______________ enzymes secreted by the pancreas
bile, digestive
People with _______________ will eat large amounts of food, but not purge, as with bulima nervosa. The person continues to eat excessively and the person may become very obese.
binge-eating disorder
Urinary retention can result from a _______________________ of the bladder outlet or from pain following a surgical procedure
blockage
Atherosclerosis
blocking of arteries caused by plague
"hemo" means
blood
A thrombi is a
blood clot
Regular flushing of the bladder with irrigation fluid helps keep
blood clots from forming in the bladder
How does immobility affect the cardiovascular system?
blood clots, reduced blood flow
Force of blood pushing against the arterial walls
blood pressure
If a woman has a mascotomy, you can't take _________________ on that air. You also can't if someone has a shunt or dialysis machine.
blood pressure
What are the five vital signs?
blood pressure, pulse respiration temperature weight
If someone's blood pressure is too high it can cause stress on the kidneys leading to kidney failure or cause harm to the _________________ causing a stroke
blood vessels
The submucosa contains
blood vessels and nerves
Amount of blood in the vessels at any given time and influences blood pressure
blood volume
Hep. B, C, D HIVS/AIDS Ebola Malaria Syphillis are all examples of _______________ pathogens
bloodborne
Hepatitis B is a _____________ pathogen meaning it can be found in the blood as well as other bodily fluids (semen, vaginal secretions).
bloodborne
- Needlesticks - Cuts from containated glass - Direct contact between infected blood and broken skin, mucous membrane or the eyes can transmit ________________.
bloodborne pathogens
Cyanosis
blue colored skin
The _____________ is the main region.
body
Where do the esophagus enter the stomach?
body
Proper positioning is necessary for good ________________ and may help relieve some of the discomfort associated with a person's medical condition
body alignment
Efficient movement and use of body
body mechanics
Skeletal muscles contract in order to provide
body movement
People with Lewy Body dementia also have problems controlling ______________ ( for example, muscle rigidity, a shuffling gait, slow movements, and tremors similiar to those with Parkinson's disease)
body movements
Thin strands of bone form a net-like structure, and the spaces in between the thin strands of bone are filled with ______________________
bone marrow
Osteoporosis causes ______________ to break more easily and makes physical activity difficult
bones
Where are blood cells produced?
bones
What artery should the arrow on the blood pressure cuff be facing?
brachial
What is the artery located on the inside of your upper arm?
brachial
Slower than normal heart rate, lower than 60
bradycardia
What does the digestive system do?
break down food we eat into nutrients that are absorbed into the bloodstream
Pain that occurs before the next scheduled dose of pain medication
breakthrough pain
People die from ALS when they lose the ability to
breathe and swallow
______________ performs two vital functions: - brings oxygen into the body - Removes carbon dioxide
breathing
Most people who become infected with HIV experience a ___________________ illness about 2 to 4 weeks after they are first exposed to the virus
brief, flu-like
How does immobility affect the musculoskeletal system?
brittle bones, contractures, muscle weakness
A person who regularly eats huge amounts of food (binging) and then inducing themselves to vomit or use laxatives to rid the body of the food before it is digested (purging) often of normal weight for her age and height
bulimia nervosa
What hormone helps to regulate the amount of calcium in the bloodstream?
calcitonin
Aging decreases the body's ability to absorb _______________ causing the stored calcium to be taken from the bones. This results in weak, brittle bones.
calcium
PTH, produced by parathyroid gland causes the release of _______________ from bones into the bloodstream
calcium
Overgrowth of cells
cancer
- Loss in appetite - Indigestion - Pain - Vomiting - Constipation - Changes in Bowel Movements - Blood in stool are all signs and symptoms of
cancer in the digestive tract
Malignant
cancerous
Lymph ____________ absorb excess fluid from the surrounding tissue. Once the fluid enters this, the fluid is called lymph.
capillaries
Why is it that you have a better chance of survival if you have a heart attack later in life?
capillaries
As blood passes through, the oxygen and nutrients in the blood pass to tissues and CO2 and other waste materials go transfuse into the bed. What is this bed?
capillary bed
A _________________ formed of connective tissue encloses the ends of the bones, forming a joint cavity.
capsule
Amount of blood that the heart is able to pump with each beat
cardiac output
Example of a short bone?
carpal
Gradual yellowing and hardening of the lens of the eye
cataracts
Yellowing and hardening of the lens of the eye
cataracts
A person with dementia may over-react to something that would cause a healthy person minimal or no stress. This is called
catastrophic reaction
Tube inserted into the body for the purpose of administering or removing fluids.
catheter
When performing soapsubs enema, it's important to use it with caution because too much soap can
cause damage to the lining of the intestines
The ascending colon travels upward from the
cecum
What is the waiting room for food that is leaving the small intestines through the ileocecal valve and entering the large intestine?
cecum
The large intestine (also called the colon) is 4 1/2 feet long and is much larger than the diameter than the small intestine. It has several distinct regions:
cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and the rectum
In type 2 diabetes the body still produces some insulin, but the ___________ of the body are unable to respond to the insulin
cells
The _____________ receives information, processes it, and issues instructions
central nervous system
The ____________ helps to coordinate the brain's commands to the muscles so that the muscles move smoothly and in an orderly fashion. It also plays a role in balance.
cerebellum
caused by damage to the cerebrum Can be caused by: - physical brain deformity - interfere with flow of oxygen during or shortly after birth - accidents in early childhood One type can causes spasms and shortening of the muscles Second type causes involuntary movements of arms, legs, and upper body. Facial and tongue may be affected.
cerebral palsy
The space between the pia meter and the arachnoid mater contains
cerebrospinal fluid
Condition that occurs when ear wax (cerumen) builds up and becomes packed in the external auditory canal.
cerumen impaction
Nursing assistants are responsible for noticing ___________ in their patients.
changes
Any medication that alters a person's mood or behavior, such as a sedative or transquilizer
chemical constraint
The process of breaking down food through the use of chemical substances such as enzymes is called
chemical digestion
What detects the chemicals in the food we eat?
chemoreceptors
Heavy people or pregnant women need to have ______________ thrusts instead of abdominal thrusts.
chest
Stress incontinence is when someone coughs, sneezes, or exerts themselves. This are caused by
childbirth, obesity, and loss of muscle tone as a result of aging
Condition that is on-going and needs to be controlled continuous medications or treatment
chronic
In HCV illness tends to be more __________ and serious.
chronic
Is diabetes a chronic or acute illness?
chronic
Most ulcers are
chronic
Pressure sores are ____________ because it seems that once you get rid of one, you get another
chronic
What is a long lasting illness?
chronic
COPD stands for
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- Gradual loss of functioning nephrons - hypertension - diabetes - chronic infections - blockage of the urinary system by stones or growths - cancer are all causes of
chronic renal failure
The peristaltic action of the stomach helps to mix the food with the acids and enzymes, creating a liquid substance called
chyme
Heart is the organ that powers the continuous movement of blood known as
circulation
What are crimes committed between individuals?
civil
The cramping and pain in the legs that come with peripheral vascular disease is called
claudication
When depression is severe and persistent, it is called ___________
clinical depression
empty bed
closed bed
When the bone is broken, but the broken ends do not protrude through the overlying skin
closed fracture
Heprine prevents
clotting
Platelets are responsible for ______________ (coagulation) of the blood
clotting
When you have two medical conditions at the same time. (e.g. diabetes and congestive heart failure)
co existing
round bacteria
cocci
When you have problems processing learning or remembering information
cognitive impairment
The R in TRAP of Parkinson's Disease stands for Rigidity With Parkinson's disease, the muscles become increasingly stiff. When rigidity is combined with the tremor, there is a _________________ effect. This effect is used to describe the jerky, ratcheting feel to the movement.
cogwheeling
Bacteria live together in ______?
colonies
When you're emptying a folly bag, you should always look for
color, odor, any stones, mucus strains, or blood
What kind of ostomy is created if part of the large intestines is still present?
colostomy
Deep state of unconsciousness from which a person cannot be aroused
coma
person who unconscious and is totally unable to respond to his environment and will also need your assistance to remain safe
comatose
What type of enema? - commercially prepared and packaged - also called "small-volume" enemas - usually contain 70 ml to 130 ml of a solution - solution irritates the intestinal mucosa to promote peristalsis - Some contain a solution that is absorbed into the stool to make it softer and easier to pass
commerical enemas
During the subacute phase of rehabilitation, 24 hours have passed. This phase usually lasts a week. This is when the health care team focuses on the person's condition and preventing ______________ associated with being immobile. This includes proper nutrition, skin care, range-of-motion exercises, urinary and bowel care. Caring for emotional and mental needs as well.
complications
CNA Role in Rehabilitation Nervous System She would help with
complications of immobility
What kind of catheter is used for men that isn't actually inserted into the urethra?
condom catheter
Occurs when something prevents sound waves from reaching the receptors in the cochlea. Can be blocked by buildup of cerumen or a tumor
conductive hearing loss
Common signs of stroke include:
confusion slurring speech drooling eyes or mouth sudden severe headache weakness or paralysis
Functional incontinence occurs in the absence of physical or nervous system problems affecting the urinary tract. The person just cannot make it to the bathroom in enough time, or wait until a bedpan or urinal is provided. What are some other contributing factors?
confusion, disorientation, and loss of mobility
The serosa is a tough outer layer of
connective tissue
Symptoms of a Stroke include - personality changes - drooping of the eyelid or corner of mouth - slurring of speech - paralysis - severe headache and loss of
consciousness
- Taking medications that slow peristalsis (e.g. pain medication) - Not taking in enough dietary fiber or fluids - Not getting enough exercise - Delaying have bowel movement after the urge occurs - Lack of privacy are all risk factors for
constipation
Narcotics can cause
constipation
Enemas are used to relieve
constipation, fecal impactions and to empty the intestine
When a joint is not exercised regularly and use of the joint may be permanently lost
contracture
There are two types of chronic diseases...
controlled and uncontrolled
Conscious and deliberate ways of dealing with stress
coping mechanisms
The left and right hemispheres are connected by the
corpus callosum
Seborrheic dermaitis is severe scaling of the scalp. Thick yellow crusty patches are seen. It is also known as __________________ in infants.
cradle cap
What are crimes committed between you and society as a whole?
criminal
Uric acid is a waste product of the metabolism which is used removed through urine. If the body produces too much uric acid, the kidneys are unable to properly process the uric acid and it builds up in the body, forming ____________ that are deposited into the joints. This causes tissues to become inflamed and painful. GOUT
crystals
Results from excessive secretion of glucocorticoids, Causes = pockets of fats in abdomen, back, and in face increased facial hair High glucose levels easy bruising of skin muscle weakness
cushing's syndrome
Blue-tinged skin
cyanosis
Signs of Dying - As circulation fails, the blood pressure drops and the pulse becomes rapid and weak. - Skin feels cool and clammy - Skin may be blotchy, very pale, grayish or _____________ (blue-tinged) - Cheyne-Stokes respiration (irregular, shallow breaths, in an alternating fast-slow pattern) - Death rattle (mucous settles in air passages causing a noisy, rattling breathing) - Digestive system slows down. May experience nausea, vomiting, abdominal swelling, fecal impaction, or bowel incontinence) - Urine output decreases - Decreased muscle tone and sensation. Speaking, vision may be affected. - Consciousness may be altered.
cyanotic
Itching and flanking of the scalp
dandruff
When asking a patient to stand up, you should always ask them if they are dizzy. If so, have them ______________, ask if dizzy, then stand and ask if dizzy
dangle their feet
A stroke that affects the vital control centers of the brain stem will result in
death
Medical conditions that result in the loss of consciousness also result in a loss of ..?
decision-making capacity
The ability to make a thoughtful decision based on an understanding of the potential risks and benefits of taking a certain course of action is known as ...?
decision-making capacity
How does immobility affect the digestive system?
decreased appetite, constipation, incontinence,
How does immobility affect the integumentary system?
decreased blood flow, pressure ulcers
Permanent injury incontinence can be caused by
decreased muscle tone in the bladder, injury or illness, and dementia
Positioning Patients How does the integumentary system (skin) play into positioning patients?
decubitus ulcers
The presence of feces in the rectum stimulates the urge to
defecate
The walls of rectum gradually expand as the feces build up. At a certain point, the brain senses that the rectum is full and the urge to ___________ occurs
defecate
What is the official term for "Going Poo"
defecate
- Compensation - Conversion - Denial - Displacement - Projection - Rationalization - Regression - Repression (Suppression) are types of
defense mechanisms
Methods of dealing with stress that "just happen." Help protect us from emotionally traumatic events. They help the mind restore or maintain emotional balance in response to stress
defense mechanisms
Stomach acid, tears, and coughing/sneezing are other examples of non-specific __________________.
defense mechanisms
Giving someone orders on your behalf.
delegation
Temporary state of confusion Symptom of an underlying disorder such as an infection
delirium
If someone THINKS they are the Queen of England when they're not, they're experiencing a
delusion
a false belief people with schizophrenia may suffer from
delusion
Short extensions from the cell body that receive information
dendrites
What stage of grief? - Usually the first stage and occurs when a person is told that he has a terminal illness - Person refuses to accept the diagnosis or feels that a mistake has been made
denial
What are the stages of grief?
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
Many people with dementia may also rummage. They may even steal others'
dentures
What are the types of mood disorders?
depression and bipolar
Quality of each breath (e.g. deep or shallow)
depth of respiration
The sigmoid colon is an s-shaped curve at the end of the
descending colon
Permanent disability that affects a person before he reaches adulthood (before 19 to 22 yrs of age) and interferes with the person's ability to achieve developmental milestones.
developmental disability
Complication of diabetes that can lead to blindness. In the early stages, the tiny blood vessels that supply the retina burst, leading to hemorrhages and damaging the retina. This is a continuous cycle.
diabetic retinopathy
What does the job of the kidneys by removing waste products and fluids from the body?
dialysis
Process of sweating
diaphoresis
When performing abdominal thrusts, the area beneath the _______________ (abdominal cavity) is compressed
diaphragm
the large, flat muscle that separates the abdominal and chest cavities
diaphragm
The atria are in systole when the ventricles are in _____________
diastole
CNA Role in Rehabilitation Endocrine system She would help those with diabetes with
diet management, weight loss, and exercise
- Less effective chewing and swallowing - less effective digestion - increased risk for constipation are all effects of aging on the
digestive syste,m
When infection occurs, blood vessels __________ which brings more oxygen, nutrients, and white blood cells.
dilate
the prefix for pairs of bacteria
diplo
A stroke that affects areas of the cerebrum many only result in
disability
Process used by the members of the health care team to help prepare a patient or resident to leave the facility
discharge planning
Shifting an emotion from one person to another who is less threatening. For example, a patient who is upset with a family member may take it out on the nursing assistant.
displacement
Polyuria is also known as
diuresis
Symptoms of a panic attack - chest or abdomen pain - rapid heartbeat - shortness of breath and ...
dizziness
What are the signs and symptoms of fainting?
dizziness temporary loss of vision pale, clammy skin sweating shallow breath weak pulse
A person who has made the decision to receive only supportive care at the end of her life will have a _____________________ also known as DNR
do not resuscitate
YOU CAN NOT APPLY RESTRAINTS WITHOUT A
doctors order
Reflex incontinence occurs when there is damage to the nerves that allows the person to control urination. Meaning that the bladder fills, but the person
doesn't feel the urge to urinate
Crumbling of the bones of the spinal column causes the upper back to curve into the deformity known as __________________. This are very painful.
dowager's hump
The descending colon travels
down
Developmental disability that is the result of a genetic disorder Seen in 1 in every 1000 births Signs & Symptoms; - eyelids that give eyes almond shape - large tongue in a small mouth - square hands with short, stubby, fingers - small wide nose and small ears - short stature and a wide, short neck
down syndrome
When shaving a man's beard you should use ___________________ strokes
downward
When might a urinary catheter be used?
drain bladder before a surgery, someone who is incontinent of urine, certain wounds or ulcers, or urination obstruction
Where does urine collect in an indwelling (Foley) catheter?
drainage bag
What should you do if you have kidney stones?
drink more fluids
What are the treatments for osteoporosis?
drugs, supplements, resistance training,
Ulcers in the duodenum are called
duodenal ulcer
Where does the liver produce bile?
duodenum
The small intestine, which is about 20 feet long, has three regions, what are they?
duodenum, jejunum, and the ileum
What type of meninges? thick, tough outer layer that is attached to the inside of the skull and the vertebrae
dura mater
When you transfer the responsibility of making medical decisions to someone else, that is known as...?
durable power of attorney
When does dreaming occurs?
during REM sleep
Pain or difficult swallowing
dysphagia
Labored or difficult respirations
dyspnea
What are the tree stages of dementia?
early, middle, late
without teeth
edentulous
The filtered blood leaves the glomerulus through the
efferent arteriole
CNA Role in Rehabilitation Digestive, Urinary, and Reproductive Systems She would help with
elimination, hygiene, etc
Blood clot that moves from one place to another
embolus
If you notice that Mrs. Smith isn't as happy today as she usually is, you are noticing an ___________ change.
emotional
Saying a kind word, giving a gentle touch, willing to listen, letting them know they are important, and knowing that you care are all ways a nursing assistant can meet what needs?
emotional
This therapist helps with the person's coping, feelings, low self esteem, loss of normal appearance, etc.
emotional
Putting yourself in someone's else's shoes in order to feel their pain
empathy
COPD (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) is a combination between
emphysema and chronic bronchitis
How can you promote normal elimination?
encourage plenty fluids, answer call lights promptly, take people to the bathroom, offer them the chance to go frequently, provide privacy and comfort.
As a nursing assistant in rehabilitation care, you will be responsible for ____________________ your patients to practice the skills and techniques they are learning in rehabiliation. You will also be responsible for carrying out many of the actions specified in the person's care plan
encouraging
The heart has 3 layers, what are they?
endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium
Inserted into nose or mouth. It extends to the trachea where a balloon cuff on the end holds it in place and prevents secretions from the mouth entering the respiratory tract.
endotracheal tube
Introduction of fluid into the large intestine by way of the anus for the purpose of removing stool from the rectum
enema
- Being a good listener - Making sure your message is clear - Encourage them to talk to you - Be mindful of your body language - Value of silence and touch are all examples of how to ....?
enhance communication
The use of side rails can put a person at risk for
entrapment
Chemical substances in our saliva start to work on the smaller pieces of food, breaking them down even more by breaking the bonds that hold the food molecules together. Substances that have the ability to break chemical bonds are called
enzymes
When you swallow, the ________________ (a flap of cartilage that covers the opening of the larynx) snaps shut to prevent food from passing into the trachea.
epiglottis
The medulla of the adrenal glands two hormones that are responsible for the fight or flight response. norepinephrine and
epinephrine
To treat shock, the person must receive an immediate treatment of medication called ....?
epinephrine
A circle of muscular tissue, surrounds the place where the esophagus enters the stomach and keeps food from going back up the esophagus after it has entered the stomach
esophageal (cardiac) sphincter
Women who have gone through menopause and lack in ____________, a hormone that helps prevent bone loss, are more likely to get osteoporosis
estrogen
Rotation of the sole of the foot outward
eversion
Straightening of a joint
extension
A cast is a method of ________________ or fixation that is achieved without surgery.
external fixation
Sims Position
extreme side lying position, enema position, head to one side, knee bent strongly on that side, pillow under
Nursing assistants are the _________________ of the nurse.
eyes
During a partial bath only the
face, hands, armpits, back, buttocks, and perineal area
Syncope is also known as
fainting
Leading cause of accidental deaths among elderly is?
falls
True or False The patient has the right to... be rejected on making decisions about her plan of care
false
True or False The patient has the right to... not know how the hospital settles disputes
false
True or False The resident does not have the right to... communicate inside and outside of the facility
false
True or False The resident does not have the right to... control finances
false
True or False The resident does not have the right to... self-administer medication
false
True or False The resident does not the right to... privacy
false
True or False The resident does not the right to... use and keep personal possessions
false
True or False You should resuscitate a patient if you don't know their DNR status.
false
Hyperonia is known as
far sightedness
If you have a heart attack in the atria, it may not be life threatening, but if you have one in the ventricle it can be
fatal
What are the first signs of a heart attack?
fatigue, changes in vital signs, or indigestion
What does yellow bone marrow consist of that can be used by the body for energy if needed?
fatty tissue
Person who has an increased body temperature (fever)
febrile
Inability to hold one's feces, or the involuntary loss of feces from the bowl.
fecal bowel incontinence
After the chyme reaches the rectum, all of the nutrients have been removed and what remains is a semi-solid waste material known as
feces
What is the last pulse you feel before pronouncing someone is dead?
femoral
Example of long bone?
femur
Combination of physical and intellectual problems that affect a child whose mother consumed alcohol during pregnancy
fetal alcohol syndrome
What are the signs and symptoms of Pneumonia?
fever, pain when breathing, cyanosis
Olig- means
few
What do the nephrons do?
filter the blood that passes through the kidney
What do the kidneys do?
filter the blood to remove waste products
The pressure of the kidney capillary beds produces the basis of the urine known as
filtrate
In an digital examination, the word digit means
finger
When walking with a walker, the good foot always goes
first
You should always care for patients who need the least amount of care _______________
first
Casting is an example of
fixation
bone that is relatively thin and may be curved. Found in ribs and those that form the skull.
flat bone
What is Gas officially called?
flatus
Treatment of Parkinson's disease include - medication with "on" and "off" times - speech therapy for swallowing problems - physical therapy to help with movement difficulties - range-of-motion exercises - warm baths - massages and the improvement of joint ___________ and use
flexibity
Bending of a joint
flexion
Nitroglycerin relaxes the arteries increasing the
flow of blood
What is used to measure flow rate of oxygen
flowmeter
Tap Water Enemas & Saline (Salt Water) enemas should not be given repeatedly because the intestines can absorb the solution causing a
fluid imbalance in the body
A triple lumen indwelling catheter has three lumens. The extra lumen is used to
flush the bladder with irrigation fluid
padded board that is placed upright at the foot of the bed. the person's feet is flat against it helping to keep the feet in proper alighnment
footboard
In a neurogenic underactive bladder, the bladder is flaccid or unable to contract ________________
forceably
Circumcision is a procedure involving the removal of the
foreskin
Where is red bone marrow?
found in flat bones and the ends of long bones
The type of bedpan used if the person has an injury or disability
fracture pan
Broken bones
fractures
Most common inherited form of intellectual disability, and is caused by a defect in the X chromosome. Prevents production of a particular protein needed for cell communication in the brain. Signs & Symptoms - large, cupped ears - a slim build - wide-set, somewhat squinting eyes - velvet-like skin
fragile x syndrome
Voluntary movement occurs when a skeletal muscle contracts (shortens) or relaxes (lengthens) across a
freely movable joint
occurs when two surfaces, such as a sheet and the person's skin, rub against each other. Injuries skin and contributes to skin breakdown.
friction
Four of the most common causes of dementia are Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, lewy body dementia, and
frontotemporal dementia
For a fire to occur, what 3 elements must be present?
fuel, heat, oxygen
What are the three main regions of the stomach?
fundus, body, and pylorus
Athlete's foot is a type of ______________________ infection
fungal
when used to help a person walk, a transfer belt is called a
gait belt
Small pouch attached to the liver
gallbladder
Where is bile produced by the liver that is not secreted directly into the duodenum kept?
gallbladder
Can lead to inflammation and infection of the gallbladder
gallstones
Forms and blocks the flow of bile from the gallbladder into the duodenum
gallstones
Impaired blood flow causes death of the tissue which is known as
gangrene
Stomach ulcers are called
gastric ulcers
The digestive system is also known as the
gastrointestinal system
What can help rheumatoid arthritis?
gentle use of active and active-assist range of motion exercises
Disorder of the eye that occurs when the pressure within the eye is increased to dangerous levels. Aqueous humor buildup behind the eye.
glaucoma
Each nephron consists of a_________________ and a series of tubules.
glomerulus
What are the five PPE's?
gloves mask hair cap shoe covers gown
Enlargement of thyroid gland Caused by iodine deficiency.
goiter
"eu" means
good
Coughing strongly and a good skin color is an example of a ____________ air exchange.
good
What type of seizure is characterized by generalized and violent contractions and relaxation of the body's muscles
grand mal
You should always use _____________ electrical equipment.
grounded
Bad breath that does not go away
halitosis
If someone SEES, HEARS, TASTES, OR SMELLS something that isn't there, they are experiencing a
hallucination
In addition to not being able to control body movements, people with Lewy Body dementia also tend to experience visual ________________ (they see things not really there) and distinct changes in mental alertness.
hallucinations
You should always practice ________________ before handling new linens
hand hygiene
What is the most common mode of transportation?
hands
Arteriosclerosis is the
hardening of arteries
Pediculosis capitits
head lice
With osteoporosis bones that are fractured are more difficult to repair and ____________
heal slowly
When someone transfers the responsibility for making medical decisions on the person's behalf to a family member, friend, or trusted individual, that person is known as the ______________.
health care agent
The main non-specific defense mechanism is ...?
healthy, intact skin and mucous membranes
Cardio stands for
heart
The esophagus travels through the chest cavity behind the
heart
Proper body alignment reduces strain on joints and muscles and promotes good _______________________fuction
heart and lung
In Myotonic muscular dystrophy, a person may have weakness and shrinking of the muscle tissue. The people often also have ...
heart problems, endocrine disorders, and cataracts
Contraction of the skeletal muscle helps produce _____________ and maintain a constant body temperature
heat
Loss of muscle tissue also affects the body's ability to produce
heat
presence of blood in the urine
hematuria
paralysis on one side of the body
hemiplegia
When a person's blood is drawn intravenously, passed through a machine with filters and solutions to clean the blood of waste and then returned to the person's body through another vessel
hemodialysis
What is the name of the protein that's in the dent in the center of red blood cells?
hemoglobin
Coughing up blood or blood-stained sputum
hemoptysis
If there is a weak area in the muscular wall of the abdomen, and someone does something that requires a lot of phyiscal effort, a ______________ may occur
hernia
Occurs when an internal organ bulges through a weakness in the muscular wall
hernia
The esophagus enters the abdominal cavity, at the ______________
hiatus
Sometimes a hematuria can be occult and must be detected using an urinalysis. What does occult mean?
hidden
What is the number one cause of a stroke?
high blood pressure
Conditions that put someone at risk for developing vascular dementia include: - history of myocardial infaction - hypertension - diabetes mellitus - peripherial vascular disease - transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) - obesity - smoking and
high cholesterol levels
Delirium can be caused by a
high fever
If someone has trouble breathing, what position should you place them in?
high folwers position
In a lithotripsy, __________________ are directed at the stone causing it to break into smaller pieces and be passable
high-frequency sound waves
Fracture that occurs at the top of the femur (thigh bone)
hip fracture
When you take care of the whole person and not just their physical condition or disease, you are being....?
holistic
The bladder is a ___________________ that holds the urine
hollow sac
What you consider the patient/residents emotional, physical, social, and spiritual needs, you are taking a _______________ approach.
humanistic
Fainting can be caused by
hunger pain extreme emotion fatigue medication excessive heat standing too long
Special glands in the stomach lining produce enzymes and stomach acid, officially known as
hydrochloric acid
Ulcers occur when the stomach produce too much
hydrochloric acid
Blood sugar level is too high
hyperglycemia
Increased rate and depth of breathing
hyperventiliation
Blood sugar level is too low
hypoglycemia
The ________________ controls body temperature, fluid balance, appetite, sleep cycles, and some of the emotions, and regulates the pituitary gland
hypothalamus
When thyroxine secretion is too low. Symptoms include: - fatigue - weakness -depression -anorexia - weight gain -constipation - intolerance to cold
hypothyroidism
Decreased breathing and depth of breathing
hypoventiliation
Deficient of oxygen
hypoxic
A coma can be caused by head injury, a tumor, a lack of oxygen, exposure to toxins, or
illness
Positioning Patients How does the musculoskeletal system (bones and muscles) play into positioning patients?
immobility can cause contractures, loss of muscle mass and strength, and the loss of calcium from the bones making them weak
What increases the risk for kidney stones?
immobility, not drinking enough fluids, and urinary infections
If you overuse an antibotic, it will build up an .....?
immunity
Sensory nerves carry information from the outside.. In other words, they carry information from the internal organs and the outside world to the spinal cord and up into the brains so that the brain can analyze the information
in
Vest restraints should cross
in the front
Where does digestion begin?
in the mouth
Occurence that is considered unusual, undesired, or out of the ordinary and that disrupts the normal routine for the patient/resident. Reporting the happening.
incident
All accidents and incidents are to be verbally reported immediately to the nurse. In addition, most facilities require the accident or incident to be reported in written form as well. This written report is called an
incident (occurrence) report
All accidents are considered ________________
incidents
What does the villi do?
increase the small intestine's ability to absorb nutrients by increasing the surface area of the mucosa
IADLS or Instrumental Activites of Daily Living are more complex tasks that person must be able to do in order to live _______________ This includes: - Using telephone - Handling money - Obtaining groceries - Preparing meals
independently
A person with a gallbladder disorder may also have ________________, especially after eating fatty foods
indigestion
Basic practices that are designed to prevent the spread of infection
infection control
Diverticulitis is the
inflammation of the bowel
gingivitis
inflammation of the gums
The suffix "itis" stands for ...?
inflammation or infection
Glucocorticoids play a role in the metabolism of fats and proteins and help the body to maintain a reserve of glucose (sugar) that can be used in times of stress. They are also able to suppress the body's __________________ system
inflammatory
Muscular dystrophy is ____________-
inherited
Where is the posterior tibial pulse?
inner ankle
Diabetes mellitus occurs when pancreas is unable to produce enough ________ or the body's cells are unable to properly use the insulin that is produced
insulin
In type 1 diabetes the body cannot produce its own
insulin
The pancreas produces what hormones?
insulin and glucagon
During the chronic phase of rehabilitation care, is when the __________ rehab begins. The person may still require medical support. This helps a person regain ability doing ADLS Person's ability to move independently Ability to communicate Cognitive skills Mental health Skills person needs to return to work and achieve financial independence educating person's family about disorder and complications
intense
When reporting someone's pain you should note - Location of pain (localized or travels) - Characteristics of pain (aching, throbbing, stabbing, piercing, dull, sharp, cramping, burning, etc.) - ___________________ using the pain scale - Circumstances surrounding the pain (when it started, what the person was doing)
intensity of pain
muscles between ribs
intercoastal muscles
___________________ involves the use of metal plates, screws, rods, pin, or wires to hold the broken ends of the bone in place until the bone is healed
internal fixation
Person vomiting blood or passing blood through rectum is an example of ___________________
internal hemmorhaging
Bones of the skeletal system protect deliciate
internal organs
Rotation of the sole of the foot inward
inversion
What are some restraint alternatives?
involve them in your work, call family, pressure sensitive monitoring system, wanderer monitoring system, put in line of sight, speak with them
bone that is oddly shaped and not flat. Found in spinal column and face.
irregular bone
Overflow incontinence occurs when the bladder
is too full with urine
The tissue that is not getting enough blood during ischemia is said to be
ischemic
Area where two bones join together are called
joints
What is the esophageal (cardiac) sphincter do?
keeps food from coming back up through the esophagus
- Dehydration from excessive loss of fluid (acute) - Swelling from the build-up of fluid in the tissues of the body (chronic) - Hypertension from fluid overload in the circulation - Less than 40ml of urine in 24 hours followed by anuria these are all signs of
kidney failture
Anuria usually indicates that a person is in
kidney failure
Atherosclerosis can cause myocardial infarction, stroke, and
kidney failure
Pyelonephritis
kidney infections
Clumps of minerals formed in the kidneys when the waste products become very condensed
kidney stones
Renal Calculi
kidney stones
Example of freely movable joint?
knee tendons and ligaments
What is your patella?
kneecap
Osteoarthritis usually affects weight-bearing joints such as the
knees,hips, and joints of spinal column
The A in TRAP of Parkinson's Disease stands for Akinesia which means ______________________ Bradykinesia which means slowed movement, is also noted in Parkinson's disease
lack of movement
Causes of atherosclerosis - Diabetes - Hypertension - Obesity - Heredity - Stress - Smoking - Diet high in Cholesterol and saturated fats and ...
lack of physical activity
How does immobility affect the nervous system?
lack of stimulation, feelings of anxiety, feelings of isolation
The temporal lobe is the area of the brain that is responsible for
language
inflammation of the larynx
laryngitis
What position should patients be in before administering an enema?
left sims position
What are the effects of aging on the urinary system?
less efficient filtration, decreased muscle tone, enlargement of prostate gland, and increased risk for urinary tract infections
Excessive production of white blood cells
leukemia
Many people specify in their advance directives that they would like to avoid ______________________ treatments (treatments that prolong life e.g. respiratory ventilation, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and the placement of a feeding tube or intravenous line (IV) for the provision of nutrition)
life-sustaining
When are mechanical lift devices used?
lift a person from one place to another when he is unable to bear weight, weak or unsteady, or large in size
A draw sheet used to help lift or reposition a person who needs assistance with moving in bed
lift sheet or draw sheet
Attach bone to bone
ligament
What does ADH hormone do?
limits amount of water that is lost from the body in the urine
What does the mucosa do?
lines the digestive tract. Helps trap disease-causing microbes.
In an ileostomy, the person's large intestines are gone, so the chyme doesn't have the opportunity to have the water reabsorbed. This results in feces that are very __________________ and may flow fairly consistently. For this reason, a person with an ileostomy is quite prone to ______________________________.
liquid, dehydration
In a colostomy, if the intestines were removed near the beginning of the large intestines then the feces will be more __________________, if they are removed towards the end, then the feces will be more _____________________.
liquid, solid
The apical pulse is found by
listening over the apex of the heart
How you move a person who has had back surgery or an injury to the neck or spine. Person is rolled in one fluid motion so that the head, torso, and legs move as one unit
logrolling
Bone that consists of a shaft and two rounded ends
long bone
What is a maintenance plan?
long term care plan
Muscular dystrophy is a common reason why a younger person may become of a resident of a
long term facility
What are the effects of aging on the musculoskeletal system?
loss of bone tissue, loss of muscle mass, wear and tear on the joints
Because neurons are not able to repair themselves or grow back, traumatic injuries to the brain often result in physical disability and
loss of mental function
What does synovial fluid do?
lubricates the joint to help it move smoothly
Supine position
lying on back, bed flat, head and feet supported by pillow
Semi Fowler's Position
lying on back, head of bed elevation between 30 to 45 degrees, knee may be bent
Fowler's position
lying on back, head of bed elevation between 45 and 60 degrees, knee may be bent
High Fowler's Position
lying on back, head of bed elevation between 60 and 90 degrees, knee may be bent
Lateral position
lying on side, lower leg straight, upper leg bent, pillow under arm, head, neck, knee, back
Prone Position
lying on stomach, head turned to one side, pillow under head, lower abdomen and pelvis, shins,
The _______________ system helps return the fluid that leaks into the tissues back into the bloodstream.
lymphatic
Lymph capillaries join together to form larger vessels called
lymphatics
When deposits build up on the macula, middle of retina where images are sharpest, and vision becomes impaired. Most common cause of blindness in people over 65.
macular degeneration
The P in TRAP of Parkinson's disease stands for Postural Instability With Parkinson's disease a person's ability to _____________________ becoming increasingly worse, increasing the person's risk for falls This person often develops a characteristic shuffling gait with a forward lean.
maintaining balance
The muscles of the back, neck, shoulders, and abdomen are responsible for
maintaining posture
What does calcium do?
makes the bone tissue hard and strong
Negligence committed by people who hold licenses to practice their profession.
malpractice
Another word for chewing is
mastication
The physical breakdown of food, such as occurs when we chew, is called
mechanical digestion
Several factors can lead to clinical depression - chemical imbalances in the brain - low-self esteem or poor coping issues - hormonal changes, such as those that affect women during pregnancy, menstruation, childbirth and menopause and ....?
medications
The ____________ contains the centers that control respiration, heartbeat, and blood pressure
medulla
The pineal gland secretes ___________ which helps to regulate the body's sleep-awake cycles.
melatonin
In the Early Stage of Dementia The person begins to experience ______________. Because the person is aware of these memory changes, she may become fearful, anxious, or depressed. They may also become angry at others.
memory loss
The central nervous system is well protected by three layers of connective tissue called
meninges
Osteoporosis is most common in older women who have gone through
menopause
The thyroid gland produces two hormones that help to regulate the body's _________________. The main one being thyroxine, and the other being calcitonin.
metabolism
What are the three parts of the brain stem?
midbrain, pons, medulla
When someone is asked to clean the area around the uretharal opening with a special cleansing wipe. The urine flow is started, stopped, then started again. The sample is collected from the restarted flow.
midstream clean catch urine specimen
Mineralocorticoids help regulate the level of certain _________________ in the body, particularly sodium and potassium.
minerals
People with agnosia also have difficulty recognizing people. They may not even recognize themselves in the
mirror
Joints allow us to
move
By the time the chyme reaches the jejunum, it is very digested and it's time for the nutrients to reach the bloodstream. To reach the bloodstream, the nutrients pass through the ________________ and blood vessels in the next layer, the submucosa
mucosa
What are the four basic layers of the digestive tube?
mucosa, submucosa, muscle layer, serosa
The ureters are lined with a __________________ which helps protect against infection.
mucous membrane
What is the mucosa?
mucous membrane
Mucous membranes secrete _________, a sticky subtance that creates a physical barrier by trapping and destroying pathogens.
mucus
What helps move food downward and into the stomach?
mucus secreted by esophageal mucosa and contraction
High hypertension may cause a ________________ sound while taking blood pressure
muffled or swishing
Muscle weakness, tingling sensation, twitching of the eyes, and visual disturbances are the early signs of
multiple sclerosis (MS)
The number of ___________________ also starts to gradually decrease when a person is in his or her 40's, resulting in a decrease in the size and strength of each individual muscle.
muscle cells
the steady contraction of muscular muscle
muscle tone
A group of disorders that cause the skeletal muscles to become progressively weaker over time
muscular dystrophy
Loss of muscle tissue causes an older person to become weaker, which means the person becomes fatigued during physical activity more easily. When a person is fatigued, he is at an increased risk for accidents, such as falling. all examples of what physical change of aging?
musculoskeletal changes
A fatty, white substance that protects the axon. Also speeds up conduction of nerve impulses along the axon.
myelin
The most common form of muscular dystrophy affecting adults in __________ muscular dystrophy.
myotonic
When is the most ideal time to perform nail care?
nails that have been soaked for a short time in warm water
Myopia is known as
near sightedness
After a person reaches 40 years of age, the number of functioning ________________ in the kidneys starts to decrease. decreasing the kidney's ability to filter waste products from the bloodstream
nephrons
Basic functional unit of the kidney
nephrons
The deposits of plaques and tangles inside of the brain affect the ability of the ______________ to communicate with each other, causing them to die. This causes the brain to shrink in size and brain activity decreases.
nerve cells
It takes an older person longer to regain balance if she starts to fall, or change course to avoid running into someone else, or tripping over an object in her path all examples of what physical change of aging?
neurological changes
What are the physical changes of aging?
neurological, sensory, musculoskeletal, urinary, respiratory, skin
Cell that can send and receive information
neuron
You should _________ accept gifts or money from patients.
never
You should __________ ignore an assignment because you don't know how to do it or it is out of your scope of practice. You should either communicate your refusal, ask for training, or ask for help.
never
You should ___________ perform a task you have not been trained to do or you feel uncomfortable doing.
never
As a CNA are you allowed to trim nails?
no
is suctioning in a CNA's scope of practice?
no
What causes osteoarthritis?
normal wear and tear, but obesity, previous joint injury, or a family history of a disease can influence
What is one of the most important things of being a CNA?
noticing changes in your patients
You should always report your observations of patients to the ?
nurse
What is used to gather information about a person's preferences, abilites, disabilites, and habits?
nursing history
Once the chyme reaches the jejunum, absorption of ______________ begins.
nutrients
Laxative should not be abused because it could cause the chyme to pass through the intestines too quickly not allowing
nutrients and fluids to be absorbed
- Color of a person's skin - Cool or clammy skin - Foul Odors - Wheezing or gurgling - Bruises, swelling, rashes - Watching what they are are all examples of _________________ data
objective
Something you notice about the patient or resident typically related to a change in the person's physical or mental condition
observation
You should always _____________ residents.
observe
when someone is still in the bed
occupied bed
when the top sheet, blanket, and bedspread of a closed bed are turned back, or fanfolded, it becomes an
open bed
Surgical exposure of the bone to line up the broken ends of the bone
open reduction
"otomy" means
opening
When taking an electronic temperature, the blue probe is used for?
oral or axillary
Hepatitis E is spread through ...?
oral-fecal route
How is Hepatitis A transmitted?
oral-fecal route
What is it called when you're dizzy if you jump out of bed very quickly?
orthostastic hypertension
- White race - "Small Bones" - Smoking - Inactivity or immobility - Diseases of the thyroid and adrenal glands - A diet lacking in calcium, vitamin D, and protein - Certain drugs, such as steroids are risk factors of
osteoporosis
Feces pass through the stoma and into a pouch called a ______________________ that is worn over the stoma
ostomy appliance
Infection of the middle ear that is common in young children. Occurs when fluid builds up in the middle ear. Bacteria from the throat find their way into the middle ear through the eustachian tube. Once there, they start to grow and multiply in the trapped fluid.
otitis media
Motor nerves carry information from the inside In other words, motor nerves carry commands from the brain down the spinal cord and out to the muscles and organs of the body
out
In a neurogenic bladder it is either
overactive or underactive
What can put extra strain on joints making simple activities painful and stiff?
overuse, injury of a joint, being overweight
In vascular dementia, mental functions are lost because multiple areas of the brain tissues die due to lack of
oxygen and nutrients
What hormone is responsible for inducing labor and the production of breast milk?
oxytocin
When should you check vital signs? - When someone is admitted - Before, during, and after a surgical or diagnostic procedure, - In an emergency situation - After an incident or accident, such as a fall - If a person complains of dizziness, nausea, or ______________ or if you just notice the person is just not acting right
pain
Treatment for osteoarthritis includes:
pain medication, heat and cold applications, mild exercise, surgery
Point at which a person becomes aware of pain
pain threshold
level of pain that a person can endure
pain tolerance
When someone has paralysis, not only are they not able to feel the affected areas, but they also can't sense
pain, heat, cold
Because bile gives feces their brown color, a person with gallbladder disorder may have feces that are
pale or red-colored
Located behind the stomach, in the curve of the duodenum
pancreas
produce substances that aid in digestion and secretes them into the duodenum
pancreas
inability to move or feel caused by spinal cord injury or a stroke
paralysis
Paralysis from the waist down is known as
paraplegia
An airway obstruction where some air can pass through is considered a __________________ obstruction.
partial
Airway obstruction can be either.....
partial or complete
Range of Motion: When the nursing assistant or nurse moves the patient's or resident's joints through the exercise, without active involvement on the part of the person. (e.g. unconscious)
passive range of motion
White blood cells destroy ______________ that invade the body
pathogens
Fractures that occur in bones that have been weakened by a disease process, such as osteoporosis or bone cancer
pathologic fracture
Preparation for discharge begins as soon as the
patient enters the facility
When are powered stand-assist devices used?
patient who can bear weight on at least one leg and is cooperative
In severe cases, the ulcer may affect all of the layers of the stomach or duodenum wall, not just the mucosa. This condition is called a _________________, is life-threatening
penetrating ulcer
Catheter care involves thorough cleaning of the
perineal area and the catheter tubing that extends outside of the body
Perineal care is the cleaning of the
perineum and associated structures
infection and inflammation of the soft tissues and bones that support the teeth
periodontitis
The ______________ receives information from the environment and carries commands from the brain and spinal cord to the other organs of the body, such as the muscles.
peripheral nervous system
From the stomach, the chyme passes slowly into the small intestine where more digestion occurs and nutrients and fluids are absorbed, then into the large intestine. Wave like muscular movements are called
peristalsis
What moves the chyme through the intestines?
peristalsis
In ____________________ solutions that absorb waste products are instilled (placed) into a person's abdominal cavity through a tube that has been surgically inserted for this purpose.
peritoneal dialysis
It is generally believed that if someone is in a persistent vegetative state for longer than a year, it is
permanent
A person with dementia may do the same thing over and over again. This is called
perseveration
When someone comes out of their coma but is unable to respond to their environment
persistent vegetative state
CNA Role in Rehabilitation Cardiovascular system She would help
person regain strength and adopt better habits
What are some factors that can affect someone's rehabilitation efforts?
person's attitude and coping skills, family support, overall health, and age
Sitting position
person's feet level, knee bent 90%, calf not touching chair,paralyzed arms should be supported
A person with frontotemporal dementia may show extreme changes in __________________________ and have difficulty in langauge.
personality and behavior
In the Middle Stage of Dementia The person has difficulty - communicating, using words, understanding words - recognizing familiar people and things - remembering steps that are necessary to complete familiar tasks such as getting dressed The person may also have ____________________ and behave differently, often in challenging ways. They may also experience incontinence.
personality changes
What type of seizures are very mild and hardly noticeable?
petit mal
When white cells destroy pathogens by surrounding them and eating them
phagocytosis
Feeling that the amputated body part is still present after an amputation
phantom pain
Inflammation of the pharynx or a sore throat
pharyngitis
Food doesn't go into the trachea, it goes into the _______________ and then into the esophagus
pharynx
Type of therapy that helps a person regain strength, endurance, coordination, balance, posture and flexibility. Uses supportive devices
physical
A device that is attached to or near a person's body to limit a person's freedom of movement or access to her body
physical constraint
Who is on the rehabilitation team?
physical therapists, occupational therapist, speech-language pathologist, physician, rehab aide and nurse, orthotist, prosthetist, and neuropsychologist
What are the three meninges?
pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
Which type of meninges? Thin delicate layer of tissue rich in blood vessels that is attached to the surface of the brain and spinal cord
pia meter
What are some supportive devices?
pillows, rolled sheets, towels, blankets
When dealing with a patient with an indwelling catheter, you should NEVER
place the drainage bag over the person's bladder
Flexing the arch of the foot by pointing the toes downward
plantar flexion
Proteins deposits called ______________ are found in the brains of people with Alzheimer's Disease
plaques and tangles
Thrombocytes
platelets
Membrane lining of the inside of the chest cavity also covers outside of the lungs
pleura
Symptoms of HIV Infection - Loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, or diarrehea - Weight loss - Fever (with or without nightsweats) - Pain or difficulty swallowing - Fatigue - Swollen lymph nodes in neck, armpits, and groin - cough or recurrent episodes of ______________? - Sores or white patches in the mouth - bruises or dark bumps on the skin that do not heal - forgetfulness and confusion - dementia - vision loss
pneumonia
How does immobility affect the respiratory system?
pneumonia, decreased respiratory effort, decreased oxygenation of blood
A doctor who specializes in care of the feet
podiatrist
Polyuria can be a sign of
poorly controlled diabetes or a desired effect of a medication
What kind of receptors found in the muscles, tendons, and joints keep the brain informed about the position of various body parts in relation to one another?
position
The urinary system regulates the levels of essential minerals such as
potassium, calcium, and sodium
Type of hearing loss in which older people gradually lose ability to hear high pitched sounds
presbycusis
Congential means
present at birth
Proper body alignment helps prevent contractures and _______________
pressure ulcers
When washing dentures, you should always line the sink with a washcloth to
prevent contamination of the dentures
Why is perineal care important?
prevention of infection, skin breakdown, and odor
What do the salivary glands do?
produce and secrete saliva
What are other functions does the liver have that are not related to digestion?
produces clotting factors and it helps to clean our blood of toxins, such as alcohol and drugs
What hormone stimulates the milk glands of the breast to produce milk when a baby is born?
prolactin
Rotation of the palm so that it is facing down or backward
pronation
__________________ devices are artificial replacements for legs, arms, feet, or other body parts
prosthetic
Leukemia causes white blood cells to be abnormally structured and cannot perform their job of...
protecting the body
What are the functions of the musculoskeletal system?
protection, support, movement, heat, calcium, blood cells
As we age, we lose the _____________ that make the ligaments, tendons, ad cartilage elastic and flexible, which can lead to stiffness and pain in the joints.
proteins
Viruses are small bundles of _________________
proteins
People with DVT are at high risk for a
pulmonary embolism
Wave felt each time the heart beats
pulse
Difference between the apical pulse rate and the radial pulse rate
pulse deficit
Difference between systolic and diastolic
pulse pressure
Number of pulsations that can be felt for one minute that tells us the heart rate and how fast the heart is beating
pulse rate
A circular of muscular tissue that surrounds the place where the stomach empties into the small intestines
pyloric sphincter
Food leaves the stomach through the
pyloric sphincter
What is the bottom region of the stomach?
pylorus
Paralysis from the neck down is known as
quadriplegia or tetraplegia
Slip knots are
quick release knots
Pulse located in wrist is called
radial pulse
Pain that travels is called
radiating pain
While insulin is responsible for lowering blood glucose levels, glucagon is responsible for
raising them
The _________________________ of a joint is the complete extend of movement that the joint is normally capable of doing without causing pain.
range of motion
CNA Role in Rehabilitation Muscloskeletal System The CNA would perform
range of motion exercises, use of heat and cold applications
A brittle diabetic is someone who has
ranging blood sugar
What are the two types of aphasia?
receptive and expressive
When someone has receptive aphasia, they have difficulty
recieving
In an emergency situation, your responsibility is to..
recognize that there's an emergency decide to act check for consciousness activate EMS provide first aid record care you provided
When taking an electronic temperature, the red probe is used for?
rectal
Small, wax-like cone or oval that is inserted into the anus. Dissolves at body temperature stimulating peristalsis or lubricating and softening the stool
rectal suppository
What kind of cells carry oxygen?
red
Erythrocytes
red blood cells
When blood vessels dilate during an infection, this causes the infected to become...?
red, warm, swollen, and painful
How does immobility affect the urinary system?
reduced kidney function, incontinence, urinary tract infections
When the brain has difficulty locating the exact location of internal pain
referred (radiating) pain
In a neurogenic underactive bladder, the person isn't able to sense when the bladder is full resulting in (when the bladder empties itself automatically when it becomes too full)
reflex incontience
To turn back to a former or earlier. e.g older children acting like younger children when faced with hospitalization
regression
What are the two types of bedpans?
regular bedpan and fracture pan
What do insulin and glucagon do?
regulate glucose in the blood
Myotonic muscular dystrophy is when the muscles have difficulty ______________ after becoming contracted and the muscles may spasm.
relaxing
In ____________________ the person with dementia is encouraged to remember and share experiences from his past with others.
reminiscence therapy
The kidneys are supplied by two large arteries called the left and right
renal arteries
Urine from each nephron is emptied into a collecting area, called the
renal pelvis
If you notice that your patient has dry, cracked, swollen, blisters, irritations, sores, white patches in the mouth or on the tongue, bleeding, swelling, or redness of the gums, you should
report it to the nurse
How hard it is for the blood to flow through the vessels
resistance to blood flow
"pnea" deals with
respirations
The frontal lobe is the area of the brain that is responsible for
responsibility and behavior
- A person who can not walk but tries to get out of bed repeatedly without assistance - A person who cannot control body movements or maintain proper posture due to a medical disorder - A person who attempts to pull or remove tubing - Person who is demonstrating combative behavior - Person who has overdosed on alcohol or medications are all situations when it may be appropriate to use
restraints
The indwelling catheter is also known as a
retention or Foley catheter
When putting someone on a bedpan, you should put in one buttcheek then
roll
When applying socks to a patient, you should always
roll the cuff of the sock down
Twisting or turning of a joint
rotation
Osteoarthritis begins when the smooth cartilage on the ends of the bones become ______________, due to normal use of the joint. The rough area then becomes inflamed, and bony deposits build up. These bony deposits rub again the cartilage causing more damage.
rough
What are the folds of the mucosa that flatten out as food enters the stomach, almost doubling the stomach's holding capacity?
rugae
A substance that helps with chewing and swallowing by moistening the food
saliva
What gland is located near the mouth?
salivary glands
Hepatitis E is more common in countries with poor...?
sanitation
When someone has expressive aphasia, they have difficulty
saying
Mild intellectual disability is usually unnoticeable until the child reaches
school
Hardening of the arteries
sclerosis
You should never delegate a task that is out of someone's __________?
scope of practice
White blood cells destroy pathogens by eating them or _______________________ substances to kill them.
secreting
Occurs when the receptors are unable to receive stimuli or transmit nerve impulses. Can be caused by prolonged exposure to loud noise, reccurent ear infections, trauma to the ear, and some types of medications
sensorineural hearing loss
Vision, hearing, taste, and smell decrease with age. These changes can make it more difficult for an older person to detect and respond to dangerous situations. all examples of what physical change of aging?
sensory changes
Specialized cells or groups of cells associated with a sensory nerve
sensory receptors
Separates the left and right sides of the heart
septum
When can temporary fecal occur?
severe cases of diarrhea, inability to get to the bathroom,
A person with a gallbladder disorder may have episodes of
severe pain
What all should you know before even meeting your patient?
sex age DNR status can they talk can they see can they hear medications they're taking disorders or conditions
Gonadotropins regulate the function of the ....
sex glands
What is the common cause of urethritis in men?
sexually transmitted diseases
The bones of the skeletal system form a framework and give
shape to the body
Caused by pulling a person across a sheet or other surface that offers resistance
shearing
bones that are round or cube-shaped. Found in wrist and ankles.
short bone
Dementia usually affects _______________ memory
short-term
A covering used to wrap the body of a person who has died
shroud
A people who is receiving regular hemodialysis treatments will have surgery to create a fistule or graft. This allows access for needles and tubing. Sometimes, this access is provided through a temporary device called a
shunt
Objective data are considered to be _____________
signs
There are 2 stages of chronic illnesses. When not under control, what shows? When under control, what doesn't show?
signs and symptoms
What type of phobia? - Most common type - Abnormally afraid of a specific thing such as dogs, cats, insects, heights, water, or flying in an airplane
simple phobia
There are three main types of phobia, what are they?
simple, social, and agoraphobia
In Right Side Heart Failure also known as Cor Pulmonale the veins in the legs and abdomen become swollen and fluid may leak into the tissues, causing significant edema and .....
skin breakdown
Elderly people are at very high risk for experiencing bruises and skin tears, often during routine care. In older people, blood vessels become more fragile, which increases the tendency to bruise. Person's skin is dry, weak, and fragile. all examples of what physical change of aging?
skin changes
Example of a flat bone?
skull
Example of a fixed joint?
skull sutures
When a person stops breathing for periods of time during sleep
sleep apnea
Lateral transfer-assist devices such as the slider board all a person who has good upper-body strength to
slide across from a bed or a chair
An indwelling (foley) catheter has a soft balloon that is inflated inside the bladder to keep the catheter from
sliding out of the uretha
What are the first signs of a stroke?
slurring of speech or change in personality
The pyloric sphincter helps to prevent food from returning to the stomach once it enters the
small intestines
Tumors of the bladder are common among people who have
smoked cigarettes
What type of muscle contracts rhythmically in the walls of the ureters that moves urine away from the kidney and towards the urinary bladder?
smooth
The muscle layer contains
smooth muscle
What type of phobia? - Involves a fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in front of other people. - Related to feelings of inferiority and low self-esteem and may cause a person to drop out of school, avoid making friends, or remain unemployed.
social phobia
People with agnosia have difficulty recognizing sensory input. They often can't tell that they're drinking boiling coffee or that they're eating
soiled food
Expressive aphasia is caused by damage to the motor centers of the brain that control the ability for the person to ______________________. A person with expressive aphasia may also have trouble swallowing, increasing her risk of choking.
speak or form sounds into meaningful words
Symptoms of Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIAs) include: - dizziness - nausea - blurring or loss of vision - double vision - paralysis on one side of the body or face or the inability to
speak or swallow
Moderate intellectual disability is when someone has delays with both motor skills and _____________ development.
speech
What can cause a neurogenic bladder?
spinal cord injury, stroke, tumor, or complications of diabetes
What bones are those usually affected by osteoporosis?
spine, pelvis, and long bones of arms and legs
spiral-shaped or curved bacteria
spirilla
In addition to improving their physical, social, and emotional quality of life, what other aspect is important for residents?
spiritual
The _____________ helps filter blood and break down worn-out red blood cells. Acts as a reservoir where extra blood is stored when a major injury occurs.
spleen
The outside of the bone is hard and solid. The inside of the bone is _________________ and airy.
sponge-like
Inside of the hard bone is the..
spongy bone, yellow marrow, and blood vessels
Bladder tumors are usually malignant and may
spread to other organs
Also known as "phlegm" consists of mucus and other respiratory secretions that are coughed up from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea coughed up in productive cough
sputum
The normal demands of daily life also cause a lot of wear and tear on the joints, which can, over time, lead to _____________
stiffness and pain
In a neurogenic overactive bladder, it is highly sensitive to
stimulation
Artificial opening (could be abdominal wall for an ostomy)
stoma
Hollow, muscular holding pouch for food.
stomach
The mucous membrane (mucosa) helps protect the delicate tissues of the digestive tract from ...?
stomach acid
What is another term for fecal material?
stool
Medication that helps to keep fluid in the feces and are used to prevent constipation for some people. They DO NOT chemically stimulate the intestines to cause a bowl movement.
stool softners
Arrest means?
stop
A person who has had a joint replacement surgery must use a __________________ and their hips must not be flexed no more than __________________ degrees, even when using the toliet.
straight-backed chair, 90
Results from any change from the normal routine that affects a person's ability to maintain a state of balance
stress
The ACTH or Adrenocrotcotropic hormone stimulates the adrenal glands to produce their hormones which help the body deal with
stress
When a runner foot pounds against the pavement for a long period of time (fracture)
stress fracture
What are the types of incontinence?
stress, urge, functional, overflow, and reflex
In a neurogenic underactive bladder, the smooth muscle that forms the walls of the bladder loses it's tone causing the bladder to
stretch out
A person may develop epilepsy following a head injury, brain infection, or ____________ A difficult delivery that results in the infant not getting enough oxygen during the birth process can also lead to epilepsy.
stroke
Atherosclerosis of arteries that supply blood to brain can cause a
stroke
Dysrhythmia may cause a person to be dizzy, experience heart papitations, fatigue, or fainting. They're also at an inceased risk for a heart attack or
stroke
People who smoke, have atherosclerosis (hardening of arteries), or have poorly controlled hypertension or diabetes are most at risk for having a
stroke
The end of the amputated limb that is left after surgery
stump
When taking a rectal temperature you should always
subtract 1
Process of removing fluid and mucus from a person's airway
suctioning
Rotation of the palm so that it is facing up or forward
supination
The most comfortable position for using a bedpan is
supine position
Splints and braces that help stabilize a weak joint or limb are examples of ____________ devices
supportive
What are the types of helping devices?
supportive, assistive, and prosthetic
If the kidney stone becomes lodged in the narrow ureter which can block the flow of urine that results in pressure being placed on the nephrons of the kidney, that person will need
surgery
closed bed that has been opened to recieve a patient who will be arriving by stretcher
surgical bed
lithotripsy
surgical removal of kidney stones
When a person with dementia can no longer __________, it signals the final phase of the disease process before death occurs.
swallow and eat
Too much fluid in the blood can lead to fluid overload, causing
swelling in parts of the body
Subjective data is considered to be _______________________
symptoms
The gap between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of the next. This gap is called the ____________ in which neurotransmitters are transferred.
synapse
The lining of the capsule secretes a thick fluid called
synovial fluid
What kind of receptors are stimulated when something comes in contact with the surface of the body and presses on them causing them to change shapes. (e.g. tips of fingers and toes)
tactile
What types of enemas? - Help soften the stool - stimulates peristalsis
tap water enema and saline (salt water) enema
what are the accessory organs of the digestive tract that assist with the breakdown of food?
teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
Attach bone to muscle
tendon
Some types of cancer, end-stage emphysema, and some heart conditions are examples of __________________.
terminal illness
Cramping of the skeletal muscles and irregular heart beat when calcium levels are too low
tetany
The ___________ sorts out the impulses that arrive via the spinal cord from other parts of the body and sends them to the correct part of the cerebrum
thalamus
The diencephalon contains the
thalamus and hypothalamus
In a regular bed pan, the big part always goes towards
the back
The digestive system is a long tube or tract, consisting of..?
the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
In freely movable joints, each skeletal muscle attaches to the bone in two places:
the origin and the insertion
Failure to communicate your refusal of an assignment can put...?
the patient at risk
The _________ gland secretes a chemical that stimulates the production of t-cells in event of an infection
thymus
What hormone sets the rate of metabolism for the cells in the body?
thyroxine
a fungal infection of the scalp, may also cause itching and flaking of the scalp
tinea capitis
In sickle cell, the misshaped cells don't have hemoglobin which doesn't allow oxygen flow. This causes them to get stuck in the ____________
tiny capillaries
Veins send blood __________ the heart
to
"- ptysis" means
to spit
"tachy" means
too fast
"brady" means
too slow
Diabetes can decrease a person's sense of _________________ and can't sense if water is too hot
touch
If you see someone's hands cramping, you should put a _________________ in the person's hands to keep nails from going into hand
towel
Rapid heart rate or a pulse rate of more than 100 beats per minute for an adult
trachycardia
When the ends of bones are placed in the proper alignment and then weight is applied to exert a constant pull and keep the bone in alignment
traction
Pathways of nerve tissue in the spinal cord are called
tracts
Whenever a patient or resident is moved within or between health care settings.
transfer
webbed or woven belt with a buckle that is used to assist a weak or unsteady person with standing, walking, or transferring
transfer belt
Oxygen molecules attach to the hemoglobin for ______________ to the tissues
transport
The effects of Parkinson's disease can be easily remmembered by thinking of the word "TRAP" which stands for
tremor, rigidity, akinesia, postural instability
Which valve? Separates right atrium and right ventricle
tricuspid
What small triangular fold of tissue keeps the urine from flowing back into the ureters after it has emptied into the bladder?
trigone
True or False As a nursing assistant, you are responsible for hygiene, safety, nutrition, comfort, exercise, and elimination.
true
True or False If a person does have a definite pulse, but isn't breathing, you should open the airway and proceed to give one breath every 2 seconds. Then check the pulse every 2 minutes
true
True or False Infections can be - Local (one area) - Generalized (General area or organ) - Systemic (whole body)
true
True or False Most microbes don't cause harm. Some are actually essential for living (e.g. digestive tract)
true
True or False The Registry consists of - full name (including maiden) - last know home address - registry number and date of expiration - date of birth - date of test passing - last known employer and dates of employment - reported incidents of abuse, theft, neglect, etc.
true
True or False The patient has the right to... be informed of any business relationships between parties that influence the care she receives. (e.g hospital and insurance provider)
true
True or False The patient has the right to... be informed of her options for care when she is discharged from the hospital
true
True or False The patient has the right to... considerate and respectful care
true
True or False The patient has the right to... information about her diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis
true
True or False The patient has the right to... privacy
true
True or False The patient has the right to... refuse a recommended treatment
true
True or False The patient has the right to... specify her wishes
true
True or False The resident has the right to... a dignified existence
true
True or False The resident has the right to... be free from abuse
true
True or False The resident has the right to... choose to work at the facility as a volunteer or a paid employee
true
True or False The resident has the right to... freedom about how to live his life, freedom to vote, and freedom from discrimination
true
True or False The resident has the right to... information about eligibility for Medicare or Medicaid funds
true
True or False The resident has the right to... know what rights and responsibilities she has
true
True or False The resident has the right to... receive visitors and share room with spouse
true
True or False The resident has the right to... transfer or leave facility
true
True or False The resident has the right to... voice grievances
true
True or False You should NEVER resuscitate a patient unless you know their DNR status.
true
True or False You should support sujective symptoms with objective signs when reporting. For example Subjective: Nausea Objective: Pale, greeish skin
true
True or false A tourniquet should be your last result.
true
True or false Our skin has natural lubricants that contain substances that help prevent the growth of pathogens
true
Walls of the Blood Vessel Which is the tough protective layer of connective tissue on the outside?
tunica externa
Layers of Blood Vessels Which is the inside layer that is the smooth lining that allows blood to flow smoothly?
tunica intima
The walls of the blood vessels have 3 layers:
tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa
Layers of Blood Vessel Which is the middle layer also known as the smooth muscle layer? This allows the blood vessels to contrist or dilate.
tunica media
An indwelling catheter may have how many lumens?
two or three
- Smoking - Frequent use of the over-the-counter pain medications - Infection with a bacterium called Helicobacter pylori can all increase a person's chances of developing
ulcers
Sores caused by wearing away of the protective mucosa that lines the digestive tract
ulcers
What are the four common digestive disorders that you will likely see in the health care setting?
ulcers, hernia, gallbladder disorders, and cancer
What are the symptoms of an ulcer?
uncomfortably full, nauseous after eating, stomach pain, especially within 3 hours of eating,
Receptive aphasia is caused by damage to the area of the brain that allows the person to ____________________. The person can speak clearly, but he no longer knows the meanings of words. For example, people with receptive aphasia may say "no" when he means "yes" and often won't be able to follow your verbal instruction.
understand words
A person with a gallbladder disorder may have feces that float because it contains a great deal of
undigested fat
A device is not considered a restraint if the person has the cognitive and physical ability to
unfasten the fastener
The fundus is the ___________ region of the stomach
upper
Where is the dorsalis pedis pulse?
upper part of foot towards ankle
After entering the abdominal cavity, the esophagus connects with the
upper part of the stomach
What carries the urine from the kidneys to the bladder?
ureters
A procedure where the ureters are brought through the abdominal wall by way of small incisions and sutured in place.
ureterstomy
What tube carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body?
urethra
What men use to urinate
urinal
How are urinary disorders diagnosed?
urinalysis, imaging studies, ultrasound, and cytoscopy and ureteroscopy.
The amount of urine the bladder is able to hold before the person feels to urge to urinate decreases with age, leading to urinary frequency (need to urinate more often) Rushing to the bathroom or failing to take necessary safety measures (such as waiting to help, using a walker, or turning on a light) can put the person at higher risk for falls. all examples of what physical change of aging?
urinary changes
What are the symptoms of urinary tract infections in YOUNGER people? Older people typically do not have these symptoms
urinary frequency, burning, and cramping
In a neurogenic overactive bladder, the amount of urine the bladder is able to hold is reduced. It results in
urinary incontience
inability to hold one's urine or the involuntary loss of urine from the bladder
urinary incontinence
What is the external urinary opening called?
urinary meatus or urethral orifice
The Inability of the bladder to empty either completely during urination or at all, often associated with overflow incontinence
urinary retention
In a neurogenic underactive bladder, the smooth muscle walls may not be able to contract strongly leading to
urinary retention and overflow incontience
Urge incontinence is the involuntary release of urine right after feeling a strong urge to void. This type of incontinence is common in people with
urinary tract infections
what does micturate mean?
urination
-Uria means
urine
The waste substances and excess fluids left after the filtrate reaches the end of the tubules, is known as
urine
During the Late Stage of Dementia The person - loses the ability to walk and sit independently and eventually becomes bedridden - no longer able to speak, swallow, or smile - becomes totally incontinent of the person dies
urine and feces
A double-lumen indwelling catheter has two lumens: One lumen, which connects to the catheter tubing is used for __________________________. The second lumen is used for ______________________.
urine drainage and inflating the balloon
A procedure where the ureters are attached to a small portion of the small intestines (usually the ileum).
urostomy
Damage to blood vessels that supply the brain can affect the delivery of oxygen to the brain tissue and may contribute to the onset of
vascular dementia
In hemorrhaging, _______________ injuries flow steadily.
venous
Blood clots that form in the veins of the legs where the blood pools because the blood is moving slowly Causes inflammation of the lining of the vein Often referred to as Thrombophlebitis Can either be in the superficial or the deep veins
venous thrombosis
_______________ drain into small veins, which become larger as they approach the heart. These take blood from the capillary beds back to the heart.
venules
Use of language. either spoke or written. sign language included.
verbal communcation
Example of an irregular bone?
vertebrae
Example of slightly movable joint?
vertebrae cartildge
Vascular stands for
vessels
The mucosa of the small intestine has millions of tiny-finger like structures called _____________ (catapillars)
villi
You can't kill ______________.
viruses
Returning a person to gainful employment What rehab is this?
vocational
What is the other words for urination?
voiding and micturition
Severe intellectual disability, people with this can learn some basic skills and might be able to earn to _______ if they have no other disabilites.
walk
Pathogens like
warm, dark, and moist
Fungi like what type of enviroment?
warm, moist, dark
Signs of Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT) - Pain - Redness - Swelling and
warmth
If someone has a deep vein thombus, you shouldn't
wash with warm water or massage leg
What is the best method of infection control?
washing hands
By the time the filtrate reaches the end of the tubules, only excess fluids and ________________ remain
waste substances
In Duchenne Muscular dystropy, the person dies because the muscles that allows the person to breaths becomes too __________ to function
weak
Sometimes a hernia can form at the site of an old surgical incision. Other times, the muscle is just __________ in certain areas
weak
person's ability to stand on one or both legs
weight bearing
What causes kidney infections?
when bladder infections are not treated and then the infection passes up into the kidneys
When is a straight catheter used?
when it is to be inserted and removed immediately.
Leukoctyes
white blood cells
Leukocytes
white blood cells
When someone's temperature is elevated, that tells you that the _________________ are fighting off an infection.
white blood cells
______________ are formed in the red bone marrow and lympathic system
white blood cells
Legal statement that expresses a person's wishes for the management of his or her affairs after death
will
What should you ALWAYS do to your stethoscope after any use?
wipe down
The urinary system helps to keep fluid levels
within the body constant
The T in TRAP for Parkinson's Disease stands for Tremor Parkinson's disease starts with a faint tremor that ____________________. The tremor is most apparent when the person is resting and decreases when the person attempts purposeful movement.
worsens over time
Yes or No Can poor ventilation cause someone to faint?
yes
When taking blood pressure, your arm should always be level with
your heart
