CNA Study Guide

How can you prevent pressure sores?

- don't allow person to remain in one spot for too long - observation - provide good skin care - provide good perineal care - anticipate toileting needs - encourage mobility - minimize friction and shearing - good nutrition and hydration - pressure-reducing devices

In women, the urethra is measured about

1 and a half to 2 and a half inches

The kidneys produce 160 to 180 liters of filtrate each day, but only about _____________ liters are excreted from the body in the form of urine.

1 to 1.5

How many compressions should you perform in a minute?

100

What is the normal blood pressure range for school aged children?

100 over 62

What is the normal blood pressure range for adolescents?

102 over 80

Tubs should be between ________________________ temp

105 to 115

Bed baths should be between ____________________ temp

110 to 115

How many hours of continuing education must you complete per year?

12

How long are LPNS (Licensed Practical Nurse) in school for ?

12 to 18 months

What is the normal respiration rate for adults?

12 to 20

What is the normal blood pressure range for adults?

120 over 80

What is the range of respirations?

14 to 20

Hypertension BP

140 over 90

What is normal respiration rate for adolescents?

15 to 20

What is the normal respiration rate for school-aged children?

15 to 25

How many liters of filtrate do kidneys produce a day?

160 to 180

When was the Patient Bill of Rights erected?

1973

When was OBRA (Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act) constructed?

1987

Every _____________ years you must get your certification renewed.

2

How many breaths do you give in BLS Breathing?

2

You should remove someone from a restraint every _______ hours, to perform 10 minutes worth of range of motion execises and mobility

2

A person should be repositioned in a wheelchair every

2 hours

How long does it take for cells die?

2 hours

Rigor mortis is the stiffening of the muscles that usually develops within ________________ hours of death

2 to 4

Rheumatoid arthritis affects people much younger in life, most often between the ages of _______________________ years

20 and 40

Multiple sclerosis (MS) strikes people early in life, between the ages of ___________________ years. Some people may have a period of remission (mild or no symptoms) followed by a relapse (symptoms return and are much worse) In the late stages of MS a person may become completely paralyzed. There is no cure for MS, but medication can help slow the process.

20 to 40

The _________ bones in the human body form a framework called the skeleton.

206

What the blood pressure cuff size for a normal adult?

24 to 32

How many days does it take for the cells to reach the surface, die, shed, and regenerate?

28

How many wound intention healing are there?

3

After passing through the esophagus, the food we eat stays in the stomach for _________________ hours where digestion continues to take place

3 to 4

To help prevent shearing caused by a person sliding down in bed, do not elevate the head of the bed more then

30 degrees

How many stages of pressure ulcers are there?

4

How long should a back massage last?

4 to 6 minutes

How long does resident abuse remain on someone's registry?

5 years

In men, the urethra is measured about

6 to 8 inches

Average pulse rate for an adult?

60 to 100

What is the range of pulse?

70 to 100

How many individual skeletal muscles are found in the body?

700

What is the minimum number of hours Nursing Assistants must train according to OBRA?

75

Average pulse rate for an school-aged child?

75 to 110

On average, a person with dementia will live ___________ years after the first symptoms appear.

8 to 10 years

A person usually does not show signs of kidney failure until ____________ of kidney function is lost.

80 to 90 %

Hypotension BP

90 over 60

When using a glass thermometer, it must be shaken down below the ____________ mark

94

Average child axillary temperature?

96 to 98

Average adult axillary temperature?

96.6 to 98.6

Average child oral temperature?

97 to 99

Average adult oral temperature?

97.6 to 99.6

Average child rectal temperature?

98 to 100

Average adult rectal temperature?

98.6 to 100.6

What type of fire is one fueled by wood, paper, cloth, leaves, and grass?

A

A stage 1 (may be pale, white, or shiny) pressure sore is characterized by

A reddened area of skin that does not return to it's original color after the pressure is removed

The Posterior Lobe releases the hormones:

ADH and Oxytocin

People with profound intellectual disability need help with all of their

ADLs

What does HIV cause?

AIDS

Nervous system disorder that causes progessive muscle weakness. The nerves that transmit impulses between the spinal cord and muscles are totally destroyed.

ALS

Form of neglect, act of withdrawing support or help from another person in spite of duty or responsibility. Refusing to help someone.

Abandonment

Excoriation

Abrasion or a scraping away the surface of the skin. Caused by trauma, chemicals, burns, urine, or feces,

The repetitive and deliberate infliction of injury on another person which can be committed by actively doing something or failing to do something is known as ___________.

Abuse

Being accountable for your patients. You can't leave your patients for any reason because that's abandonment.

Accountability

What does AIDS stand for?

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

A usually unexpected, rapid onset illness that has a relatively short recovery time.

Acute

Pneumonia, Appendicitis, Broken Bones, and Labor & Delivery are examples of _____________ illnesses.

Acute

- Medical or surgical emergency that causes a decrease in the amount of blood flow through the kidneys, - Poisoning - Severe infection - Severe allergic reaction are all causes of

Acute Renal Failure

Sharp, sudden pain that occurs with injury. Lasts for a short period of time and decreases as tissues heal.

Acute pain

Physical need for a substance that results in withdrawal signs and symptoms if the substance is withheld

Addiction

Disease that occurs when the adrenal cortex is destroyed, May develop dark discoloration in the skin and disturbances in the body's salt and water balance

Addison's disease

List the things nursing assistants can not do.

Administer medication or oxygen Recieve verbal orders from doctors Diagnose illness or prescribe medication Supervise other nursing assistants Performing sterile procedures Insert or remove tubes from patient's body

A person is more likely to develop pressure ulcers if they have these qualities:

Advanced age, poor nutrition and hydration, moisture, or cardiovascular and respiratory problems.

Process for making a plea or providing support on another's behalf

Advocacy

Needs oxygen

Aerobic

Changes in physical appearance, fragile, dry skin, thickening of thehe nails, less efficient temperature regulation are all effects of _______ in the integumentary system

Aging

When someone is placed in an airborne infection isolation room (AIIR) what kind of precaution are they using?

Airborne

What kind of precautions are used for pathogens spread through the air and into the respiratory tract?

Airborne Precautions

ABCS of Body Mechanics - Good posture - No excess strain on joints or muscules - Back held in neutral position

Alignment

What does ALSO Wash & Document stand for?

Alignment Light Safety Open Wash Document

What are the ABCS of body mechanics?

Alignment, Balance, Coordinated Movement

Most common cause of dementia. One of the leading causes of death in the US.

Alzheimer's diease

Who adopted the Patient's Bill of Rights? Also known as AHA

American Hospital Association

ALS stands for ____________________ or Lou Gehrig's Disease

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Doesn't need oxygen

Anaerobic

What type of shock? Caused by severe allergic reaction. This causes blood vessels to widen and blood to pool away from heart. Also prevents oxygen from passing through the lungs to the blood.

Anaphylactic

General term for a group of disorders affecting the red blood cells

Anemia

"chest pain" as a result of the heart muscle being deprived of oxygen

Angina pectoris

What device applies pressure and compressions to the veins and helps to return blood to the heart?

Anti-embolism (TED) stockings

Four Techniques of Medical Asepsis - Actually killing microbes or stopping them from growing. - Using Antiseptic - Rubbing alcohol and iodine

Antisepsis

State of voiding less than 100ml of urine over the course of 24 hours.

Anuria

Feeling of uneasiness, dread, apprehension or worry. Too much of this can make it difficult to function. Symptoms - sleeplessness - restlessness - fatigue - changes in appetite - increased heart rate & blood pressure - Irritableness - difficulty thinking clearly

Anxiety

Found mostly in the skin of the armpits and the perineum. Produce a thicker substance. Produces body odor.

Apocrine glands

Accidental inhalation of foreign material into the airway is called.....?

Aspiration

Occurs when a foreign object such as food, tube-feeding formula, saliva, or vomit is inhaled in the lungs

Aspiration pneumonia

Threatening or attempting to touch a person without his consent causing that person to fear bodily harm

Assault

In the nursing process, what step is this? - Information specific to the patient is collected. (e.g. medical history, nursing history, and family members) - Nurse exams patient - Asks questions about abilities, level of discomfort, eating, and toileting habits.

Assessment

What are the steps of the nursing process?

Assessment Diagnosis Planning Implementation Evaluation

In this facility the people are able to provide most of their own care, but need help with moving, medications, meals, and housekeeping.

Assisted-living

Condition that affects the bronchi and bronchioles. Triggers cause the bronci/bronchioles to constrict. Makes breathing difficult.

Asthma

Tinea Pedis

Athletes foot

Those who are ______________ have a lower pulse.

Athletic

Upper chambers of the heart. Receives blood being brought back to heart from body and sends to lower chamber

Atria

Respecting another person's right and personal preferences

Autonomy

What type of fire is fueled by petroleum products, gasoline, cooking oil, and grease?

B

What causes these illnesses? - Strep throat - UTI - Absecesses - TB - Meningitis - Lyme Disease - Rocky Mountain Fever - Syphilis

Bacteria

ABCS of Body Mechanics - Stability produced by even distribution - Holding gravity near base. torso. - Spread legs further apart - Bending at knees and hips

Balance

What stage of grief - When the patient tries to make a deal with someone he feels has control over his fate - may want to live long enough to accomplish a goal, witness a certain event, etc

Bargaining

Grouping of Patients - Patients who weigh more than 20% over weight. - Handles obesity - Contains larger beds, toilets, etc.

Bariatric Patient

Liquid used in imaging studies that coats the mucosa of the digestive tract and makes the organs appear on an x-ray

Barium

Measures taken to prevent respiratory arrest, cardiac arrest, or both. Also used to keep person alive if they're already in arrest state. It includes: - rescue breathing - cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) - Automated external Defibriliator (AED)

Basic Life Support

Touching a person without his or her consent

Battery

Sub means

Below

What is the orange stuff in surgery called?

Betadine

Which valve? Separates left atrium and left ventricle

Bicuspid or Mitral

If clinical death is not promptly reversed, allowing oxygen-containing blood to reach the brain and the heart, this death occurs. It is not reversible.

Biological Death

Mental health disorder that causes mood swings. Periods of excessive happiness and excitement that may cause the person to engage in impulsive or reckless behavior (mania) are followed by periods of excessive sadness and hopelessness (depression). Believed to be caused by chemical imbalances in the brain

Bipolar disorder

Infarction means...?

Blockage

For a wound to heal properly, there must be an adequate ?

Blood flow

Venous stasis ulcers develop as a result of poor ________ through the veins in the legs

Blood flow

What vital sign records the flow of blood and how hard the heart has to beat to move the blood?

Blood pressure

For a bloodborne pathogen to be transmitted from one person to another, blood or body fluids from an infected person must enter the ____________________ of the person who is not infected.

Blood stream

The epidermis doesn't contain any

Blood vessels

HIV is a ___________ pathogen.

Bloodborne

Disease-producing microbe that is transmitted to another person through blood or other body fluid

Bloodborne Pathogen

Liquid or semi-liquid substances produced by the body, such as blood, urine, feces, vomitus, saliva, drainage from wounds, sweat, amnotic fluid, and breast milk.

Body fluids

The glomerulus is a capillary bed, enclosed within a structure called the

Bowman's capsule

What is used to predict pressure sore risk?

Braden scale

Inflammation of the bronchi, may cause dry, non-productive cough that sounds like a bark

Bronchitis

Injuries to the skin and underlying tissues caused by contact with extreme heat, chemicals, or electricity

Burns

What type of fire is fueled by electrical things?

C

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure, also known as _____________ is when a person wears a mask while sleeping to keep the airway open

CPAP

If someone who's choking becomes unresponsive, you should lower them to the ground and begin what?

CPR

Person in respiratory arrest may have heart beat initally, but if breathing is not started again soon, his heart will stop beating. This is known as _____________?

Cardiac arrest

There are four types of shock. What are they?

Cardiogenic Hemorrhagic Septic Anaphylactic

What type of shock? Heart is unable to pump enough blood throughout the body to meet the tissue's need for oxygen

Cardiogenic shock

CPR stands for...?

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

In Compression of BLS, where do you check for a pulse?

Carotid artery

People who never develop symptoms of HBV are called ....?

Carriers

A tough, fibrous substance, fills in the space between the bones in the slightly moveable joint. Permits limited movement and acts as a "shocker absorber" between the bones.

Cartilage

Consists of the brain and spinal cord

Central nervous system

An airfluidized bed supports the person with

Ceramic beads

What part of the brain? - Largest part - Characteristic "folds" - Controls voluntary movement of muscles - Gives meaning to information received from the eyes, ears, nose, taste buds, and sensory receptors in the skin - Allows us to speak, remember, think and feel emotions

Cerebrum

What position is this? RN who has completed additional training in licensure in advanced practice. She is able to do some tasks that usually only doctors are allowed to do. They often fill the place of a doctor. They have no management responsibilites. Also known as CRNP.

Certified Registered Nurse Practitioner

What is this position? Licensed nurse who supervises the nursing assistants and may supervise another nurse for a particular shift.

Charge nurse

When a person has irregular, shallow breaths, in an alternating fast-slow pattern.

Cheyne-stokes respiration

A person with shingles should only be cared for by someone who has had __________ before

Chicken pox

Diabetes, asthma, arthritis, and high blood pressure (hypertension) are examples of an ______________ illness.

Chronic

A condition that is ongoing and needs continuous medication.

Chronic Illness

Long-term irritation of the bronchi and bronchioles such as those caused by inhaling tobacco smoke. This irritation leads to the production of thick mucus which blocks the airway. This results in impaired breathing, nagging, productive cough, may complain of tightness in chest.

Chronic bronchitis

Long lasting pain. Lasts beyond time it would take tissues to heal. Can make it difficult to relax, rest, and sleep

Chronic pain

The food and fluids we take in are broken down into smaller pieces and mixed together in the stomach, forming a partially digested food and fluid mixture known as

Chyme

Moves in waving motion on the trachea and bronchi which moves mucus up towards the pharynx so it can be coughed up

Cilia

Civil or Criminal Law - Usually results in a fine or making a finanical settlement to the party that was wronged.

Civil

Defamation, Assault & Battery, False Imprisonment, Invasion of Privacy and Larceny are all examples of violations of what kind of law?

Civil

What type of enema? - Sometimes called "Large-Volume" enemas - Contain 500 to 1000ml of solution - primarily used to remove feces from the lower large intestine

Cleansing Enema

Adaptic dressing is

Clear

A person who is receiving care in his or her own home from a health care agency is a called a ____________.

Client

When pulse and breathing has stopped. Can sometimes be reversed with prompt emergency treatment that restarts heart and breathing.

Clinical Death

When the doctor lines up the broken ends of the bone by simply pushing them back into place.

Closed reduction

Wrinkles form due to the loss of

Collagen

When the bone is splintered into several little pieces. This type of fracture is common when a bone has been crushed under a great weight. The surrounding tissues, such as muscle and skin, may be seriously injured as well.

Comminuted fracture

Transmitted not through common contact (e.g. AIDS)

Communicable

____________ means to make up for a loss by "filling in" or "substituting" something else. For example, a person who feels lonely may eat too much. This substituting food for affection.

Compensation

A airway obstruction where no air can go to the lungs is called a ________________ obstruction.

Complete

Vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) therapy is used to promote healing in

Complicated or chronic wounds

CAB of Basic Life Support stands for:

Compression Airway Breathing

Keeping personal information that someone shows you to yourself

Confidentiality

Maintaining a person's privacy.

Confidentiality

Left-Sided Heart Failure is called _______________. This causes blood to back up into the lungs and makes breathing difficult.

Congestive Heart Failure

Infection and inflammation of the conjunctiva, a clear membrane that lines the inside of the eyelids and covers most of the surface of the eye. Also known as pink eye

Conjunctivitis

Take assignments seriously and follow directions carefully

Conscientiousness

Feces that remains in the intestines for too long causing all of the fluid to be reabsorbed and resulting in a hard, dry stool that is difficult to pass

Constipation

What kind of precaution do you use for touching person or fomite transportation? Or those used for skin and wound infections, digestive tract infections, and some respiratory infections?

Contact Precautions

Rash that is caused by contact with substances like bath soap or laundry detergent in person with sensitivity skin

Contact dermatitis

Transmitted through common contact (e.g. common cold)

Contagious

When something is soiled by pathogens

Contaminated

Means "to change." For example, a person who is depressed may develop a stomachache, and then use the physical problem to avoid participating in an activity

Conversion

Production of sweat is a of ________________ the body

Cooling

ABCS of Body Mechanics - using the weight of your body to help with movement

Coordinated Movement

What is this position? Nurse in charge of continuing education and staff development. Also in charge of maintaing records of training. (e.g CPR)

Coordinator of In-Service Education / Staff Development

Right Side Heart Failure is called _________________. This causes backup in the venous system.

Cor Pulmonale

Occurs when the coronary arteries narrow as a result of atherosclerosis Treatment includes medications and balloon angloplasty and Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

Coronary artery disease

Fissure

Crack in the skin Caused by extreme dryness or athletes foot

A stage 4 pressure sore is when a

Crater of dramaged tissue extends all the way through the tissues to the muscle or bone

Abuse is a violation of what type of law?

Criminal

Civil or Criminal Law - Often results in prison

Criminal

Made up of beliefs (including religious or spiritual beliefs), values, and traditions that are customary to a group of people

Culture

Blue or grey discoloration of the skin, lips, and nail beds

Cyanosis

Infection of the bladder

Cystitis

Pressure ulcers or bed sores are officially known as

Decubitus ulcers

When a blood clot occurs in the deep veins, this condition is called You can tell you have this by dorisflexion of the foot

Deep venous thrombosis

Making untrue statements that hurt another person's reputation

Defamation

Condition that gets progressively worse over time

Degenerative

- Problems with memory, especially short-term memory - Difficulty communicating - Problems with judgement (the person is not able to make good decision) - Disorientation (person, place or time) - An inability to manage activities of daily living (ADLs) are symptoms of

Dementia

Permanent and progressive loss of mental functions (such as thinking, reasoning, and remembering) caused by damage to the brain tissue

Dementia

Refusing to believe something that is true especially if the truth is unpleasant.

Denial

Cavities

Dental caries

Feeling of excessive sadness or hopelessness caused by sudden loss of loved ones, etc

Depression

What stage of grief? - Stage when person fully realizes that death will be the end result of their illness - May become sad and have regrets - May become withdrawn, cry, or not say anything at all - May refuse food or fail to sleep

Depression

Inflammation of the skin

Dermatitis

The deepest layer of the skin

Dermis

The sweat glands and hair follicles are also found in the

Dermis

In the nursing process, what step is this? - Statement that describes a problem the person is having as well as the cause of the problem. - Signs and Symptoms

Diagnosis

A person who has a medical condition that causes him to sweat a great deal

Diaphoretic

Passage of liquid, unformed stool

Diarrhea

Myocardium relaxes, allowing chambers to fill with bloof

Diastole

What is this position? An RN who directs all of the nursing care within the facility. Overall operation. This person hires and manages the nursing staff and that nursing care meets quality and regulatory standards. Also known as DON

Director of Nursing

Four Techniques of Medical Asepsis - Use of stronger chemicals to kill pathogens - Too strong for skin - Used to clean non-living objects (e.g. bedpans, urinals, tray tables)

Disinfection

Bending the foot upward at the ankle by pulling the toes toward the head

Dorisflexion

Chickenpox is contagious because of the

Drainage

What kind of precaution do you use for nose and mouth droplets that cause illness like mumbs, influenza, whooping cough, strep throat, scarlet fever, rubella, meningitis, pneumonia.

Droplet precautions

Your water-resistant skin keeps you from turning into a sponge and from

Drying out

__________________ Muscular dystrophy , the most common form of muscular dystrophy , develops during childhood and usually causes death by the age of 20 years old.

Duchenne

Irregular heart rate, rhythm, or both

Dysrhythmia

Irregular pulse rhythm

Dysrhythmia

Difficulty urinating that may or may not be associated with pain. Often associated with bladder infections, prostate problems, and some sexually transmitted diseases.

Dysuria

List the steps of the Chain of Survival

EMS Basic First Aid Advanced Medication Intervention Hospital Care Rehabilitation

Two types of sweat glands

Eccrine and apocrine

Produce a thin, watery liquid that contains salt and small amounts of other bodily wastes, Helps cool down the body through the process of evaporation

Eccrine glands

Type of chronic dermatitis that is usually accompanied by severe itching, scaling, and crusting of the surface of the skin

Eczema

The dermis consists of _______ that allows it t stretch and move without damage

Elastic connective tissue

How can you break the chain of infection?

Eliminating one step

obstruction of an artery, typically by a clot of blood or an air bubble.

Embolism

Damage to the alveoli that causes the thins walls to break. You can't breathe in enough O2. The small alveoli becomes huge solid ones. Air becomes trapped in the chest and causes "barrel chest"

Emphysema

Smooth inner layer of the heart

Endocardium

Involves using a special instrument to look inside the digestive tract and obtain tissue or fluids for analysis. Allows doctor to look inside the digestive tract for tumors or other abnormal growths

Endoscopy

Smooth, outermost layer of the heart. E

Epicardium

Outer layer of skin. Thickest on soles of feet and palms of hands. Very thin in areas such as the eyelids.

Epidermis

The skin is made up of two layers:

Epidermis and dermis

A Stage 3 pressure sore is when the

Epidermis and dermis are gone, and the subcutaneous fat may visible in the crater. There may be drainage from the wound.

In an unstageable pressure ulcers, there is a loss of the

Epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue

Disorder characterized by chronic seizure activity.

Epilepsy

Practice of designing equipment and work tasks to conform to the capability of the worker.

Ergonomics

Itching, burning, or redness of the skin that accompanies many skin lesions

Erythema

A long narrow tube that serves as a passageway for food to get from the pharynx to the stomach

Esophagus

Moral principles or standards that govern conduct.

Ethics

In the nursing process, what step is this? - Nursing team checks the effectiveness of nursing care plan and revises it as necessary - What needs to be improved or changed

Evaluation

Melanin helps to protect the skin from

Exposure to sunlight

When blood supply to the brain suddenly decreases and results in temporary loss of consciousness

Fainting

Confining another person against his or her will

False Imprisonment

Occurs when constipation is not relieved. Feces builds up in the rectum and becomes harder and harder as more and more fluid is absorbed.

Fecal impaction

Medication in the form of tablets or drink additives, can add bulk to the feces which causes it to hold in fluid and preventing constipation.

Fiber Supplements

Acting with fidelity to earn's other trust

Fidelity

Misusing or stealing another person's money or property. Dishonest people may trick them into giving money for services or charities that do not exist.

Financial Abuse

What extinguishes Type C fires?

Fire extinguisher

Process of holding the bone in one position until the fracture heals

Fixation

Type of joint that does not permit ANY movement at all. The joints between the bones of the skull as an example.

Fixed

Presence of excessive amounts of flatus (gas) in the intestines, causing abdominal distension (swelling) and discomfort.

Flatulence

Who is responsible for making nursing what it is today by setting cleaning and training standards?

Florence Nightingale

Shingles (Herpes Zoster) causes a red rash of smell

Fluid filled blisters

Redness

Flushing

FBAO stands for

Foreign-Body Airway Obstruction

A non-living contaminated object

Formites

A deception that could cause harm to another person (e.g. saying you're a nurse when you're not.)

Fraud

Sometimes the melanin is deposited in an uneven pattern resulting in

Freckles

Type of joint that allows for a wide range of movement. These include the knees, elbows, finger and toe joints, and hip joints. These are covered with cartilage.

Freely moveable

Urinating that occurs more often than usual

Frequency

What type of dementia is caused by damage to the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain?

Frontotemporal dementia

- Involves the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer, and often the underlying muscles and bones as well - need surgery and skin grafts to hear - very high infection rates - scaring can cause severe disfigurement and contracture of the extremities

Full Thickness Third Degree Burns

What type of nursing is when each member of the nursing team carries out the same assigned task for all patients. For example, one nurse gives medication, while another does assessments and special treatments.

Functional / Modular

What causes these illnesses? - Ringworm - Athlete's Foot - Vaginal Yeast Infection - Oral Yeast Infections

Fungi

When people with hiatal hernias often have heartburn because the stomach acid moves back into the esophagus. This can cause irritation and inflammation of the lining of the esophagus

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

Grouping of Patients - Elderly people. - Trained to care for those in that particular age set.

Geriatric Patients

What interventions are meant to achieve

Goals

Type of arthritis that is caused by a disturbance in the body's metabolism,

Gout

2 types of seizures, what are they?

Grand Mal Petit Mal

What type of seizure? Characterized by violent jerking of the muscles all over the body.

Grand Mal Seizure

When a bone bends and splinters, but it does not break all the way through. Occurs most often in children because their bones are still quite flexible.

Greenstick fracture

Infections people get while in the hospital or health care setting

HAIs

Who regulates who has the right to view a person's medical records, data, or other private information?

HIPAA

Who set standards on how a person's protected health info is stored and transmitted?

HIPAA

A tiny crack in a bone caused by repetitive stress or force, often from overuse.

Hairline Fracture

Episodes where someone sees, feels, hears, smells, or tastes something that does not really exist

Hallucinations

When elevating a person's feet, you want to always be sure the person's ankles are

Hanging off the pillow

In addition to providing patient care by feeding, cleaning, personal hygiene, and taking vital signs, what else do they do?

Have conversations

HAI stands for ....?

Health Care Associated Infections

What does HIPAA stand for?

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

Blood flow to the muscular wall is blocked and part of the heart muscle dies. This causes the blood not being able to pump through the bottom.

Heart Attack

- Pain, pressure, or tightness in the chest. Which may extend to the neck, back or arm. - Pale or gray skin. - Excessive sweating - Trouble breathing - Nausea or heartburn-like pain Are all signs and symptoms of what...?

Heart attack

Excessive sweating may be a sign of...?

Heart attack

Nausea or a heartburn-like pain could be a sign of a ...?

Heart attack

Pale or grey skin may be a sign of...?

Heart attack

Trouble breathing could be a sign of ....?

Heart attack

Occurs when heart is unable to pump enough blood to reach body's needs Occurs as an effect of heart attack or large and flabby ventricles

Heart failure

What causes these illnesses? - Pinworm

Helminths

______________ usually involves eating or inhaling worm eggs which then grow in the digestive tract.

Helminths

What does vitamin D d?

Helps calcium get transported to bones

Severe, uncontrolled bleeding. Can be caused by trauma to a blood vessel or by certain illnesses. Trauma doesn't allow the blood to clot. People taking anti-clot medication are at an even higher risk.

Hemmorhage

What type of shock? Results from massive blood loss, not enough blood in vessels to supply to the tissues of the body

Hemorrhagic shock

___________ stops the loss of blood from the circulatory system

Hemostasis

When blood builds up in the space between the lungs and chest wall. Caused by injury or a rupture in the lung tissue. Prevents lungs from fully expanding and breathing becomes difficult.

Hemothorax

Hepatitis D is found only in people already infected with....?

Hepatitis B

Chronic disease End-Stage Cirrhosis Liver Failure Liver Cancer are all things commonly caused by ...?

Hepatitis C

What is the leading cause of liver transplant in the US?

Hepatitis C

What is the most common cause of chronic viral hepatitis in the US?

Hepatitis C

Inflammation of the liver

Hepatits

Occurs when part of the stomach passes through the hiatus, the opening in the diaphragm that allows the esophagus to pass into the abdominal cavity. Chances of having this hernia increases with age and is more common in older women.

Hiatal hernia

In this agency, they provide skilled care in a person's home. These people are typically called clients.

Home Health Care

Accurately recording vital signs and other information about the patient's condition.

Honesty

In this organization, they provide care for the dying process and their families.

Hospice

What does HIV stand for?

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Who else handles hiring other than the director of nursing?

Human Resources

Sometimes called water on the brain results from build-up of cerebrospinal fluid either too much CSF or doesn't drain properly Can cause permanent brain damage

Hydrocephalaus

Excessive secretion of thyroxine Sometimes called Grave's disease Symptoms include: - increased hunger - weight loss - irregular heartbeat - inability to sleep - irritability - confusion - increased perspiration - intolerance to heat

Hyperthyroidism

What kind of ostomy is created if the entire large intestines must be removed?

Ileostomy

Positioning Patients How does the respiratory (lungs) system play into positioning patients?

Immobility can prevent the lungs from completely filling with air. can lead to mucous buildup and creation of bacteria like pneumonia

Positioning Patients How does the cardiovascular system (heart) play into positioning patients?

Immobility doesn't allow for blood circulation

When the bone is broken all of the way through, and the broken ends of the bones are jammed into each other. These fractures are often seen in people who have jumped or fallen from a height, for example, off a roof or ladder

Impacted fracture

In the nursing process, what step is this? - Interventions are carried out - Nurse delegates who will do this

Implementation

- Increased temperature - Rapid pulse, respiration, changes in BP - Pain or difficulty breathing - Foul-smelling or cloudy urine - Pain or difficult urination - Diarrhea or foul smelling feces - Nausea or vomiting - Lack of appetite - Fatigue - Skin Rashes - Increased confusion/disorientation - Any unusual discharge or drainage from body are all signs of .....?

Infection

Because skin lesions disrupt the skin's protective barrier, they place the person at an increases risk for

Infection

Illness caused by a pathogen

Infection

In the third-intention wound healing, the wound is left open for a period of time to be sure that an __________________. The wound edges will be closed to speed up the healing process.

Infection is not going to occur

An alternating pressure bed supports the person with a bed that

Inflates and deflates regulatory

"The flu" Acute respiratory infection caused by the influzena virus

Influenza

- Sore throat - Dry cough - Stuffy nose - Fever - Headache - Body ache - Weakness are all symptoms of

Influenza

When a person has been informed of the need for a procedure and he has given her permission to the health care provider, this is ___________.

Informed consent

Occurs when the loop of the intestines bulges through the abdominal wall in the groin area. Repaired surgically.

Inguinal or Femoral Hernias

As collagen is lost from the dermis and the subcutaneous tissue thins, the skin becomes more prone to

Injury

Where is the femoral pulse?

Inner bend of leg

Protection, Maintenance of fluid balance, regulation of body temperature, sensation, vitamin d production, elimination and absorption are all functions of the

Integumentary system

Grouping of Patients - Patients who need very specialized care - after heart attack, stroke, or heart surgery, etc.

Intensive Care Patient

This kind of tort is when someone purposely violates civil law to do harm.

Intentional

There are two types of torts. What are they?

Intentional and unintentional

A wound that is the result of a planned surgical or medical intervention

Intentional wound

Actions taken to help a patient

Interventions

Decreased blood flow to the tissues

Ischemia

What contains pathogens and limits their exposure?

Isolation Precautions

How is a indwelling catheter (Foley Catheter) used?

It is left inside the bladder to provide continuous urine drainage.

A yellow discoloration of the skin and the whites of the eyes.

Jaundice

Surgery that involves removing the ends of the bones in the affected joint and replacing them with parts made from metal and plastic

Joint replacement surgery

Bacteria that live in the large intestine act on the chyme to produce vitamin ________ and some ________ vitamins that are absorbed by the body

K, B

What is the bag technique?

Keeping your bag free of contamination

A substance that causes epidermis cells to thicken and become resistant to water

Keratin

Inability of the kidneys to filter blood effectively

Kidney (Renal) Failure

Stealing is also known as

Larceny

When you give someone who is unconscious mouth care, what position should they be in?

Lateral with head tilted forward

A medication that chemically stimulates peristalsis so that material inside the intestines moves through at a faster rate

Laxative

If someone is about to faint, what should you have them do?

Lay down with head between knees

In Second-Intention wound healing, wounds that are infected or are contaminated with dirt will be cleaned and may be

Left open to heal from the inside out

Any break in the skin. Often associated with skin rashes or other skin disorders,

Lesion

What type of dementia is caused by the build-up of abdominal protein deposits called Lewy Bodies in areas of the brain that are responsible for thinking and movement.

Lewy Body

The responsibility of an individual to act within the confines of the law is know as _________.

Liability

Written Defamation

Libel

What is an LPN?

Licensed Practical Nurse

What is an LVN?

Licensed Vocational Nurse

A lawsuit or legal action taken again a person who is accused of breaking the law is known as a ___________.

Litigation

Jaundice is usually associated with __________________ disorders

Liver

Large organ located just underneath the diaphragm

Liver

Organ that removes toxic substances from the bloodstream

Liver

When a person decides what medical treatments they do and do not want in an effort to save their life.

Living will

This facility is used for those unable to care for themselves at home, but they do not need a hospital either. Here the patients are referred to as residents.

Long-term care

Maslow's Hierachy of Human Needs - Feeling accepted and appreciated - Showing affection and forming close intimate relations - When this is unmet we feel loneliness - Without this, children fail to grow and elderly can even die of loneliness.

Love and Belonging

Shock causes ____________ blood pressure.

Low

Masses of lymphatic issue that clean the lymph by removing bacteria and other large particles

Lymph nodes

MRSA (Methicilin-Resistant) VRE (Vancomyclin-Resistant) are examples of ...?

MDRO

bacteria that is resistant to one or more antibodies is called a

MDRO

What are the types of skin lesions?

Macule, papule, vehicle, pustule, excoriation, fissure, ulcer

Physically removing or killing pathogens and is primarily achieved throughout processes involving soap, water, antisepsis, disinfectant or heat.

Medical Asepsis

Grouping of Patients - Illness or condition that is treated with medication, physical therapy, or radiation. - examples: pneumonia, myocardial infarction (heart attack), stroke, some stomach disorders (ulcers)

Medical Patient

Dark pigment that gives our skin, hair,and eye color

Melanin

Other than producing keratin, the deep layer of the epidermis creates

Melanin

Disease of the inner ear. People with this disorder periodically experience episodes of dizziness (vertigo), ringing in the ear (tinnitus), temporary hearing loss, and a feeling of pressure or fullness in the ears,

Meniere's Disease

A living thing that cannot be seen with naked eye

Microbe

Microbes are also known as ....?

Microorganisms

Definition: A record that tells the degree of assistance or skilled care each resident needs. Known as (MDS)

Minimum Data Set

When a wound is draining heavily, and the dressing must be changed often, what would you use?

Montgomery tie

MDRO stands for

Multidrug Resistant Organisms

An auto-immune disorder that destroys the myelin sheaths that protect the nerves, resulting in faulty transmission of nerve impulses. This disorder usually affected the nerves in the hands, feet and eyes first, then moves inward towards the central nervous system.

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

____________ can be very beneficial for people with Dementia. Research has shown that when we listen to music we enjoy, our heart and respiratory rates slow and our blood pressure becomes lower.

Music therapy

"Heart attack" occurs when one or more of the coronary arteries becomes completely blocked. This causes tissue to die.

Myocardial Infarction

Medical term for heart attack

Myocardial infarction

Middle layer of the heart. Formed of cardiac muscle. Causes heart to pump.

Myocardium

All state training programs must submit proof that they meet requirements to the....

NATCEP

Soft rubber tube that is inserted into the person's nose. Extends back towards the throat.

Nasopharyngeal airway

Where is the Carotid artery?

Neck

Tissue death as a result of of a lack of oxygen is called

Necrosis

Failure to provide for a dependent person's needs

Neglect

This type of person is someone who commits an unintentional tort by failing to do what a "careful and reasonable" person would do.

Negligent

Condition caused by problems with the nerves that controls the bladder. No brain control, causes bladder to overflow.

Neurogenic bladder

You should _______________ lift someone alone. Even if your coworkers are too busy.

Never

The epidermis has two layers. The deep and the surface layer, What is produced in the deep layer?

New cells

Does Hep E have a vaccine?

No

Yes or No Are nursing assistants allowed to administer medication?

No

Yes or No Are nursing assistants allowed to administer oxygen?

No

Yes or No Can biological death be reversed?

No

Yes or No Can nurses perform procedures that require sterile technique without nurse supervision?

No

Yes or No Can nursing assistants diagnose illness and prescribe medications?

No

Yes or No Can nursing assistants receive verbal orders from doctors over the phone?

No

Yes or No Can nursing assistants receive verbal orders from doctors?

No

Yes or No Can nursing assistants supervise other nursing assistants?

No

Yes or No If a nurse delegates you a task that's in your scope-of-practice and the patient is injured, is she responsible?

No

Yes or No Is Hepatitis A a bloodborne pathogen?

No

Yes or No Is Hepatitis E a bloodborne pathogen?

No

Yes or No Is being grossed out a valid reason for refusing an assignment?

No

Yes or No Is feeling tired a valid reason for refusing an assignment?

No

Yes or no Can a nursing assistant insert or remove tubes from a patient's body?

No

The need to urinate more than one or twice during the night to the point where sleep is distruped. It can be a sign of pain, depression, prostate or bladder disorder, or heart failure

Nocturia

More subtle use of language. Use of facial expressions, gestures, body language and tone of voice.

Non-verbal communcation

When you avoid harming those in your care and use kindness and gentleness when administering care, you are showing __________________.

Nonmaleficence

Harmless microbes hat help the human body to function properly

Normal resident flora

Infections acquired by patients or residents while they are in a health care facility

Nosocomial Infections

Who enforces the written and skills test for Nursing Assistants?

OBRA

Who regulates in-service education and performance reviews?

OBRA

Who set regulations improving the quality of life for residents?

OBRA

What requires all employers to maintain a list of the chemicals used in the facility?

OHSA

Information you obtain directly, through measurements or using your five senses

Objective

Objective or Subjective? What you actually see

Objective

Anxiety disorder that causes a person to suffer intensely from recurrent unwanted thoughts (obsessions). The obsessions are usually associated with rituals that the person cannot control (compulsions). These can include: handwashing, counting, or checking

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Grouping of Patients - Those who are pregnant or just given birth. - Extends throughout pregnancy, labor & delivery, and 8 weeks after birth. - Usually outpatient.

Obstetrical Patients

Health care specialty that focuses on helping the person regain or maintain the skills needed for every day life, including those related to activities of daily living (ADL) What type of therapy?

Occupational

What type of enema? - contains mineral, olive, or cottonseed oil - The oil lubricates the inside of the intestine and any stool that is present making the stool easier to pass or remove

Oil Retention enema

State of urinating a very small amount of over a given period of time. Can be caused by dehydration. Voiding only 100 to 400ml over 24 hours.

Oliguria

A person who speaks on behalf of another. This person regularly visits residents of long-term care facilities to check on welfare and satisfaction.

Ombudsman

What does OBRA stand for?

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act

When the bone is broken and the sharp ends of the broken bone have broken through the skin. Because the skin is broken, open fractures carry a high risk of infection.

Open (Compound) Fracture

ORIF on someone's chart means they've had surgery to achieve

Open Reduction Internal Fixation

Microbes that can be considered normal in one part of the body but become deadly if in another. Causes infections.

Opportunistic Microbes

Hard plastic device that is inserted into the person's mouth. Stops tongue from falling back into the throat. Keeps airway open. Only used for those who are heavilt sedated or unconscious.

Oropharyngeal airway

When the cartilage that covers the ends of the bones wears away, making movement of the joints difficult and painful.

Osteoarthritis

Excessive loss of bone tissue

Osteoporosis

Infection of the lining of the external auditory canal Often referred to as "swimmers ear"

Otitis externa

Disorder caused by a change in the stapes, preventing it from movely properly.

Otosclerosis

Where are bed sores most likely to help?

Over boney prominences

Cyanosis develops when someone doesn't receive enough

Oxygen

A person who has a heart or lung disease often has problems getting adequate ___________ resulting in bed sores,

Oxygen and nutrients

Personal hygiene care that is provided whenever a patient or resident needs it, throughout the day or night

PRN (as-needed) care

What acronym did you come up with for chain of infection?

PRPMPS

Type of care that focuses on relieving uncomfortable symptoms, not on curing the problem that is causing symptoms.

Palliative

Paleness

Pallor

When someone has terrifying episodes or "panic attacks" during which she experiences sudden increases in anxiety and feelings of intense fear.

Panic disorders

What causes these illnesses? - Scabies - Pediculosis (lice)

Parasite Insects

______________ live in or on a host.

Parasites

When one of the neurotransmitters called dopamine isn't produced in sufficient amounts, ______________________ occurs. The lack of dopamine doesn't allow the brain's instructions to reach the muscles.

Parkinson's disease

- Penetrates into dermis of the skin - associated with blisters - very painful, - increased risk of infection

Partial Thickness Second Degree Burn

Chain of Infection for communicable diseases:

Pathogen Reservoir Portal of Entry Method of Transmission Portal of Entry Susceptible Host

Microbes that cause illness

Pathogens

The skin (integumentary system) is the body's first line of protection again harmful

Pathogens

A person who is receiving health care in a hospital, clinic, or extended-care facility is called a ________________.

Patient

The American Hospital Association (AHA) adopted the .....?

Patient Bill of Rights

What requires health facilities to educate patients about advance directives and offer them the opportunity to establish a living will, durable power of attorney, or both?

Patient Self-Determination Act of 1990

What type of nursing is when the nurses are trained to learn tasks of another department to reach the patient's needs?

Patient-Centered / Focused

Grouping of Patients - Children and adolescents. - At risk for some diseases that adults are not. - Children's bodies don't function in the same way as adults.

Pediatric Patients

Protective sac that surrounds the heart

Pericardium

Decreased blood flow to the leg muscles that causes pain and cramping when the person walks.

Peripheral Vascular Disease

Consists of the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system

What does PPE stand for?

Personal Protective Equipment

_________________ is when residents are able to spend time with animals, such as dogs or cats.

Pet therapy

What type of seizure? May simply stop speaking in mid-sentence and stare into space

Petit Mal Seizure

Pooling of blood in the vein causing the lining in the vein to become inflamed. The skin over the area will be red and feel hard and hot to the touch. Often very painful.

Phlebitis

`Excessive, abnormal fear of an object or situation. The person will do anything to avoid the thing she is afraid of, to the point where she may be unable to do something as simple as leaving the house.

Phobia

Use of force to cause pain or injury to the body

Physical Abuse

Maslow's Hierachy of Human Needs - oxygen, food, water, shelter, elimination, rest and sleep. - physical activity and sexuality. - highest priority. - bottom of triangle.

Physiological needs

In the nursing process, what step is this? - Plan for person's care - Nurse develops interventions and goals - written in formal way - Put on medical record

Planning

Inflammation of the pleura, causes pain during breathing, may also cause fluid build up

Pleurisy

Inflammation of lung tissue. Causes the alveoli to fill with fluid and pus, which prevents air from entering. Gas exchange does not occur.

Pneumonia

Occurs when air builds up in space between the lungs and the chest wall (e.g. chest stabwound) Prevents lungs from expanding Also known as collapsed lung

Pneumothorax

Excessive urine output

Polyuria

Meeting the Dying Person's Physical Needs - Care of the skin = Those who are dying often suffer from incontinence and need more frequent changing. - Care of mucous membrane = Frequent oral care keeps the mouth moist and more comfortable. - __________________ = Person may be immobile. You should reduce chance of getting pressure ulcers. - Other comfort measures = back massages, listening to soft music, or being read to,

Positioning

Showing you are caring and compassionate towards your patients & residents and you commit to doing your job the best you can.

Positive attitude

Common anxiety disorders include - panic disorder - obsessive-compulsive disorder - phobias and ...

Post traumatic stress disorder

Anxiety disorder that occurs after a person experiences an overwhelming traumatic event such a combat, natural disaster, serious injury, criminal assault, rape, or death of another person. Can cause person to have flashbacks, panic attacks, nightmares, depression, and increased anxiety

Post-traumatic stress disorder

Care of a person's body after death

Postmortem care

What extinguishes type B fires?

Powder, Baking soda.

What is it called when the lens becomes less flexible as we age?

Presbyopia

A Suspected deep tissue injury results from ______________ that has caused damage to the underlying tissue.

Pressure or shearing

The most common sites of bed sores are on the heels, ankles, knees, hips, toes, elbows, shoulder blades, ears, back of head, and along the spine. These are known as

Pressure points

placed on top of regular mattress to help prevent skin breakdown in patients who must stay in bed for a long time

Pressure relieving mattress

People who are not receiving adequate nutrition or fluids because of illness, depression, or other condition are more likely to develop

Pressure sores

What type of nursing is it when one nurse cares for several patients and is responsible for all aspects of their care?

Primary

Blaming someone else for your own uncomfortable or unacceptable actions or feelings. For example, a resident may blame a nursing assistant for breaking a vase when she actually broke it herself

Projection

What causes these illnesses? - Malaria - Amebic dysentery

Protozoa

Grouping of Patients - People with impaired mental health. - Counseling and Medication. - May cause harm to themselves

Psychiatric Patients

Medical doctor trained in diagnosing and treating mental illness. Allowed to prescribe medication.

Psychiatrist

Use of words or actions to cause emotional pain or injury.

Psychological / Emotional abuse

Someone who has education and training that allows him to provide counseling services to help people with mental illness

Psychologist

What do wound drains do?

Pull out infection

What does PASS stand for?

Pull, Aim, Squeeze, Sweep

Which valve? Located where the pulmonary artery leaves right ventricle

Pulmonary

Points where large arteries run close enough to the surface to be felt as a pulse

Pulse Point

Force or quality of the pulse. Each pulsation should be strong and easy to feel.

Pulse amplitude

Patterns of pulsations and the pauses between them. Normally it is smooth and regular with the same amount of time in between each pulsation.

Pulse rhythm

VAC Vacuum-Assisted closure consists of a ___________ that creates suction.

Pump

A suspected deep tissue injury has skin that is

Purple or maroon colored or a blood-filled blister

What is this position? Responsible for tracking data that reflect quality-of-care issues such as incidents and accidents, investigations, and the number of residents who get infections, have lost weight, or have fallen or been injured. They identify what needs to be improved. Also known as (QA) or (QI)

Quality Assurance / Improvement Nurse

General characterization that describes skin color, body structure, facial features, and hair texture

Race

Lesions often occur in groups forming a

Rash

Making excuses or creating acceptable reasons for poor behavior or actions

Rationalization

What is it called when your certification may be valid in other states? (However, you must get your certification approved first.)

Reciprocity

Also known as "charting." Written communication about a patient.

Recording

The process of bringing the broken ends of the bone into alignment

Reduction

What is an RN?

Registered Nurse

What is this position? RN's that are in charge of the minimum data set (MDS). Responsible for ensuring the accuracy of the nursing assessment documentation and ensuring the entire MDS is complete. This position is sometimes handled by the charge nurse or head nurse. Known as RNAC.

Registered Nurse Assessment Coordinator

OBRA requires every state to maintain a list of all of the people who have successfully completed their CNA. What is this list called?

Registry

Process of helping a person with a disability to return to his highest level of physical, emotional, or economic function. Involves treatment, education, and the prevention of further disability.

Rehabilitation

Grouping of Patients - Those undergoing therapy to restore them to their highest level of physical, emotional, and mental or vocational functioning. - Includes those recovering from surgery, - Emotional and mental included

Rehabilitation Patients

Others can count on you to come in on time and stay your entire shift. Count on you to do your job and do it well.

Reliability

In a VAC Vacuum assisted closure, the pump is responsible for

Removing wound drainage, stimulating blood flow, and stimulating growth for new tissues

"related to, involving or located in region of the kidneys"

Renal

Number of times the person breaths in 1 min

Repiratory rate

Spoken exchange of information between health care members. It is used to communicate changes about a patient/resident's status to other health care team members.

Reporting

Refusal to remember or think about a frightening or painful memory.

Repression or suppression

What does RACE stand for?

Rescue, Alarm, Contain, Extinguish/Evacuate

A person who is living in a long-term care facility or an assisted living facility is called a __________________.

Resident

Breathing has stopped.

Respiratory arrest

With age, lung capacity decreases. This can cause person to feel short of breath and weak during physical activity putting the person at risk for falls. all examples of what physical change of aging?

Respiratory changes

Cyanosis can be a sign of a _________________________ disorder

Respiratory or circulatory

Regularity with which the person breathes

Respiratory rhythm

Care provided by all members of the health care team that supports rehabilitation effort and helps the person reach the goal of achieving or maintaining his highest level of function

Restorative care

What position is this? When the head of the bed is higher so the head is higher than the feet This is used in recovery of spinal cord injury or back surgery

Reverse trendelenburg

Crippling condition that can cause severe joint deformities

Rheumatoid Arthritis

In a stroke, if the stroke is in the left side of the brain, then which side of the body is affected? Vise versa?

Right

A straight catheter is also known as a

Robinson, Rob-Nel or Red Rubber Catheter

The XPRT Pulmonary Therapy Surface offers

Rotational, percussion, and vibration therapies

Friction and shearing also stands for

Rubbing and pullinf

You have to know where every chemical is and what you have to do with it.

SDS

Maslow's Hierachy of Human Needs - Feeling protected - Trusting others and being free of fear of harm.

Safety and Security

What are the four techniques that make up the practice of medical asepsis?

Sanitization Antisepsis Disinfection Sterilization

Four Techniques of Medical Asepsis - handwashing, cleaning of utensils, and other surfaces with soap and water. - providing clean linens & clothing - Physically removing pathogens thereby preventing their spread

Santization

Very disabling form of mental illness. May have trouble determining what is real and what is imaginary. May suffer from delusions and hallucinations. They may think someone is spying on them, hear voices, see or hear something that isn't there, etc

Schizophrenia

The range of tasks the assistant is legally permitted to do.

Scope of practice

An oily substance that lubricates the skin and helps to prevent it from drying out. Secreted by sebaceous glands.

Sebum

What means that the infection is occurring on top of the original problem

Secondary

What is caused by interruptions of the normal electrical activity in the brain? electrical imbalance

Seizure

Also known as convulsions, occurs when brain activity is interrupted. It can result from a head injury, stroke, infection, high fever, low blood sugar, poisoning, brain tumors, and epilepsy.

Seizures

Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs - must reach his or her full potential - help your patients achieve this by setting small, realistic goals

Self-Actualization

Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs - Influenced by how a person percieves herself and how she thinks others perceive her. - those in long-term care can suffer in these needs

Self-Esteem

Maslow's Hierachy of Needs in descending order. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1.

Self-actualization Self-Esteem Love and Belonging Safety and Security Physiologic Needs

List the steps of proper communcation

Sender creates a message Sender delivers message Reciever recieves message Reciever provides feedback

What type of shock? Caused by severe bacterial infection that involves the entire body. Toxins produced by the bacteria cause the blood vessels to dilate leading to the pooling of blood away from the heart and poor circulation.

Septic Shock

Subjecting a person to unwanted attention of a sexual nature, forcing a person to engage in unwanted sexual activity, or sexually exploiting a person (e.g. taking nude photo)

Sexual Abuse

Ulcer

Shallow crater that is formed when the tissue dies

What is this position? This person has the same responsibilites of the unit manager, but only for a shift. Not 24 hours.

Shift Supervisior

Disorder most commonly seen in people older than 65 years old, is caused by the same virus that causes chicken pox.

Shingles (Herpes Zoster)

- Rapid, weak pulse - Cool, clammy , pale skin - Confusion and disorientation - Rapid breathing - Complaining of thirst are signs of ...?

Shock

When organs and tissues of the body do not receive enough oxygen-containing blood

Shock

Cutaneous is another word for

Skin

The integumentary system is made up of the

Skin

People who are obese are at an increased risk of skin breakdown because of their

Skin folds

Oral Defamation

Slander

Type of joint that allows for limited movement. This are found between the vertebrae in the spine, and where the ribs attach to the sternum (breastbone)

Slightly movable

In the unstageable pressure ulcer stage, the full extent or depth of the ulcer is covered by

Slough or Eschar

Vesicle

Small, blister-like lesion that contains watery, clear fluid. Form the rash in chickenpox

Macule

Small, flat, reddened lesion., seen in measles.

Papule

Small, raised, firm, lesion.

What type of enema? - consists of water and a small amount of very gentle soap called castile soap - the soap solution irritates the lining of the bowel, stimulating peristalsis.

Soapsubs enema

Slough is

Soft, moist, light-colored dead tissue

Prolonged contact with water, urine, feces, sweat causes the epidermis to ____________________ resulting in bed sores

Soften and break down

Health care specialty that focuses on helping the person regain or maintain the ability to communicate with others, chew, and swallow. What person is this?

Speech-language pathologist

Congential defect of the spinal column. Vertebrae do not close properly during development, leaving spinal cord exposed.

Spina bifida

When the bone breaks into circles around the bone in a winding fashion. Spiral fractures are common when the bone has been subjected to a twisting force.

Spiral fracture

Precautions health care workers take with every patient/resident to protect themselves and others from pathogens.

Standard Precautions

Four Techniques of Medical Asepsis - Most thorough method of killing microbes - Used for surgical instruments ( hydrodremic needles, and IV Cathetors) - Autoclave or soaking in chemicals

Sterilization

Non-Adhesive dressing doesnt

Stick to the skin

When the muscle tightens around the trapped tissue, cutting off its blood supply

Strangulated hernia

The prefix for grape-like clusters of bacteria

Straphylo

The prefix for chains of bacteria

Strepto

Also known as a brain attack or cerebrovascular accident (CVA), occurs when blood flow to part of the brain is completely blocked causing the tissue to die

Stroke

Complaints of a sudden, onset severe headache could be a sign of a....?

Stroke

Complaints of weakness, paralysis, tingling, or numbness of the arm, leg, or side of face could be a sign of a .....?

Stroke

Drooling or drooping eyelid and corner of the mouth could be signs of a ....?

Stroke

Slurred speech or unable to speak clearly could be a sign of a ...?

Stroke

Suddenly confused or disoriented could be a sign of a ...?

Stroke

Also known as "brain attacks" or cereobrovascular accidents (CVA)

Strokes

Can be caused by a blocked blood vessel in the brain or by a blood vessel that suddenly ruptures

Strokes

Nails, hair, the sebaceous glands and sweat glands are all accessory ___________ of the integumentary system

Structures

A skilled nursing unit/facility that helps move patients from hospital care to home care.

Sub-acute care

Grouping of Patients - Usually recovering from an acute illness or condition - don't need total hospital care but not well enough to return home

Subacute or Extended Care Patients

The blood vessels and nerves that supply the skin start in the _________________ and send branches into the dermis

Subcutaneous tissue

The dermis rests on a layer of fat called the

Subcutaneous tissue

- Headache - Pain in side - Dizziness - Blurred vision - Nausea are all examples of ________________ data.

Subjective

Information not measured or assessed

Subjective

Objective or Subjective? What is being inferred to be wrong

Subjective

Disorders that involve excessive or inappropriate use of drugs (legal or illegal), alcohol, or inhalants

Substance abuse disorders

The worsening of the person's behavior symptoms in the late afternoon and evening, as the sun goes down. For example, the person may become more agitated, restless, and confused in the evening hours, and may have trouble getting to sleep.

Sundowning

There are common behaviors associated with people who have Dementia: - Wandering - Pacing - Repetition - Rummaging - Delusions & Hallucinations - Agitation - Inappropriate sexual behaviors and ...

Sundowning

- Burn on outermost layer of skin, epidermis - Sunburns - Characterized by redness and pain

Superficial First Degree burns

Treatments that do not prolong life but rather make the person more comfortable such as oxygen therapy, nutritional supplements, pain medication, range-of-motion exercises, grooming and hygiene, and positioning assistance

Supportive care

What does collagen do?

Supports connective tissue and holds skin together

Type of indwelling catheter that is inserted into the bladder through a surgical incision made in the abdominal wall right above the pubic bone.

Suprapubic Catheter

Grouping of Patients - Illness or conditions that are treated by surgery. (e.g. appendicitis) - Many on outpatient basis. Sent home for recovery.

Surgical Patient

What kind of asepsis is used for procedures that involve entering a person's body?

Surgicial asepsis

In First-intention wound healing, open wounds are closed with

Sutures or staples

Older people are more at a risk for overheating because production of sweet decreases and _________________ decrease

Sweat glands

Hep. B causes acute illness in most people, but someone people never develop _______________.

Symptoms

Myocardium contracts sending blood out of the heart

Systole

What are specialized white blood cells called?

T Cells

What are the main targets of HIV?

T Cells

Infection caused by bacterium that usually infects the lungs, but may also infect the kidneys and bones. It is spread by airborne droplets.

TB

What type of nursing is when a team leader(RN) determines all of the nursing needs for the patients assigned to the team and assigns tasks according to each member's skills and level of responsibility.

Team

Illness or condition from which recovery is not expected. Most die from their illness and usually within a short period of time.

Terminal Illness

The Patient Bill of Rights is now called the ...?

The Patient Care Partnership

Which Five Rights of Delegation? "Can I do this safely?"

The Right Circumstance

Which Five Rights of Delegation? "Did the nurse give me clear instructions? Do I understand?"

The Right Direction

Which Five Rights of Delegation? "Am I confident I can do this?"

The Right Person

Which Five Rights of Delegation? "Will the nurse be able to supervise?"

The Right Supervision

Which Five Rights of Delegation? "Am I allowed to do this? Do I have the training?"

The Right Task

What helps protect the kidneys?

The bottom of the rib cage and a layer of fat

What are the Five Rights of Delegation?

The right task The right circumstances The right person The right direction The right supervision

In an unstageable pressure sore, the ulcer will need to be cleaned and dead tissue removed to determine

The stage

Why are people of advanced age more likely to get bed sores?

They have more fragile, thin skin with les circulation

How do you open the airway?

Tilt head back and lift chin

Why do the subcutaneous glands secrete oils?

To keep the skin moist

Why are wound dressings applied?

To prevent pathogens from entering the body, keep wounds dry, and to absorb drainage

A violation of civil law is known as a ________.

Tort

Eschar is

Tough, dry, leathery, dark-colored dead tissue

A surgically created opening that is made in the neck that opens into the trachea

Tracheostomy

Microbes picked up by touching contaminated objects or people who have an infectious disease. Most HAIS are caused by these. They live on the surface of the skin and can be easily removed by proper hand hygiene.

Transient Flora

Temporary (transient) episodes of dysfunction that are caused by decreased blood flow (ischemia) to the brain.

Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)

Precaution used in addition to standard precautions when a person is known to have a disease that is transmitted in a certain way.

Transmission based precautions

What bed position? When the foot of the mattress is raised so that the person's head is lower than the feet This is often used in shock patients to stimulate blood flow to the heart

Trendelenburgs

True or False After someone has a seizure, you should lay them on their side. Provide warmth and quietness. They may be confused, so you should never try to wake them. Let them wake on their own.

True

True or False Fainting could be an early sign of a more serious condition.

True

True or False HIV don't kill T cells immediately. They use the cells to replicate themselves before killing them off. Then they move onto the next T Cell and so on. Eventually all of the T-Cells are gone and the body doesn't have a way to protect itself again viruses.

True

True or False Hep. A lives in the digestive tract and leaves through the feces. Feces contaminates food/water and then someone consumes that food/water and is orally infected.

True

True or False If someone is not breathing and has no pulse, you should immediately start chest compressions.

True

True or False If you notice someone having the symptoms of a heart attack, you should have them lie down and raise head slightly to make breathing easier.

True

True or False If you see water on the floor, you should clean it immediately, regardless of what you are doing.

True

True or False When answering the phone you should always identify yourself. Location; Name; Position; and How may I help you?

True

True or False You should always report abuse immediately.

True

A stage 2 pressure sore is characterized by an

Ulcer-like appearance, abrasion, or a shallow crater. Epidermis peels away or cracks open.

Occurs around the navel (belly button). If the hernia is very small, no treatment may be needed. However, surgery may be required to repair a larger hernia.

Umbilical hernia

The kind of tort occurs when someone causes harm or injury to another person or that person's property without the intent to cause harm.

Unintentional

An unexpected injury that usually results from some type of trauma (e.g. Car accident, gun and knife violence,)

Unintentional wound

What is this position? Also known as nurse manager or head nurse. RN who is in charge of a particular floor or section of the facility. Supervises the charge nurse and has a 24-hour-day responsibility of the floor.

Unit Manager

Unconscious and unable to be aroused or conscious, but not responsive when spoken to or touched.

Unresponsive

Infection of the urethra

Urethritis

Need to urinate immediately

Urgency

Examination of the urine under a microscope

Urinalysis

_____________ stresses the importance of acknowledging the person's reality. For example, if a resident with dementia claims that she is waiting on her father to pick her up, but you know that her father died 20 years ago, you shouldn't tell her that her father died, instead you should try to help her remember fond memories of him.

Validation therapy

A cherished belief or principle. Can be influenced by religious and spiritual beliefs as well as education, culture, and heritage as well.

Value

When the valves are unable to create a seal when they close which allows blood to backflow into the atria when the ventricles pump

Valvular insufficency

Pooling of blood in the superficial veins which causes the veins to become swollen and "knotty" in appearance. May experience pain, aching, swelling, or a feeling of heaviness in legs.

Varicose veins

Pathogens transmitted by a living creature

Vector

Seen on lower legs, usually in ankle area. When pressure on the pooled blood in the veins is forces plasma out of the blood vessels and into the surrounding tissues. Swelling occurs and the skin becomes fragile and inflammed. Eventually causes skin breakdown and results in an open sore.

Venous (Stasis) Ulcers

Lower chambers of the heart. Sends blood from the heart to other parts of the body.

Ventricles

Pustule

Vesicle that contains pus, a thick yellowish fluid that is a sign of infection. Seen in ache.

Violation another person's right to keep certain information and aspects of himself away from the examination of others.

Violation of Privacy

Hepatitis is most commonly caused by a ___________________.

Viral infection

What causes these illnesses? - HIVS/AIDS - Hepatitis - Fever Blisters - Common Cold

Viruses

_______________ take over host cells and use it to make copies of itself

Viruses

What does WEAVERS stand for?

Wash Equipment Announce Verify Explain Respect Privacy Safety

Other than water, what else leaves during sweat?

Waste materials

What extinguishes type A fires?

Water

Sebum is also know as the

Wax in ears

Emotional and physical reaction that occurs when use of the addictive substance is discontinued

Withdrawal

Your attitude towards your work.

Work Ethic

Violent acts (including physical assaults and threats of assaults) direct toward persons at work or on duty?

Workplace Violence

Injury that results in a break in the skin (and underlying tissues as well)

Wounds

Does HBV have a vaccination?

Yes

Yes or No Are nursing assistants allowed to help a patient open a medication bottle?

Yes

Yes or No Can Hep. B be transmitted through the transfusion of infected blood or blood products or across the placenta and through unprotected sex?

Yes

Yes or No Can a nursing assistant insert or remove tubes from a patient's body under an instructor's supervision in a training session?

Yes

Yes or No Can clinical death be reversed?

Yes

Yes or No Can nurses perform procedures that require sterile technique with nurse supervision?

Yes

Yes or No Is Hepatitis B a bloodborne pathogen?

Yes

Yes or No Is Hepatitis C a bloodborne pathogen?

Yes

Yes or No Is Hepatitis D a bloodborne pathogen?

Yes

Yes or No Is not having the proper equipment a valid reason for refusing an assignment?

Yes

Yes or No Is not yet being trained in a task a valid reason for refusing an assignment?

Yes

Yes or No Is refusing a task because it could cause harm a valid reason for refusing an assignment?

Yes

Yes or No Is refusing a task because it is illegal or unethical a valid reason for refusing an assignment?

Yes

Yes or No Is refusing to do a job out of your scope-of-practice a valid reason for refusing an assignment?

Yes

Yes or No Is the nurse not being able to supervise a valid reason for refusing an assignment?

Yes

Yes or No If a nurse delegates you a task that's out of your scope-of-practice and the patient is injured, is she responsible?

Yes

Moving a body part away from the midline of the body (think being TAKEN AWAY)

abduction

People who have had joint replacement surgery have weak muscles and ligaments in the area of replacement, so they need to have wedges, also known an

abduction pillow

What stage of grief? - When the person comes to terms with their death - May say goodbyes, - May plan funeral service, write a poem or a letter to be read when they are gone

acceptance

An unexpected, unintended event that has the potential to cause bodily injury. What's the happening.

accident

The urinary system regulates the ___________ of the blood

acidity

Secretion of too much growth hormone after a person has reached adulthood causes excessive growth of the bones of the hands, feet, and face.

acromegaly

The transverse colon travels

across

In an emergency situation, you're responsibilities are.. 1. Recognize an emergency exists 2. Decide to Act 3. Check for Consciousness 4. ___________________ ? 5. Provide appropriate care until EMS arrives 6. Record care you provided

activate the emergency medical services

Range of Motion: When the patient or resident performs the exercises independently with verbal guidance from the nursing assistant or nurse

active range of motion

If there is bright blood in stool, that lightly means you have an

active ulcer

Range of Motion: When the patient or resident performs the exercises with some hands-on assistance from the nursing assistant or nurse

active-assistance range of motion

Significant loss of muscle tissue can leave a person too weak to walk or carry out ADL known as

activities of daily living

Are the side-effects of diabetes (e.g. acidosis, elevated blood sugar, etc.) chronic or acute?

acute

Illness caused by Hepatitis A is usually ____________ and the person recovers fully.

acute

What is a rapid, onset illness?

acute

What are the phases of rehabilitation?

acute phase, subacute phase, and chronic phase

In the acute phase of rehabilitation, it is the first 24 hours after surgery, injury, or a serious illness. The person is ___________________ ill and needs constant observation and care.

acutely

When taking an axillary temperature you should always

add 1

You should always let the registry know of any ...?

address changes

Moving a body part toward the midline of the body

adduction

Official entry of a person into a health care setting

admission

Where standard information about the person, such as his name, address, date of birth and age, social security number, gender, insurance and employment information, and advance directive information is stored when someone enters a health care setting

admission sheet

A document that allows a patient to make her wishes regarding health care known to family members and health care workers, in case a time comes when she is no longer able to make those wishes known herself.

advance directive

The filtered blood in the enter the capillary bed of the glomerulus through a vessel called

afferent arteriole

What are the risks of accidents occurring?

age, medication, paralysis, poor mobility, sensory impairment,

- Less efficient contraction - Decreased elasticity of arteries and veins - Decreased number of blood cells are the effects of _____________ on the cardiovascular system

aging

Difficulty recognizing information obtained using the five senses

agnosia

What type of phobia? - Fear of having a panic attack in a place from which there is no easy escape or in a place where help is not available. e.g. in an elevator or crowded bus

agoraphobia

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and metabolism all work together, if one is off,

all are off

CNAS are ______________ health professionals.

allied

Baldness

alopecia

to walk

ambulate

Difficulty remembering

amnesia

What are the four A's of dementia?

amnesia, aphasia, agnosia, apraxia

In severe cases of Peripheral Vascular disease, the tissues die and ___________ may be needed.

amputation

Loss of a limb

amputation

Removal of all or part of an arm or a leg

amputation

What is the hiatus

an opening in the diaphragm

If you have low amounts of hemoglobin, you may be

anemic

What stage of grief? - Occurs when a person realizes that he is actually going to die - May become moody and withdrawn, or uncooperative or hostile - May yell or throw objects - May lost faith

anger

When someone sees themselves as very overweight, even though they are excessively thin. Results in loss of appetite, person not eating enough food, skipping meals.

anorexia nervous

The ____________ lobe releases the following hormones Growth hormone Thyroid-Stimulating hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone Prolactin Gonadotropins

anterior

An example of a specific defense mechanism is ....?

antibodies

These help our body fight off *specific* microbes. White blood cells are NOT specific.

antibodies

`The rectum is the last segment of the colon. The place where the rectum opens to the outside of the body is the

anus

What are the signs and symptoms of withdrawal? - tremors - delirium and ...?

anxiety

Which valve? Located where aorta and leaves ventricle

aortic

Difficulty using language

aphasia

What kind of pulse is taken when someone has a weak or irregular pulse that may be difficult to feel in radial artery?

apical

Occasionally, skeletal muscles are attached to other muscles by a broad, flat sheet of tendon called an

aponeurosis

Inflammation or infection of the appendix

appendicitis

Tiny, closed pouch that dangles from the cecum, has no known function.

appendix

Difficulty coordinating the steps needed to complete a task

apraxia

Which type of meninges? the web-like middle layer

arachnoid mater

When a muscle contracts, the muscle shortens and the origin and insertion points

are drawn closer to each other

In hemorrhaging, _______________ injuries spurt or pulse with heartbeat.

arterial

What are the smallest arteries that send of branches called capillaries?

arterioles

Inflammation of the joints

arthritis

What can cause temporary urinary incontinence?

as a result of a bladder infection, or after an indwelling catheter that has been place for a long time

The large intestine is much slow than the small intestines, so the food needs a place to wait until the ______________ is able to accept more food.

ascending colon

You should always ____________ the nurse of there is something you do not understand.

ask

The loss of short-term memory can cause a person to.. - accuse others of stealing personal belonging because he can't remember where he put it - ask for a meal after he's already eaten - stop in the middle of a task and ...

ask the same question over and over again

What does a trapeze bar do?

assist with movement

CNA Role in Rehabilitation Integrumentary System The CNA would be most focused on caring for decubitus ulcers. She would be responsible for...

assisting with scheduled dressing changes, vacuum-assisted closure (VAC), and position changes

Make certain tasks, such as transferring, walking, eating, or dressing easier. These are examples of _______________ devices

assistive

What is it called when the cornea is not perfectly curved?

astigmatism

Tinea Pedis is

athlete's foot

Loss of muscle size and strength

atrophy

A side of ourselves we display to the world, communicating outwards about how we feel about things.

attitude

extreme difficulty communicating and relating to other people and surroundings. Affects every 1 in 1000 births. Affects reasoning skills, language skills, ability to socialize, ability to perform self-care activities, and response to touch and pain. May appear withdrawn, have tantrums, intellectual disabilites, seizure disabilites,

autism

Rheumatiod arthritis is a ____________________ disorder. This mean, the body's immune system is attacking the body's tissues

autoimmune

Examination of the person's organs and tissues after the person has died

autopsy

Arteries send blood ______________ the heart

away from

Types of Thermometers Mouth - Oral Rectum - Rectal Armpit - ??? Ear - Tympanic Forehead - Temporal

axillary

long extension from the cell body that sends information

axon

rod-shaped bacteria

bacili

Where are the kidneys located?

back of the upper abdominal cavity, one on either side of the spinal column

How should you clear the airway of an infant?

back slaps

Weak, ineffective coughing. High-pitched "crowing" sounds, and bluish color is an example of a __________ air exchange.

bad

"Dys" means

bad or difficult

lightweight cotton blanket or flannel sheet that is used to provide modesty and warmth during a bed bath or a linen change

bath blanket

The apical pulse and radial pulse should

be the same

piece of wood that is placed under the mattress to provide extra support

bed board

metal frame that is placed between the bottom and top sheets to keep the top sheet, blanket and the bedspread away from the person's feet. often amongst those recovering from burns

bed cradle

Square of quilted absorbent fabric backed with waterproof material. Also called incontinence pads or soaker pads. Used for people with incontinence or draining wounds

bed protector

Used for elimination when a person is unable to get out of bed at all

bedpan

Chair frame with a toilet seat and removable collection bucket.

bedside commode

You should never pour anything in the sink, where should you pour it?

bedside commode or toilet

Where is the popliteal pulse?

behind the knee

By doing good for those in your care by preventing harm and promoting the health and welfare of the person above all else, you are showing __________.

beneficene

What is the normal bath temp?

between 110 and 115

Where is gout most commonly found?

big toe

Substance that helps with the digestion of fats

bile

What does the liver produce?

bile

Once in the small intestines and duodenum, the chyme mixes with the _________ (secreted by the liver) and the ______________ enzymes secreted by the pancreas

bile, digestive

People with _______________ will eat large amounts of food, but not purge, as with bulima nervosa. The person continues to eat excessively and the person may become very obese.

binge-eating disorder

Urinary retention can result from a _______________________ of the bladder outlet or from pain following a surgical procedure

blockage

Atherosclerosis

blocking of arteries caused by plague

"hemo" means

blood

A thrombi is a

blood clot

Regular flushing of the bladder with irrigation fluid helps keep

blood clots from forming in the bladder

How does immobility affect the cardiovascular system?

blood clots, reduced blood flow

Force of blood pushing against the arterial walls

blood pressure

If a woman has a mascotomy, you can't take _________________ on that air. You also can't if someone has a shunt or dialysis machine.

blood pressure

What are the five vital signs?

blood pressure, pulse respiration temperature weight

If someone's blood pressure is too high it can cause stress on the kidneys leading to kidney failure or cause harm to the _________________ causing a stroke

blood vessels

The submucosa contains

blood vessels and nerves

Amount of blood in the vessels at any given time and influences blood pressure

blood volume

Hep. B, C, D HIVS/AIDS Ebola Malaria Syphillis are all examples of _______________ pathogens

bloodborne

Hepatitis B is a _____________ pathogen meaning it can be found in the blood as well as other bodily fluids (semen, vaginal secretions).

bloodborne

- Needlesticks - Cuts from containated glass - Direct contact between infected blood and broken skin, mucous membrane or the eyes can transmit ________________.

bloodborne pathogens

Cyanosis

blue colored skin

The _____________ is the main region.

body

Where do the esophagus enter the stomach?

body

Proper positioning is necessary for good ________________ and may help relieve some of the discomfort associated with a person's medical condition

body alignment

Efficient movement and use of body

body mechanics

Skeletal muscles contract in order to provide

body movement

People with Lewy Body dementia also have problems controlling ______________ ( for example, muscle rigidity, a shuffling gait, slow movements, and tremors similiar to those with Parkinson's disease)

body movements

Thin strands of bone form a net-like structure, and the spaces in between the thin strands of bone are filled with ______________________

bone marrow

Osteoporosis causes ______________ to break more easily and makes physical activity difficult

bones

Where are blood cells produced?

bones

What artery should the arrow on the blood pressure cuff be facing?

brachial

What is the artery located on the inside of your upper arm?

brachial

Slower than normal heart rate, lower than 60

bradycardia

What does the digestive system do?

break down food we eat into nutrients that are absorbed into the bloodstream

Pain that occurs before the next scheduled dose of pain medication

breakthrough pain

People die from ALS when they lose the ability to

breathe and swallow

______________ performs two vital functions: - brings oxygen into the body - Removes carbon dioxide

breathing

Most people who become infected with HIV experience a ___________________ illness about 2 to 4 weeks after they are first exposed to the virus

brief, flu-like

How does immobility affect the musculoskeletal system?

brittle bones, contractures, muscle weakness

A person who regularly eats huge amounts of food (binging) and then inducing themselves to vomit or use laxatives to rid the body of the food before it is digested (purging) often of normal weight for her age and height

bulimia nervosa

What hormone helps to regulate the amount of calcium in the bloodstream?

calcitonin

Aging decreases the body's ability to absorb _______________ causing the stored calcium to be taken from the bones. This results in weak, brittle bones.

calcium

PTH, produced by parathyroid gland causes the release of _______________ from bones into the bloodstream

calcium

Overgrowth of cells

cancer

- Loss in appetite - Indigestion - Pain - Vomiting - Constipation - Changes in Bowel Movements - Blood in stool are all signs and symptoms of

cancer in the digestive tract

Malignant

cancerous

Lymph ____________ absorb excess fluid from the surrounding tissue. Once the fluid enters this, the fluid is called lymph.

capillaries

Why is it that you have a better chance of survival if you have a heart attack later in life?

capillaries

As blood passes through, the oxygen and nutrients in the blood pass to tissues and CO2 and other waste materials go transfuse into the bed. What is this bed?

capillary bed

A _________________ formed of connective tissue encloses the ends of the bones, forming a joint cavity.

capsule

Amount of blood that the heart is able to pump with each beat

cardiac output

Example of a short bone?

carpal

Gradual yellowing and hardening of the lens of the eye

cataracts

Yellowing and hardening of the lens of the eye

cataracts

A person with dementia may over-react to something that would cause a healthy person minimal or no stress. This is called

catastrophic reaction

Tube inserted into the body for the purpose of administering or removing fluids.

catheter

When performing soapsubs enema, it's important to use it with caution because too much soap can

cause damage to the lining of the intestines

The ascending colon travels upward from the

cecum

What is the waiting room for food that is leaving the small intestines through the ileocecal valve and entering the large intestine?

cecum

The large intestine (also called the colon) is 4 1/2 feet long and is much larger than the diameter than the small intestine. It has several distinct regions:

cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and the rectum

In type 2 diabetes the body still produces some insulin, but the ___________ of the body are unable to respond to the insulin

cells

The _____________ receives information, processes it, and issues instructions

central nervous system

The ____________ helps to coordinate the brain's commands to the muscles so that the muscles move smoothly and in an orderly fashion. It also plays a role in balance.

cerebellum

caused by damage to the cerebrum Can be caused by: - physical brain deformity - interfere with flow of oxygen during or shortly after birth - accidents in early childhood One type can causes spasms and shortening of the muscles Second type causes involuntary movements of arms, legs, and upper body. Facial and tongue may be affected.

cerebral palsy

The space between the pia meter and the arachnoid mater contains

cerebrospinal fluid

Condition that occurs when ear wax (cerumen) builds up and becomes packed in the external auditory canal.

cerumen impaction

Nursing assistants are responsible for noticing ___________ in their patients.

changes

Any medication that alters a person's mood or behavior, such as a sedative or transquilizer

chemical constraint

The process of breaking down food through the use of chemical substances such as enzymes is called

chemical digestion

What detects the chemicals in the food we eat?

chemoreceptors

Heavy people or pregnant women need to have ______________ thrusts instead of abdominal thrusts.

chest

Stress incontinence is when someone coughs, sneezes, or exerts themselves. This are caused by

childbirth, obesity, and loss of muscle tone as a result of aging

Condition that is on-going and needs to be controlled continuous medications or treatment

chronic

In HCV illness tends to be more __________ and serious.

chronic

Is diabetes a chronic or acute illness?

chronic

Most ulcers are

chronic

Pressure sores are ____________ because it seems that once you get rid of one, you get another

chronic

What is a long lasting illness?

chronic

COPD stands for

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

- Gradual loss of functioning nephrons - hypertension - diabetes - chronic infections - blockage of the urinary system by stones or growths - cancer are all causes of

chronic renal failure

The peristaltic action of the stomach helps to mix the food with the acids and enzymes, creating a liquid substance called

chyme

Heart is the organ that powers the continuous movement of blood known as

circulation

What are crimes committed between individuals?

civil

The cramping and pain in the legs that come with peripheral vascular disease is called

claudication

When depression is severe and persistent, it is called ___________

clinical depression

empty bed

closed bed

When the bone is broken, but the broken ends do not protrude through the overlying skin

closed fracture

Heprine prevents

clotting

Platelets are responsible for ______________ (coagulation) of the blood

clotting

When you have two medical conditions at the same time. (e.g. diabetes and congestive heart failure)

co existing

round bacteria

cocci

When you have problems processing learning or remembering information

cognitive impairment

The R in TRAP of Parkinson's Disease stands for Rigidity With Parkinson's disease, the muscles become increasingly stiff. When rigidity is combined with the tremor, there is a _________________ effect. This effect is used to describe the jerky, ratcheting feel to the movement.

cogwheeling

Bacteria live together in ______?

colonies

When you're emptying a folly bag, you should always look for

color, odor, any stones, mucus strains, or blood

What kind of ostomy is created if part of the large intestines is still present?

colostomy

Deep state of unconsciousness from which a person cannot be aroused

coma

person who unconscious and is totally unable to respond to his environment and will also need your assistance to remain safe

comatose

What type of enema? - commercially prepared and packaged - also called "small-volume" enemas - usually contain 70 ml to 130 ml of a solution - solution irritates the intestinal mucosa to promote peristalsis - Some contain a solution that is absorbed into the stool to make it softer and easier to pass

commerical enemas

During the subacute phase of rehabilitation, 24 hours have passed. This phase usually lasts a week. This is when the health care team focuses on the person's condition and preventing ______________ associated with being immobile. This includes proper nutrition, skin care, range-of-motion exercises, urinary and bowel care. Caring for emotional and mental needs as well.

complications

CNA Role in Rehabilitation Nervous System She would help with

complications of immobility

What kind of catheter is used for men that isn't actually inserted into the urethra?

condom catheter

Occurs when something prevents sound waves from reaching the receptors in the cochlea. Can be blocked by buildup of cerumen or a tumor

conductive hearing loss

Common signs of stroke include:

confusion slurring speech drooling eyes or mouth sudden severe headache weakness or paralysis

Functional incontinence occurs in the absence of physical or nervous system problems affecting the urinary tract. The person just cannot make it to the bathroom in enough time, or wait until a bedpan or urinal is provided. What are some other contributing factors?

confusion, disorientation, and loss of mobility

The serosa is a tough outer layer of

connective tissue

Symptoms of a Stroke include - personality changes - drooping of the eyelid or corner of mouth - slurring of speech - paralysis - severe headache and loss of

consciousness

- Taking medications that slow peristalsis (e.g. pain medication) - Not taking in enough dietary fiber or fluids - Not getting enough exercise - Delaying have bowel movement after the urge occurs - Lack of privacy are all risk factors for

constipation

Narcotics can cause

constipation

Enemas are used to relieve

constipation, fecal impactions and to empty the intestine

When a joint is not exercised regularly and use of the joint may be permanently lost

contracture

There are two types of chronic diseases...

controlled and uncontrolled

Conscious and deliberate ways of dealing with stress

coping mechanisms

The left and right hemispheres are connected by the

corpus callosum

Seborrheic dermaitis is severe scaling of the scalp. Thick yellow crusty patches are seen. It is also known as __________________ in infants.

cradle cap

What are crimes committed between you and society as a whole?

criminal

Uric acid is a waste product of the metabolism which is used removed through urine. If the body produces too much uric acid, the kidneys are unable to properly process the uric acid and it builds up in the body, forming ____________ that are deposited into the joints. This causes tissues to become inflamed and painful. GOUT

crystals

Results from excessive secretion of glucocorticoids, Causes = pockets of fats in abdomen, back, and in face increased facial hair High glucose levels easy bruising of skin muscle weakness

cushing's syndrome

Blue-tinged skin

cyanosis

Signs of Dying - As circulation fails, the blood pressure drops and the pulse becomes rapid and weak. - Skin feels cool and clammy - Skin may be blotchy, very pale, grayish or _____________ (blue-tinged) - Cheyne-Stokes respiration (irregular, shallow breaths, in an alternating fast-slow pattern) - Death rattle (mucous settles in air passages causing a noisy, rattling breathing) - Digestive system slows down. May experience nausea, vomiting, abdominal swelling, fecal impaction, or bowel incontinence) - Urine output decreases - Decreased muscle tone and sensation. Speaking, vision may be affected. - Consciousness may be altered.

cyanotic

Itching and flanking of the scalp

dandruff

When asking a patient to stand up, you should always ask them if they are dizzy. If so, have them ______________, ask if dizzy, then stand and ask if dizzy

dangle their feet

A stroke that affects the vital control centers of the brain stem will result in

death

Medical conditions that result in the loss of consciousness also result in a loss of ..?

decision-making capacity

The ability to make a thoughtful decision based on an understanding of the potential risks and benefits of taking a certain course of action is known as ...?

decision-making capacity

How does immobility affect the digestive system?

decreased appetite, constipation, incontinence,

How does immobility affect the integumentary system?

decreased blood flow, pressure ulcers

Permanent injury incontinence can be caused by

decreased muscle tone in the bladder, injury or illness, and dementia

Positioning Patients How does the integumentary system (skin) play into positioning patients?

decubitus ulcers

The presence of feces in the rectum stimulates the urge to

defecate

The walls of rectum gradually expand as the feces build up. At a certain point, the brain senses that the rectum is full and the urge to ___________ occurs

defecate

What is the official term for "Going Poo"

defecate

- Compensation - Conversion - Denial - Displacement - Projection - Rationalization - Regression - Repression (Suppression) are types of

defense mechanisms

Methods of dealing with stress that "just happen." Help protect us from emotionally traumatic events. They help the mind restore or maintain emotional balance in response to stress

defense mechanisms

Stomach acid, tears, and coughing/sneezing are other examples of non-specific __________________.

defense mechanisms

Giving someone orders on your behalf.

delegation

Temporary state of confusion Symptom of an underlying disorder such as an infection

delirium

If someone THINKS they are the Queen of England when they're not, they're experiencing a

delusion

a false belief people with schizophrenia may suffer from

delusion

Short extensions from the cell body that receive information

dendrites

What stage of grief? - Usually the first stage and occurs when a person is told that he has a terminal illness - Person refuses to accept the diagnosis or feels that a mistake has been made

denial

What are the stages of grief?

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

Many people with dementia may also rummage. They may even steal others'

dentures

What are the types of mood disorders?

depression and bipolar

Quality of each breath (e.g. deep or shallow)

depth of respiration

The sigmoid colon is an s-shaped curve at the end of the

descending colon

Permanent disability that affects a person before he reaches adulthood (before 19 to 22 yrs of age) and interferes with the person's ability to achieve developmental milestones.

developmental disability

Complication of diabetes that can lead to blindness. In the early stages, the tiny blood vessels that supply the retina burst, leading to hemorrhages and damaging the retina. This is a continuous cycle.

diabetic retinopathy

What does the job of the kidneys by removing waste products and fluids from the body?

dialysis

Process of sweating

diaphoresis

When performing abdominal thrusts, the area beneath the _______________ (abdominal cavity) is compressed

diaphragm

the large, flat muscle that separates the abdominal and chest cavities

diaphragm

The atria are in systole when the ventricles are in _____________

diastole

CNA Role in Rehabilitation Endocrine system She would help those with diabetes with

diet management, weight loss, and exercise

- Less effective chewing and swallowing - less effective digestion - increased risk for constipation are all effects of aging on the

digestive syste,m

When infection occurs, blood vessels __________ which brings more oxygen, nutrients, and white blood cells.

dilate

the prefix for pairs of bacteria

diplo

A stroke that affects areas of the cerebrum many only result in

disability

Process used by the members of the health care team to help prepare a patient or resident to leave the facility

discharge planning

Shifting an emotion from one person to another who is less threatening. For example, a patient who is upset with a family member may take it out on the nursing assistant.

displacement

Polyuria is also known as

diuresis

Symptoms of a panic attack - chest or abdomen pain - rapid heartbeat - shortness of breath and ...

dizziness

What are the signs and symptoms of fainting?

dizziness temporary loss of vision pale, clammy skin sweating shallow breath weak pulse

A person who has made the decision to receive only supportive care at the end of her life will have a _____________________ also known as DNR

do not resuscitate

YOU CAN NOT APPLY RESTRAINTS WITHOUT A

doctors order

Reflex incontinence occurs when there is damage to the nerves that allows the person to control urination. Meaning that the bladder fills, but the person

doesn't feel the urge to urinate

Crumbling of the bones of the spinal column causes the upper back to curve into the deformity known as __________________. This are very painful.

dowager's hump

The descending colon travels

down

Developmental disability that is the result of a genetic disorder Seen in 1 in every 1000 births Signs & Symptoms; - eyelids that give eyes almond shape - large tongue in a small mouth - square hands with short, stubby, fingers - small wide nose and small ears - short stature and a wide, short neck

down syndrome

When shaving a man's beard you should use ___________________ strokes

downward

When might a urinary catheter be used?

drain bladder before a surgery, someone who is incontinent of urine, certain wounds or ulcers, or urination obstruction

Where does urine collect in an indwelling (Foley) catheter?

drainage bag

What should you do if you have kidney stones?

drink more fluids

What are the treatments for osteoporosis?

drugs, supplements, resistance training,

Ulcers in the duodenum are called

duodenal ulcer

Where does the liver produce bile?

duodenum

The small intestine, which is about 20 feet long, has three regions, what are they?

duodenum, jejunum, and the ileum

What type of meninges? thick, tough outer layer that is attached to the inside of the skull and the vertebrae

dura mater

When you transfer the responsibility of making medical decisions to someone else, that is known as...?

durable power of attorney

When does dreaming occurs?

during REM sleep

Pain or difficult swallowing

dysphagia

Labored or difficult respirations

dyspnea

What are the tree stages of dementia?

early, middle, late

without teeth

edentulous

The filtered blood leaves the glomerulus through the

efferent arteriole

CNA Role in Rehabilitation Digestive, Urinary, and Reproductive Systems She would help with

elimination, hygiene, etc

Blood clot that moves from one place to another

embolus

If you notice that Mrs. Smith isn't as happy today as she usually is, you are noticing an ___________ change.

emotional

Saying a kind word, giving a gentle touch, willing to listen, letting them know they are important, and knowing that you care are all ways a nursing assistant can meet what needs?

emotional

This therapist helps with the person's coping, feelings, low self esteem, loss of normal appearance, etc.

emotional

Putting yourself in someone's else's shoes in order to feel their pain

empathy

COPD (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) is a combination between

emphysema and chronic bronchitis

How can you promote normal elimination?

encourage plenty fluids, answer call lights promptly, take people to the bathroom, offer them the chance to go frequently, provide privacy and comfort.

As a nursing assistant in rehabilitation care, you will be responsible for ____________________ your patients to practice the skills and techniques they are learning in rehabiliation. You will also be responsible for carrying out many of the actions specified in the person's care plan

encouraging

The heart has 3 layers, what are they?

endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium

Inserted into nose or mouth. It extends to the trachea where a balloon cuff on the end holds it in place and prevents secretions from the mouth entering the respiratory tract.

endotracheal tube

Introduction of fluid into the large intestine by way of the anus for the purpose of removing stool from the rectum

enema

- Being a good listener - Making sure your message is clear - Encourage them to talk to you - Be mindful of your body language - Value of silence and touch are all examples of how to ....?

enhance communication

The use of side rails can put a person at risk for

entrapment

Chemical substances in our saliva start to work on the smaller pieces of food, breaking them down even more by breaking the bonds that hold the food molecules together. Substances that have the ability to break chemical bonds are called

enzymes

When you swallow, the ________________ (a flap of cartilage that covers the opening of the larynx) snaps shut to prevent food from passing into the trachea.

epiglottis

The medulla of the adrenal glands two hormones that are responsible for the fight or flight response. norepinephrine and

epinephrine

To treat shock, the person must receive an immediate treatment of medication called ....?

epinephrine

A circle of muscular tissue, surrounds the place where the esophagus enters the stomach and keeps food from going back up the esophagus after it has entered the stomach

esophageal (cardiac) sphincter

Women who have gone through menopause and lack in ____________, a hormone that helps prevent bone loss, are more likely to get osteoporosis

estrogen

Rotation of the sole of the foot outward

eversion

Straightening of a joint

extension

A cast is a method of ________________ or fixation that is achieved without surgery.

external fixation

Sims Position

extreme side lying position, enema position, head to one side, knee bent strongly on that side, pillow under

Nursing assistants are the _________________ of the nurse.

eyes

During a partial bath only the

face, hands, armpits, back, buttocks, and perineal area

Syncope is also known as

fainting

Leading cause of accidental deaths among elderly is?

falls

True or False The patient has the right to... be rejected on making decisions about her plan of care

false

True or False The patient has the right to... not know how the hospital settles disputes

false

True or False The resident does not have the right to... communicate inside and outside of the facility

false

True or False The resident does not have the right to... control finances

false

True or False The resident does not have the right to... self-administer medication

false

True or False The resident does not the right to... privacy

false

True or False The resident does not the right to... use and keep personal possessions

false

True or False You should resuscitate a patient if you don't know their DNR status.

false

Hyperonia is known as

far sightedness

If you have a heart attack in the atria, it may not be life threatening, but if you have one in the ventricle it can be

fatal

What are the first signs of a heart attack?

fatigue, changes in vital signs, or indigestion

What does yellow bone marrow consist of that can be used by the body for energy if needed?

fatty tissue

Person who has an increased body temperature (fever)

febrile

Inability to hold one's feces, or the involuntary loss of feces from the bowl.

fecal bowel incontinence

After the chyme reaches the rectum, all of the nutrients have been removed and what remains is a semi-solid waste material known as

feces

What is the last pulse you feel before pronouncing someone is dead?

femoral

Example of long bone?

femur

Combination of physical and intellectual problems that affect a child whose mother consumed alcohol during pregnancy

fetal alcohol syndrome

What are the signs and symptoms of Pneumonia?

fever, pain when breathing, cyanosis

Olig- means

few

What do the nephrons do?

filter the blood that passes through the kidney

What do the kidneys do?

filter the blood to remove waste products

The pressure of the kidney capillary beds produces the basis of the urine known as

filtrate

In an digital examination, the word digit means

finger

When walking with a walker, the good foot always goes

first

You should always care for patients who need the least amount of care _______________

first

Casting is an example of

fixation

bone that is relatively thin and may be curved. Found in ribs and those that form the skull.

flat bone

What is Gas officially called?

flatus

Treatment of Parkinson's disease include - medication with "on" and "off" times - speech therapy for swallowing problems - physical therapy to help with movement difficulties - range-of-motion exercises - warm baths - massages and the improvement of joint ___________ and use

flexibity

Bending of a joint

flexion

Nitroglycerin relaxes the arteries increasing the

flow of blood

What is used to measure flow rate of oxygen

flowmeter

Tap Water Enemas & Saline (Salt Water) enemas should not be given repeatedly because the intestines can absorb the solution causing a

fluid imbalance in the body

A triple lumen indwelling catheter has three lumens. The extra lumen is used to

flush the bladder with irrigation fluid

padded board that is placed upright at the foot of the bed. the person's feet is flat against it helping to keep the feet in proper alighnment

footboard

In a neurogenic underactive bladder, the bladder is flaccid or unable to contract ________________

forceably

Circumcision is a procedure involving the removal of the

foreskin

Where is red bone marrow?

found in flat bones and the ends of long bones

The type of bedpan used if the person has an injury or disability

fracture pan

Broken bones

fractures

Most common inherited form of intellectual disability, and is caused by a defect in the X chromosome. Prevents production of a particular protein needed for cell communication in the brain. Signs & Symptoms - large, cupped ears - a slim build - wide-set, somewhat squinting eyes - velvet-like skin

fragile x syndrome

Voluntary movement occurs when a skeletal muscle contracts (shortens) or relaxes (lengthens) across a

freely movable joint

occurs when two surfaces, such as a sheet and the person's skin, rub against each other. Injuries skin and contributes to skin breakdown.

friction

Four of the most common causes of dementia are Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, lewy body dementia, and

frontotemporal dementia

For a fire to occur, what 3 elements must be present?

fuel, heat, oxygen

What are the three main regions of the stomach?

fundus, body, and pylorus

Athlete's foot is a type of ______________________ infection

fungal

when used to help a person walk, a transfer belt is called a

gait belt

Small pouch attached to the liver

gallbladder

Where is bile produced by the liver that is not secreted directly into the duodenum kept?

gallbladder

Can lead to inflammation and infection of the gallbladder

gallstones

Forms and blocks the flow of bile from the gallbladder into the duodenum

gallstones

Impaired blood flow causes death of the tissue which is known as

gangrene

Stomach ulcers are called

gastric ulcers

The digestive system is also known as the

gastrointestinal system

What can help rheumatoid arthritis?

gentle use of active and active-assist range of motion exercises

Disorder of the eye that occurs when the pressure within the eye is increased to dangerous levels. Aqueous humor buildup behind the eye.

glaucoma

Each nephron consists of a_________________ and a series of tubules.

glomerulus

What are the five PPE's?

gloves mask hair cap shoe covers gown

Enlargement of thyroid gland Caused by iodine deficiency.

goiter

"eu" means

good

Coughing strongly and a good skin color is an example of a ____________ air exchange.

good

What type of seizure is characterized by generalized and violent contractions and relaxation of the body's muscles

grand mal

You should always use _____________ electrical equipment.

grounded

Bad breath that does not go away

halitosis

If someone SEES, HEARS, TASTES, OR SMELLS something that isn't there, they are experiencing a

hallucination

In addition to not being able to control body movements, people with Lewy Body dementia also tend to experience visual ________________ (they see things not really there) and distinct changes in mental alertness.

hallucinations

You should always practice ________________ before handling new linens

hand hygiene

What is the most common mode of transportation?

hands

Arteriosclerosis is the

hardening of arteries

Pediculosis capitits

head lice

With osteoporosis bones that are fractured are more difficult to repair and ____________

heal slowly

When someone transfers the responsibility for making medical decisions on the person's behalf to a family member, friend, or trusted individual, that person is known as the ______________.

health care agent

The main non-specific defense mechanism is ...?

healthy, intact skin and mucous membranes

Cardio stands for

heart

The esophagus travels through the chest cavity behind the

heart

Proper body alignment reduces strain on joints and muscles and promotes good _______________________fuction

heart and lung

In Myotonic muscular dystrophy, a person may have weakness and shrinking of the muscle tissue. The people often also have ...

heart problems, endocrine disorders, and cataracts

Contraction of the skeletal muscle helps produce _____________ and maintain a constant body temperature

heat

Loss of muscle tissue also affects the body's ability to produce

heat

presence of blood in the urine

hematuria

paralysis on one side of the body

hemiplegia

When a person's blood is drawn intravenously, passed through a machine with filters and solutions to clean the blood of waste and then returned to the person's body through another vessel

hemodialysis

What is the name of the protein that's in the dent in the center of red blood cells?

hemoglobin

Coughing up blood or blood-stained sputum

hemoptysis

If there is a weak area in the muscular wall of the abdomen, and someone does something that requires a lot of phyiscal effort, a ______________ may occur

hernia

Occurs when an internal organ bulges through a weakness in the muscular wall

hernia

The esophagus enters the abdominal cavity, at the ______________

hiatus

Sometimes a hematuria can be occult and must be detected using an urinalysis. What does occult mean?

hidden

What is the number one cause of a stroke?

high blood pressure

Conditions that put someone at risk for developing vascular dementia include: - history of myocardial infaction - hypertension - diabetes mellitus - peripherial vascular disease - transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) - obesity - smoking and

high cholesterol levels

Delirium can be caused by a

high fever

If someone has trouble breathing, what position should you place them in?

high folwers position

In a lithotripsy, __________________ are directed at the stone causing it to break into smaller pieces and be passable

high-frequency sound waves

Fracture that occurs at the top of the femur (thigh bone)

hip fracture

When you take care of the whole person and not just their physical condition or disease, you are being....?

holistic

The bladder is a ___________________ that holds the urine

hollow sac

What you consider the patient/residents emotional, physical, social, and spiritual needs, you are taking a _______________ approach.

humanistic

Fainting can be caused by

hunger pain extreme emotion fatigue medication excessive heat standing too long

Special glands in the stomach lining produce enzymes and stomach acid, officially known as

hydrochloric acid

Ulcers occur when the stomach produce too much

hydrochloric acid

Blood sugar level is too high

hyperglycemia

Increased rate and depth of breathing

hyperventiliation

Blood sugar level is too low

hypoglycemia

The ________________ controls body temperature, fluid balance, appetite, sleep cycles, and some of the emotions, and regulates the pituitary gland

hypothalamus

When thyroxine secretion is too low. Symptoms include: - fatigue - weakness -depression -anorexia - weight gain -constipation - intolerance to cold

hypothyroidism

Decreased breathing and depth of breathing

hypoventiliation

Deficient of oxygen

hypoxic

A coma can be caused by head injury, a tumor, a lack of oxygen, exposure to toxins, or

illness

Positioning Patients How does the musculoskeletal system (bones and muscles) play into positioning patients?

immobility can cause contractures, loss of muscle mass and strength, and the loss of calcium from the bones making them weak

What increases the risk for kidney stones?

immobility, not drinking enough fluids, and urinary infections

If you overuse an antibotic, it will build up an .....?

immunity

Sensory nerves carry information from the outside.. In other words, they carry information from the internal organs and the outside world to the spinal cord and up into the brains so that the brain can analyze the information

in

Vest restraints should cross

in the front

Where does digestion begin?

in the mouth

Occurence that is considered unusual, undesired, or out of the ordinary and that disrupts the normal routine for the patient/resident. Reporting the happening.

incident

All accidents and incidents are to be verbally reported immediately to the nurse. In addition, most facilities require the accident or incident to be reported in written form as well. This written report is called an

incident (occurrence) report

All accidents are considered ________________

incidents

What does the villi do?

increase the small intestine's ability to absorb nutrients by increasing the surface area of the mucosa

IADLS or Instrumental Activites of Daily Living are more complex tasks that person must be able to do in order to live _______________ This includes: - Using telephone - Handling money - Obtaining groceries - Preparing meals

independently

A person with a gallbladder disorder may also have ________________, especially after eating fatty foods

indigestion

Basic practices that are designed to prevent the spread of infection

infection control

Diverticulitis is the

inflammation of the bowel

gingivitis

inflammation of the gums

The suffix "itis" stands for ...?

inflammation or infection

Glucocorticoids play a role in the metabolism of fats and proteins and help the body to maintain a reserve of glucose (sugar) that can be used in times of stress. They are also able to suppress the body's __________________ system

inflammatory

Muscular dystrophy is ____________-

inherited

Where is the posterior tibial pulse?

inner ankle

Diabetes mellitus occurs when pancreas is unable to produce enough ________ or the body's cells are unable to properly use the insulin that is produced

insulin

In type 1 diabetes the body cannot produce its own

insulin

The pancreas produces what hormones?

insulin and glucagon

During the chronic phase of rehabilitation care, is when the __________ rehab begins. The person may still require medical support. This helps a person regain ability doing ADLS Person's ability to move independently Ability to communicate Cognitive skills Mental health Skills person needs to return to work and achieve financial independence educating person's family about disorder and complications

intense

When reporting someone's pain you should note - Location of pain (localized or travels) - Characteristics of pain (aching, throbbing, stabbing, piercing, dull, sharp, cramping, burning, etc.) - ___________________ using the pain scale - Circumstances surrounding the pain (when it started, what the person was doing)

intensity of pain

muscles between ribs

intercoastal muscles

___________________ involves the use of metal plates, screws, rods, pin, or wires to hold the broken ends of the bone in place until the bone is healed

internal fixation

Person vomiting blood or passing blood through rectum is an example of ___________________

internal hemmorhaging

Bones of the skeletal system protect deliciate

internal organs

Rotation of the sole of the foot inward

inversion

What are some restraint alternatives?

involve them in your work, call family, pressure sensitive monitoring system, wanderer monitoring system, put in line of sight, speak with them

bone that is oddly shaped and not flat. Found in spinal column and face.

irregular bone

Overflow incontinence occurs when the bladder

is too full with urine

The tissue that is not getting enough blood during ischemia is said to be

ischemic

Area where two bones join together are called

joints

What is the esophageal (cardiac) sphincter do?

keeps food from coming back up through the esophagus

- Dehydration from excessive loss of fluid (acute) - Swelling from the build-up of fluid in the tissues of the body (chronic) - Hypertension from fluid overload in the circulation - Less than 40ml of urine in 24 hours followed by anuria these are all signs of

kidney failture

Anuria usually indicates that a person is in

kidney failure

Atherosclerosis can cause myocardial infarction, stroke, and

kidney failure

Pyelonephritis

kidney infections

Clumps of minerals formed in the kidneys when the waste products become very condensed

kidney stones

Renal Calculi

kidney stones

Example of freely movable joint?

knee tendons and ligaments

What is your patella?

kneecap

Osteoarthritis usually affects weight-bearing joints such as the

knees,hips, and joints of spinal column

The A in TRAP of Parkinson's Disease stands for Akinesia which means ______________________ Bradykinesia which means slowed movement, is also noted in Parkinson's disease

lack of movement

Causes of atherosclerosis - Diabetes - Hypertension - Obesity - Heredity - Stress - Smoking - Diet high in Cholesterol and saturated fats and ...

lack of physical activity

How does immobility affect the nervous system?

lack of stimulation, feelings of anxiety, feelings of isolation

The temporal lobe is the area of the brain that is responsible for

language

inflammation of the larynx

laryngitis

What position should patients be in before administering an enema?

left sims position

What are the effects of aging on the urinary system?

less efficient filtration, decreased muscle tone, enlargement of prostate gland, and increased risk for urinary tract infections

Excessive production of white blood cells

leukemia

Many people specify in their advance directives that they would like to avoid ______________________ treatments (treatments that prolong life e.g. respiratory ventilation, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and the placement of a feeding tube or intravenous line (IV) for the provision of nutrition)

life-sustaining

When are mechanical lift devices used?

lift a person from one place to another when he is unable to bear weight, weak or unsteady, or large in size

A draw sheet used to help lift or reposition a person who needs assistance with moving in bed

lift sheet or draw sheet

Attach bone to bone

ligament

What does ADH hormone do?

limits amount of water that is lost from the body in the urine

What does the mucosa do?

lines the digestive tract. Helps trap disease-causing microbes.

In an ileostomy, the person's large intestines are gone, so the chyme doesn't have the opportunity to have the water reabsorbed. This results in feces that are very __________________ and may flow fairly consistently. For this reason, a person with an ileostomy is quite prone to ______________________________.

liquid, dehydration

In a colostomy, if the intestines were removed near the beginning of the large intestines then the feces will be more __________________, if they are removed towards the end, then the feces will be more _____________________.

liquid, solid

The apical pulse is found by

listening over the apex of the heart

How you move a person who has had back surgery or an injury to the neck or spine. Person is rolled in one fluid motion so that the head, torso, and legs move as one unit

logrolling

Bone that consists of a shaft and two rounded ends

long bone

What is a maintenance plan?

long term care plan

Muscular dystrophy is a common reason why a younger person may become of a resident of a

long term facility

What are the effects of aging on the musculoskeletal system?

loss of bone tissue, loss of muscle mass, wear and tear on the joints

Because neurons are not able to repair themselves or grow back, traumatic injuries to the brain often result in physical disability and

loss of mental function

What does synovial fluid do?

lubricates the joint to help it move smoothly

Supine position

lying on back, bed flat, head and feet supported by pillow

Semi Fowler's Position

lying on back, head of bed elevation between 30 to 45 degrees, knee may be bent

Fowler's position

lying on back, head of bed elevation between 45 and 60 degrees, knee may be bent

High Fowler's Position

lying on back, head of bed elevation between 60 and 90 degrees, knee may be bent

Lateral position

lying on side, lower leg straight, upper leg bent, pillow under arm, head, neck, knee, back

Prone Position

lying on stomach, head turned to one side, pillow under head, lower abdomen and pelvis, shins,

The _______________ system helps return the fluid that leaks into the tissues back into the bloodstream.

lymphatic

Lymph capillaries join together to form larger vessels called

lymphatics

When deposits build up on the macula, middle of retina where images are sharpest, and vision becomes impaired. Most common cause of blindness in people over 65.

macular degeneration

The P in TRAP of Parkinson's disease stands for Postural Instability With Parkinson's disease a person's ability to _____________________ becoming increasingly worse, increasing the person's risk for falls This person often develops a characteristic shuffling gait with a forward lean.

maintaining balance

The muscles of the back, neck, shoulders, and abdomen are responsible for

maintaining posture

What does calcium do?

makes the bone tissue hard and strong

Negligence committed by people who hold licenses to practice their profession.

malpractice

Another word for chewing is

mastication

The physical breakdown of food, such as occurs when we chew, is called

mechanical digestion

Several factors can lead to clinical depression - chemical imbalances in the brain - low-self esteem or poor coping issues - hormonal changes, such as those that affect women during pregnancy, menstruation, childbirth and menopause and ....?

medications

The ____________ contains the centers that control respiration, heartbeat, and blood pressure

medulla

The pineal gland secretes ___________ which helps to regulate the body's sleep-awake cycles.

melatonin

In the Early Stage of Dementia The person begins to experience ______________. Because the person is aware of these memory changes, she may become fearful, anxious, or depressed. They may also become angry at others.

memory loss

The central nervous system is well protected by three layers of connective tissue called

meninges

Osteoporosis is most common in older women who have gone through

menopause

The thyroid gland produces two hormones that help to regulate the body's _________________. The main one being thyroxine, and the other being calcitonin.

metabolism

What are the three parts of the brain stem?

midbrain, pons, medulla

When someone is asked to clean the area around the uretharal opening with a special cleansing wipe. The urine flow is started, stopped, then started again. The sample is collected from the restarted flow.

midstream clean catch urine specimen

Mineralocorticoids help regulate the level of certain _________________ in the body, particularly sodium and potassium.

minerals

People with agnosia also have difficulty recognizing people. They may not even recognize themselves in the

mirror

Joints allow us to

move

By the time the chyme reaches the jejunum, it is very digested and it's time for the nutrients to reach the bloodstream. To reach the bloodstream, the nutrients pass through the ________________ and blood vessels in the next layer, the submucosa

mucosa

What are the four basic layers of the digestive tube?

mucosa, submucosa, muscle layer, serosa

The ureters are lined with a __________________ which helps protect against infection.

mucous membrane

What is the mucosa?

mucous membrane

Mucous membranes secrete _________, a sticky subtance that creates a physical barrier by trapping and destroying pathogens.

mucus

What helps move food downward and into the stomach?

mucus secreted by esophageal mucosa and contraction

High hypertension may cause a ________________ sound while taking blood pressure

muffled or swishing

Muscle weakness, tingling sensation, twitching of the eyes, and visual disturbances are the early signs of

multiple sclerosis (MS)

The number of ___________________ also starts to gradually decrease when a person is in his or her 40's, resulting in a decrease in the size and strength of each individual muscle.

muscle cells

the steady contraction of muscular muscle

muscle tone

A group of disorders that cause the skeletal muscles to become progressively weaker over time

muscular dystrophy

Loss of muscle tissue causes an older person to become weaker, which means the person becomes fatigued during physical activity more easily. When a person is fatigued, he is at an increased risk for accidents, such as falling. all examples of what physical change of aging?

musculoskeletal changes

A fatty, white substance that protects the axon. Also speeds up conduction of nerve impulses along the axon.

myelin

The most common form of muscular dystrophy affecting adults in __________ muscular dystrophy.

myotonic

When is the most ideal time to perform nail care?

nails that have been soaked for a short time in warm water

Myopia is known as

near sightedness

After a person reaches 40 years of age, the number of functioning ________________ in the kidneys starts to decrease. decreasing the kidney's ability to filter waste products from the bloodstream

nephrons

Basic functional unit of the kidney

nephrons

The deposits of plaques and tangles inside of the brain affect the ability of the ______________ to communicate with each other, causing them to die. This causes the brain to shrink in size and brain activity decreases.

nerve cells

It takes an older person longer to regain balance if she starts to fall, or change course to avoid running into someone else, or tripping over an object in her path all examples of what physical change of aging?

neurological changes

What are the physical changes of aging?

neurological, sensory, musculoskeletal, urinary, respiratory, skin

Cell that can send and receive information

neuron

You should _________ accept gifts or money from patients.

never

You should __________ ignore an assignment because you don't know how to do it or it is out of your scope of practice. You should either communicate your refusal, ask for training, or ask for help.

never

You should ___________ perform a task you have not been trained to do or you feel uncomfortable doing.

never

As a CNA are you allowed to trim nails?

no

is suctioning in a CNA's scope of practice?

no

What causes osteoarthritis?

normal wear and tear, but obesity, previous joint injury, or a family history of a disease can influence

What is one of the most important things of being a CNA?

noticing changes in your patients

You should always report your observations of patients to the ?

nurse

What is used to gather information about a person's preferences, abilites, disabilites, and habits?

nursing history

Once the chyme reaches the jejunum, absorption of ______________ begins.

nutrients

Laxative should not be abused because it could cause the chyme to pass through the intestines too quickly not allowing

nutrients and fluids to be absorbed

- Color of a person's skin - Cool or clammy skin - Foul Odors - Wheezing or gurgling - Bruises, swelling, rashes - Watching what they are are all examples of _________________ data

objective

Something you notice about the patient or resident typically related to a change in the person's physical or mental condition

observation

You should always _____________ residents.

observe

when someone is still in the bed

occupied bed

when the top sheet, blanket, and bedspread of a closed bed are turned back, or fanfolded, it becomes an

open bed

Surgical exposure of the bone to line up the broken ends of the bone

open reduction

"otomy" means

opening

When taking an electronic temperature, the blue probe is used for?

oral or axillary

Hepatitis E is spread through ...?

oral-fecal route

How is Hepatitis A transmitted?

oral-fecal route

What is it called when you're dizzy if you jump out of bed very quickly?

orthostastic hypertension

- White race - "Small Bones" - Smoking - Inactivity or immobility - Diseases of the thyroid and adrenal glands - A diet lacking in calcium, vitamin D, and protein - Certain drugs, such as steroids are risk factors of

osteoporosis

Feces pass through the stoma and into a pouch called a ______________________ that is worn over the stoma

ostomy appliance

Infection of the middle ear that is common in young children. Occurs when fluid builds up in the middle ear. Bacteria from the throat find their way into the middle ear through the eustachian tube. Once there, they start to grow and multiply in the trapped fluid.

otitis media

Motor nerves carry information from the inside In other words, motor nerves carry commands from the brain down the spinal cord and out to the muscles and organs of the body

out

In a neurogenic bladder it is either

overactive or underactive

What can put extra strain on joints making simple activities painful and stiff?

overuse, injury of a joint, being overweight

In vascular dementia, mental functions are lost because multiple areas of the brain tissues die due to lack of

oxygen and nutrients

What hormone is responsible for inducing labor and the production of breast milk?

oxytocin

When should you check vital signs? - When someone is admitted - Before, during, and after a surgical or diagnostic procedure, - In an emergency situation - After an incident or accident, such as a fall - If a person complains of dizziness, nausea, or ______________ or if you just notice the person is just not acting right

pain

Treatment for osteoarthritis includes:

pain medication, heat and cold applications, mild exercise, surgery

Point at which a person becomes aware of pain

pain threshold

level of pain that a person can endure

pain tolerance

When someone has paralysis, not only are they not able to feel the affected areas, but they also can't sense

pain, heat, cold

Because bile gives feces their brown color, a person with gallbladder disorder may have feces that are

pale or red-colored

Located behind the stomach, in the curve of the duodenum

pancreas

produce substances that aid in digestion and secretes them into the duodenum

pancreas

inability to move or feel caused by spinal cord injury or a stroke

paralysis

Paralysis from the waist down is known as

paraplegia

An airway obstruction where some air can pass through is considered a __________________ obstruction.

partial

Airway obstruction can be either.....

partial or complete

Range of Motion: When the nursing assistant or nurse moves the patient's or resident's joints through the exercise, without active involvement on the part of the person. (e.g. unconscious)

passive range of motion

White blood cells destroy ______________ that invade the body

pathogens

Fractures that occur in bones that have been weakened by a disease process, such as osteoporosis or bone cancer

pathologic fracture

Preparation for discharge begins as soon as the

patient enters the facility

When are powered stand-assist devices used?

patient who can bear weight on at least one leg and is cooperative

In severe cases, the ulcer may affect all of the layers of the stomach or duodenum wall, not just the mucosa. This condition is called a _________________, is life-threatening

penetrating ulcer

Catheter care involves thorough cleaning of the

perineal area and the catheter tubing that extends outside of the body

Perineal care is the cleaning of the

perineum and associated structures

infection and inflammation of the soft tissues and bones that support the teeth

periodontitis

The ______________ receives information from the environment and carries commands from the brain and spinal cord to the other organs of the body, such as the muscles.

peripheral nervous system

From the stomach, the chyme passes slowly into the small intestine where more digestion occurs and nutrients and fluids are absorbed, then into the large intestine. Wave like muscular movements are called

peristalsis

What moves the chyme through the intestines?

peristalsis

In ____________________ solutions that absorb waste products are instilled (placed) into a person's abdominal cavity through a tube that has been surgically inserted for this purpose.

peritoneal dialysis

It is generally believed that if someone is in a persistent vegetative state for longer than a year, it is

permanent

A person with dementia may do the same thing over and over again. This is called

perseveration

When someone comes out of their coma but is unable to respond to their environment

persistent vegetative state

CNA Role in Rehabilitation Cardiovascular system She would help

person regain strength and adopt better habits

What are some factors that can affect someone's rehabilitation efforts?

person's attitude and coping skills, family support, overall health, and age

Sitting position

person's feet level, knee bent 90%, calf not touching chair,paralyzed arms should be supported

A person with frontotemporal dementia may show extreme changes in __________________________ and have difficulty in langauge.

personality and behavior

In the Middle Stage of Dementia The person has difficulty - communicating, using words, understanding words - recognizing familiar people and things - remembering steps that are necessary to complete familiar tasks such as getting dressed The person may also have ____________________ and behave differently, often in challenging ways. They may also experience incontinence.

personality changes

What type of seizures are very mild and hardly noticeable?

petit mal

When white cells destroy pathogens by surrounding them and eating them

phagocytosis

Feeling that the amputated body part is still present after an amputation

phantom pain

Inflammation of the pharynx or a sore throat

pharyngitis

Food doesn't go into the trachea, it goes into the _______________ and then into the esophagus

pharynx

Type of therapy that helps a person regain strength, endurance, coordination, balance, posture and flexibility. Uses supportive devices

physical

A device that is attached to or near a person's body to limit a person's freedom of movement or access to her body

physical constraint

Who is on the rehabilitation team?

physical therapists, occupational therapist, speech-language pathologist, physician, rehab aide and nurse, orthotist, prosthetist, and neuropsychologist

What are the three meninges?

pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

Which type of meninges? Thin delicate layer of tissue rich in blood vessels that is attached to the surface of the brain and spinal cord

pia meter

What are some supportive devices?

pillows, rolled sheets, towels, blankets

When dealing with a patient with an indwelling catheter, you should NEVER

place the drainage bag over the person's bladder

Flexing the arch of the foot by pointing the toes downward

plantar flexion

Proteins deposits called ______________ are found in the brains of people with Alzheimer's Disease

plaques and tangles

Thrombocytes

platelets

Membrane lining of the inside of the chest cavity also covers outside of the lungs

pleura

Symptoms of HIV Infection - Loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, or diarrehea - Weight loss - Fever (with or without nightsweats) - Pain or difficulty swallowing - Fatigue - Swollen lymph nodes in neck, armpits, and groin - cough or recurrent episodes of ______________? - Sores or white patches in the mouth - bruises or dark bumps on the skin that do not heal - forgetfulness and confusion - dementia - vision loss

pneumonia

How does immobility affect the respiratory system?

pneumonia, decreased respiratory effort, decreased oxygenation of blood

A doctor who specializes in care of the feet

podiatrist

Polyuria can be a sign of

poorly controlled diabetes or a desired effect of a medication

What kind of receptors found in the muscles, tendons, and joints keep the brain informed about the position of various body parts in relation to one another?

position

The urinary system regulates the levels of essential minerals such as

potassium, calcium, and sodium

Type of hearing loss in which older people gradually lose ability to hear high pitched sounds

presbycusis

Congential means

present at birth

Proper body alignment helps prevent contractures and _______________

pressure ulcers

When washing dentures, you should always line the sink with a washcloth to

prevent contamination of the dentures

Why is perineal care important?

prevention of infection, skin breakdown, and odor

What do the salivary glands do?

produce and secrete saliva

What are other functions does the liver have that are not related to digestion?

produces clotting factors and it helps to clean our blood of toxins, such as alcohol and drugs

What hormone stimulates the milk glands of the breast to produce milk when a baby is born?

prolactin

Rotation of the palm so that it is facing down or backward

pronation

__________________ devices are artificial replacements for legs, arms, feet, or other body parts

prosthetic

Leukemia causes white blood cells to be abnormally structured and cannot perform their job of...

protecting the body

What are the functions of the musculoskeletal system?

protection, support, movement, heat, calcium, blood cells

As we age, we lose the _____________ that make the ligaments, tendons, ad cartilage elastic and flexible, which can lead to stiffness and pain in the joints.

proteins

Viruses are small bundles of _________________

proteins

People with DVT are at high risk for a

pulmonary embolism

Wave felt each time the heart beats

pulse

Difference between the apical pulse rate and the radial pulse rate

pulse deficit

Difference between systolic and diastolic

pulse pressure

Number of pulsations that can be felt for one minute that tells us the heart rate and how fast the heart is beating

pulse rate

A circular of muscular tissue that surrounds the place where the stomach empties into the small intestines

pyloric sphincter

Food leaves the stomach through the

pyloric sphincter

What is the bottom region of the stomach?

pylorus

Paralysis from the neck down is known as

quadriplegia or tetraplegia

Slip knots are

quick release knots

Pulse located in wrist is called

radial pulse

Pain that travels is called

radiating pain

While insulin is responsible for lowering blood glucose levels, glucagon is responsible for

raising them

The _________________________ of a joint is the complete extend of movement that the joint is normally capable of doing without causing pain.

range of motion

CNA Role in Rehabilitation Muscloskeletal System The CNA would perform

range of motion exercises, use of heat and cold applications

A brittle diabetic is someone who has

ranging blood sugar

What are the two types of aphasia?

receptive and expressive

When someone has receptive aphasia, they have difficulty

recieving

In an emergency situation, your responsibility is to..

recognize that there's an emergency decide to act check for consciousness activate EMS provide first aid record care you provided

When taking an electronic temperature, the red probe is used for?

rectal

Small, wax-like cone or oval that is inserted into the anus. Dissolves at body temperature stimulating peristalsis or lubricating and softening the stool

rectal suppository

What kind of cells carry oxygen?

red

Erythrocytes

red blood cells

When blood vessels dilate during an infection, this causes the infected to become...?

red, warm, swollen, and painful

How does immobility affect the urinary system?

reduced kidney function, incontinence, urinary tract infections

When the brain has difficulty locating the exact location of internal pain

referred (radiating) pain

In a neurogenic underactive bladder, the person isn't able to sense when the bladder is full resulting in (when the bladder empties itself automatically when it becomes too full)

reflex incontience

To turn back to a former or earlier. e.g older children acting like younger children when faced with hospitalization

regression

What are the two types of bedpans?

regular bedpan and fracture pan

What do insulin and glucagon do?

regulate glucose in the blood

Myotonic muscular dystrophy is when the muscles have difficulty ______________ after becoming contracted and the muscles may spasm.

relaxing

In ____________________ the person with dementia is encouraged to remember and share experiences from his past with others.

reminiscence therapy

The kidneys are supplied by two large arteries called the left and right

renal arteries

Urine from each nephron is emptied into a collecting area, called the

renal pelvis

If you notice that your patient has dry, cracked, swollen, blisters, irritations, sores, white patches in the mouth or on the tongue, bleeding, swelling, or redness of the gums, you should

report it to the nurse

How hard it is for the blood to flow through the vessels

resistance to blood flow

"pnea" deals with

respirations

The frontal lobe is the area of the brain that is responsible for

responsibility and behavior

- A person who can not walk but tries to get out of bed repeatedly without assistance - A person who cannot control body movements or maintain proper posture due to a medical disorder - A person who attempts to pull or remove tubing - Person who is demonstrating combative behavior - Person who has overdosed on alcohol or medications are all situations when it may be appropriate to use

restraints

The indwelling catheter is also known as a

retention or Foley catheter

When putting someone on a bedpan, you should put in one buttcheek then

roll

When applying socks to a patient, you should always

roll the cuff of the sock down

Twisting or turning of a joint

rotation

Osteoarthritis begins when the smooth cartilage on the ends of the bones become ______________, due to normal use of the joint. The rough area then becomes inflamed, and bony deposits build up. These bony deposits rub again the cartilage causing more damage.

rough

What are the folds of the mucosa that flatten out as food enters the stomach, almost doubling the stomach's holding capacity?

rugae

A substance that helps with chewing and swallowing by moistening the food

saliva

What gland is located near the mouth?

salivary glands

Hepatitis E is more common in countries with poor...?

sanitation

When someone has expressive aphasia, they have difficulty

saying

Mild intellectual disability is usually unnoticeable until the child reaches

school

Hardening of the arteries

sclerosis

You should never delegate a task that is out of someone's __________?

scope of practice

White blood cells destroy pathogens by eating them or _______________________ substances to kill them.

secreting

Occurs when the receptors are unable to receive stimuli or transmit nerve impulses. Can be caused by prolonged exposure to loud noise, reccurent ear infections, trauma to the ear, and some types of medications

sensorineural hearing loss

Vision, hearing, taste, and smell decrease with age. These changes can make it more difficult for an older person to detect and respond to dangerous situations. all examples of what physical change of aging?

sensory changes

Specialized cells or groups of cells associated with a sensory nerve

sensory receptors

Separates the left and right sides of the heart

septum

When can temporary fecal occur?

severe cases of diarrhea, inability to get to the bathroom,

A person with a gallbladder disorder may have episodes of

severe pain

What all should you know before even meeting your patient?

sex age DNR status can they talk can they see can they hear medications they're taking disorders or conditions

Gonadotropins regulate the function of the ....

sex glands

What is the common cause of urethritis in men?

sexually transmitted diseases

The bones of the skeletal system form a framework and give

shape to the body

Caused by pulling a person across a sheet or other surface that offers resistance

shearing

bones that are round or cube-shaped. Found in wrist and ankles.

short bone

Dementia usually affects _______________ memory

short-term

A covering used to wrap the body of a person who has died

shroud

A people who is receiving regular hemodialysis treatments will have surgery to create a fistule or graft. This allows access for needles and tubing. Sometimes, this access is provided through a temporary device called a

shunt

Objective data are considered to be _____________

signs

There are 2 stages of chronic illnesses. When not under control, what shows? When under control, what doesn't show?

signs and symptoms

What type of phobia? - Most common type - Abnormally afraid of a specific thing such as dogs, cats, insects, heights, water, or flying in an airplane

simple phobia

There are three main types of phobia, what are they?

simple, social, and agoraphobia

In Right Side Heart Failure also known as Cor Pulmonale the veins in the legs and abdomen become swollen and fluid may leak into the tissues, causing significant edema and .....

skin breakdown

Elderly people are at very high risk for experiencing bruises and skin tears, often during routine care. In older people, blood vessels become more fragile, which increases the tendency to bruise. Person's skin is dry, weak, and fragile. all examples of what physical change of aging?

skin changes

Example of a flat bone?

skull

Example of a fixed joint?

skull sutures

When a person stops breathing for periods of time during sleep

sleep apnea

Lateral transfer-assist devices such as the slider board all a person who has good upper-body strength to

slide across from a bed or a chair

An indwelling (foley) catheter has a soft balloon that is inflated inside the bladder to keep the catheter from

sliding out of the uretha

What are the first signs of a stroke?

slurring of speech or change in personality

The pyloric sphincter helps to prevent food from returning to the stomach once it enters the

small intestines

Tumors of the bladder are common among people who have

smoked cigarettes

What type of muscle contracts rhythmically in the walls of the ureters that moves urine away from the kidney and towards the urinary bladder?

smooth

The muscle layer contains

smooth muscle

What type of phobia? - Involves a fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in front of other people. - Related to feelings of inferiority and low self-esteem and may cause a person to drop out of school, avoid making friends, or remain unemployed.

social phobia

People with agnosia have difficulty recognizing sensory input. They often can't tell that they're drinking boiling coffee or that they're eating

soiled food

Expressive aphasia is caused by damage to the motor centers of the brain that control the ability for the person to ______________________. A person with expressive aphasia may also have trouble swallowing, increasing her risk of choking.

speak or form sounds into meaningful words

Symptoms of Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIAs) include: - dizziness - nausea - blurring or loss of vision - double vision - paralysis on one side of the body or face or the inability to

speak or swallow

Moderate intellectual disability is when someone has delays with both motor skills and _____________ development.

speech

What can cause a neurogenic bladder?

spinal cord injury, stroke, tumor, or complications of diabetes

What bones are those usually affected by osteoporosis?

spine, pelvis, and long bones of arms and legs

spiral-shaped or curved bacteria

spirilla

In addition to improving their physical, social, and emotional quality of life, what other aspect is important for residents?

spiritual

The _____________ helps filter blood and break down worn-out red blood cells. Acts as a reservoir where extra blood is stored when a major injury occurs.

spleen

The outside of the bone is hard and solid. The inside of the bone is _________________ and airy.

sponge-like

Inside of the hard bone is the..

spongy bone, yellow marrow, and blood vessels

Bladder tumors are usually malignant and may

spread to other organs

Also known as "phlegm" consists of mucus and other respiratory secretions that are coughed up from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea coughed up in productive cough

sputum

The normal demands of daily life also cause a lot of wear and tear on the joints, which can, over time, lead to _____________

stiffness and pain

In a neurogenic overactive bladder, it is highly sensitive to

stimulation

Artificial opening (could be abdominal wall for an ostomy)

stoma

Hollow, muscular holding pouch for food.

stomach

The mucous membrane (mucosa) helps protect the delicate tissues of the digestive tract from ...?

stomach acid

What is another term for fecal material?

stool

Medication that helps to keep fluid in the feces and are used to prevent constipation for some people. They DO NOT chemically stimulate the intestines to cause a bowl movement.

stool softners

Arrest means?

stop

A person who has had a joint replacement surgery must use a __________________ and their hips must not be flexed no more than __________________ degrees, even when using the toliet.

straight-backed chair, 90

Results from any change from the normal routine that affects a person's ability to maintain a state of balance

stress

The ACTH or Adrenocrotcotropic hormone stimulates the adrenal glands to produce their hormones which help the body deal with

stress

When a runner foot pounds against the pavement for a long period of time (fracture)

stress fracture

What are the types of incontinence?

stress, urge, functional, overflow, and reflex

In a neurogenic underactive bladder, the smooth muscle that forms the walls of the bladder loses it's tone causing the bladder to

stretch out

A person may develop epilepsy following a head injury, brain infection, or ____________ A difficult delivery that results in the infant not getting enough oxygen during the birth process can also lead to epilepsy.

stroke

Atherosclerosis of arteries that supply blood to brain can cause a

stroke

Dysrhythmia may cause a person to be dizzy, experience heart papitations, fatigue, or fainting. They're also at an inceased risk for a heart attack or

stroke

People who smoke, have atherosclerosis (hardening of arteries), or have poorly controlled hypertension or diabetes are most at risk for having a

stroke

The end of the amputated limb that is left after surgery

stump

When taking a rectal temperature you should always

subtract 1

Process of removing fluid and mucus from a person's airway

suctioning

Rotation of the palm so that it is facing up or forward

supination

The most comfortable position for using a bedpan is

supine position

Splints and braces that help stabilize a weak joint or limb are examples of ____________ devices

supportive

What are the types of helping devices?

supportive, assistive, and prosthetic

If the kidney stone becomes lodged in the narrow ureter which can block the flow of urine that results in pressure being placed on the nephrons of the kidney, that person will need

surgery

closed bed that has been opened to recieve a patient who will be arriving by stretcher

surgical bed

lithotripsy

surgical removal of kidney stones

When a person with dementia can no longer __________, it signals the final phase of the disease process before death occurs.

swallow and eat

Too much fluid in the blood can lead to fluid overload, causing

swelling in parts of the body

Subjective data is considered to be _______________________

symptoms

The gap between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of the next. This gap is called the ____________ in which neurotransmitters are transferred.

synapse

The lining of the capsule secretes a thick fluid called

synovial fluid

What kind of receptors are stimulated when something comes in contact with the surface of the body and presses on them causing them to change shapes. (e.g. tips of fingers and toes)

tactile

What types of enemas? - Help soften the stool - stimulates peristalsis

tap water enema and saline (salt water) enema

what are the accessory organs of the digestive tract that assist with the breakdown of food?

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Attach bone to muscle

tendon

Some types of cancer, end-stage emphysema, and some heart conditions are examples of __________________.

terminal illness

Cramping of the skeletal muscles and irregular heart beat when calcium levels are too low

tetany

The ___________ sorts out the impulses that arrive via the spinal cord from other parts of the body and sends them to the correct part of the cerebrum

thalamus

The diencephalon contains the

thalamus and hypothalamus

In a regular bed pan, the big part always goes towards

the back

The digestive system is a long tube or tract, consisting of..?

the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

In freely movable joints, each skeletal muscle attaches to the bone in two places:

the origin and the insertion

Failure to communicate your refusal of an assignment can put...?

the patient at risk

The _________ gland secretes a chemical that stimulates the production of t-cells in event of an infection

thymus

What hormone sets the rate of metabolism for the cells in the body?

thyroxine

a fungal infection of the scalp, may also cause itching and flaking of the scalp

tinea capitis

In sickle cell, the misshaped cells don't have hemoglobin which doesn't allow oxygen flow. This causes them to get stuck in the ____________

tiny capillaries

Veins send blood __________ the heart

to

"- ptysis" means

to spit

"tachy" means

too fast

"brady" means

too slow

Diabetes can decrease a person's sense of _________________ and can't sense if water is too hot

touch

If you see someone's hands cramping, you should put a _________________ in the person's hands to keep nails from going into hand

towel

Rapid heart rate or a pulse rate of more than 100 beats per minute for an adult

trachycardia

When the ends of bones are placed in the proper alignment and then weight is applied to exert a constant pull and keep the bone in alignment

traction

Pathways of nerve tissue in the spinal cord are called

tracts

Whenever a patient or resident is moved within or between health care settings.

transfer

webbed or woven belt with a buckle that is used to assist a weak or unsteady person with standing, walking, or transferring

transfer belt

Oxygen molecules attach to the hemoglobin for ______________ to the tissues

transport

The effects of Parkinson's disease can be easily remmembered by thinking of the word "TRAP" which stands for

tremor, rigidity, akinesia, postural instability

Which valve? Separates right atrium and right ventricle

tricuspid

What small triangular fold of tissue keeps the urine from flowing back into the ureters after it has emptied into the bladder?

trigone

True or False As a nursing assistant, you are responsible for hygiene, safety, nutrition, comfort, exercise, and elimination.

true

True or False If a person does have a definite pulse, but isn't breathing, you should open the airway and proceed to give one breath every 2 seconds. Then check the pulse every 2 minutes

true

True or False Infections can be - Local (one area) - Generalized (General area or organ) - Systemic (whole body)

true

True or False Most microbes don't cause harm. Some are actually essential for living (e.g. digestive tract)

true

True or False The Registry consists of - full name (including maiden) - last know home address - registry number and date of expiration - date of birth - date of test passing - last known employer and dates of employment - reported incidents of abuse, theft, neglect, etc.

true

True or False The patient has the right to... be informed of any business relationships between parties that influence the care she receives. (e.g hospital and insurance provider)

true

True or False The patient has the right to... be informed of her options for care when she is discharged from the hospital

true

True or False The patient has the right to... considerate and respectful care

true

True or False The patient has the right to... information about her diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis

true

True or False The patient has the right to... privacy

true

True or False The patient has the right to... refuse a recommended treatment

true

True or False The patient has the right to... specify her wishes

true

True or False The resident has the right to... a dignified existence

true

True or False The resident has the right to... be free from abuse

true

True or False The resident has the right to... choose to work at the facility as a volunteer or a paid employee

true

True or False The resident has the right to... freedom about how to live his life, freedom to vote, and freedom from discrimination

true

True or False The resident has the right to... information about eligibility for Medicare or Medicaid funds

true

True or False The resident has the right to... know what rights and responsibilities she has

true

True or False The resident has the right to... receive visitors and share room with spouse

true

True or False The resident has the right to... transfer or leave facility

true

True or False The resident has the right to... voice grievances

true

True or False You should NEVER resuscitate a patient unless you know their DNR status.

true

True or False You should support sujective symptoms with objective signs when reporting. For example Subjective: Nausea Objective: Pale, greeish skin

true

True or false A tourniquet should be your last result.

true

True or false Our skin has natural lubricants that contain substances that help prevent the growth of pathogens

true

Walls of the Blood Vessel Which is the tough protective layer of connective tissue on the outside?

tunica externa

Layers of Blood Vessels Which is the inside layer that is the smooth lining that allows blood to flow smoothly?

tunica intima

The walls of the blood vessels have 3 layers:

tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa

Layers of Blood Vessel Which is the middle layer also known as the smooth muscle layer? This allows the blood vessels to contrist or dilate.

tunica media

An indwelling catheter may have how many lumens?

two or three

- Smoking - Frequent use of the over-the-counter pain medications - Infection with a bacterium called Helicobacter pylori can all increase a person's chances of developing

ulcers

Sores caused by wearing away of the protective mucosa that lines the digestive tract

ulcers

What are the four common digestive disorders that you will likely see in the health care setting?

ulcers, hernia, gallbladder disorders, and cancer

What are the symptoms of an ulcer?

uncomfortably full, nauseous after eating, stomach pain, especially within 3 hours of eating,

Receptive aphasia is caused by damage to the area of the brain that allows the person to ____________________. The person can speak clearly, but he no longer knows the meanings of words. For example, people with receptive aphasia may say "no" when he means "yes" and often won't be able to follow your verbal instruction.

understand words

A person with a gallbladder disorder may have feces that float because it contains a great deal of

undigested fat

A device is not considered a restraint if the person has the cognitive and physical ability to

unfasten the fastener

The fundus is the ___________ region of the stomach

upper

Where is the dorsalis pedis pulse?

upper part of foot towards ankle

After entering the abdominal cavity, the esophagus connects with the

upper part of the stomach

What carries the urine from the kidneys to the bladder?

ureters

A procedure where the ureters are brought through the abdominal wall by way of small incisions and sutured in place.

ureterstomy

What tube carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body?

urethra

What men use to urinate

urinal

How are urinary disorders diagnosed?

urinalysis, imaging studies, ultrasound, and cytoscopy and ureteroscopy.

The amount of urine the bladder is able to hold before the person feels to urge to urinate decreases with age, leading to urinary frequency (need to urinate more often) Rushing to the bathroom or failing to take necessary safety measures (such as waiting to help, using a walker, or turning on a light) can put the person at higher risk for falls. all examples of what physical change of aging?

urinary changes

What are the symptoms of urinary tract infections in YOUNGER people? Older people typically do not have these symptoms

urinary frequency, burning, and cramping

In a neurogenic overactive bladder, the amount of urine the bladder is able to hold is reduced. It results in

urinary incontience

inability to hold one's urine or the involuntary loss of urine from the bladder

urinary incontinence

What is the external urinary opening called?

urinary meatus or urethral orifice

The Inability of the bladder to empty either completely during urination or at all, often associated with overflow incontinence

urinary retention

In a neurogenic underactive bladder, the smooth muscle walls may not be able to contract strongly leading to

urinary retention and overflow incontience

Urge incontinence is the involuntary release of urine right after feeling a strong urge to void. This type of incontinence is common in people with

urinary tract infections

what does micturate mean?

urination

-Uria means

urine

The waste substances and excess fluids left after the filtrate reaches the end of the tubules, is known as

urine

During the Late Stage of Dementia The person - loses the ability to walk and sit independently and eventually becomes bedridden - no longer able to speak, swallow, or smile - becomes totally incontinent of the person dies

urine and feces

A double-lumen indwelling catheter has two lumens: One lumen, which connects to the catheter tubing is used for __________________________. The second lumen is used for ______________________.

urine drainage and inflating the balloon

A procedure where the ureters are attached to a small portion of the small intestines (usually the ileum).

urostomy

Damage to blood vessels that supply the brain can affect the delivery of oxygen to the brain tissue and may contribute to the onset of

vascular dementia

In hemorrhaging, _______________ injuries flow steadily.

venous

Blood clots that form in the veins of the legs where the blood pools because the blood is moving slowly Causes inflammation of the lining of the vein Often referred to as Thrombophlebitis Can either be in the superficial or the deep veins

venous thrombosis

_______________ drain into small veins, which become larger as they approach the heart. These take blood from the capillary beds back to the heart.

venules

Use of language. either spoke or written. sign language included.

verbal communcation

Example of an irregular bone?

vertebrae

Example of slightly movable joint?

vertebrae cartildge

Vascular stands for

vessels

The mucosa of the small intestine has millions of tiny-finger like structures called _____________ (catapillars)

villi

You can't kill ______________.

viruses

Returning a person to gainful employment What rehab is this?

vocational

What is the other words for urination?

voiding and micturition

Severe intellectual disability, people with this can learn some basic skills and might be able to earn to _______ if they have no other disabilites.

walk

Pathogens like

warm, dark, and moist

Fungi like what type of enviroment?

warm, moist, dark

Signs of Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT) - Pain - Redness - Swelling and

warmth

If someone has a deep vein thombus, you shouldn't

wash with warm water or massage leg

What is the best method of infection control?

washing hands

By the time the filtrate reaches the end of the tubules, only excess fluids and ________________ remain

waste substances

In Duchenne Muscular dystropy, the person dies because the muscles that allows the person to breaths becomes too __________ to function

weak

Sometimes a hernia can form at the site of an old surgical incision. Other times, the muscle is just __________ in certain areas

weak

person's ability to stand on one or both legs

weight bearing

What causes kidney infections?

when bladder infections are not treated and then the infection passes up into the kidneys

When is a straight catheter used?

when it is to be inserted and removed immediately.

Leukoctyes

white blood cells

Leukocytes

white blood cells

When someone's temperature is elevated, that tells you that the _________________ are fighting off an infection.

white blood cells

______________ are formed in the red bone marrow and lympathic system

white blood cells

Legal statement that expresses a person's wishes for the management of his or her affairs after death

will

What should you ALWAYS do to your stethoscope after any use?

wipe down

The urinary system helps to keep fluid levels

within the body constant

The T in TRAP for Parkinson's Disease stands for Tremor Parkinson's disease starts with a faint tremor that ____________________. The tremor is most apparent when the person is resting and decreases when the person attempts purposeful movement.

worsens over time

Yes or No Can poor ventilation cause someone to faint?

yes

When taking blood pressure, your arm should always be level with

your heart