CNSP 365 all sets

Sex(ual) identity

"The purely biologically determined sexual condition or status of an individual" (APA, 2007, p. 843); "the individual's internal identification with heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual preference, that is, with their sexual orientation" (APA, 2007, p. 846).

Third-generation behavior therapies center around five interrelated core themes:

(1) an expanded view of psychological health, (2) a broad view of acceptable outcomes in therapy, (3) acceptance, (4) mindfulness, and (5) creating a life worth living

Deflection

A way of avoiding contact and awareness by being vague and indirect. Inability to focus on the important figure out of ground in Gestalt therapy.

An important part of the reality therapist's role is "helping clients _________ their specific wants related to belonging, power, fen, and freedom" (Glasser & Wubbolding, 1995, p. 309).

develop, extend, clarify, examine, and verbally describe

ViKtor Frankl

developed a theory of personality and a system of therapy called logotherapy, which deals explicitly with the phenomena of meaning and the role that it plays in human adaptation and development

The Question

Adlerian counsellors would ask clients: "Suppose you wake up one day and the problem you have been describing no longer exists. How would your life be different if you no longer had this problem?" This essential question is meant to help identify the fundamental human task that the client is avoiding and help the client set up goals. The Question can also have a diagnostic value, as described by Bitter and Nicoll (2000). With some small variations, the Question was later utilized by other school of counselling, such as family therapy and the solution-focused approach of Steve de Shazer (called the "Miracle Question").

Shame-attacking exercises

An REBT strategy of encouraging people to do things despite a fear of feeling foolish or embarrassed. The aim of the exercise is to teach people that they can function effectively even if they might be perceived as doing foolish acts.

Token Economies

Appropriate behaviour may be reinforced with tangible reinforcers (tokens) that can be later exchanged for desired objects or privileges.

______ is also the author of the Multimodal Life History Inventory (MLHI), a 15-page assessment instrument for adult counselling.

Arnold Lazarus

Basic Concepts 9 of them

Autonomy Commitment Identity Success identity Failure identity Reality Self worth Value Judgement WDEP system

Watson's position was later refined by subsequent theorists, most notably ____

BF Skinner (1904-1990).

Ericksonian

Based on the work of Milton Erickson, this therapeutic orientation often includes hypnotherapy techniques, including self-hypnosis.

Communication (Strategic) Family Therapy: The ____ began in California in the early 1950's with the purpose of exploring the way in which communication patterns in families with a schizophrenic member could be understood in the relationship context or culture in which the symptoms were produced.

Bateson Project

________ is viewed as a systematic process of symptom reduction based on a clearly defined schedule of reinforcement and behavioural goals

Behaviour modification

Beneficence

Being proactive in promoting the best interests of clients.

Tension Production/Reduction

Cognitive therapy in general and REBT in particular is based on the assumption that we naturally prize and pursue pleasure and joy, creativity and freedom. We are rewarded when we minimize pain and maximize pleasure. This approach therefore follows a tension reduction model

The ________ Approach When people seek therapy, they are often "stuck" in a dialogic system that has a unique language, meaning, and process related to "the problem." Therapy is another conversational system that becomes therapeutic through its "problem-organizing, problem-dissolving" nature (Anderson & Goolishian, 1992, p. 27). It is therapists' willingness to enter the therapeutic conversation from a "not-knowing" position that facilitates this caring relationship with the client. In the not-knowing position, therapists still retain all of the knowledge and personal, experiential capacities they have gained over years of living, but they allow themselves to enter the conversation with curiosity and with an intense interest in discovery. The aim here is to enter a client's world as fully as possible

Collaborative Language Systems

The ____ Approach seeks to determine the core ingredients that different therapies share in common, with the eventual goal of creating more parsimonious and efficacious treatments based on those commonalities.

Common Factors

_____ the technology of behaviour therapy (modelling, mental rehearsal, contingency manipulations) can be used to alter not only clients' overt behaviour, but also their thoughts and feelings.

Conditioning:

Differentiation of self

Bowen's concept of psychological separation of intellect and emotions and of independence of the self from others. The greater one's differentiation, the better one's ability to keep from being drawn into dysfunctional patterns with other family members.

Emotional cut-off

Bowen's term for avoiding an unresolved emotional attachment; the process of separation, isolation, or minimizing the importance of one's parental family.

ethical decision making step 6

Brainstorm various possible courses of action. Continue discussing options with other professionals. Include the client in this process of considering options for action. Again, document the nature of this discussion with your client

ethical decision making step 4

Consider the applicable laws and regulations, and determine how they may have a bearing on an ethical dilemma

______: Humans actively construct their personal realities and create their own representational models of the world. The therapist is viewed as a co-constructivist helping clients normalize their reactions, alter their stories, reframe stressful events, identify previous instances of effective coping.

Constructive Narrative

Consultation

Consultation is an arrangement between professionals in which the consultant provides a service, such as sharing of skills, providing opinion on a case, problem solving, and brainstorming but the professional receiving the consultation has the right to accept or reject the opinion of the consultant. A consultant does not take on the legal responsibility or liability for decisions made by the therapist. Consultation also may be undertaken as a formal arrangement with fee requirements.

Object Relations

Contemporary psychodynamic school of therapy that emphasizes developmental aspects of the process of separation and individuation and conceptualizes personality functioning as the result of internalized objects of love/attachment. Representatives: Donald Winnicott, Fairbairn, Melanie Klein, Margaret Mahler.

Acting out

Ego defence mechanism whereby the individual deals with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by actions rather than reflections or feelings. Defensive acting out is not synonymous with 'bad behaviour' because it requires evidence that the behaviour is related to emotional conflicts.

Denial

Ego defence mechanism whereby the individual deals with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by refusing to acknowledge some painful aspect of external reality or subjective experience that would be apparent to others.

Repression

Ego defense mechanism whereby threatening or painful thoughts or feelings are excluded from awareness. The term was also used by Freud to designate globally a range of defensemechanisms.

SFBT Technique: _____ SFBT is based on the notion that there were times in clients' lives when the problems they identify were not problematic. These times are called exceptions and represent news of difference (Bateson, 1972). Solution-focused therapists ask _____ to direct clients to times when the problem did not exist, or when the problem was not as intense.

Exception Questions

____are those past experiences in a client's life when it would be reasonable to have expected the problem to occur, but somehow it did not

Exceptions

9 important terms

Existential anxiety Existential guilt Existential vacuum (absence of values) Meaning in life Being-in-the-world: Eigenwelt, Mitwelt, Umwelt Authenticity Freedom and responsibility Alienation Self determination

Preference for Explanations External/ Internal Determinants

Existential psychotherapy focuses on internal determinants and placed heavy emphasis on the individual's search for meaning in life.

Preference for Explanations: Nomothetic/Idiographic

Existentialism emphasizes the uniqueness of the individual in his or her ability to choose what his or her existence will mean. Each individual is engaged in a subjective experience of being-in-the-world.

Causation: Motivation

Existentialists follow the self-actualization model. People make choices in their journey towards self-fulfillment.

ethical decision making step 7

Enumerate the consequences of various decisions, and reflect on the implications of each course of action for your client.

Causation of mental illness: environment to psychoanalysis

Environment interacts with heredity to provide opportunities for either normal or abnormal development of personality traits. In other words, how the child is treated in the first five years of life will determine if the child will develop normal or abnormal traits.

The formation of the Society for the______ in 1983 helped spark the integration movement.

Exploration of Psychotherapy (SEPI)

Preference of explanations: Tension production vs tension reduction

Freud earlier psychoanalytic theory is said to illustrate a tension reduction model, whereby the human being seek pleasure and avoid pain. With the introduction of the concept of the death instinct, in Beyond the Pleasure Principle, Freud's mature psychoanalytical theory became more complex than a mere tension reduction model. During the course of therapy, clients often experience strong emotional reactions as they attempt to uncover repressed material. Insight is usually accompanied by a feeling of catharsis (release of tension and anxiety).

Causation of mental illness: Cognitions in Psychoanalysis

Freud placed minor emphasis on cognition. He distinguished between two types of thinking: primary process thinking, which is based on conceptual organization of memories, and secondary process thinking, which is memory of previous experiences of satisfaction and forms the bases for wishes.

Topographic model

Freud's early model of the mind in which access to awareness of contents and functions of the mind was the defining criterion. According to the topographic model, the mind consists of: consciousness, preconscious, and unconscious. Later, this model was complemented with the Structural Model.

Communication (Strategic) Family Therapy Representatives:

Gregory Bateson, Jay Haley, Cloe Madanes, John Weakland, Don Jackson

Narcissism

Extreme self-love, as opposed to love of others. A narcissistic personality is characterized by a grandiose and exaggerated sense of self-importance and an exploitive attitude toward others, which hides a poor self-concept.

the five layers of neurosis interfere with the individual's capacity for authenticity;

FIND OUT WHAT THIS MEANS

Existential neurosis

Feelings of despair and anxiety that result from inauthentic living, a failure to make choices, and an avoidance of responsibility.

Bases for Psychopathology

How does each theory describe and explain the origins and dynamics of maladjustment and abnormal behaviour?

Adler's view of human nature

Humans are primarily social beings. The emphasis is on the client's subjective frame of reference. People have the capability of self-determination. They are neither good nor bad, but, as creative choosing agents, they make choices based on and reflected in their lifestyle.

ethical decision making step 2

Identify the potential issues. Evaluate the rights, responsibilities, and welfare of all those who are involved in the situation.

Striving for superiority

In Adlerian therapy, a strong inclination toward becoming competent, toward mastering our environment, and toward self-improvement. The striving for perfection is a movement toward enhancement of self.

Fictional finalism

In Adlerian therapy, an imagined central goal that gives direction to behaviour and unity to the personality; an image of what people would be like if they were perfect and perfectly secure.

Ego

In Freudian and neo-Freudian psychoanalysis and many psychodynamic schools, the central controlling core of the personality mediating between the id (primitive, instinctive needs), the superego (civilized moralistic elements of the mind), and the limitations of external reality. The ego functions at all three levels of the mind - conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. In Jungian analytical psychology, the ego is the centre of consciousness.

Preconscious

In Freudian psychoanalysis, the mental content that is unconscious at the particular moment, but which can be retrieved into awareness with some recall effort. The acts of forgetting and remembering may be said to occur at the preconscious level.

Two-chairs technique

In Gestalt therapy, an affective, experiential procedure in which the client assumes different roles by switching from one chair to the other. The two-chairs technique has been shown to be effective in healing internal splits, softening the 'harsh internal critic' (in the dialogue between the 'top dog' and the 'underdog'), and in achieving integration through a deeper experiencing of previously rejected aspects of self.

Empty-chair technique

In Gestalt therapy, an affective, experiential procedure in which the client engages in a dialogue with another person symbolically represented by an empty chair. The empty-chair technique is used for resolving unfinished emotional issues with significant others.

Personal Unconscious

In Jungian analysis, it refers to the individual's mental content that has been repressed and cannot be easily recalled; it comprises personal associations, complexes, and the unconsious funtions and attitudes in Jungian typology.

Collective Unconscious

In Jungian analytical psychology, mental content that is deeply unconscious, consisting of the ancestral memories and experiences shared by all humankind over the entire history of civilization.

Anxiety (3 kinds)

Realistic Moral Neurotic

Mandated Client

Involuntary clients, or mandated clients are those who come to treatment under the coercion of a legal body or pressure from significant others, family members and institutions such as child protective services (Rooney, 2009; Regehr & Antle, 1997; Pope & Kang, 2011; Trotter, 2006).

Anal Phase

Second phase of psychosexual development in Freud's theory, extending roughly from 18 months to 3 years of age (the period of toilet training), in which most libidinal pleasure is derived from retaining and expelling feces.

SFBT Technique:Therapist Feedback to Clients

Solution-focused practitioners generally take a break of 5 to 10 minutes toward the end of each session to compose a summary message for clients. During this break therapists formulate feedback that will be given to clients after the break. The summary might contain strengths the therapist has noticed about the client during the session, signs of hope and identifying exceptions to a problem, and a commentary on what the client is already doing that is useful in moving in a desired direction

Unconscious

The aspect of psychological functioning or of personality that houses experiences, wishes, impulses, and memories in an out-of-awareness state. Everything that is outside of the range of awareness.

Catching Oneself

The client learns to become aware of self-destructive behaviours or thoughts.

Techniques and procedures: Interpretation

The interpretation process is a joint venture between the client and the analyst, both of whom are committed to identifying possible links among the client's thoughts, feelings, and patterns of psychological functioning. Interpretations must be timely and in conjunction with the client's readiness. In addition to instances of resistance and transference, the client's dreams can also be subjected to interpretation. The manifest (remembered) content of dreams is viewed as the conscious expression of the latent (unconscious) dream content. According to Freud, the vast majority of dreams represent the fulfillment of wishes.

evidence based practice (EBP)

Mental health practitioners are faced with the task of choosing the best interventions with a particular client. For many practitioners this choice is based on their theoretical orientation. In recent years, however, a shift has occurred toward promoting the use of specific interventions for specific problems or diagnoses based on empirically supported treatments

Enmeshment

Minuchin's term referring to a family structure in which there is a blurring of psychological boundaries, making autonomy very difficult to achieve.

Psychotherapy

The term psychotherapy covers a variety of theories of personality development, specific techniques and therapeutic aims. For example, there are psychoanalytic therapies, behavioural therapies, and interpersonal therapies, all of which have different techniques and aims, and all of which qualify as a "psychotherapy".

Nomothetic/Idiographic

The theory emphasizes the uniqueness of the individual. We define ourselves as unique, separate individuals.

Preference for Explanations: Longitudinal/Cross Sectional

The theory is interested in looking at an individual at a point in time. We know the individual on the basis of the choices he or she makes at the moment rather than his or her past history.

Existential Therapy

This humanistic approach emphasizes awareness and understanding. It focuses on how the client perceives his/her life experiences and relationships, and maintains the client has control over the perception. Existentialists value human choice, self-determination and individuality, and believe in the capacity for growth and change. Representatives: Viktor Frankl, Rollo May, Irvin Yalom.

Ego Psychology

This is a school of psychoanalytic therapy, which aims at providing an understanding of the conscious and unconscious components of human behaviour and personality. There is particular focus on the external, internal, and social components of the client's life, on adjustment and adaptation, and it can include an analysis of ego defense mechanisms. Representatives: Anna Freud, Heinz Hartmann, David Rapaport, Erik Erikson

Preference for Explanations Tension Production/ Tension Reduction

This is a tension production model. We go to great lengths to find meaning in our lives. In therapy clients often face and explore feelings of isolation, dread, loneliness, or guilt.

Cognitive Therapy

This therapy aims to help people change negative thought patterns. It focuses on modifying clients' belief systems, expectations, assumptions and styles of thinking. The therapist coaches clients in developing objectivity by reminding them that their thoughts are not necessarily the same as reality. Representatives: A. Beck, D. Meichenbaum, R. Lazarus.

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy

This therapy is based on the premise that the way people think and behave is influenced by their environment and life experiences. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy involves guiding clients through experiences that will change the way they think so that they can change behaviour. This may also be called rational-emotive therapy.

Grief Therapy

This therapy is designed to help bereaved clients who are mourning resolve their grief in a healthy manner. Grief therapists will address the issues of attachment, loss, and the tasks of mourning.

Biological Therapy

This therapy is directed towards understanding chemical imbalances in the body. It includes drug therapy as a treatment method.

life tasks All people need to address these tasks, regardless of age, gender, time in history, culture, or nationality. Each of these tasks requires the development of psychological capacities for friendship and belonging, for contribution and self-worth, and for cooperation

Those who lack this community feeling become discouraged and end up on the useless side of life. We seek a place in the family and in society to fulfill basic needs for security, acceptance, and worthiness. Many of the problems we experience are related to the fear of not being accepted by the groups we value. If our sense of belonging is not fulfilled, anxiety is the result. Only when we feel united with others are we able to act with courage in facing and dealing with our problems

Examples of conceptual efforts of theoretical integration may be _______, or the ____

Wachtel's integration of psychoanalytic and behavioural theories Transtheoretical approach developed by Prochaska and DiClemente.

_____ are essential in the counselling process.

Warmth, understanding, and genuine concern

Causation: envirmoment

We are partly conditioned by the environment, by the types and quality of early and on-going relationships. At the same time, we have the capacity to become purposeful agents in our life. There is a reciprocal interaction between the person and the environment.

Holistic Theory

any theory based on the principle that the whole unit is more than the mere sum of its parts. Thus, a holistic effect is contrasted to an additive effect in the description of the totality of an individual/person. The German word Gestalt aptly describes the most holistic approach to counselling and psychotherapy, developed by Fritz Perls. To varying degrees, many other therapeutic approaches are said to be influenced by a holistic perspective: the Adlerian approach and all the humanistic approaches.

A healthy individual is one who has learned _______ ways of responding to environmental stimuli

appropriate, adaptive, and efficient

Beck identifies several common cognitive distortions:

arbitrary inference, selective abstraction, overgeneralization, magnification and minimization, personalization labaling and mislabeling, dichotomous thinking

Art/Expressive Arts Therapy

art and various creative processes are used as a means of reconciling emotional conflicts and of fostering self-awareness and personal growth. This approach is applicable to a wide range of issues/populations/mental health settings. It is particularly useful for individuals who are unable to speak or having trouble expressing verbally.

Basic Assumptions What we believe determines how we behave. Emotions stem from our _________ to life situations. Human beings have the potential to generate both rational and irrational beliefs. Therapy is a process of re-education. By changing thoughts, we change feelings and actions.

beliefs, evaluations (appraisals), and reactions

CCPA code of ethics 2020 6 fundamental principles

beneficence, fidelity, nonmaleficence, autonomy, justice, societal interests

Because of the high emotional involvement on the part of the clients, the psychodrama therapist is particularly mindful of and trained in safeguarding clients' ....

boundaries and integrity, containing emotional abreactions in the group setting, and overall ensuring safety and a corrective therapeutic experience

This is a relatively ___ form of therapy used on clients that can be helped through logical analysis and cognitive reconstructing. It is relatively easy to train counsellors to use REBT. The approach also has a strong ____

brief, psycho-educational component.

Family therapists adopt the view of ---- (as opposed to linear causality), according to which singular events are seen as both cause and effect and are reciprocally related. As such, family systems continuously exchange information through feedback loops. The feedback can be positive (enabling families to evolve to a new state), or negative (counteracting deviations in the system to restore homeostasis).

circular causality

The early period of development in behaviourism is associated with the work of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936), a Nobel Laureate in physiology, who established the foundations of ___

classical conditioning

There are three main areas of behaviour therapy:

classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning theory.

The introduction of cognitive constructs in behaviour therapy was nothing short of a '_____ in psychology.

cognitive revolution'

Cognitive therapy aims to adjust information-processing and initiate positive changes in all systems by acting through the ____

cognitive system

View of Human Nature People respond to life events through a combination of _______ reactions. Underlying all of them is a ____ that deals with the way in which individuals perceive, interpret, and assign meanings to events.

cognitive, affective, motivational, and behavioural cognitive system

Perceived self-efficacy, or a belief in one's personal capabilities, regulates human functioning in four major ways:

cognitive, motivational, mood or affect,

Reality therapy's common sense approach makes it ____ and use by a wide variety of people (Shilling, 1984).

easy to learn

Reality therapy has proven particularly effective in ....

education, the classroom setting, and work with adolescents.

The Gestalt therapist encourages experiential learning. The main goal of helping is to move the client from _____ to self-support and to assist the client in gaining awareness of moment-to-moment experiencing.

environmental support

Treatment should equip people to take control of their lives and start a process of self-regulative change guided by a resilient sense of personal efficacy. There are four main ways to accomplish this:

experience of success or mastery in overcoming obstacles, social modeling, social persuasion, reducing stress and depression, building physical strength and learning how to interpret physical sensations

According to Glasser (1972), when people habitually fail to fulfill their needs effectively, they develop a ____

failure identity.

In Experiential/Symbolic Family Therapy The therapist is unconventional and sometimes uses absurdity in working with families. He or she often acts as a....

family coach, is active, and personally involved.

REBt Tthird step—

helping clients change their thinking and minimize their irrational ideas.

The youngest child soon discovers that he or she has many servants, which may lead to the development of a sense of....

helplessness. If parents are not aware of this or are unconsciously encouraging it, the youngest child plays the role of the "helpless little thing" and is forever dependent.

the ___ movement gained a strong impetus in the 1980's and 1990's.

integration

Overgeneralization

is a process of holding extreme beliefs on the basis of a single incident and applying them inappropriately to dissimilar events or settings. If you have difficulty working with one adolescent, for example, you might conclude that you will not be effective counseling any adolescents. You might also conclude that you will not be effective working with any clients!

positive ethics

is an approach taken by practitioners who want to do their best for clients rather than simply meet minimum standards to stay out of trouble

primary process thinking

is based on conceptual organization of memories,

The __ has a problem of her own. Although she shares some of the characteristics of the oldest child (for example, a high achievement drive), she may not learn to share or cooperate with other children. She will learn to deal with adults well, as they make up her original familial world. Often, the only child is pampered by her parents and may become dependently tied to one or both of them. She may want to have center stage all of the time, and if her position is challenged, she will feel it is unfair.

only child

basic assumptions that apply to the Adlerian theory Basic obstacles to growth are:

organ inferiority, pampering, and neglect.

The only child. The only child is in a very difficult situation. He or she is a child among adults-a dwarf among giants. This child has no siblings to relate to. The goal may become one of ___. He or she either develops adult viewpoints, is precocious in understanding and reaching an adult level, or is hopelessly an eternal baby, always feeling inferior to others. The relationships to other children are often strained and uncertain because of a failure to understand them. The only child does not develop a feeling of...

pleasing and manipulating adults, belonging to groups of children, unless exposed early to group experiences.

Bases for Inference Gestalt theory is not invested in..... The emphasis is on awareness of current experiences and the uniqueness of each individual.

predicting future behaviour (ie it does not make inferences)

Professional maturity implies that you are open to questioning and discussing your quandaries with colleagues. In seeking consultation, it is generally possible to...

protect the identity of your client and still get useful input that is critical to making sound ethical decisions.

Communication (Strategic) Family Therapy The therapeutic double bind is a type of paradoxical injunction used by family therapists to help clients change symptomatic behaviours. This therapeutic concept is based on the recognition of the general tendency to _____ intrinsic in most family clients.

resist change (and thus oppose the therapist's recommendations)

introjection

rigid assimilation of external values, preventing the individual from developing his/her own personality;

Experiential/Symbolic Family Therapy aims to uncover and use the unconscious life of the family based on the idea that disrupting ___ in the system brings about change.

rigidity

Humans have the capacity to make use of their own potential for learning and growth. Each person is ....

self-determining and operates on a conscious level.

Gestalt therapy believes that people are inherently ...

self-regulating and growth-oriented.

Successful treatment in psychoanalysis is understood not just as a mere reduction in symptomatology (maladaptive responses or behaviours), but as a ...

significant increase in self-awareness, an understanding of the deeper motivations and purposes behind overt behaviour, also referred to as second order change.

In its 40-year history, the family therapy movement has not yet developed a ---that would be shared by all family systems theorists

single integrated theory

Gold for Helping for Adler: The primary goal of Adlerian counselling is to develop the clients' ___ so that they will be able to live as equals in society, both giving to and receiving for others (Mosak, 2000). This may mean re-educating clients to modify their lifestyles.

social interest

basic assumptions that apply to the Adlerian theory The ideal form of striving is

social interest.

Toward the end of the 1960s, behaviour therapists increasingly turned their attention to social and cognitive aspects of personality development. An illustration of this trend is the work of Albert Bandura. His _____ emphasizes modelling (vicarious learning), the importance of symbolic processes and motivational aspects, as well as self-regulatory mechanisms.

social learning theory

The creation of the self, which so dominated the modernist search for human essence and truth, is being replaced with the concept of socially ___

storied lives

Salvador Minuchin's conceptual model relies on the notion that families are determined by _____ between subsystems, and degrees of functional attachment among individual members.

structure, function, boundaries

Cognitions: The world is defined by the ___ of the individual's perceptions. The mind or consciousness is understood in terms of its intentionality. Preoccupation with asking "why" things happen prevents people from experiencing...

subjective reality , "how" they happen.

A healthy individual possesses a willingness as well as a range of skills for meeting the five needs of belonging, power, fun or enjoyment, freedom, and survival in positive ways. Glasser (1972) refers to this kind of a person as having a _____

success identity.

ABC MODEL B....

which is the person's belief about A, largely creates C, the emotional reaction.

_______: people are viewed as 'architects' of their experiences, influencing the data they are creating and collecting. Cognitive-behavioural therapists have developed intervention programs that are designed to help clients become aware of these processes and teach them how to notice, catch, monitor, and interrupt the cognitive-affective-behavioural chains and to produce more adaptive coping responses.

Information Processing

In 1991, the ____ became the official publication of SEPI, including the SEPI Newsletter.

Journal of Psychotherapy Integration

Self-monitoring

Keeping a log or a journal.

A supporter of technical eclecticism and the founder of Multimodal Therapy, ___(1967) stated that "to attempt a theoretical rapprochement is as futile as trying to picture the edge of the universe. But to read through the vast amount of literature on psychotherapy, in search of techniques, can be clinically enriching and therapeutically rewarding" (p. 416).

Lazarus

ethical decision making step 3

Look at the relevant ethics codes for general guidance on the matter. Consider whether your own values and ethics are consistent with or in conflict with the relevant guidelines

Ackerman was ____ supervisor during the latter's psychiatric training

Minuchin's

Disengagement

Minuchin's term for a family organization characterized by psychological isolation that results from rigid boundaries.

BasicMistake

Myth used to organize and shape one's life. Examples include overgeneralizations, a desperate need for security, misperceptions of life's demands, denial of one's worth, and faulty values.

Nomothetic vs. idiographic

Nomothetic refers to an emphasis on developing general or universal laws of behaviour. Idiographic refers to an emphasis on one's own private mark or uniqueness. Each theory has its own degree of emphasis on these two ways of understanding personality and behaviour.

Psychoanalysis is said to be a deterministic theory meaning that...

Nothing happens by chance or at random.

Eigenwelt

One level of the way each individual refers to the world (being-in-the-world). Eigenwelt literally means "own world" and refers to the way each of us elates to self.

_______ was developed by B. F. Skinner

Operant conditioning

causation enviroment

Our feelings about self and others are based on our interaction with others. The self-concept governs the perceptions and meanings attributed to the environment. The structures of the self are formed in the interactions with the environment, particularly the interpersonal environment. The organism selects the features of the environment to which it will react. Our personality becomes visible to us through relating to others. Our actualizing tendency requires external stimulation, that can be provided by the physical, social, and cultural environment in which we live. (Wallace, 1993).

Causation: Environment

Out of the family environment, we develop a sense of self. People can only be understood interpersonally and as social beings moving through and interacting with their environment. Adverse environmental influences include pampering and neglect, leading to the formation of mistaken goals.

_____ and people's perceptions of them can create irrational beliefs and misinterpretations of events. Irrational beliefs could also be passed along from one generation to the next. However, the focus in cognitive therapy is on the person's ____

Past experiences, current belief system

Field theory

Paying attention to and exploring what is occurring at the boundary between the person and the environment.

External/Internal

People respond to life events according to their belief system. They create their own worlds and they tend to view those worlds phenomenologically and subjectively.

From a behaviourist perspective, the following are characteristics of psychopathology:

Presence of learned maladaptive responses (behavioural symptoms); Behaviour that no longer brings satisfaction to the individual, which brings him/her into conflict with the environment; Behaviour that is disadvantageous or dangerous to the individual and/or to others.

Time orientation

Present: In general, behaviour therapy has a strong focus on the here-and-now. A client does not have to examine the past in order to attain positive changes in the present. The expansion of present response repertoire (adaptive responses) allows clients to deal with all future contingencies. Clients can learn to plan for and evaluate their own responses to the environment.

Flooding

Prolonged and intensive in vivo or imaginal exposure to highly anxiety-evoking stimuli without the opportunity to avoid or escape from them.

Preference of explanations longitudinal vs cross sectional

Psychoanalysis employs both cross-sectional and longitudinal methods. However, the emphasis remains on the long-term effects of childhood experiences, on developmental aspects of personality formation, and on the multitude of aspects involved in maturation and adaptation processes. Freud introduced the psychosexual theory of human development, which describes five distinct stages or phases in the process of identity formation: oral (from birth to approximately 18 months), anal (between the ages of 18 months and three years), phallic (approximately between the ages of three and five years), latency (from age 6 to puberty), and genital (from puberty on).

Preference of explanations: holistic vs atomistic

Psychoanalytic theory is holistic. The psyche is a dynamic energy system. Change in one part of the personality affects other parts. For example: a change in the energy of the id affects the energy available for the ego and the superego. Freud's mature views of the mind-body relationship can be characterized as interactionist.

Introversion

Psychological attitude in Jungian typology that is characterized by a tendency to focus on the inner world of ideas and impressions.

Principles that Becks generic cognitive model is mased on

Psychological distress can be thought of as an exaggeration of normal adaptive human functioning, Faulty information processing is a prime cause of exaggerations in adaptive emotional and behavioral reactions, Our beliefs play a major role in determining what type of psychological distress we will experience, Central to cognitive therapy is the empirically supported observation that "changes in beliefs lead to changes in behaviors and emotions", If beliefs are not modified, clinical conditions are likely to reoccur.

Sensing

Psychological function in Jungian typology characterized by a focus on the present and on concrete information gained from the senses.

Thinking

Psychological function in Jungian typology characterized by a tendency to base one's decisions primarily on logic and on an objective analysis of cuse and effect.

Intuition

Psychological function in Jungian typology that is characterized by a tendency to focus on the future, with a view toward patterns and possibilities.

__ is a relatively new theory that has grown in popularity among counsellors since the mid 1960's. It is applicable to individuals, groups, community agencies, and schools. It is popular because it is understandable, non-technical, based on common sense, solution-oriented, and time-efficient.

Reality therapy

Tension Production/Reduction

Reality therapy follows a tension reduction model, whereby the counsellor helps clients feel more liberated and empowered as they increase their ability to make choices, control their behaviour, and fulfill their needs.

Holistic/Atomistic

Reality therapy, based on choice theory, attempts to incorporate all aspects of behaviour and to view the individual imbedded in a social context.

Bases for Inference

Refers to the 'predictive' ability of a theory. Is the theorist concerned about being able to predict the behaviour of an individual in the future, or does he or she believe that people are unique and therefore unpredictable?

Nonmaleficence

Refraining from actions that risk harm and not willfully harming clients.

Justice

Respecting the dignity of all persons and honouring their right to just treatment.

ethical decision making step 5

Seek consultation from more than one source to obtain various perspectives on the dilemma, and document in the client's record the suggestions you received from this consultation.

Watson and Tharp's 1 step for self mgmt

Selecting goals. Goals should be established one at a time, and they should be measurable, attainable, positive, and significant for you. It is essential that expectations be realistic

Baumeister (1991a) drew a distinction between escaping from adverse condi- tions in life such as poverty and oppression, which he called simple escapism, and escapingfrom self(that is, our view of who we are or what we ought to be). Simple escapism is more common among the disadvantaged, whereas escaping from the self is basically a problem of the privileged. People want to escape from self for different reasons. Some of the common motives that underlie escape, and the pathological phenomena to which they are likely to lead, are:

Self has become burdensome. The person may escape into masochistic behavior such as alcohol abuse. Self is experienced as empty. The person may engage in compulsive eating and conspicuous consumption of other goods. Self has become unsatisfactory, a liability, and a source of embarrass- ment. The person may escape into spiritual disciplines or exercise and fitness regimes. Self has become repugnant, painful. The person may resort to binge eating and binge drinking.

Motivation

Self-motivation is based on satisfying physiological and psychological needs. Motivation comes from positive reinforcement of feelings by close interaction with significant others.

the ideas and theories developed by the family systems school did not appear out of thin air; a number of precursors have been acknowledged for their considerable influences on the contemporary systemic views. Among them:

Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Harry Stack Sullivan

Systems Theory

Systems theory holds that society is made up of interacting parts such as the individual, the family and the community. A therapist with an understanding of systems theory will look at the relationship between various systems and maintain that change in one area will bring about change in another.

Dereflection

Technique (first step) used in logotherapy (Viktor Frankl) consisting in diverting the clients' attention from their immediate problem.

New commitments and goals

Technique (fourth step) in the logotherapy (Viktor Frankl) process of helping clients find meaning in their lives.

There are innumerable self-report instruments designed to assess family adjustment. Thee are also numerous self-report measures of marital communication and intimacy, family life events, and the quality of family life. The following are the most frequently used self-report measures of family dynamics.

The Dyadic Adjustment Scale Abbreviated Dyadic Adjustment Scale Family Environment Scale Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales The McMaster Family Assessment Device Family Assessment Measure

Anna Freud (1964), is credited with offering the first systematic account of defensive organization in her seminal book ___. Since then, a number of more recent researchers and theorists have offered various classifications of defenses (e.g., Laughlin, 1983; Vaillant, 1992)

The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence

SFBT Technique: ____ . The therapist asks, "If a miracle happened and the problem you have was solved overnight, how would you know it was solved, and what would be different?" Clients are then encouraged to enact "what would be different" in spite of perceived problems. If a client asserts that she wants to feel more confident and secure, the therapist might say: "Let yourself imagine that you leave the office today and that you are on track to acting more confidently and securely. What will you be doing differently?"

The Miracle Question

Libido

The basic driving force of personality in Freud's system. It includes sexual energy but is not restricted to it.

Fusion

The blurring of emotional boundaries between self and others and a merging of the intellectual and emotional aspects of a family member.

Therapeutic Alliance

The concept of therapeutic alliance (initially known as "working alliance") refers to an agreement between client and counsellor/therapist with respect to: (1) the goals for the counselling process, (2) the most effective treatment modalities, and (3) a reasonable approximation of the time needed to reach the said goals. In recent comparative outcome studies, therapeutic alliance was found to be the only solid predictor of therapy outcome.

BASIC I. D.

The conceptual framework of Multimodal Therapy (A. Lazarus) based on the premise that human personality can be understood by assessing seven major areas of functioning: behaviour, affective responses, sensations, images, cognitions, interpersonal relationships, and drugs/biological functions.

Fixation

The condition of being arrested, or "stuck" at one level of psychosexual development.

Logical analysis

The counsellor teaches clients how to apply rational principles and empirically test their own hypotheses about the world and themselves.

Humour.

The counsellor uses humour to gently poke fun at the client's irrational beliefs, thus highlighting the irrational aspects while decreasing defensiveness.

Time Orientation

The existential approach to counselling places a strong emphasis on the present (here and now) and helps clients make sense and derive meaning out of current or past sources of suffering

Social Interest

The feeling of being part of a social whole; the need and willingness to contribute to the general social good.

Genital stage

The final stage of psychosexual development in psychoanalytic theory, usually attained at adolescence, in which sexual interests and activities are fully matured.

Latency Period/Stage

The fourth period of psychosexual development in Freudian theory, said to run between the ages of 6 and 11. During this period, explicit interest in sexuality takes a moratorium in favour of an interest in academic pursuits and the development of social roles.

Ethnocentrism

The idea that one's own cultural group is superior to others and that other groups should be judged based on one's own standards.

Task Orientation

The individual deals with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by focusing on the task or work project at hand, and, thus, like with suppression, intentionally avoiding thinking about disturbing problems, wishes, feelings, or experiences.

Passive Aggression

The individual deals with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by indirectly or unassertively expressing aggression toward others. There is a façade of overt compliance masking covert resistance, resentment, or hostility. Passive aggression often occurs in response to demands for independent action or performance or the lack of gratification of dependent wishes but may be adaptive for individuals in subordinate positions who have no other way to express assertiveness more overtly.

causation cognitions

The individual's subjective perceptions of self and the world are the central determiner of behaviour. The person-centred theory does not segregate the intellect from other functions. Both thoughts and emotions are integrated in the individual's perception of his/her experience. However, Rogers (1951) saw emotions as accompanying and facilitating goal-directed behaviour in human beings.

Eros

The life instinct, fuelled by libidinal energy and opposed by Thanatos, the death instinct.

Heredity

The need for identity is inherited. Reality therapy recognizes genetic traits and the importance of our genetic endowment and physiology

Family Constellation

The number, sequencing, and characteristics of the members of a family. In Adlerian therapy, the family constellation is an important determinant of lifestyle.

Detriangulation

The process whereby an individual withdraws from a family triangle or keeps him- or herself outside of the emotional interchange between two others.

Id

The reservoir of the biological, instinctual drives with innate and developmental components. In psychoanalytic theory it is believed that, at birth, the infant is all id.

Existential guilt

The result of, or the consciousness of evading the commitment to choosing for ourselves.

Family life cycle

The series of events that marks an individual's life within a family, from separation from one's parents to marriage to growing old and dying.

Teleology

The study of goals and the goal-directedness of human behaviour. Humans live by aims and purposes, not by being pushed by outside forces.

Techniques and procedures:analysis of Transference

The therapist acts as a blank screen on which clients could project repressed feelings related to important people in the client's life. For example, the client could project her feeling of hate for her mother onto the therapist. This allows the client to re-enact early patters of relating and thus bring them into awareness. Transferential feelings are analyzed and gradually dissolved. Resolution of transference is one of the criteria generally used as a signal for timely termination of therapy.

Role of the Therapist for Alder

The therapist focuses on the importance of educating clients as a preventative measure. The therapist guides the client toward adaptive behaviour, which leads to a reduction in feelings of inferiority. The Adlerian counsellor corrects the client's mistaken perceptions and develops new goals for behaviour.

Multigenerational transmission process

The way in which dysfunctional patterns are passed from one generation to the next.

Mitwelt

The way in which each individual relates to the world, socially and through being with others; the age we live in, our age, our own times, the present generation, our contemporaries.

Implications for the helping Relationship for Adler

Therapists need to be aware of the importance of focusing on the individual's subjective reality.

Psychoanalytic Therapy

This approach maintains that unconscious conflicts from early childhood are the cause of emotional problems and disorders. In therapy, the aim is to bring these unconscious conflicts to the surface in order to gain insight. It is anticipated that insight will bring change in the client. Founder: Sigmund Freud.

Cognitions (perception/self talk)

This pertains to the importance of internal thinking, self talk, and perception as the individual personality makes meaning of his or her experiences.

Observer frame of reference (external or internal)

This refers to the frame of reference of a counsellor. Does the counsellor focus on what is going on 'inside' of the client (what he is saying or feeling) or on the external (her behaviour)?

Heredity

To what extent and what ways does heredity affect personality?

position 1: The Capacity for Self-Awareness We increase our capacity to live fully as we expand our awareness in the following areas:

We are finite and do not have unlimited time to do what we want in life. We have the potential to take action or not to act; inaction is a decision. We choose our actions, and therefore we can partially create our own destiny. Meaning is the product of discovering how we are "thrown" or situated in the world and then, through commitment, living creatively. As we increase our awareness of the choices available to us, we also increase our sense of responsibility for the consequences of these choices. We are subject to loneliness, meaninglessness, emptiness, guilt, and isolation. We are basically alone, yet we have an opportunity to relate to other beings.

Cognitions

We generate thoughts and self-statements that control our behaviour. The role of cognitions in choice theory is also reflected in the emphasis on education as the basis of informed choices.

Goals of Helping

What are the goals for helping change come about?

Techniques and Procedures

What are the methods and specific interventions used by the therapist in order to explore, define, and attain the treatment objective?

Bases for a Healthy Personality

What constitutes healthy behaviour and how does each theory describe and explain how it is developed and sustained?

Role of the Therapist

What is the general stance taken by the therapist (interpretative, educational, supportive, etc.)?

. In interpreting these early recollections, Adlerians may consider questions such as these:

What part does the client take in the memory? Is the client an observer or a participant? Who else is in the memory? What position do others take in relation to the client? What are the dominant themes and overall patterns of the memories? What feelings are expressed in the memories? Why does the client choose to remember this event? What is the client trying to convey?

External vs. internal determinants

When exploring behaviour does the theory primarily look at external (cultural) or internal (insights) factors or both to explain behaviour?

Time Orientation

Where does each theory place the most to the least emphasis (past, present, future) on personality development? For example what factors and experiences in a person's past or present perceptions and experiences, or future goals and expectations explain the person's development?

Causation Heredity

While Ellis accepts the existence of genetic factors, he does not directly address the concept of heredity. He claims that humans have the capacity to think both rationally and irrationally. Human behaviour is determined by people's internal belief systems, in constant adaptive interplay with the environment.

Adlerian assessment relies heavily on an exploration of the client's family constellation, including the client's evaluation of conditions that prevailed in the family when the person was a young child (family atmosphere), birth order, parental relationship and family values, and extended family and culture. Some of these questions are almost always explored:

Who was the favorite child? What was your father's relationship with the children? Your mother's? Which child was most like your father? Your mother? In what respects? Who among the siblings was most different from you? In what ways? Who among the siblings was most like you? In what ways? What were you like as a child? How did your parents get along? In what did they both agree? How did they handle disagreements? How did they discipline the children?

The man responsible for the theory is ______, who was born in 1925 and is still active and involved in his work. Reality therapy is based on the concept of internal locus of control, whereby the inner world of the individuals strongly determines which behaviours they choose.

William Glasser

Watson and Tharp's 4th step for self mgmt

Working out a plan for change. A good plan involves substituting new thoughts and behaviors for ineffective thoughts and behaviors. Devise an action program to bring about actual changes that are in line with your goals. Various plans for the same goal can be designed, each of which can be effective. Some type of self-reinforcement system is necessary in this plan because reinforcement is the cornerstone of modern behavior therapy. Discover and select reinforcers to use until the new behaviors have been implemented in everyday life. Practice the new behaviors you want to acquire or refine, and take steps to ensure that the gains made will be maintained.

written informed consent...

Written information protects both clients and therapists and enables clients to think about the information and bring up questions at the following session.

psychoanalysis focuses on the unconscious aspects of personality, which means that people are driven by unconscious instincts and they are struggling to maintain...

a balance among various, sometimes contradictory, forces within the psyche.

Bio-Energetics

a body-centred therapeutic approach which utilizes exercises such as strong expressive movements, stress postures, and breathing techniques to allow the release of repressed emotions and to promote the full experience of feelings.

Stress management

a cognitive behavioural approach that teaches people to handle stressful situations by understanding their own stressors and coping skills to find appropriate responses.

Incongruence

a discrepancy between the actual experience of the organism and the self picture of the individual insofar as it represents that experience.

Individual Psychology

a holistic approach which emphasizes goals, including ways of developing a sense of competence and establishing relationships with others. Representatives: Alfred Adler, Rudolph Dreikurs.

Person-Centred (Rogerian)

a humanistic therapy which relies on a safe, non-judgmental relationship between the therapist and the client to help the client realize his/her own values. The client retains the right of choice in the solutions to his/her problems.

Humanistic

a mode of therapy which identifies interpersonal environments as the source of emotional problems. The role of the therapist is one of support and reinforcement of the person's sense of self. In this approach the counsellor/therapist is regarded not so much as an 'expert' who knows more than the client but as someone who is skilled in facilitating a process of self-discovery in another. The central belief is in the possibility for change and growth towards fulfilment of potential, in which the individual is self-aware and responsible for her/his own choices. Humanistic Psychology or 'the 3rd force in psychology' evolved in the 1950's in the USA as an alternative to both psychoanalysis and behaviourism.

time orientation of Adler's theory

a moderate emphasis on the past, particularly the importance of early development. Although a historical assessment is made in Adlerian Counselling, the focus is on dealing with the clients' current perceptions of their past, in an attempt to change goals for the future. Adlerians take a teleological stance, viewing the individual as being pulled toward the future rather than being pushed by the past. (Peterson& Nisenholz, 1999). Expectations of future outcomes determine present behaviour, goals, and ends.

Implications for the Helping Relationship: Some clients who expect ____ may find the Rogerian approach somewhat ineffective.

a more directive form of guidance

Transpersonal

a perspective that emphasizes spiritual growth. Eastern philosophy often informs this approach.

Dream Interpretation

a psychoanalytic technique in which clients report their dreams as accurately as possible and the therapist interprets the elements of the dreams as symbols of desires and conflicts.

Play Therapy

a psychodynamic technique which encourages children to explore their conflicts through symbolic play rather than through verbal expression.

Biofeedback

a technique by which individuals can monitor their own physiological processes such as pulse, blood pressure, and brain waves with mechanical aid, in order to manage physical and/or psychological symptoms.

Assertiveness Training

a therapeutic technique, usually involving behaviour rehearsals, in which people are taught frank, honest, and direct expression of feelings, both positive and negative.

Integration

a trend in contemporary counselling and psychotherapy, which is based on a conceptual blend of two or more theories.

Psychodynamic

a variation on the Freudian approach; like classical psychoanalytic therapy, psychodynamic theory views thoughts, feelings, and behaviours as manifestations of inner drives. However, psychodynamic therapy involves more direct interaction between the therapist and the client, and in general assigns a more active role to the client than in psychoanalysis. As a generic term, it has come to designate all of the post-Freudian approaches, i.e., derivatives of orthodox/classical psychoanalysis.

The primary purpose of any family system is the maintenance of an ____ within the family

acceptable behavioural balance

Principle III: Integrity in relationships (ethics 2017)

accuracy/honesty, objectivity/ lack of bias, straightforwardness/openness, Avoidance of incomplete disclosure and deception, Avoidance of conflict of interest, Reliance on the discipline, Extended responsibility,

Classical and operant conditioning share many of the same basic principles and procedures. For example, Kimble (1967) has pointed out that the basic principles of..... are common to both types of learning.

acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, and stimulus generalization

Reality therapy is a relatively brief and _____ approach to change that can be applied to a variety of client populations.

action-oriented

The counsellor is _________.

active, direct, practical, and didactic

The cognitive therapist generally takes an ______ stance. He or she is actively involved in helping clients think rationally.

active, directive, persuasive, and disputational

Healthy people are able to change and rely on their own potential and cognitive resources for their continued growth and development. Healthy individuals have learned how to recognize potentially irrational beliefs and reconstruct them into ________ of themselves and the world.

adaptive and testable interpretations

since the early formulation of the theory of defense mechanisms, Freud saw both the ___ functions of these ego strategies.

adaptive and the maladaptive

Only boy among girls (or vice versa). An only boy among girls, regardless of his position, would find his gender either an...

advantage or a disadvantage, depending upon the family value placed upon the male role and his own estimate of his ability to live up to it. The same would be true of an only girl among boys.

Preference for explanations: holistic/atomistic In Rogers's holistic view, the organism behaves as a unified whole and not as a series of differentiated parts. It is a single unity. What happens in a part.... The self is the centre of a continually changing world. We make meaning out of all of our experiences. Rogers (1951) defined the self as "an organized, fluid, but consistent conceptual pattern of perceptions of characteristics and relations of the 'I' or the 'me', together with values attached to these concepts" (p. 498).

affects the whole (the whole is more than the sum of its parts).

placator:

agrees and tries to please.

Deep Relaxation

an approach which utilizes breathing techniques, muscle relaxation, and/or guided visualization to create a state of complete relaxation and to allow for the release of physical, emotional, and mental tension.

Hypnosis

an artificially induced sleep-like state in which the individual is highly susceptible to suggestions. This technique is used for a variety of purposes in therapy, from pain relief to habit control and retrieval of repressed memories.

Psychological Testing

an assessment technique in which a person is presented with a series of stimuli to which he or she is asked to respond. This is part of an evaluation of an individual's functioning aimed at establishing a psychological diagnosis.

Family Systems Theory/Family Therapy

an orientation in which individuals are seen as part of, and affected by, their families. Family history and interaction is made a part of the individual's therapy. Family Systems therapists often suggest that the entire family be seen together, but some therapists will work with an individual and use the "systems" perspective when working with that individual.

Not only does systematic desensitization have a good track record in dealing with fears, it also has been used to treat a variety of conditions including....

anger, asthmatic attacks, insomnia, motion sickness, nightmares, and sleepwalking

Psychoanalytical Multigenerational As a family theorist, Bowen advocated for conceptual parsimony and adopted a strong ____ attitude. Based on psychoanalytic principles, his approach "is the most comprehensive model of family systems theory insofar as it consists of a defined number of concepts with a corresponding clinical methodology closely linked with the theory" (Guerin & Chabot, 1997, p. 196)

anti-eclectic

The approach is highly experiential, often ______, and geared towards increased self-awareness and resolution

anxiety producing

Existential psychotherapy focuses on the human condition and asks deep questions about the nature of....

anxiety, isolation, loneliness, despair and grief

There are several basic assumptions that apply to person centred therapy. If provided with the proper conditions in counselling, clients can...

arrive at their own solutions to their own problems

life goal

at around 6 years of age our fictional vision of ourselves as perfect or complete begins to form into a life goal. The life goal unifies the personality and becomes the source of human motivation; every striving and every effort to overcome inferiority is now in line with this goal.

The Experientialists While generally adopting an ___ stance, Carl Whitaker focuses on intuition, feelings and unconscious processes. The goal of his approach to family therapy is for family members to achieve a sense of autonomy and a sense of belonging

atheoretical

With ______, the client is able to recognize denied aspects of self and thus proceed toward reintegration of all parts of the self.

awareness

External/Internal Determinants: Gestalt therapy focuses on the client's awareness and internal frame of reference. At the same time, this theory regards_______ as inseparable. People define themselves by how they experience themselves in relation to others.

awareness and human relations

Child born after the death of the first sibling. Such a child is really the second child living with a ghost ahead of him/her. Also, this child is in the position of a first child. The mother may overprotect this child out of her fear of losing him/her. This child may choose to.....The youngest child.

bask in this stifling atmosphere or may rebel and strive for independence

In Skinner's (1990) own words, the application of ____based on operant conditioning principles would make it possible "to design better environments - personal environments that would solve existing problems and larger environments or cultures in which there would be fewer problems" (p. 1210).

behaviour analysis

4 common criticisms of behaviour therapy (not all are true)

behaviour therapy changes behaviours but not feelings, behaviour therapy does not provide insight, Behaviour therapy treats symptoms rather than causes, behaviour therapy involves control and social influence by the therapist

View of human nature Behaviourism considers humans to be a ______ at birth. People are viewed as being neither intrinsically good nor bad, but as learning organisms who have the potential for all kinds of behaviours. Each individual learns through experience to perceive situations as satisfying (rewarding) or dissatisfying (punishing) and then reacts to those situations on the bases of that learned behavioural repertoire. Given the right schedule of reinforcement, anything can be ______

blank slate, learned and unlearned.

SFBT: De Jong and Berg (2013) describe three basic parts to the structure of the summary feedback:

compliments, a bridge, and suggesting a task

Imago

concept based on the belief that couples often unconsciously bring unfinished business from childhood into our romantic partnerships, placing the burden of meeting these childhood needs on their partners. Imago Relationship therapists seek to help couples identify their unconscious agendas in the relationship, and work to resolve those issues constructively.

Eclecticism is technical integration is _

conceptual

Psychoanalysis recognizes the dynamic interplay between....

consciousness and the unconscious, between instinctual drives toward gratification and moral prohibitions, as well as between the life and death energy forces.

In his seminal work Science and Human Behavior, Skinner (1953) criticized psychodynamic concepts and reformulated psychotherapy in behavioural terms. Up to the end of his life, Skinner (1990) remained dedicated to the theory of...

contingencies of reinforcement as the only viable scientific approach to the study of human behaviour.

eclecticism is divergent Integration is

convergent (commonalities)

eclecticism is applying what is Integration is

creating something new

In its function as a negotiator between the demands of the id, the prohibitions and aspirations of the superego, and the objective limitations of external reality, the ego employs a range of so-called __ meant to achieve an acceptable compromise and reduce anxiety.

defense mechanisms

Psychoanalytical Multigenerational One of his most important constructs is that of ______, which Bowen contrasts to that of emotional fusion within the dyad.

differentiation of the individual

blamer:

dominates and finds fault

Communication (Strategic) Family Therapy: One of the earliest and most important concepts developed by the Bateson group was that of the ____. The concept is related to the notions of family homeostasis and multiple, often contradictory levels of communication in relationships. As Guerin and Chabot (1997) explain, "in certain relationship situations an overt and explicit meaning of a communication is contradicted by the implicit metamessage" (p. 184).

double bind

Psychoanalytical Multigenerational Bell strongly believed in the importance of maintaining ___ between the counsellor and the family group.

effective boundaries

Many concepts from behaviour theory have contributed significantly to the _____ of psychotherapy.

effectiveness

As a psychoanalytically oriented family therapist, Ackerman focused on the family members' use of___ and on the impact of the social context on family functioning.

ego defenses

According to Minuchin, Families with dysfunctional structures are grouped into two categories: _____ families (characterized by overly permeable or absent boundaries) and _____ families (rigid boundaries between individuals, without flexibility of response or sufficient relationship attachment).

emeshed, disengaged

Reality Therapy

emphasizes personal responsibility for one's actions; the therapist acts as a coach, helping the client learn how to get desired results in life by changing his or her actions. Based on Choice Theory, reality therapy stresses understanding and accepting the consequences of one's actions as cause and effect. Representatives: William Glasser.

The School of Psychotherapy based in Regent's College in Regent's Park, London and the New School of Psychotherapy near Waterloo, London both specialize in the training of ....

existential therapists and counsellors

Ellis's construct of irrational beliefs has been criticized by other theorists (including Aaron Beck) for imposing an _____ set of criteria on the definition of adaptive functioning.

external (objective and rational)

Kaslow and Celano (1995) defined the ---- as "circular patterns of responses, in which there is a return flow of information within the system"

feedback loops

Holism and ____ theory are interrelated in Gestalt theory.

field

Bases for Healthy Personality The healthy individual ___________, is integrated, self-aware, authentic, self-supportive, and responsible. The healthy individual is also engaged in meaningful, genuine, and committed relationships.

finishes Gestalts (brings projects and life experience cycles to completion)

GestaltTherapy

focuses on the here and now. The objective is to assist clients in identifying and working on "unfinished business" from the past that interferes with current functioning. Some techniques include dream work, role playing and reliving past experiences. promotes increased awareness and integration of the self as a whole, including aspects of self that are often feared or misunderstood. The goal is to understand and create a "working relationship" with these aspects of self. Representative: Fritz Perls, Laura Perls.

SFBT Technique: ________ is a form of homework a therapist might give clients to complete between their first and second sessions. The therapist might say: "Between now and the next time we meet, I would like you to observe, so that you can describe to me next time, what happens in your (family, life, marriage, relationship) that you want to continue to have happen" (de Shazer, 1985, p. 137). At the second session, clients can be asked what they observed and what they would like to have happen in the future. This kind of assignment offers clients hope that change is inevitable.

formula first session task

4 major Techniques and procedures:

free association, analysis of resistance, analysis of transference, interpretation

In Adler's theory, neurosis is viewed as an escape from...

fulfilling one's duties to the community.

successful resolution of past conflicts paves a solid foundation for, but never guarantees, __

future adaptive reactions.

Most family therapists accept the role played by the transmission of patterns of family functioning from one generation to the next, be it through....

genetically inherited predispositions or through the mechanisms of social learning.

The weak or sickly child. A weak or sickly child among healthy, robust siblings might discover the role of an invalid advantageous if the family pities him or her. But, if robust health is a high family value and weakness is scorned, he/she would find himself/herself faced with an obstacle. The child would have the choice of...

giving up, living in self-pity, and feeling like a victim, or of striving to overcome the illness and matching the activities of the other siblings, even, perhaps, outdoing them.

In the UK there are a ___ of existentially-oriented therapists.

growing number

Implications for the Helping Relationship: Rogers's views may have been shaped by his advocacy of what is a questionable Western cultural belief, namely that...

growth is always in the direction of greater independence and separation.

Causation: Cognitions

he earlier behaviourists believed that all that can be known about human nature can be derived from behaviour. In this empirical approach, behaviour is operationally defined and the data are rigorously quantified. More recently, the role of cognitions has started to be included in behavioural theory.

eclecticism is realistic Integration is

idealistic

Exposure therapy involves systematic confrontation with a feared stimulus, either through...

imagination or in vivo (live).

Self Control

immediate feedback for undesirable behaviour.

Based on the holistic view mentioned above, family therapists acknowledge the synergistic effect of change, which means that one change occurring in one family member can ....

impact on other levels of functioning within that family system.

Holistic Health

in holistic health therapy, an individual is seen from the perspective of the interaction between mind and body, as well as in the context of his or her life. This approach is based on the belief that the various parts of our lives (work, family, etc.) as well as various aspects of ourselves (psychological and physical) are related, and affect each other. Problems arising in one or more of these areas are linked to problems in other areas.

Desensitization is one type of exposure therapy, but there are others. Two variations of traditional systematic desensitization are...

in vivo exposure and flooding

delfection

inability to focus on the important figure out of the ground;

Comprehensive Life-Style Assessment

includes eliciting an extensive client history (including possible medications), exploration of family constellation, early recollections, and, to some extent, analysis of dreams. Most Adlerian counsellors are not very keen on using objective psychological tests, regarding them more as a measure of the clients' test-taking attitudes (Mosak, 2000). However, the most frequently used Adlerian instrument of life-style assessment is the one developed by Shulman and Mosak (1988). Another questionnaire for life-style assessment in brief Adlerian therapy can be found on the website of the Alfred Adler Institutes of San Francisco and Northwestern Washington.

repeated experiencing of unfinished business (________); lack of awareness of the need to complete (_____), leading to the development of neurosis;

incomplete Gestalt, fixed gestalt

View of Human Nature Humans are not _____and they are always in the process of ____. Existential human concerns, such as connection and separation, life and death, choice and responsibility, authenticity and freedom, are all at the centre of the therapeutic process. Gestalt therapy attempts to understand human beings by the study of experience.

independent from the environment , evolving

Adler's preference for explanations:: external/internal determinants

individual psychology places an emphasis on internal values, goals, and interests and the individual's perception of reality.

Goals of Helping: The goal is to help the client develop his or her own...

individualized goals, to reorganize the self, to increase openness to experience, and to increase the congruence between self-concept and experience.

basic assumptions that apply to the Adlerian theory Humans are born with a sense of ___

inferiority and a striving for superiority.

The goal in psychoanalytical multigenerational family therapy is to increase the clients' ...

insight into relationship dynamics.

During the last two or three decades, the field of counselling and psychotherapy has seen an increasing interest towards a more unified view of the process of therapeutic change. Researchers and theorists have employed various terms (oftentimes interchangeably and/or loosely) to refer to this unifying tendency:

integration, eclecticism, rapprochement, synthesis, or described an approach as comprehensive, multimodal, pluralistic, or transtheoretical.

Tension Production/Reduction: Gestalt therapy is known as an experiential therapy and attempts to increase the clients' awareness through experimenting, enacting, and role-plays. The technique of exaggeration is sometimes used to...

intensify feelings and increase awareness. (therefore it is a tension production model)

Preference for explanations: Internal/ external determinants Rogers stressed the role of ___ to personality development and behaviour. Our perceptions of self and the world determine our behaviour. The world we live in and the realities we react to are constructed out of our individual subjective perceptions and interpretations of personal experiences.

internal determiners

The individual orientation places the source of dysfunction with the client, whereas the systems orientation focuses on the ____ in which the client lives

interpersonal context

Techniques and Procedures: Rogers did not support the technique of __ at all, and was highly critical of psychoanalysts who used inappropriately timed, or erroneous _

interpretation(s)

distractor:

interrupts and constantly chatters about irrelevant topics.

Norcross and Newman argue that some clinicians and theorists may not be eager to embrace an integrative or eclectic view due to the following reasons:

intrinsic investment of individuals in their private perceptions and theories; inadequate commitment to training in more than one therapy system; approaches have divergent assumptions about psychology and health; inadequate empirical research on the integration of psychotherapies; absence of a "common" language for psychotherapists

interruptions to contact include:

introjection, deflection, unaware projection, confluence, desensitization, retroflection, proflection

Dichotomous thinking

involves categorizing experiences in either-or extremes. With such polarized thinking, you might view yourself as either being the perfectly competent counselor (you always succeed with all clients) or as a total flop if you are not fully competent (there is no room for any mistakes).

Psychopathology originates with _______. As cognitive schemas (meaning structures) are based on past experiences, sometimes they may no longer be relevant to our current situation. When that happens, individuals start to develop psychological problems.

irrational beliefs and distorted perceptions

Walden, DiGiuseppe, and Dryden (cited in Weinrach, et al., 2001) classified the various types of ______ into four categories, which they called "core irrational beliefs

irrational beliefs described by Ellis

boundary crossing

is a departure from a commonly accepted practice that could potentially benefit a client. For example, attending the wedding of a client may be extending a boundary, but it could be beneficial for the clien

Encouragement

is a major method of responding, one that has been found to be more effective than other social reinforcers, such as praise. Encouragement generally focuses on strengths that the client has but may not acknowledge or appreciate.

Neurolinguistic Programming

is based on the observation that all internal processing of experience is represented in neurological channels that correspond to the major sensory channels, i.e., kinesthetic, visual, and auditory. The therapist and client strive to find out which channel the client is best at communicating through and then build a therapeutic rapport focused on that communication.

secondary process thinking

is memory of previous experiences of satisfaction and forms the bases for wishes.

Among other behaviourists, E. L. Thorndike, a pioneer in research on animal learning, showed the influence of consequences (reward or punishment) on behaviour. Thorndike formulated the "____" which states that....

law of effect, responses which have satisfying consequences are strengthened and those followed by discomfort or annoyance are weakened.

Bases for Inference The REBT theory does predict that a person can live a more rewarding and productive life if he or she learns how to subject his or her perceptions and beliefs to _______, very much along the lines of a scientist's endeavour: develop and empirically test hypotheses.

logical analysis

sometimes responses are maladaptive because of ____ of situations

misperceptions (erroneous idiosyncratic interpretations)

Neurosis is the symptom of....

mistaken goals, a failure of learning, a product of distorted perceptions

There are several basic assumptions that apply to person centred therapy. The individual has the capacity to...

modify his/her perceptions;

eclecticism is sum of all parts Integration is

more than the sum of parts

eclecticism is atheoretical but empirical Integration is

more theoretical than empirical

Therapy is a learning experience. Change in behaviour follows a change in ___

motivation through insight.

basic assumptions that apply to the Adlerian theory We _ our own personalities.

mould

For technical eclectics, no ____ exists between metabeliefs and techniques

necessary connection

The cognitive theory of depression, for example, is based essentially on an information-processing model. A pronounced and prolonged ________ of this process is manifest in the characteristic thinking disorder in depression (which is characterized by _____)

negative biasing selective abstraction, overgeneralization, negative self-attribution

Rather than dismiss the will to meaning as a __ phenomenon, Frankl used it as an im- portant psychotherapeutic principle. In his view, the will to meaning can not only preserve mental and physical health, it may help an individual survive extreme conditions of pain, suffering, and grief.

neurotic

Techniques and Procedures: even when employed, self-disclosure from the part of the counsellor must...

never detract the focus away from the client.

The ___ generally receives a good deal of attention, and during the time she is the only child, she is typically somewhat spoiled as the center of attention. She tends to be dependable and hard working and strives to keep ahead. When a new brother or sister arrives on the scene, however, she finds herself ousted from her favored position. She is no longer unique or special. She may readily believe that the newcomer (or intruder) will rob her of the love to which she is accustomed. Most often, she reasserts her position by becoming a model child, bossing younger children, and exhibiting a high achievement drive

oldest child

family systems therapy focuses on the whole family as a unit, rather than ------. As a system, the family is a group of members interacting with one another.

on an individual client

basic assumptions that apply to the Adlerian theory perceptions of the world determine ___

one's behaviour.

Role of the Therapist The Gestalt therapist is very active in helping the client __________________. Particularly in psychodrama, a Gestalt-based modality of group psychotherapy developed by Jacob Levy Moreno (1889-1974), the therapist acts as a director of role-play re-enactments of clients' experiences

overcome barriers to awareness, re-enact past experiences and create adaptive endings to previously unfinished businesses

Reality therapy rests on eight fundamental principles, which the therapist follows as guidelines in helping clients. These principles are: Become involved with the client in a caring and __ way. Emphasize present _____ rather than feelings and focus on the here-and-now. Help the client make a ______ about what he or she is currently doing. Assist the client in making a workable and realistic ___ for life change. Obtain a _____ from the client to carry out the plan. Accept ____ for the client in the event of non-performance. Administer _____ but don't interfere with reasonable consequences. Never __

personal behaviour value judgement plan commitment no excuses no punishment give up

According to Satir, when family members are under stress, they may handle their communication in one of four unproductive roles (Gladding, 1999):

placator, blamer, responsible analyzer, distractor

unaware projection

planning, anticipating, and empathizing are normal, but unaware projection of negative attributes onto others is neurotic;

SFBT has a _ orientation

positive

Progressive muscle relaxation has become increasingly popular as a method of teaching people to cope with the stresses produced by daily living. It is aimed at achieving muscle and mental relaxation and is easily learned. After clients learn the basics of relaxation procedures, it is essential that they....

practice these exercises daily to obtain maximum results.

Communication (Strategic) Family Therapy Bateson's focus on communication processes, as well as the strategic therapy of Milton Erickson significantly influenced the ____ strategy developed by Haley and Madanes (Madanes, 1981). This approach is relatively short-term and pragmatic, focusing on symptoms as ....

problem-solving, unacknowledged ways of communicating within the family.

The goal for existential counselling is to help clients find...

purpose or meaning in life and realize their full potential for responsibility, freedom, creativity, and self-awareness.

Fabry (1988) called the human spirit "the medicine chest of logotherapy" and lists the following properties as its resources:

quests for meaning, task orientation, moral values, self-transcendence, self-distnacing

Family systems therapy is a ____ field.

rapidly developing

In your textbook, Corey (2017) refers to the "Electra complex" as the female phallic stage, implying that it is the girl's counterpart to the Oedipus complex (p. 65). While this term is not infrequent, it is erroneous. Freud never...

referred to the female unconscious attitude towards parental agencies as the "Electra complex," but rather as "female Oedipus complex". The associations with Electra, a character in some early Greek tragedies by Sophocles, Euripides, and Aeschylus, are misleading.

Among the techniques used by Minuchin in his structural approach to family therapy are: ____ (to help clients change their perception of the problem) and ____ (family members are instructed to act out a conflict, which helps clients work with the presenting concern as it appears in the here-and-now).

reframing, enactment

responsible analyzer:

remains emotionally detached and intellectual.

________: a neurotic attempt to meet the original unsatisfied need (can be seen in the exercise of a maladaptive behavioural leitmotif)

repetition compulsion

The term "operant" refers to how an organism operates on the environment, and hence, operant conditioning comes from how we _____ to what is presented to us in our environment. It can be thought of as learning due to the natural consequences of our actions.

respond

SFBT Technique: _ used s when change in human experiences are not easily observed, such as feelings, moods, or communication, and to assist clients in noticing that they are not completely defeated by their problem (de Shazer & Berg, 1988). For example, a woman reporting feelings of panic or anxiety might be asked: "On a scale of zero to 10, with zero being how you felt when you first came to therapy and 10 being how you feel the day after your miracle occurs and your problem is gone, how would you rate your anxiety right now?" Even if the client has only moved away from zero to 1, she has improved. How did she do that? What does she need to do to move another number up the scale?

scaling questions

The Experientialists The Human Validation model uses ______, and empathy.

sculpting, role playing

Operant Procedures

self control, token economies , self-monitoring, biofeedback

Basic to the theory is the inherent tendency of the person to strive toward __

self-actualization.

More recently, Bandura (2001) has been referring to his perspective as _____ theory.

social cognitive

Satir believes that families do not function as closed systems separate from ___, but rather connected to larger systems in ____

society (2x)

Psychoanalytically oriented family therapists focus on patterns of ego defenses, particularly the use of ....

splitting and projective identification.

Compared to any other school of psychotherapy, behaviourism has been the strongest advocate of __________ based on clearly defined, observable, and measurable behavioural goals.

statistically controlled outcome studies

Solution-focused therapists concentrate on small, realistic, achievable changes that can lead to additional positive outcomes because ....

success tends to build upon itself

Emotive-evocative methods,

such as shame-attacking exercises. The counsellor assigns the client to behave in ways in which he or she might feel humiliated or shamed. By doing this, clients often come to the realization that others are not nearly as interested or critical of their behaviour as they had imagined.

To compensate for feelings of inferiority, people strive for ___

superiority

Concepts such as _________ have become so common that few realize that they originated with Adler.

superiority and inferiority complex, total orientation, and lifestyle

All human beings have five basic needs:...... . Each person is self-determining. According to Glasser, "all of us have a set of learned behaviours at our disposal. We also have the ability to create new ones" (Howatt, 2001, p. 10)

survival, love, freedom, power, and fun

The goal of theoretical integration is to create a conceptual framework that ....

synthesizes the best elements of two or more approaches to therapy

Classical conditioning procedures

systematic desensitization, assertiveness training, aversive conditioning

Assertiveness Training

teaching clients how to stand up for your rights and beliefs without infringing on the rights and beliefs of others.

The least theoretical of the three,_____ should not be construed as anti-theoretical

technical eclecticism

Role of the therapist in psychoanalysis

the analyst is an assistant in the client's process of self-observation. The therapist helps clients identify adaptive channels for the investment of libidinal energy. The physical setting in a classical psychoanalytic process (the use of the couch, the analyst's position out of the client's direct view) is meant to create circumstances most likely to promote client's self-observation. In psychoanalysis, the therapist helps the client become more aware of unconscious influences of childhood experiences. By identifying early conflicts or traumas, the client can understand and integrate their links to current aspects of functioning. Throughout the analytical relationship, the therapist strives to maintain an objective, neutral, and anonymous stance in order not to impede the phenomenon of transference. At the same time, the analyst must remain alert to and scrutinize his/her own reactions for signs of unconscious countertransference that may distort the client's process of self-observation.

Pleasure Principle

the basic human tendency to avoid pain and seek pleasure, especially salient in the first years of life. Contrast with Reality Principle.

and Umwelt

the biological and physical aspects of experience

Techniques and procedures: Free association

the client talks about anything that comes to mind. This is a central part of the client's own process of self-observation. The therapist/analyst is engaged in active listening, paying close attention to verbal and non-verbal behaviours, repetitions, pauses, changes in emotional reactions, and omissions or incongruities. Over time, themes and patterns of psychological functioning emerge, as well as the client's conscious or unconscious attempts to avoid (resist) anxiety producing thoughts or feelings.

private logic,

the concepts about self, others, and life that constitutes the philosophy on which an individual's lifestyle is based.

The first theory, Psychoanalysis, goes back to the 1800's. It was developed by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) in __

the early twentieth century

ABC model: C is

the emotional and behavioral consequence or reaction of the individual; the reaction can be either healthy or unhealthy

Environment

the environment gives people the opportunity to choose and control their behaviours. Given the proper environment, a person will develop normally.

Despite the growing consensus around the value of family assessment, there is a lot of divergence among theorists and clinicians regarding ....

the range of constructs to be examined, their interrelationship, and the interpretation of the underlying processes

The basic rationale of the common factors approach is that commonalities are more important in accounting for therapy outcomes than ....

the unique factors that differentiate among the various approaches.

Medication/Pharmacotherapy

the use of drugs to alleviate psychological symptoms such as anxiety, depression, and thinking disorders.

Guided Visualization/Imagery

the use of mental imagery in therapy. Guided visualization is used in hypnosis, to alter moods.

----- aspires to more than a simple combination; it seeks an emergent theory that is more than the sum of its component parts and that leads to new directions for practice and research

theoretical Integration

Unlike most theories, Existentialism is not the invention of one man and it is not a technique but rather a

theoretical basis for resolving problems

Others have criticized technical eclecticism for its lack of ____

theoretical grounding.

According to Norcross and Newman (1992), there are three main directions in the psychotherapy integration movement:

theoretical integration, technical eclecticism, the common factors approach

Communication (Strategic) Family Therapy Don Jackson is credited with extending the concept of the double bind to what is known as the ---

therapeutic double bind.

Brief Therapy

time-limited therapy, usually no more than fifteen sessions, which is goal-oriented, focused and directed toward specific problems and solutions.

Among the techniques representative of multigenerational family therapy, the genogram is used to identify __________ of at least three generations in a given family.

transmission process and the dynamic structure

Among other important concepts explored by Bowen are (6 things):

triangulation, emotional cut-off, multigenerational transmission, sibling rivalry, and societal regression.

Ackerman's most important contribution to the field of family therapy was his insistence on the need for a ____of families

typology

Techniques and procedures

unconditional acceptance of the client as a person logical analysis suggestions and auto suggestion constructivist interventions humour rational emotive imagery emotive-evocative methods behavioural methods Assessment

Implications for the Helping Relationship: In the person-centred approach, the client is viewed as responsible and capable of determining his or her own future. Through the counsellor's consistent attitude of ___, the counsellor models ____ within the client.

unconditional positive regard, self-acceptance

According to Guerin and Chabot (1997), "one of the most admirable aspects of Minuchin's work has been the ability to make his conceptual ideas and clinical methodologies effective with an ____ population" (p. 210).

underprivileged

eclecticism is applying the parts Integration is

unifying the parts

Bases for Inference Prediction of behaviour is not emphasized in existential psychotherapy. The theory concerns itself with the...

uniqueness of the individual.

bases for inference Openness of choice and the focus on the client's unique world-view makes prediction of behaviour ___

unlikely and undesirable.

Behavioural Therapy

uses theories of how people learn to help promote change, usually of a specific troublesome symptom or behaviour. The goal of behavioural therapy is to help clients change their behaviour, using positive and negative reinforcement such as praise and disapproval. Representatives: B. F. Skinner, J. Wolpe, D. L. Watson, A. A. Lazarus.

Hypnotherapy

utilizes relaxation to access the unconscious mind - the part of the mind in which memories are stored. Through the imagination, it is possible to tap into the mental programming which is normally beneath conscious awareness. With the understanding of this information comes the capability of altering the sometimes negative effects this programming can have on both mind and body.

For behaviourists, psychotherapy is ______

verbal conditioning.

There are three major goals of therapy:

(a) understanding the lifestyle, (b) promoting self-understanding, and (c) strengthening social interest.

dual or multiple relationships

, either sexual or nonsexual, occur when counselors assume two (or more) roles simultaneously or sequentially with a client. This may involve assuming more than one professional role or combining professional and nonprofessional roles.

Suggestion and autosuggestion

. The counsellor encourages clients to practice the technique of disputing their self-defeating beliefs and replace them with rational and adaptive convictions.

REBT: Here are three basics musts (or irrational beliefs) we internalize that inevitably lead to self-defeat (A. Ellis & Ellis, 2011):

1. "I must do well and be loved and approved by others." 2. "Other people must treat me fairly, kindly, and well." 3. "The world and my living conditions must be comfortable, gratifying, and just, providing me with all that I want in life."

The primary characteristics of a healthy personality include: (3 things)

1. an openness to experience and change; 2. internalization of an unconditional sense of worth (self-acceptance); 3. endeavouring to always be genuine, congruent, or authentic.

Examples of ineffective or out-of-control behaviours are (there are 3):

1. giving up, 2. choosing negative symptoms (such as: anti-social actions, negative thinking, negative feelings (depression), negative physiological conditions (psychosomatic disorders), 3. adopting negative addictions, ((i.e., behaviours that produce a short-term sense of belonging, power, fun, and freedom (drugs, alcohol, gambling, food, etc)).

The Experientialists Representatives

: Carl Whitaker, Virginia Satir

Phenomenology

A method of exploration that primarily uses human experience as the source of data and attempts to include all human experience without bias (external observation, emotions, thoughts, and so on). Subjects are taught to distinguish between current experience and the biases brought to the situation. Phenomenology is the basic method of most existentialists.

Constructivism

A recent development in cognitive therapy that emphasizes the subjective framework and interpretations of the client rather than looking to the objective bases of faulty beliefs. Representative: George Kelly.

Umwelt

A way of relating to the world through its biological and physical aspects; one's relationship with nature and the surrounding world.

causation motivation

According to the person-centred theory, the central motivational force is to actualize, maintain and enhance the self.

Empathy

Accurately and deeply feeling someone else's expressed emotions, concerns, or situation.

Causation: Cognitions

Adler adopted a phenomenological orientation, emphasizing the individual's perceptions or subjective reality of his or her experiences. (What we are does not determine our behaviour, but what we think we are). He also emphasized the role of learning in the formation of the style of life.

masculine protest

Adler used this concept to describe both men and women and to include both maladaptive patterns of behaviour (such as vengeful and defiant outbursts of anger) and positive adjustment (such as a woman's determination to excel in a patriarchal society).

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)

An exposure-based therapy that involves imaginal flooding, cognitive restructuring, and the use of rhythmic eye movements or other bilateral stimulation to treat traumatic stress disorders and fearful memories of clients; this can be useful for working through the "stuck" memories of trauma or loss that may be at the root of problems like Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, anxiety, depression, anger, and stress. Although EMDR is fairly new, many studies have already shown that it can increase both the speed and effectiveness of treatment. Representative: Francine Shapiro.

WDEP system

An important procedure applied in the practice of reality therapy. The strategies help clients identify their wants, determine the direction their behaviour is taking them, make self-evaluations, and design plans for change.

Historically, existential therapy began when ____ attempted to use Heidegger's theory therapeutically, an approach that was adapted by Victor ____, Rollo _____ and others in the United States. More recently its leading exponents have included Ernesto Spinelli and Emmy van Deurzen in the UK and Irvin Yalom and James Bugental in the United States.

Binswanger, Frankl, May

Observer Frame of Reference:

Both internal and external factors are considered in the Adlerian approach to counselling. The theory looks at an individual's subjective perception of reality. At the same time, the theory is contextual: issues are considered from the perspective of the client's family and society.

In vivo desensitization

Brief and graduated exposure to an actual fear situation or event.

listening to client's metaphors

By tuning into metaphors, the therapist gets rich clues to clients' internal strugglesBeneath the metaphor may lie a suppressed internal dialogue that represents critical unfinished business or reactions to a present interaction. For example, to the client who says she feels that she has been put through a meat grinder, the therapist could ask: "What is your experience of being ground meat?" or "Who is doing the grinding?" It is essential to encourage this client to say more about what she is experiencing. The art of therapy consists of assisting clients in translating the meaning of their metaphors so that they can be dealt with in therapy

the person-centred approach was developed by..

Carl Rogers in reaction to the traditional, diagnostic, probing and interpretive methods of psychoanalysis.

Adler's preference for explanations: Nomothetic/ Idiographic

Case studies (idiographic research) have been the focus of most of research in individual psychology. The emphasis in Adlerian counselling remains on the individual's unique subjective perception of self and others.

First-Order Change

Change within a system that does not alter the basic organization of the system itself. In psychotherapy, first-order change has been associated with symptom reduction, without a change at the deeper level of the motivation behind behaviour.

Longitudinal/Cross Sectional

Choice theory favours a cross-sectional analysis of behaviour. The theory incorporates doing, thinking, feelings, and physiology into the so-called 'total behaviour'.

basic concepts of Behaviourism

Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Systematic Desensitization Extinction Flooding Reciprocal Inhibition Reinforcement (positive and negative) Modelling Self-efficacy Multimodal therapy

Holistic vs. atomistic

Does the theory look at the individual as a whole or rather at the individual in a part-by-part approach?

Techniques and Procedures

Encouragement, comprehensive Life-style assessment, early recollections, the question, active "as if", catching oneself, splitting the client's soup

Techniques

Free association (client's self-observation) Analysis of resistance Interpretation (including dream interpretation) Analysis of transference

Structural Model

Freud's later model of the mind that postulates three agencies: id, ego, and superego, each with conscious and unconscious components.

Causation: Heredity

Heredity is not seen as a key focus in this theory. However, according to existentialist theory, the drive for self-actualization is indeed innate in all humans. We inherit the need to actualize fully our being-in-the-world.Environment. Existentialists believe in the importance of the Umwelt, the world around or the environment, in personality development.

Causation: heredity

Heredity is of minor importance. Some behaviour is, at least in part, determined by heredity, but this is beyond direct control and is not of clinical interest to the behavioural counsellor. Behaviourists minimize the importance of heredity because biological variability cannot be directly measured, manipulated, or controlled.

Fidelity

Honouring commitments to clients and maintaining integrity in counselling relationships.

Causation

How does each theory describe what causes people to behave as they do.

Bases for Psychopathology in psychoanalysis

In addition to genetic predispositions, psychopathology can result from any of the following causes: difficulties at various stages of psychosexual development; inappropriate use of libido; absence of adaptive coping strategies; insufficient ego strength; presence of repressed needs, wishes, and conflicts in the unconscious; unrealistic methods of controlling the anxiety (resulting from the conflict between the id, ego, and superego).

Token economy

In behavioural therapy, a program that provides people with short-term reinforcement for specific behaviours by allotting tokens (poker chips, or points) that are accumulated and later exchanged for privileges or desired objects.

Triangulation

In family systems theory, a pattern of interaction consisting of detouring conflict between two people by involving a third person.

In determining whether to proceed with a multiple relationship, it is critical to consider whether the potential benefit to the client of such a relationship outweighs its potential harm. Some relationships may have more potential benefits to clients than potential risks. It is your responsibility to develop safeguards aimed at reducing the potential for negative consequences. Herlihy and Corey (2015b) identify the following guidelines:

1. Set healthy boundaries early in the therapeutic relationship. Informed consent is essential from the beginning and throughout the therapy process. 2. Involve clients in ongoing discussions and in the decision-making process, and document your discussions. Discuss with your clients what you expect of them and what they can expect of you. 3.Consult with fellow professionals as a way to maintain objectivity and identify unanticipated difficulties. Realize that you don't need to make a decision alone. 4. When multiple relationships are potentially problematic, or when the risk for harm is high, it is always wise to work under supervision. Document the nature of this supervision and any actions you take in your records. 5.Self-monitoring is critical throughout the process. Ask yourself whose needs are being met and examine your motivations for considering becoming involved in a dual or multiple relationship.

Bases for psychopathology: THe following can constitute sources of psychological distress:

1. early experience of conditional positive regard, leading to the internalization of conditions of worth; 2. incongruence between the self-concept and self-actualizing tendencies; 3. guilt for not reaching one's potentiality; 4. the organism may deny or distort experiences in awareness in such a way that these experiences cannot be incorporated into the self;

Pathology may be the result of the following:

1. failure to actualize one's potential (existential guilt); 2. failure to confront fear of the unknown; 3. lack of authenticity and the perception of differences between what one is and what one ought to be; 4. meaninglessness; 5. experience of nothingness and concern with death and dread; 6. lack of engagement in or denial of any of the levels of being-in-the-world: Eigenwelt (the inner world of self), Mitwelt (the interpersonal world), and Umwelt (the biological and physical aspects of experience).

Meichenbaum e describes a three-phase process of change in which those three aspects are interwoven and believes that focusing on only one aspect will probably prove insufficient. The phases are

1. self observation, 2. starting a new internal dialogue, 3. learning new skills

the ultimate goals of cognitive behaviour therapy are (3 things) :

1. to help clients learn how to dispute their own irrational beliefs 2. to stop using self-defeating behaviours 3. to acquire a more realistic, tolerant philosophy of life.

Homeostasis

A balanced steady state of equilibrium in a system.

Existential vacuum

A condition of emptiness and hollowness that results from meaninglessness in life.

Bases for a Healthy Personality in psychoanalysis

A healthy personality is characterized by an appropriate distribution of psychic energy among id, ego, and superego. Positive early childhood experiences in a loving environment lay a stable foundation for the subsequent development of a healthy personality. Freud believed that a sound basis for happiness in life is the individual's active involvement in two most important activities: love and work.

Implosive (or Implosion) Therapy

A procedure in which the client is flooded with experiences of a particular kind, in the absence of relaxation, to such a dramatic degree that he/she either (a) builds up a distinct aversion to them, or (b) becomes numbed and no longer responds to them. Outcome (a) is what is hoped for in order to break undesirable habits (e.g., smoking); outcome (b) is what is hoped for in the treatment of phobic disorders. In this latter case, implosive therapy is synonymous with flooding.

Cognitive restructuring

A process of actively altering maladaptive thought patterns and replacing them with constructive and adaptive thoughts and beliefs.

Social Work

A profession that aims to promote the well-being of the individual and society by helping people make changes both in their personal lives and through the social system of community supports and services. Social workers work with individuals, families, groups and the community.

Narrative

A social constructionist conceptualization of how people create "storied" meaning in their lives.

In 1936, Sol Rosenzweig published an article in which he proposed three commonalities among various systems of psychotherapy. The factors he identified at the time were:

(a) the therapist's personality, (b) the helpfulness of providing interpretations, and (c) the synergistic effect of one area of functioning on another. Freud constantly struggled with the selection and integration of diverse methods.

In the United States, ____ was a key figure in the development of behaviourist ideas. His position was quite radical in that he claimed that all behaviour could be understood as a result of learning

J. B. Watson

Acting "as if"

Clients are instructed to act "as if" they are the persons they want to be. Asking The Question is usually a simple way to help clients become more of their mistaken beliefs and adopt new realistic goals.

Rational emotive imagery.

Clients can imagine themselves having a rough time at something and not feeling terribly upset or having to 'cop out' of it.

Relapse prevention

Procedure for promoting long-term maintenance that involves identifying situations in which clients are likely to regress to old patterns and to develop coping skills in such situations.

Diversity

Diversity refers to various differences which include but are not restricted to: age and generation, sex, gender, biological heritage/genetic history, ethnicity (includes culture; individual may identify multiple ethnic affiliations), cultural background (shared beliefs, practices, traditions), geographic history, linguistic background, relational affiliation/ orientation, religion/spirituality, educational status, occupational status, socioeconomic status, mental health, physical health, physical (dis)ability, sensory impairment and/or (dis)ability, learning differences and/or (dis)ability, intellectual (dis)ability, historical issues of prejudice, discrimination, oppression, collective trauma, etc., current issues of prejudice, discrimination, oppression, collective trauma.

Motivation

Do individual theorists see man as having few or many motives? Do they have a 'deficiency' model of motivation or have they developed a 'self actualization' model of motivation?

Cognitive behaviour therapy has enjoyed a rather popular acceptance due in part to the dynamic and enthusiastic leadership provided by _____, and in part to the appeal of the ideas he presented.

Dr. Albert Ellis

Ellis traces his theoretical ancestry back to the Stoic philosophers, particularly Epictetus. Ellis wanted an approach in which the therapist could be more active and more directive___________. He found that people exhibited maladaptive behaviours because they continually reindoctrinated themselves with _______ Therapy must therefore consist of convincing people that they must stop indoctrinating themselves with old, irrational ideas and teaching them to think rationally about themselves and the world around them

Dr. Albert Ellis, irrational beliefs.

Another landmark in the development of behaviour therapy was the research done by ___________. He defined behaviour therapy as the application of modern learning theory to the treatment of behavioural and emotional disorders.

Hans J. Eysenck at the Institute of Psychiatry of London University.

Cognitive errors

In cognitive therapy, the client's misconceptions and faulty assumptions. Examples include arbitrary inference, selective abstraction, overgeneralization, magnification, polarized thinking, and personalization.

Preference for Explanations Observer Frame of reference

In existential counselling, the observer's frame of reference is an internal one: the therapist tries to look at the client's experience through the eyes of the client. The I/thou relationship is emphasized

Resistance

In psychoanalysis, any obstacle, pathological or non-pathological, to the progress of an analysis or therapy, usually involving a modification of a ground rule of treatment and based on unconscious sources within both patient and analyst. In Gestalt therapy, the reluctance of people to know, show, or own aspects of themselves. Resistance can be healthy or unhealthy.

Countertransference

In psychoanalysis, the activation of wishes and fantasies on the part of the therapist toward the patient. It can either be elicited by and indicative of the patient's projections, or come from the therapist's tendency to respond to patients as though they were significant others in the life, history, or fantasy of the therapist.

Transference

In psychoanalysis, the therapy situation in which the patient responds to the therapist as though he or she were a significant figure in the patient's life, usually a parent.

Oedipus Complex

In psychoanalytic theory, the unconscious sexual desire of the child towards the opposite sex parent, along with feelings of hostility and fear toward the same sex parent.

8 Basic Concepts

Irrational beliefs Cognitive schema A-B-C theory of personality Cognitive restructuring Socratic dialogue Self-blaming process Stress inoculation Constructivism

Modeling

Learning through observation and imitation. Influencing clients through personal example.

Innate Drives

Life instinct/Libido (Eros) Death instinct/Aggression (Thanatos)

10 important terms from this section that are in the glossary of terms quizlet

Life style Family constellation Social interest Teleological Fictional finalism Basic inferiority Early recollections Reorientation Birth order Strive for superiority

Spotts-De Lazzer (2012) believes practitioners will have to translate and maintain traditional ethics when it comes to social media and offers these recommendations:

Limit what is shared online. Include clear and thorough social networking policies as part of the informed consent process. Regularly update protective settings because social media providers often change their privacy rules.

SFBT Technique: _______ Simply scheduling an appointment often sets positive change in motion. During the initial therapy session, it is common for solution-focused therapists to ask, "What have you done since you called for the appointment that has made a difference in your problem?" (de Shazer, 1985, 1988). By asking about such changes, the therapist can elicit, evoke, and amplify what clients have already done by way of making positive change

Pretherapy Change

Personality structure The topographic model:

Unconscious Preconscious Conscious

Stages of Psychosexual Development

Oral Anal Phallic Latency Genital

Causation: Cognitions

Our perceptions relate to our awareness of others, self-awareness, awareness of death, and non-being. We choose our actions and create our own destinies and we choose to become what we can capably be. Existentialists would contend that reason is only one source of understanding life. It is not capable of providing all the answers.

A key strength of Gestalt therapy is the attempt to integrate theory, practice, and research. Although Gestalt therapy was light on empirical research for several years, it has come more into vogue recently. Strumpfel and Goldman (2002) note that both process and outcome studies have advanced the theory and practice of Gestalt therapy, and they summarize a number of significant findings based on outcome research:

Outcome studies have demonstrated Gestalt therapy to be equal to or greater than other therapies for various disorders. More recent studies have shown that Gestalt therapy has a beneficial impact with personality disturbances, psychosomatic problems, and substance addictions. The effects of Gestalt therapy tend to be stable in follow-up studies one to three years after termination of treatment. Gestalt therapy has demonstrated effectiveness in treating a variety of psychological disorders.

The original formulation of classical conditioning was based on the Stimulus-Response model (S-R), while operant conditioning was represented by the model: Stimulus-Response-Consequence (S-R-C). Within the shift to a cognitive-behavioural orientation, that model was expanded to include the mediating role of the organism to:

Stimulus-Organism-Response-Consequence (S-O-R-C) (Goldfried, 2003).

Clark Hull applied the principles of classical and operant conditioning to learning theory: the ____ model.

Stimulus-Response

Eclectic Approach

To use an eclectic approach means to use a variety of different techniques drawn from various schools of counselling or psychotherapy. The specific approach or technique used by the therapist depends on the client and the client's particular needs.

Environment (learning)

To what extent do environmental factors and learning affect personality?

Societal Interest

Upholding responsibility to act in the best interests of society.

Watson and Tharp's 2nd step for self mgmt

Translating goals into target behaviors. Identify behaviors targeted for change. Once targets for change are selected, anticipate obstacles and think of ways to negotiate them.

Exposure therapy

Treatment for anxiety and fear responses that exposes clients to situations or events that create the unwanted emotional responses.

In Vivo Exposure

Typically, treatment begins with a functional analysis of objects or situations a person avoids or fears. Together, the therapist and the client generate a hierarchy of situations for the client to encounter in ascending order of difficulty. In vivo exposure involves repeated systematic exposure to fear items, beginning from the bottom of the hierarchy. Clients engage in a brief, graduated series of exposures to feared events. As is the case with systematic desensitization, clients learn responses incompatible with anxiety, such as responses involving muscle relaxation. Clients are encouraged eventually to experience their full fear response during exposure without engaging in avoidance. Between therapy sessions, clients carry out self-directed exposure exercises. Clients' progress with home practice is reviewed, and the therapist provides feedback on how the client could deal with any difficulties encountered. In some cases the therapist may accompany clients as they encounter feared situations

Transtheoretical

uses a combination of orientations and techniques, "tailoring" therapeutic method to the client.

Sex Therapy

A therapeutic approach which focuses on sexual dysfunction, explores sexual history and attitudes, and teaches people new ways to think about and express sexual feelings.

Positive reinforcement

A form of conditioning whereby the individual receives something desirable as a consequence of his or her behaviour; a reward that increases the probability of recurrence of a particular behaviour.

Gender identity

"A recognition that one is male or female and the internalization of this knowledge into one's self concept" (APA, 2007, p. 401).

Transsexualism

"Gender identity disorder consisting of a persistent sense of discomfort and inappropriateness relating to one's anatomical sex, with a persistent wish to be rid of one's genitals and to live as a member of the other sex" (APA, 2007, p. 955). (Transsexual - adj., noun)

Transgender (adj.)

"Having or relating to gender identities that differ from culturally determined gender roles and biological sex. Transgender states include transsexualism, some forms of transvestism, and intersexuality" (APA, 2007, p. 953). (Transgenderism - noun)

Techniques focus on the intensification of experiencing and aim at the integration of conflicting feelings or conflicting parts of oneself. The client engages in role-playing; by playing out all the various parts and polarities alternatively, the client gains greater awareness of the conflicts within him/herself. Some techniques include:

"I take responsibility" Making the rounds The empty-chair technique The two-chairs technique Exaggeration Playing the projection Role rehearsal and reversal. Internal dialogue exercise

Tools identified in paper

( 1) the analysand's self observation; (2) the analyst's assistance in identifying the obstacles to self-observation (i.e., resistance analysis); ( 3) the analysand's bringing unconscious contents into the sphere of self-observation with the help of the analyst's interpretations; ( 4) turning the analysand's tendency to account for the listener into an object of self-observation (i.e., the analysis of transference)

Rogers maintained that three therapist attributes create a growth-promoting climate in which individuals can move forward and become what they are capable of becoming:

(1) congruence (genuineness, or realness), (2) unconditional positive regard (acceptance and caring), and (3) accurate empathic understanding (an ability to deeply grasp the subjective world of another person)

An existential group can be described as people making a commitment to a lifelong journey of self-exploration with these goals:

(1) enabling members to become honest with themselves, (2) widening their perspectives on themselves and the world around them, and (3) clarifying what gives meaning to their present andfuture life

. Increasingly, those practitioners who work in a behavioral health care system must cope with the challenges associated with evidence-based practice. Norcross, Hogan, and Koocher (2008) advocate for inclusive evidence-based practices that incorporate the three pillars of EBP:

(1) looking for the best available research, (2) relying on clinical expertise, and (3) taking into consideration the client's characteristics, culture, and preferences

Empathy, particularly emotionally focused empathy, helps clients

(1) pay attention to and value their experiencing, (2) process their experience both cognitively and bodily, (3) view prior experiences in new ways, and (4) increase their confidence in making choices and in pursuing a course of action

Clark (2010) describes an integral model of empathy in the counseling process that is based on three ways of knowing:

(1) subjective empathy (2) interpersonal empathy(3) objective empathy

Communication (Strategic) Family Therapy There are three conceptual directions included under this school:

(1) the communication school (lead by G. Bateson), (2) the problem solving therapy (Haley and Madanes), (3) the brief therapy approach (which later included Paul Watzlawick).

Shapiro and Solomon (2015) state that extensive research has validated EMDR and randomized trials have confirmed that EMDR is both effective and efficient. Twelve sessions with combat veterans resulted in the elimination of PTSD diagnosis in more than __% of the cases.

77

EFT strategies focus on two major tasks:

: (1) help clients with too little emotion access their emotions, and (2) help clients who experience too much emotion contain their emotions

Assessment

: Cognitive behaviour therapy favours a thorough and objective assessment of the client's presenting concern. Aaron Beck developed a number of highly reliable and valid psychological assessment tools that are currently considered standard in clinical practice: Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), and Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSS).

Behavioural methods

: role-playing, modelling, home assignments, self-monitoring, logs and journal keeping.

Family-projection process

A Bowenian concept referring to the mechanism by which parental conflicts are projected onto one or more of the children, generally as the identified patient.

Psychiatry

A branch of medicine which deals with mental, emotional or behavioural disorders. Its techniques involve counselling and drug therapy.

Psychology

A branch of science that studies the mind. Psychologists focus on helping clients cope with their environment through the proper testing and diagnosis of problems and follow-up counselling or group work.

Schema

A cognitive representation of individuals' past experiences with other people, situations, and themselves, which helps them construe events within that particular aspect of their life. Much like a template that allows one to detect certain information and ignore others, a schema guides the organization of life events.

Confluence

A disturbance in which the sense of the boundary between self and environment is lost; a type of interruption to contact in Gestalt therapy.

Fiduciary Duty

A duty to act for someone else's benefit, while subordinating one's personal interests to that of the other person." (Black's Law Dictionary, https://thelawdictionary.org)

Identified patient

A family member who carries the symptom for a family and who is identified by the family as the person with the problem. In genograms this person is the index person.

Closed family system

A family structure characterized by strict regulation that limits transactions with the external environment and restricts incoming and outgoing people and information.

Stress-inoculation training

A form of cognitive behaviour modification developed by Donald Meichenbaum that involves an educational, rehearsal, and application phase. Clients learn the role of thinking in creating stress, are given coping skills for dealing with stressful situations, and practice techniques aimed at changing behaviour.

Bases for healthy personality

A healthy individual has a strong social interest and realistic life goals. He or she has an effective, socially acceptable, healthy compensation for perceived inferiorities and is a contributing member of a democratic family and a democratic society.

Multimodal therapy

A model endorsing technical eclecticism; uses procedures drawn from various sources (mostly behaviourism) without necessarily subscribing to the theories behind these techniques; developed by Arnold Lazarus.

Social learning theory

A perspective holding that behaviour is best understood by taking into consideration the social conditions under which learning occurs; developed primarily by Albert Bandura. More recently called social cognitive theory.

Idiographic

A qualitative approach to research that focuses on the investigation of a small number of individuals, or a single case/participant, with the purpose of achieving an in-depth understanding of that person's subjective lived experience. The results of idiographic research are expressed as themes and patterns of participants' narratives.

Nomothetic

A quantitative approach in research that investigates large groups of participants in order to derive general laws of behaviour. The analysis uses statistical methods and the results of nomothetic research are expressed as numbers that require expert interpretation.

Genogram

A schematic diagram of the family system, usually including at least three generations; employed by many family therapists to identify recurring behaviour patterns within the family.

Solution-Focused Therapy

A school of brief therapy developed in 1986 by a group of therapists led by Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg. It is based on the following key points: (a) whatever the problem, there are always exceptions when the problem is less apparent or even absent altogether, and (b) the clients' hopes for the future are essential to progress in therapy. Solution-focused therapists concentrate on the clients' strengths and use the clients' own personal resources to chart their way forward in life and achieve their personal goals.

Normal Anxiety

A sense of apprehension appropriate to a given threatening situation, which can be faced, dealt with, and used creatively. Compare with Neurotic Anxiety.

Reinforcement

A specified event that strengthens the tendency for a response to be repeated.

Self-esteem

A stable sense of personal worth or worthiness. Morris Rosenberg (1989) developed the Self-Esteem Scale, a ten-item self-report questionnaire which has become one of the most frequently used measures of the construct. Baumeister, Smart, and Boden (1996) defined Self esteem as 'a favorable global evaluation of oneself' (p. 5).

Neurotic Anxiety

A state of fear or apprehension out of proportion to an actual threat. Neurotic anxiety is destructive or paralysing. Compare with Normal Anxiety.

Systematic Desensitization

A step-by-step procedure, based on the principles of classical conditioning, for replacing anxiety with relaxation while gradually increasing exposure to an anxiety-producing situation or object.

Open Family System

A structure in which patterns of interaction are regulated by the process of group consensus. Boundaries are flexible and extend the territory of the family into the larger community.

Superego

A structure of the mind, developed from innate tendencies and early parental interactions and identifications, that embraces moral and other standards and regulates psychic tensions, self-image, self-esteem, and drive-discharge.

Sandplay

A technique developed in analytical psychology, whereby the client creates imaginative scenes using figurines and small statuettes on a sand tray, thus processing and resolving unconscious conflicts and aspirations. Representatives: Dora Kaff.

Paradoxical directive/intention

A technique in strategic family therapy whereby the therapist directs family members to continue their symptomatic behaviour. Change occurs through defying the directive. In somewhat different ways, also used by Alfred Adler and later by Viktor Frankl.

Reframing

A technique whereby the counsellor changes the frame of reference for looking at an individual's behaviour, sometimes shifting between an intrapersonal and an interpersonal definition of a client's problem.

Tension reduction vs. tension production model

A tension reduction model refers to individuals being motivated to reduce tension (deficiency) and feel more comfortable (pleasure), i.e., hunger. A tension production model focuses on self-actualization, where an individual may choose to experience tension to meet higher needs, such as curiosity and personal fulfillment.

Musturbation

A term coined by Albert Ellis to refer to behaviour that is absolutist and rigid. According to this "irrational belief", we tell ourselves that we MUST, should, or ought to do or be something.

Logotherapy

A therapeutic approach developed by Viktor Frankl emphasizing value and meaning as prerequisites for mental health and personal growth. As a brand of existential therapy, logotherapy literally means "healing through discourse". It focuses on challenging clients to search for meaning in life.

Structural Family Therapy

A therapeutic approach directed at changing or realigning the organization of a family to modify dysfunctional patterns and clarify boundaries. Representative: Salvador Minuchin.

Strategic therapy

A therapeutic approach whereby the therapist develops a specific plan and designs interventions/strategies geared toward solving a family's presenting problems. Representative: Jay Haley.

Joining

In structural family therapy, accommodating to a family's system to help the members change dysfunctional patterns.

Bases for psychopathology:

Adlerian theory considers the following as possible sources of psychopathology: lack of social interest, mistaken beliefs and inadequate psychological models, overambition, or discouragement; poor self concept; pampering, neglect, organ (physical weaknesses of the body) inferiority, sibling rivalry, and self-defeating behaviour.

Adler's preference for explanations: Tension reduction/ tension production

Adlerian therapy is based on tension production: striving for superiority and perfection. It is a growth model, whereby much of a person's behaviour can be explained as involving an individual's movement towards growth and self-actualization.

Spitting in the Client's Soup

Adlerians believe that there is a payoff or reward for behaviours that are maintained; therefore, when a counsellor points out the particular payoff for a negative behaviour, the 'enjoyment' may be diminished.

Rudolf Dreikurs

After Adler's death in 1937, Rudolph Dreikurs kept the Adlerian approach alive in North America. He was also the Director of the Alfred Adler Institute of Chicago. Dreikurs's work has been very influential in the fields of counselling /psychotherapy, education and teaching

___ developed the first holistic theory of personality, psychopathology, and psychotherapy that was very closely connected to a humanistic philosophy of living.

Alfred Adler (1870-1937)

Methods of expressive arts therapy are based on humanistic principles but give fuller form to Carl Rogers's notions of creativity. These principles include the following

All people have an innate ability to be creative. The creative process is transformative and healing. The healing aspects involve activities such as meditation, movement, art, music, and journal writing. Personal growth and higher states of consciousness are achieved through self-awareness, self-understanding, and insight. Self-awareness, understanding, and insight are achieved by delving into our feelings of grief, anger, pain, fear, joy, and ecstasy. Our feelings and emotions are an energy source that can be channeled into the expressive arts to be released and transformed. The expressive arts lead us into the unconscious, thereby enabling us to express previously unknown facets of ourselves and bring to light new information and awareness. One art form stimulates and nurtures the other, bringing us to an inner core or essence that is our life energy. A connection exists between our life force—our inner core, or soul—and the essence of all beings. As we journey inward to discover our essence or wholeness, we discover our relatedness to the outer world, and the inner and outer become one.

Self Psychology

An analytic psychotherapy, utilizing empathy and interpretation, to promote greater self-cohesion and self-esteem. The approach addresses experiences in the past and present which have been emotionally injurious or enhancing to self-esteem. Representatives: H. Kohut, O. Kernberg.

Bio-psycho-social Approach

An approach aimed at understanding the interactions between one's biological processes (the body), psychological processes (the mind) and social circumstances (the family and community environment). The goal is to assist clients in understanding how these three factors may affect behaviour. Representative: E. Erikson.

Inferiority Complex

An exaggeration of feelings of inferiority and insecurity resulting in defensiveness and neurotic behaviour. In Adlerian theory it is usually, but not always, abnormal. Contrast with Inferiority Feeling.

Actualizing tendency

An innate human predisposition toward growth and fulfilling one's potential.

Thanatos

An instinct toward death and self-destruction, posited by Freud to oppose and balance Eros, the life instinct.

Re-labelling

An intervention that changes the label or evaluation applied to the client's behavioural characteristics. Generally, the focus is shifted from a negative to a positive evaluation.

Jungian

Analytic (psychodynamic) orientation which stresses the role of spirituality and the process of individuation in dealing with emotional disorders. Representatives: Carl Gustav Jung.

Holistic/Atomistic

As the name of his approach suggests, Ellis considers REBT as a holistic form of therapy that takes into consideration all aspects of human functioning: thinking, feeling, and behaving. In its earlier formulation, the theory was called Rational Emotive Therapy. Later on, Ellis decided to make the behavioural component explicit in the title as well, in order to better reflect the comprehensive nature of his approach.

Causation: motivation

As with the role of cognitions, early behaviourists believed that inner motivational constructs are unscientific, hence misleading. The later social learning theory of Albert Bandura introduced motivational constructs in behavioural theory.

Techniques and procedures: analysis of resistance

At times, the client will resist therapy by erecting obstacles against self-observation or by opposing the analyst. The analyst will, in a timely manner, highlight those instances, normalize them, and encourage the client's reflections on the possible unconscious factors behind them.

Caustation: Enviroment

Behaviour is learned through interaction with the environment and it can be explained and controlled purely by the manipulation of the environment that contains the behaving organism. Personality is a learned repertoire of responses based on environmental conditions.

Preference for explanation : Tension production vs tension reduction

Behaviour therapy generally follows a tension reduction model. With the exception of some ethically controversial applications of aversion techniques and implosive therapy, the model is based on the assumption that people learn to avoid discomfort and seek out pleasure or comfort.

Preference for explanation: nomothetic vs idiographic

Behaviourism takes a nomothetic approach to the explanation of behaviour. The goal is to identify the general laws of learning that can be applied to all behaviour.

Preference for explanation: longitudinal vs cross sectional

Behaviourists apply the principles of learning to specific current behaviours. Symptoms, or maladaptive behaviours that are more entrenched by repeated reinforcement of past contingencies may take longer to extinguish.

Gestalt theory is rooted in a number of disciplines and schools of thought. According to Clarkson and Mackewn (1993), in developing the Gestalt approach to therapy, Perls drew from:

Classical and innovative psychoanalysis Holism Easter religion (particularly Zen Buddhism) Existentialism and phenomenology Gestalt psychology and Kurt Lewin's field theory Wilhelm Reich's character analysis and body therapy Theatre, dance, and movement

Early Recollections

Clients in Adlerian counselling are invited to recall the earliest memory (or memories) they have about themselves. Those narratives, with all of their details and associated emotions, are interpreted collaboratively in an attempt to capture the current relevance of various aspects of those recollections. Thus, Adlerian counsellors use the interpretation of early recollections as a projective technique, i.e., not focusing on the historical accuracy of those memories, but recognizing that memory is a selective process, whereby clients only remember past events and situations that have some current meaning in their lives.

Clinical supervision

Clinical supervision refers to a formal arrangement between a clinical supervisor and supervisee to embark on a supervisory relationship and process. Reciprocal informed consent commences with the development of a supervisory plan/agreement/contract and includes discussion of the proposed supervision schedule (e.g., anticipated dates, session duration, supervision period); fees (if applicable, including payment and collection processes); learning goals and objectives; roles, rights, responsibilities, and requirements of each party; assessment, formative and summative feedback, evaluation, and reporting processes; procedures to follow in the event of a client emergency (including alternate contact if the supervisor is not available); avenues for resolving any conflict between the supervisor and supervisee; remedial processes; and plans for transfer of supervision records in the event of supervisor relocation, retirement, incapacitation, or death.

De Shazer (1988) has described three kinds of relationships that may develop between therapists and their clients in SFBT:

Customer, complainant, visitor

ethical decision making step 8

Decide on what appears to be the best possible course of action. Once the course of action has been implemented, follow up to evaluate the outcomes and to determine whether further action is necessary. Document the reasons for the actions you took as well as your evaluation measures.

Watson and Tharp's 3rd step for self mgmt

Deliberately and systematically observe your own behavior, and keep a behavioral diary in which you record your actions, thoughts, and feelings along with comments about the relevant antecedent cues and consequences. This diary can help you identify what you need to change.

Family sculpting

Developed by Duhl, Kantor, and Duhl (1973) and used extensively by Virginia Satir, family sculpting provides for recreation of the family system, representing family members relationships to one another at a specific period of time. The family therapist can use sculpting at any time in therapy by asking family members to physically arrange the family. Family sculpting can be used as a diagnostic tool and provides the opportunity for future therapeutic interventions.

Sculpting

Developed by Duhl, Kantor, and Duhl (1973), family sculpting provides for recreation of the family system, representing family members relationships to one another at a specific period of time. The family therapist can use sculpting at any time in therapy by asking family members to physically arrange the family. Family sculpting can be used as a diagnostic tool and provides the opportunity for future therapeutic interventions.

______ of human personality is seen as an attempt to fulfill five innate drives: belonging, power, fun or enjoyment, freedom, and physical survival. "Reality therapy teaches that human beings choose behaviors. When choices are made, people discover that the result attained is desirable or undesirable. They thus discover whether their behaviors are effective or ineffective in satisfying their needs" (Glasser & Wubbolding, 1995, p. 300).

Development

Principle IV: Responsibility to Society (ethics 2017)

Development of knowledge, beneficial activities, respect for society, Development of society, extended responsibility

Regression

Ego defence mechanism whereby the individual deals with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by adopting behaviour more typical of earlier developmental stages.

Devaluation

Ego defence mechanism whereby the individual deals with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by attributing exaggerated negative qualities to self or others.

Idealisation

Ego defence mechanism whereby the individual deals with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by attributing exaggerated positive qualities to others.

Withdrawal

Ego defence mechanism whereby the individual deals with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by avoiding contact with others.

Sublimation

Ego defence mechanism whereby the individual deals with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by channelling potentially maladaptive feelings or impulses into socially or culturally acceptable behaviour (e.g., contact sports to channel angry impulses, or using artistic creativity to process or express disturbing emotions).

Pseudo-Altruism

Ego defence mechanism whereby the individual deals with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by claiming to derive satisfaction from meeting the needs of others. Unlike altruism, pseudo-altruism has a self-sacrificing component and involves a surrender of direct gratification or of instinctual needs in favour of fulfilling the needs of others to the detriment of the self.

Enactment

In structural family therapy an intervention consisting of a family playing out its relationship patterns during a therapy session so that the therapist can observe and then change transactions that make up the family structure. The term is also used in Gestalt therapy and psychodrama.

Splitting

Ego defence mechanism whereby the individual deals with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by compartmentalizing opposite affect states and failing to integrate the positive and negative qualities of the self or others into cohesive images. Because ambivalent affects cannot be experienced simultaneously, more balanced views and expectations of self or others are excluded from emotional awareness. Self and object images tend to alternate between polar opposites: exclusively loving, powerful, worthy, nurturant, and kind - or exclusively bad, hateful, angry, destructive, rejecting, or worthless.

Hypochondriasis (Help-Rejecting/Complaining)

Ego defence mechanism whereby the individual deals with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by complaining or making repetitious requests for help that disguise covert feelings of hostility or reproach toward others, which are then expressed by rejecting the suggestions, advice, or help that others offer. The complaints or requests may involve physical or psychological symptoms or life problems.

Somatization

Ego defence mechanism whereby the individual deals with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by developing symptoms of physical illness (such as headaches).

Humour

Ego defence mechanism whereby the individual deals with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by emphasising the amusing or ironic aspects of the conflict or stressor.

Fantasy (Autistic)

Ego defence mechanism whereby the individual deals with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by excessive daydreaming as a substitute for human relationships, more effective action, or problem solving.

Anticipation

Ego defence mechanism whereby the individual deals with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by experiencing emotional reactions in advance of, or anticipating consequences of possible future events and considering realistic, alternative responses or solutions.

Projection

Ego defence mechanism whereby the individual deals with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by falsely attributing to another his or her own unacceptable feelings, impulses, or thoughts.

Omnipotence

Ego defence mechanism whereby the individual deals with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by feeling or acting as if he or she possesses special powers or abilities and is superior to others.

Consumption

Ego defence mechanism whereby the individual deals with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by ingesting food, alcohol, medication, drugs, or by smoking.

Suppression

Ego defence mechanism whereby the individual deals with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by intentionally avoiding thinking about disturbing problems, wishes, feelings, or experiences.

Inhibition

Ego defence mechanism whereby the individual deals with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by limiting or renouncing specific ego functions in order to avoid contradictions with instinctual impulses, moral values, or environmental forces or figures.

Reaction Formation

Ego defence mechanism whereby the individual deals with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by substituting behaviour, thoughts, or feelings that are diametrically opposed to his or her own unacceptable thoughts or feelings (this usually occurs in conjunction with their repression).

Isolation of Affect

Ego defence mechanism whereby the individual deals with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by the separation of ideas from the feelings originally associated with them. The individual looses touch with the feelings associated with a given idea (e.g., a traumatic event) while remaining aware of the cognitive elements of it (e.g., descriptive details).

Affiliation

Ego defence mechanism whereby the individual deals with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by turning to others for help or support. This involves sharing problems with others but does not imply trying to make someone else responsible for them.

Undoing

Ego defence mechanism whereby the individual deals with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by words or behaviour designed to negate or to make amends symbolically for unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or impulses.

three levels of the experience of being-in-the-world:

Eigenwelt (the inner world of self), Mitwelt (the interpersonal world), and Umwelt (the biological and physical aspects of experience).

Nomothetic/Idiographic

Ellis recognizes the individual's uniqueness. We have the resources and the ability to assert and express a unique approach to dealing with the circumstances we create and encounter in life. While the focus in Ellis's approach is on the individual's subjective worldview, the mechanisms by which people generate rational or irrational beliefs are considered to be universal. In Ellis's (2000) own words, "These irrational ideologies are not infinitely varied or hard to discover. They can be listed under a few major headings and, once understood, quickly uncovered by REBT analysis" (p. 174).

Watson and Tharp's 5th step for self mgmt

Evaluating an action plan. Evaluate the plan for change to determine whether goals are being achieved, and adjust and revise the plan as other ways to meet goals are learned. Be willing to adjust your plan as conditions change. Evaluation is an ongoing process rather than a onetime occurrence, and self-change is a lifelong practice.

Stress Inoculation training: Clients can acquire more effective strategies in dealing with stressful situations by learning how to modify their cognitive "set," or core beliefs. The following procedures are designed to teach these coping skills:

Expose clients to anxiety-provoking situations by means of role playing and imagery Require clients to evaluate their anxiety level Teach clients to become aware of the anxiety-provoking cognitions they experience in stressful situations Help clients examine these thoughts by reevaluating their self-statements Have clients note the level of anxiety following this reevaluation

e. Adlerians work collaboratively with clients to help them reach their self-defined goals. Adlerians educate clients in new ways of looking at themselves, others, and life. Through the process of providing clients with a new "cognitive map," a fundamental understanding of the purpose of their behavior, counselors assist them in changing their perceptions. Maniacci, Sackett-Maniacci, and Mosak (2014) identify these goals for the educational process of therapy:

Fostering social interest by helping clients connect with their responsibility to their community Helping clients overcome feelings of discouragement and inferiority Modifying clients' lifestyle in the direction of becoming more adaptive, flexible, and social Changing faulty motivation Encouraging equality and acceptance of self and others Helping people to become contributing members of the world community

Preference of explanations: nomothetic vs idiographic

Freud utilized the case study method, which involved the study of the individual over a period of time. His case studies were inspired from his own clinical practice, but also consisted in psychoanalytical commentaries to literary characters (Hamlet, Macbeth, King Lear, Richard III) and biographies (Leonardo da Vinci). Although not employing statistical methods per se, Freud did provide comprehensive analyses of cultures and societies (in such works as: Moses and Monotheism, Totem and Taboo, Civilization and Its Discontents).

Second-Order Change

Fundamental change in the system's organization and function. In psychotherapy, second-order change has been associated with profound changes at the level of motivational structures of behaviour.

you talk

Global and impersonal language tends to keep the person hidden. The therapist often points out generalized uses of "you" and invites the client to experiment with substituting "I" when this is what is mean

Preference for Explanations, Each theory can be compared and contrasted with other theories on these continuums:

Holistic vs Atomistic, External vs Internal determinants, nomothetic vs idiographic, longitudinal vs cross-sectional, tension reduction vs tension production model, observer frame of reference (external or internal)

The Experientialists Virginia Satir is more important as a skilled clinician and teacher than as an original theorist. Her approach to family therapy is direct, sometimes didactic, yet always characterized by a warm and empathic style. Far that reason, her approach to family therapy has been also known as the _______

Human Validation Model.

Psychoanalysis view of human nature

Human existence is based on the tension between life and death instincts. How we manage the tension determines whether we will move in the direction of growth and creativity or in the direction of self-destruction and aggressiveness.

causation heredity

Humans are born with an innate actualizing tendency. Positive forces toward health and growth are natural and inherent in the organism.

Role of the therapist The existential counsellor is one who listens, empathizes, and, through mutually experiencing the moment with the client, helps the client to a greater understanding of his or her life. The _____ relationship encounter is stressed. The therapist models authenticity and a strong sense of responsibility. Existential therapy encourages clients to __________________ Attention is given to the client's genuine investment in the counselling process.

I/thou, reflect on their own existence.

Personality structure The structural/functional model:

Id Ego Superego

Ethical decision making step 1

Identify the problem or dilemma. Gather information that will shed light on the nature of the problem. This will help you decide whether the problem is mainly ethical, legal, professional, clinical, or moral.

Life Tasks

In Adlerian therapy, the universal problems in human life, including the tasks of friendship (or community), work (or a division of labour), and intimacy (or love and marriage). The additional tasks of spiritual growth and self-identity were added by Rudolf Dreikurs and Harold Mosak.

Self-efficacy

In Bandura's social cognitive theory, a belief in one's personal capabilities, characterized by an anticipation of high performance in the future based on prior experiences of success.

A-B-C model

In Behaviour Therapy, the temporal and causal sequence of antecedents, behaviours, and consequences. In Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (Albert Ellis), the acronym stands for Activating event, Belief, and Consequence. Ellis theorized that people's problems do not stem from activating events but, rather, from their beliefs about such events. Thus, the best route to changing problematic emotions (consequences) is to change one's beliefs about situations.

Retroflection

In Gestalt therapy, a form of interruption to contact or boundary disturbance, the act of turning back onto ourselves something we would like to do (or have done) to someone else.

Oral stage

In psychoanalytic theory, the initial stage of psychosexual development, during which the mouth is the primary source of gratification; a time when the infant is learning to trust or mistrust the world. It ends with the beginning of the period of toilet training.

Free association

In psychoanalytical therapy, a primary technique, consisting of spontaneous and uncensored verbalization by the client, which gives clues to the nature of the client's unconscious conflicts.

Preference for explanation : external vs internal beterminants

In radical behaviourism, all behaviour is externally determined by contingencies of the environment. Inner subjective experience is irrelevant.

Observer Frame of Reference Internal/External

In reality therapy the counsellor encourages and teaches the client how to evaluate his or her own behaviour. Constructive choice of more effective behaviours can be attained only after an explicit client self-evaluation of his/her current wants, behaviours, and perceptions.

In a comprehensive review of the research on person-centered therapy over a period of 60 years, Bozarth, Zimring, and Tausch (2002) concluded the following:

In the earliest years of the approach, the client rather than the therapist determined the direction and goals of therapy and the therapist's role was to help the client clarify feelings. This style of nondirective therapy was associated with increased understanding, greater self-exploration, and improved self-concepts. Later a shift from clarification of feelings to a focus on the client's lived experiences took place. As person-centered therapy developed further, research centered on the core conditions assumed to be both necessary and sufficient for successful therapy. The attitude of the therapist—an empathic understanding of the client's world and the ability to communicate a nonjudgmental stance to the client—along with the therapist's genuineness were found to be basic to a successful therapy outcome. The main source of successful psychotherapy is the client. The therapist's attention to the client's frame of reference fosters the client's utilization of inner and outer resources.

Solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) is a future-focused, goal-oriented therapeutic approach to brief therapy developed initially by _________ at the Brief Family Therapy Center in Milwaukee in the early 1980

Insoo Kim Berg, Steve de Shazer

Mid- to late 1980's, the International Journal of Eclectic Psychotherapy was founded, and later renamed Journal of ...

Integrative and Eclectic Psychotherapy in 1987.

Observer frame of reference ___: One of the central concepts of the person-centred theory is empathic understanding. According to Rogers (1951), empathy must remain the counsellor's primary modus operandi, as it is a necessary condition for positive therapeutic change. "The therapist endeavours to keep himself out as a separate person... his whole endeavour is to understand the other so completely that he becomes almost an alter ego of the client... The whole relationship is composed of the self of the client, the counselor being depersonalized for the purpose of therapy into being 'the client's other self'." (p. 42)

Internal

Hays (2009) asserts there is an "almost perfect fit" between cognitive behavior therapy and multicultural therapy because these perspectives share common assumptions that make integration possible. Aspects that contribute to an integrative framework include the following:

Interventions are tailored to the unique needs and strengths of the individual. Clients are empowered by learning specific skills they can apply in daily life (CBT) and by the emphasis on cultural influences that contribute to clients' uniqueness (multicultural therapy). Inner resources and strengths of clients are activated to bring about change. Clients make changes that minimize stressors, increase personal strengths and supports, and establish skills for dealing more effectively with their physical and social (cultural) environments.

Ego defense mechanisms

Intra-psychic processes that operate mostly unconsciously to protect the person from threatening and, therefore, anxiety-producing thoughts, feelings, and impulses.

Causation: Motivation

Irrational/rational beliefs motivate people. We act in accordance with our beliefs. Motivation is based on the assumption that we naturally prize and pursue pleasure and joy, creativity, and freedom. We are rewarded when we minimize pain and maximize pleasure

Psychoanalytical Multigenerational Representatives:

John Bell, Murray Bowen

____ introduced several therapeutic techniques based on Pavlov's conditioning principles and Hull's stimulus-response theory; in particular, he applied learning principles to adult neurotic disorders.

Joseph Wolpe

The philosophical roots of existentialism are to be found in the works of _____ and the phenomenologists.

Kierkegaard, Heidegger, Sartre, Husserl

Causation: Motivation

Motivation is tied to an innate, never-ending striving for perfection and completion. Social interest is seen as the primary source of motivation. We strive for superiority, social interest, through purposive goal-directed behaviour. Perceived inferiority is a motivating condition for behaviour and striving for goals is a motivational principle.

Causation of mental illness: Motivation in Psychoanalysis

Motives are life and death instincts. Freud believed the basic forces motivating personality were Eros (life and sexual energy) and Thanatos (death and aggression) and that the individual is motivated to seek out satisfaction of one of these two instinctual drives. This is a deficiency model based on the pleasure principle whereby people are motivated to seek pleasure and reduce pain.

it talk

When clients say "it" instead of "I," they are using depersonalizing language. The counselor may ask them to substitute personal pronouns for impersonal ones so that they will assume an increased sense of responsibility

. Gestalt therapy is basically an existential encounter out of which clients tend to move in certain directions. Through a creative involvement in Gestalt process, Zinker (1978) expects clients will do the following:

Move toward increased awareness of themselves Gradually assume ownership of their experience (as opposed to making others responsible for what they are thinking, feeling, and doing) Develop skills and acquire values that will allow them to satisfy their needs without violating the rights of others Become more aware of all of their senses Learn to accept responsibility for what they do, including accepting the consequences of their actions Be able to ask for and get help from others and be able to give to others

The ____ Therapy developed by Arnold Lazarus is a relatively brief and practical approach to counselling, which draws most heavily from the behaviourist and cognitive tradition. It is cited often as an example of technical eclecticism, as interventions are borrowed from various schools of counselling with the purpose of matching the wide variety of client needs, styles, or presenting concerns

Multimodal

The Structuralists Representatives:

Nathan Ackerman, Salvador Minuchin

integration and summary

Once material has been gathered from both subjective and objective interviews with the client, integrated summaries of the data are developed. Different summaries are prepared for different clients, but common ones are a narrative summary of the person's subjective experience and life story; a summary of family constellation and developmental data; a summary of early recollections, personal strengths or assets, and interfering ideas; and a summary of coping strategies. The summaries are presented to the client and discussed in the session, with the client and the counselor together refining specific points. This information provides the client with the chance to discuss specific topics and to raise questions.

Lifestyle

One's characteristic way of living and pursuing long-term goals. It is an essential and comprehensive concept in Adlerian theory.

Preference of explanations: external vs internal determinants

Psychoanalysis considers both internal and external determiners of human behaviour. Internal determinants include the life and death instincts and unconscious conflicts. The drive represented by unconscious impulses (id) is intertwined with the anxiety caused by society's prohibitions and rules (superego), in its attempt to control those impulses. The ego defense mechanisms control these impulses to keep guilt and anxiety to a minimum

Extraversion

Psychological attitude in Jungian typology. People who prefer Extraversion tend to focus on the outer world of people and things.

Feeling

Psychological function in Jungian typology. People who prefer Feeling tend to base their decisions primarily on values and on subjective evaluation of person-centred concerns.

Perceiving

Psychological orientation in Jungian typology that is characterized by a flexible and spontaneous approach to life and a preference for keeping options open.

Judging

Psychological orientation in Jungian typology that is characterized by a planned and organized approach to life and a preference for having things settled.

Biofeedback

Quantifiable indicators of physical functioning are measured and presented to the client. The client learns to control the levels of functioning by checking them against the levels of light, sound, or meter.

Longitudinal/Cross Sectional

REBT does not consider developmental, maturational factors to be responsible for the generation of rational or irrational beliefs. Rather, people of all ages can avoid psychological distress by learning how to subject their own misperceptions and misinterpretations to rational analysis.

Causation: Cognitions

What we believe or think, determines how we feel and how we act. When we perceive an event, object, or situation, we think about (appraise) it, we experience a feeling toward it, and we act or react in accordance with our appraisals and feelings.

In his notoriously clear and emphatic manner, Ellis (2000) captures the most salient aspects of his approach in the following paragraph: _____ is a cognitive-emotive-behaviouristic method of psychotherapy uniquely designed to enable people to observe, understand, and persistently dispute their irrational, grandiose, perfectionistic shoulds, oughts, and musts, and their awfulizing. It employs the logico-empirical method of science to encourage people to surrender magic, absolutes, and damnation; to acknowledge that nothing is sacred or all-important (although many things are exceptionally unpleasant and inconvenient); and to gradually teach themselves and to practice the philosophy of desiring rather than demanding and of working at changing what they can change and gracefully putting up with what they cannot" p. 201

REBT,

Longitudinal vs. cross-sectional

Refers to a contrasting way of studying the individual. A longitudinal perspective focuses on studying the individual over an extended period of time using, for example, a case study approach. When studying an individual cross-sectionally, the focus would be on looking at the individual at a specific point in time by examining specific aspects of the person. i.e., emotional, physical, social, intellectual, etc., development of a six-year old.

View of Human Nature

Refers to the philosophical basis of each theory. Are humans seen as basically having an inherently good or bad nature or are they seen in a neutral fashion? When relating to the environment the individual can be seen as active, passive (reactive) or interactive.

Autonomy

Respecting the rights of clients to agency and self-determination.

Operant conditioning forms an association between a behaviour and a consequence. It is also called ___________ because it forms an association between the organism's response (behaviour) and the stimulus that follows (consequence)

Response-Stimulus or R-S conditioning

__ `was the first to formulate a comprehensive theory of personality and psychotherapy grounded in empirical research, and he contributed to developing a theory of psychotherapy that focused on the strengths and resources of individuals

Rogers

Early Recollection

Salient memory of a single incident from childhood; used as a projective technique by Adlerian therapists.

___ focus is on self-esteem, communication, rules of interaction, and the family linkage to society.

Satir's

Inferiority Feeling

Seeing oneself as inadequate or incompetent in comparison with others, with one's ideal self, or with personal values. In Adlerian theory, it is considered universal and normal. Contrast with Inferiority Complex.

language that denies power

Some clients have a tendency to deny their personal power by adding qualifiers or disclaimers to their statements. The therapist may also point out to clients how certain qualifiers subtract from their effectiveness. Experimenting with omitting qualifiers such as "maybe," "perhaps," "sort of," "I guess," "possibly," and "I suppose" can help clients change ambivalent messages into clear and direct statements. Likewise, when clients say "I can't," they are really implying "I won't." Encouraging clients to substitute "won't" for "can't" often assists them in owning and accepting their power by taking responsibility for their decisions. The therapist must be careful in intervening so that clients do not feel that everything they say is subject to scrutiny

Attitude modulation

Technique (second step) used in logotherapy (Viktor Frankl) consisting in helping clients view their predicament from different perspectives.

Openness to new meanings

Technique (third step) in the logotherapy (Viktor Frankl) process of helping clients find meaning in their lives.

Preference for explanations: Tension production/ reduction ____. As a self-actualizer, the individual would always strive to expand his or her growth. Full expression of the actualizing tendency is sought through tension increase. Its direction is forward.

Tension production

Masculine protest

Term coined by Adler to describe a striving to escape identification with the oppressed feminine role. Initially, it was meant as form of overcompensation for feelings of inferiority instilled in individuals by a patriarchal male-dominated culture. In a broader sense, the term can be applied to both women and men, and it can encompass both neurotic mechanisms (egotistic drives, defiance, vengeance, and aggressive tendencies) as well as manifestations of positive adjustment (increased energy, vigour, self-assertion, and determination to succeed).

Adler's preference for explanations: Hollistic/atomistic

The Adlerian approach to counselling subscribes to a holistic view of the human nature. "Holism, like Gestalt Psychology, recognizes the whole is more than the sum of its parts. The whole in itself is an active factor; it cannot be explained by the characteristics of its parts, the human being is composed of physical, chemical, and biological structures, with physiological and psychological mechanisms. However, the human body by itself is neither human nor a body; mind, apart from the whole of personality, becomes a functionless abstraction" (Dreikurs, 1997, p. 130).

Psychosexual stages

The Freudian chronological phases of development, beginning in infancy. Each of the five stages is characterized by a primary way of gaining sensual and sexual gratification.

Unconditional acceptance of the client as a person

The REBT counsellor shows clients that although they commit many mistakes, they are not contemptible for these errors, which minimizes the clients' need for defensiveness. The role of empathy and the counsellor's non-judgemental attitude is particularly stressed by Meichenbaum (1993).

Preference for explanation: holistic vs atomistic

The behaviourist takes the atomistic approach. Behaviour change is examined. The emphasis is on specific behavioural responses and symptoms, rather than on the total person.

Trait theory

The belief in stable and enduring personality characteristics.

time orientation

The client's current perceptions of his/her experience constitute the focus of exploration in person-centred counselling. The past is important insofar as it has an enduring impact on the present. Even though the client's history may emerge during the counselling process, it is not purposely targeted by the counsellor. This approach is known for its focus on the 'here and now'. The person-centred counsellor would most likely respond to the client's description of a past incident by reflecting on the current emotional impact that the past event may still have on the client (e.g., "You are still very angry about what your father said to you years ago"). Rogers believed that all the information necessary for change exists in the present and it is not imperative to know and understand the client's past.

Swanson (as cited in Gladding, 2009) lists 4 guidelines for assessing whether counsellors act in ethically responsible ways:

The counsellor must be personal, professional and honest. Hidden agendas and unacknowledged feelings hinder relationships. Counsellors need to be open with themselves and those with whom they work. Counsellors must act in the best interest of clients. Counsellors must be aware of not imposing their personal values on clients. Counsellors must act without malice or personal gain and make sure that self-interest does not become a part of the relationship with the clients. Counsellors must justify an action as the best judgement of what should be done based upon the current state of the profession.

External/Internal Determinants

The emphasis is on individual needs and the individual's choices. At the same time, there is a recognition of the role played by external factors in satisfying the individual's needs.

Feminist Theory/Therapy

The feminist therapist views many personal problems as stemming from our society where inequality between men and women exists, and where men and women have been conditioned into rigid roles. Feminist therapy is based on an equal relationship between client and therapist, where the therapist acknowledges the client's ability to make her/his own choices and helps her/him identify strategies to deal with oppression.

Time Orientation Present

The focus is on the present. According to Glasser, a successful identity cannot be acquired without being aware of one's present behaviour. The past is not changeable. It is action, not insight or past experiences or unconscious motivation, that is the primary focus in reality therapy. Past behaviour is addressed in reality therapy insofar as it impacts on present choices or future behaviour. The future is addressed in terms of the commitment to carry out a plan in the present.

Adler's preference for explanations:: Longitudinal/ cross sectional

The longitudinal perspective is used to understand the client. This is reflected in the use of early recollections, as well as obtaining a comprehensive client history, all part of the lifestyle assessment.

main time orientation in psychoanalysis

The major emphasis is on the past. All treatment of neurotic disorders must be historically based. Behaviour is determined by past experiences. Early childhood development has a profound effect on adult functioning, including aspirations and goals. For example, even in dream analysis, Freud interpreted the manifest content of dreams as a symbol of a lingering wish and remained steadfast in his rejection of any premonitory interpretation.

Negative Reinforcement

The termination or withdrawal of a stimulus (reinforcer) in order to increase the likelihood of a response.

Preference for Explanations: Hollistic/ Atonmistic

The theory adopts a holistic approach by conceptualizing the individual as a whole person and exploring all three levels of the experience of being-in-the-world: Eigenwelt (the inner world of self), Mitwelt (the interpersonal world), and Umwelt (the biological and physical aspects of experience).

Causation of mental illness: Heredity to psychoanalysis

The theory emphasizes life (libido) and death (aggression) instincts. Heredity lays down the basic framework for personality.

Phallic Phase/Stage

The third phase of psychosexual development in Freudian theory, extending over the period from age 3 to 5, in which penile/vaginal experiences and fantasies of thrusting and exhibiting are predominant.

Introjection

The uncritical acceptance of others' beliefs and standards without assimilating them into one's own personality.

Choice theory

The view that humans are internally motivated and behave to control the world around them according to some purpose within them. We are basically self-determining and create our own destiny. (Reality Therapy - W. Glasser)

Here are some areas of emerging awareness that individuals may experience in the counseling process:

They see how they are trading the security of dependence for the anxieties that accompany choosing for themselves. They begin to see that their identity is anchored in someone else's definition of them; that is, they are seeking approval and confirmation of their being in others instead of looking to themselves for affirmation. They learn that in many ways they are keeping themselves prisoner by some of their past decisions, and they realize that they can make new decisions. They learn that although they cannot change certain events in their lives they can change the way they view and react to these events. They learn that they are not condemned to a future similar to the past, for they can learn from their past and thereby reshape their future. They realize that they are so preoccupied with suffering, death, and dying that they are not appreciating living. They are able to accept their limitations yet still feel worthwhile, for they understand that they do not need to be perfect to feel worthy. They come to realize that they are failing to live in the present moment because of preoccupation with the past, planning for the future, or trying to do too many things at once.

Noogenic Neurosis

This disorder is characterized by a failure to find meaning in life. Individuals suffering from noogenic neurosis feel that they have nothing to live for. They are unable to find any goal or direction in life. They suffer from a chronic inability to believe in the truth, significance, or usefulness of anything that they are currently engaged in or anything that they might contemplate doing in the future.

Transactional Analysis

This theory describes the three ego states (Parent, Adult, and Child) which coexist in the personality. The therapy enables clients to become aware of these components of their individual personality, and to understand in which ego state they are functioning in their interactions (transactions) with other people. The goal is to help clients change feelings and behaviours that were formed in childhood that now hinder their development. Founder: Eric Berne.

Unfinished business

Unexpressed feelings (such as resentment, guilt, anger, grief) dating back to the past that now interfere with effective psychological functioning; needless emotional debris that clutters present-centred awareness.

Irrational Belief

Unreasonable conviction that produces emotional upset (for example, insisting that the world should or must be different from what it actually is) (REBT).

Gender-role analysis

Used to help clients understand the impact of gender-role expectations in their lives.

Family life-fact chronology

Virginia Satir's experiential technique in which clients retrace their family history for the purpose of gaining insight into current family functioning.

Using the ___ system, the reality therapist helps clients develop more need-satisfying behaviours.

WDEP (Wants, Doing, Evaluation, Planning)

Causation: Heredity

We enter the world with certain genetic givens; however, it is not genetics that affects personality, but the individual's perception of himself or herself. We inherit a cerebral potential that permits us to hope, dream, aspire, plan, form attitudes, and set goals. These allow us to be creative and self-directing.

Existential psychotherapy originally developed in Europe in the 1940s and 1950s and is strongly anchored in ___

phenomenological philosophy.

Characteristics of the first child.

When the first-born is the only child, he or she gets undivided attention. The child may feel self-reliant to the point of being spoiled, or very dependent because of over-protection. He or she feels insecure when a second child invades his or her kingdom and may misinterpret this as rejection. This situation is also referred to as the "dethroned child". The first child may get more attention as a baby because of the inexperience of the parents leading to unnecessary care and attention. The first child tends to be steady, dependable, and even exploits his or her worthiness at the expense of brothers or sisters. Usually a high achiever, the first-born is the subject of higher expectations from the part of the parents. He or she tends to follow the parent's values and attitudes. Serious and studious, the first-born tries to please or obey parents. First-borns are usually orderly and good leaders. If dethroned by the second-born, the first child may become a problem child.

Arbitrary inferences

are conclusions drawn without supporting evidence. This includes "catastrophizing," or thinking of the absolute worst scenario and outcomes for most situations. You might begin your first job as a counselor with the conviction that you will not be liked or valued. You are convinced that you fooled your professors and somehow just managedto get your degree, but now people will certainly see through you

In principle, as with any deterministic theory, psychoanalysis asserts that current human experiences and behaviours are rooted in past experiences and can be understood and/or explained on the basis of a thorough analysis of the individual's history. However...

as psychoanalysis deals with the vicissitudes of unconscious drives, motivations, and fantasies, prediction of actual behaviour is not the goal of either the theory or the therapeutic process.

Bowen: Therapy is necessary when individuals are enmeshed in their families of origin and thus unable to ....

assert their feelings and thoughts. (Kerr & Bowen, 1988).

Aversive Conditioning

associating a symptomatic behaviour with a painful/aversive stimulus until the unwanted behaviour is inhibited.

There are several differences, however, between classical and operant conditioning. Although a basic feature of operant conditioning is reinforcement, classical conditioning relies more on __________________. A second distinction is that much of operant conditioning is based on ______ behaviour, while classical conditioning often involves involuntary reflexive behaviour.

association between stimuli and responses, voluntary

Characteristics of the third child. Once the two older siblings have established their positions within the family constellation, the third-born tends to be viewed as the "baby", which secures a special amount of ____. This works so well that, in some cases, it may continue into adulthood. The third-born may occasionally resent this perceived inferior position and may attempt to ___. This is when the first and the third child may join forces (form an alliance) against the middle child. With everyone doing things for "the baby", the third-born may be deprived of the opportunity to develop _______. The third-born often struggles to be noticed and seeks approval for his/her accomplishments. The third-born child may be spoiled by the family. He or she may also be the boss of the family by playing helpless, thus making everyone serve him/her. Sometimes, it is the third-born who outperforms all others. The third-born is not usually a leader, rather a ____, and is not known to be tidy and neat.

attention and services, dominate ("chip on shoulder"), self-confidence and self-reliance, follower

The task of the counsellor is to help the client identify the self-defeating characteristics. The focus is on the __________ Counselling is seen as a process of involvement, communication, and instruction.

behaviour, the client/counsellor relationship, and the present.

basic Assumptions All behaviour is learned. What can be learned can also be unlearned. Behaviour therapy is based on the principles and procedures of the scientific method. Feelings are of minor concern. The emphasis is on _________

behavioural change.

The comprehensive modality analysis section of the MLHI helps therapists design a treatment program that is tailored to specific client needs. It addresses seven important areas:

behaviours feelings physical sensations images thoughts interpersonal relationships biological factors.

Deficiency

being motivated when experiencing a deficiency or deficit. (e.g., pain or a lack of something). The objective of the theory would be to return the individual or organism to a state of comfort.

technical eclecticism selects the ____ for the client and the presenting concern. The selection is guided by data on what has worked best for others in the past with similar problems or similar characteristics.

best treatment

How do the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association's (2020) ethical principles differ from those put forth by the Canadian Psychological Association (2017)?

biggest difference is the 2017 code has less principles. These principles are: 1. respect for the dignity of persons and people 2. responsible caring 3. integrity in relationships 4. responsibility to society these principles seem to fit in to the new principles but emphasize different things 2017 also weighs the principles with #1 being the most important and #4 being the least.

eclecticism is collection Integration is

blend

One of the goals of reality therapy is to help clients accept responsibility and take control over their behaviour. Another goal is to help clients reduce irresponsible self-defeating behaviour and....

develop a positive self-image.

Reality therapy is a form of treatment that builds on the client's ___

strengths.

listening for language that uncovers a story

clients often use language that is elusive yet gives significant clues to a story that illustrates their life struggles. Effective therapists learn to pick out a small part of what someone says and then to focus on and develop this element. Clients are likely to slide over pregnant phrases, but the alert therapist can ask questions that will help them flesh out their story line. It is essential for therapists to pay attention to what is fascinating about the person who is sitting before them and get that person to tell a story

The common factors approach: One way of determining common therapeutic principles is to focus on a level of abstraction somewhere between theory and technique, known as _______. At the same time, researchers have pointed out the necessity of capitalizing on the contributions of specific techniques and their differential effectiveness with specific disorders. As Norcross and Newman (1992) put it, "treasure our sameness, but respect our differences" (p. 14).

clinical strategy or change process

The three basic models (classical conditions, operant, and social learning theory) are used in some ___ by most behaviourists.

combination

eclecticism is choosing from many Integration is

combining many

The frequently cited example of a double bind is when a person in a relationship expresses to the other the _______. When the person addressed obeys the command he or she is only doing the opposite of domination. Families that enact such patterns of communication create a potentially malignant context in which symptomatic behaviour is fostered.

command "dominate me"

Success in reality therapy is demonstrated by a ....

commitment to a behaviour plan or an observable behavioural change.

In the 1960's and 1970's psychodynamic and behaviour therapy polarized and triggered ____

comparative research.

Characteristics of the second child. The second-born child usually feels that he or she cannot ___ with the older sibling and tries to find a different place in the family. Therefore, the second-born may adopt ways of behaving that are similar to the youngest child until the third child comes. Unacceptable behaviour is usually based on discouragement, but it may also represent an early sign of ___, which may lead to positive outcomes and achievements. What the second-born child does with his/her situation depends upon how he/she perceives it. Quite often, the second-born may be ___ with the older sibling. Often his or her interests and achievements are different from those of the older brother or sister. This may include being less steady and poised. The second-born may be active and pushy. If the first child is a good student, the second may present behavioural problems. The second child may be sociable, outgoing, and happy-go-lucky. Sometimes, the second child may feel _ _ _ which leads to feelings of discouragement.

compare, over-compensation, compared unfavourably, queezed, unloved, and unnoticed,

Donald Meichenbaum (1993) identified three directions in current cognitive therapy ('cognitive behaviour modification'):

conditioning, information processing, constructive narrative

Prior to the 1960's, most of the ___ approaches to psychotherapy were psychodynamic and behavioural.

conflicting

Reality therapy supports the idea that people are in control of their ______. All conscious human behaviour is internally motivated.

conscious behaviour

Magnification and minimization

consist of perceiving a case or situation in a greater or lesser light than it truly deserves. You might make this cognitive error by assuming that even minor mistakes in counseling a client could easily create a crisis for the individual and might result in psychological damage.

Existentialists consider that a healthy individual is...

constantly engaged in a creative search for meaning in life. This approach emphasizes authentic living, responsibility, and the courage to choose. Healthy individuals accept the inevitability of death and are able to remain open towards nature, towards others, and towards themselves.

As Freud's theory of personality formation and mental activity recognizes the roles played by both heredity and environment, three factors governing the changes in mental energy are addressed:

constitutional (innate), predisposing (developmental), and precipitating or exciting (immediate).

Techniques and Procedures: The emotional quality of the client's experience is particularly targeted through ___. Person-centred therapy places a strong emphasis on affect or emotion in the growth of the self and in the therapeutic transaction between therapist and client.

counsellor's reflections

Jackson was also among the first to observe how a child's behavioural symptoms provided a camouflage for -----.

covert parental conflict

Communication (Strategic) Family Therapy One of the characteristics of Jay Haley's method was his string belief in the uselessness of direct educational techniques. Unlike other family therapists who would deal with the phenomenon of triangulation by educating the families about this process, Haley preferred to operate ____upon the process of power within a relationship.

covertly

Preference for explanations: Longitudinal/cross sectional Person-centred therapy works in the here and now, focusing on the clients' _____. However, longitudinal perspectives do have a place in the person-centred approach as the individual's journey towards self-acceptance and self-actualization is a ____.

current perceptions of their phenomenal world life-long process

both complainants and visitors have the capacity for becoming ___.

customers

core irrational beliefs

demands, awfulizing, low frustration tolerance, and global evaluations of human worth.

In addition to repression, the most frequently discussed mechanism of defense, throughout his work, Freud addressed a number of other defensive strategies such as:

denial, projection, displacement, substitution, regression, sublimation, humour.

Selective abstraction consists of forming conclusions based on an isolated...

detail of an event while ignoring other information. The significance of the total context is missed. As a counselor, you might measure your worth by your errors and weaknesses rather than by your successes.

a paradoxical tendency ensures that family units continually change and advance toward ______. "The balance between change and stability enables the family to function adaptively throughout the family's and individual's life cycle" (Kaslow & Celano, 1995, p. 346).

different levels of functioning and organization

Techniques and Procedures Since the approach stresses the client/therapist relationship, it specifies few techniques. Techniques are secondary to the therapist's attitudes. The approach minimizes ____ and maximizes...

directive techniques, active listening, reflection of feelings (empathy), and clarification.

Miriam Polster (1987) described a three-stage integration sequence that characterizes client growth in therapy.

discovery, accommodation, assimilation

Cognitive techniques availavble to REBT therapists

disputing irrational beliefs, doing cognitive homework, bibliotherapy, changing on's language, psychoeducation emthods

In The Psychodynamics of Family Life, Ackerman (1958) propose a clinical, symptom-based typology of families along the following categories (ie a typology of families):

disturbance of marital pairs; disturbance of parental pairs; disturbance of childhood; disturbance of adolescence; and psychosomatic families.

Fear-based ethics

does not constitute sound ethical practice. Ethics is more than a list of things to avoid for fear of punishment. Strive to work toward concern-based ethics, and think about how you can become the best practitioner possible (Corey, Corey, Corey, & Callanan, 2015).

proflection

doing to others what you would like them to do to you.

retroflection

doing to yourself what you originally did/wanted to do to others (akin to masochism in psychoanalytic theory)

basic assumptions that apply to the Adlerian theory Personality is laid down...

early in life.

Although there are formal training programs set up by various branches of the William Glasser Institutes, this approach can be ___ into the current practice of many educators and counsellors.

easily incorporated

Proponents of technical eclecticism use procedures from diverse systems that may be ....

epistemologically and ontologically incompatible.

Whitaker is also known for his use of the technique of _____ (similar to paradoxical intention; also see Gestalt therapy).

exaggeration

many clients seeking professional help suf- fer from a sense of emptiness, meaninglessness, and alienation-a condition that has been called __

existential neurosis

"The organism has one basic tendency and striving -to actualize, maintain, and enhance the ___." Carl Rogers

experiencing organism

Implications for the Helping Relationship: While most clients seem to respond positively to the person-centred approach, due to its non-directive character this form of therapy can...

extend over a relatively long period of time.

From a counselling perspective, assessment of ____ must be integrated into the therapeutic process, "as it is cost-effective and yields a relatively rapid overview of marital/family dynamics, useful in problem identification, treatment selection, evaluation of ongoing therapy, and termination of treatment efficacy"

family functioning

From a general theoretical perspective, individual family members cannot be understood without knowing how a ______ Change in any part of a system will impact the whole system

family functions as a whole unit.

Communication (Strategic) Family Therapy Paul Watzlawick is credited with having introduced the distinction between _____ change. Watzlawick, Weakland, and Fish (1974) also addressed such issues as problem formation, problem resolution, reframing, and the use of paradox.

first-order change and second-order

social learning procedures

flooding, modeling, vicarious learning through observation, implosive or implosion therapy

Each theory would place humans on a continuum from ___, when considering the degree of choices he or she has in deciding who he/she is and who he/she wants to become.

free to determined

William Glasser (1965) stresses that individuals must feel good about themselves, that they must feel that they are worthy individuals, capable of.....

fulfilling their needs in positive ways.

Problems can occur when individuals become discouraged and strive for inappropriate goals. These goals are especially recognizable in children and include: .

gaining attention or power, getting revenge, or acting inadequate

Principle II: responsible caring (2017 ethics)

general caring, competence and self-knowledge, risk/benefit analysis, maximize benefit, minimize harm, offset/correct harm, care of animals, extended responsibility

The MLHI is divided into five sections:

general information personal and social history description of presenting problems expectations regarding therapy modality analysis of current problems.

Principle I: Respect for the Dignity of Persons and Peoples (2017 ethics)

general respect, general rights, non-discrimination, fair treatment/due process, informed consent, freedom of consent, protections for vulnerable individuals and groups, privacy, confidentiality, extended responsibility,

the focus in cognitive therapy is on the person's current belief system. It is not so much the event or the situation that produces psychological distress, but the person's view or perception of that event or situation. By teaching clients to dispute their own irrational beliefs, this approach also increases their ability to....

generate adaptive responses based on rational beliefs in the future.

basic assumptions that apply to the Adlerian theory Behaviour is purposive and __.

goal directed

Behaviourists believe that ____ is attributed to the effects of the laws of learning as a person interacts with his or her environment.

personality

Psychoanalytical Multigenerational John Bell is credited with the application of ___ in his approach to family counselling. He proposed that, during the therapeutic process of change, family members experience a sequence of stages similar to those of group development:

group therapy principles initiation, testing, struggle for power, settling on a common task, working on the common task, achieving completion, and finally separation.

Observer's Frame of Reference The focus is on the _____ and the what. The therapist would work with what is in front of him or her. In some forms of experiential Gestalt therapy (psychodrama, enactment trauma therapy), traumatic early childhood experiences may be re-enacted, under the therapist's active guidance; however, even in those cases, the goal of therapy is to help clients identify and internalize a ___ resolution to past conflicts.

here-and-now, positive current resolution

basic assumptions that apply to the Adlerian theory To understand the individual one must know the pattern of ___

his/her life (life style).

There are several basic assumptions that apply to person centred therapy. The client is the best expert on...

his/her own experience;

Family therapists adopt a --- according to which the family system is qualitatively more than just the sum of its members.

holistic perspective

Communication (Strategic) Family Therapy Jackson is also credited with the introduction of the concept of ----, according to which, families, like other organic systems, resist change and strive to maintain the status quo in relationships, often at considerable emotional cost to one of their members.

homeostasis

the ____ assignment is used extensively in cognitive behaviour therapy to assist clients in putting into practice new behaviours. It encourages clients to attack their irrational beliefs

homework

The goal of Experiential/Symbolic Family Therapy is to change family patterns of behaving and help family members become more -______ with each other as a result.

honest, open, and spontaneous

As other ____ approaches do, Gestalt theory recognizes the existence of an innate drive towards wholeness and self-actualization, or an urge to complete.

humanistic

confluence

impaired sense of differentiation between self and the world/others;

Proflection

in Gestalt therapy, a form of interruption to contact or boundary disturbance involving doing to others what you would like them to do to you.

Positive behavioural change is viewed as an inevitable by-product of

increased insight.

Behavior therapy does not provide ____. If this assertion is indeed true, behavior therapists would probably respond that ____ is not a necessary requisite for behavior change. Follette and Callaghan (2011) state that contemporary behavior therapists tend to be leery of the role of______ in favor of alterable, controllable, causal variables. It is possible for therapy to proceed without a client knowing how change is taking place. Although change may be taking place, clients often cannot explain precisely why. Furthermore, ______ may result after clients make a change in behavior. Behavioral shifts often lead to a change in understanding or to insight, which may lead to emotional changes as well.

insight

as indicated in the definitions of terms included in the online Glossary, the purpose of the two-chairs intervention is to help the client......... When there is something worth preserving from each side of a client's inner conflict (initially expressed as an irreconcilable polarity), then the goal of therapy becomes helping the client arrive at a livable compromise or an integrated realistic understanding that healthy psychological functioning does not have to be a matter of choosing between extremes or absolutes. The two chairs symbolically represent the two initially opposite poles of the client's inner conflict. Inviting the client to move from one chair to the other and experience each position fully can help the client gradually identify ways by which the two seemingly irreconcilable positions may be integrated, or ways in which an acceptable compromise can be reached. PreviousNext

integrate apparently conflicting wishes or parts of himself/herself

Labeling and mislabeling

involve portraying one's identity on the basis of imperfections and mistakes made in the past and allowing them to define one's true identity. If you are not able to live up to all of a client's expectations, you might say to yourself, "I'm totally worthless and should turn my professional license in right away."

boundary violation

is a serious breach that harms the client and is therefore unethical. A boundary violation is a boundary crossing that takes the practitioner out of the professional role, generally involves exploitation, and results in harm to a client

Personalization

is a tendency for individuals to relate external events to themselves, even when there is no basis for making this connection. If a client does not return for a second counseling session, you might be absolutely convinced that this absence is due to your terrible performance during the initial session. You might tell yourself, "This situation proves that I really let that client down, and now she may never seek help again."

Rational-Emotive Behaviour Therapy

is generally briefer than psychoanalysis. Based on the belief that disturbances are caused by "shoulds" about oneself, others, and the surrounding world, REBT is an action-oriented approach that focuses on examining and disputing irrational beliefs. By challenging faulty beliefs with rational thoughts, clients are led to re-order their self-perceptions and decision-making processes. Representatives: A. Ellis.

Adlerian theory considers the following as possible sources of psychopathology: lack of social interest, mistaken beliefs and inadequate psychological models, overambition, or discouragement; poor self concept; pampering, neglect, organ (physical weaknesses of the body) inferiority, sibling rivalry, and self-defeating behaviour. Adler believed that these childhood situations tend to result in....

isolation, a lack of social interest, and the development of a non-cooperative style of life based on an unrealistic goal of personal superiority

The Experientialists As pointed out by Guerin and Chabot (1997), "Virginia Satir, like Whitaker, represents a clinical method that is highly _______" (p. 204).

personalized, experiential, and immensely popular

By focusing on language, clients are able to increase their awareness of what they are experiencing in the present moment and of how they are avoiding coming into contact with this here-and-now experience. Here are some examples of the aspects of language that Gestalt therapists might focus on:

it talk, you talk, questions language that denies power, listening to clinets' methphors, listening for language that uncovers a story

Bowen: When there is a great deal of friction or conflict within a marriage, there is a tendency to triangulate or focus on the third party. The third party can be the...

marriage itself, a child, or even a somatic complaint.

The __often feels squeezed out. This child may become convinced of the unfairness of life and feel cheated. This person may assume a "poor me" attitude and can become a problem child. However, especially in families characterized by conflict, the middle child may become the switchboard and the peacemaker, the person who holds things together. If there are four children in a family, the second child will often feel like a middle child and the third will be more easygoing, more social, and may align with the firstborn.

middle child

Basic Assumptions The individual is considered a system in balance. In other words, the ____ are one. While learning is discovering and experiencing, the individual is responsible for his or her own ____

mind, body, and feelings, behaviour and choices

The counsellor is seen as a _____ who focuses on establishing a relationship with the client.

model and a teacher

Heredity/Environment: Heredity plays ____ role in Gestalt therapy. The dominant need (figure) emerges from ground, then recedes (satisfaction). Individuals are a part of their own environment and cannot be understood apart from it. Current awareness and actualization involves the meaningful integration and harmony between the person and his or her environment (Baruth & Robinson, 1987).

no active

Experiential/Symbolic Family Therapy advocates _____ experiences and lets the form of these methods develop as therapy unfolds (Gladding, 1996).

non-rational, creative

The name use to describe this approach to counselling and psychotherapy changed from __, to ___-centred therapy, and finally to person-centred therapy.

nondirective therapy, client

In operant conditioning, the process is _______________: behaviour can be strengthened or reinforced by a single consequence. Consequences have to be immediate, or clearly linked to the behaviour. With verbal humans, we can explain the connection between the consequence and the behaviour, even if they are separated in time.

not trial-and-error learning

Desensitization

numbing of oneself (similar to denial or repression in psychodynamic theory);

Observer Frame of Reference While the REBT therapist, in collaboration with the client, examines the client's internal, subjective belief system and cognitive schemas, the theory does suggest that rational, therefore, ____ is the most effective way to treat psychological distress.

objective analysis

Observer Frame of Reference Behaviour therapy emphasizes _____________ as the only scientific method for psychology.

objective and systematic observation of behaviour

the distinctions between classical and operant conditioning are not as strong as they once were believed to be. For example, Neal Miller (1978) has demonstrated that involuntary responses, such as heart rate, can be modified through _____ techniques. It now appears that classical conditioning does involve ________. And many classical conditioning situations also involve operant behaviour

operant conditioning, reinforcement

__ is necessary for accomplishment and a sense of well-being. In a world full of impediments, adversities, and frustrations, people with a robust sense of personal efficacy are more likely to succeed. To some they may seem unrealistic, but so-called realists too often abandon difficult pursuits or become cynical about the prospects for change. ___ about oneself is an adaptive bias, not a cognitive failing.

optimisim

Existentialists have an ____ view of human nature. We are free to choose. Given the right opportunities, we can find values and meaning in our existence. We have the capacity for expanding our self-awareness and the capacity to comprehend our own death. We are born with the potentiality to be fully human and find meaning in our own existence.

optimistic

Communication (Strategic) Family Therapy together with his wife, Cloe Madanes, Haley developed a strategic therapeutic approach for working with severe marital dysfunction, called __ therapy (Haley, 1984).

ordeal

The existential approach to theory is notorious for its dislike of "techniques". Instead, it relies on providing understanding and caring in the context of a genuine therapeutic relationship to the client. However, Viktor Frankl was known to use ___, as well as __, in order to help clients challenge their inauthentic ways of relating to life's experiences. Existential therapists do not prescribe homework; such a technique would be viewed as curtailing the client's sense of responsibility and free choice. Self-awareness is stressed over action.

paradoxical intention, humour

Behavior therapy involves control and social influence by the therapist. All therapists have a power relationship with the client and thus therapy involves social influence; the ethical issue relates to the therapist's degree of awareness of this influence and how it is addressed in therapy. Behavior therapy recognizes the importance of making the social influence process explicit, and it emphasizes client oriented behavioral goals. Therapy progress is continually assessed and treatment is modified to ensure that the client's goals are being met. Behavior therapists address ethical issues by stating that therapy is basically a psychoeducational process. At the outset of behavior therapy, clients learn about the nature of counseling, the procedures that may be employed, and the benefits and risks. Clients are given information about the specific therapy procedures appropriate for their particular problems. To some extent, they also.....

participate in the choice of techniques that will be used in dealing with their problems. With this information clients become informed, genuine partners in the therapeutic venture.

Of all the theoretical systems among the humanistic therapies, the ___ probably has had the greatest impact

person-centred approach

Time Orientation In Gestalt therapy, the past is important insofar as it is represented in the ___. An excessive attention to the past may lead to the error of blaming the past as being responsible for what is happening in the ___. Similarly, living with a focus on the future often results in not seeing what is at hand. Individuals who stray from the present and become preoccupied with the future are more likely to experience anxiety (Baruth & Robinson, 1987). Therefore, Gestalt therapy focuses on the....

present (x2), immediate experience of the individual in the here-and-now.

Spiritual

presupposes that human beings have an inner spirit, which through various practices may be aligned with a higher power, however that is defined.

Some of the key techniques that solution-focused (BT) use

pretherpay change, exception questions, the miracle question, scaling question, formula first session task, therapist feedback to clients,

Bases for inference: The theory emphasises the individual's uniqueness through such concepts as: _____. However, Adler proposed a predictive theory of general psychological characteristics that individuals develop based on their early family constellation, more specifically based on..... . At the same time, Adler cautioned therapists against using this theory as a template and thus ignoring the unique idiosyncratic factors that shape individual personality.

private logic, style of life, and creative self their birth position/order among their siblings

Bowen believed that, in a dysfunctional family, each individual is entrapped in a ______, a kind of chain reaction that increases the level of anxiety throughout the relationship system.

reactive emotional process

View of human nature: Humans strive continuously to...

realize their inherent potentialities and the process of self-actualization is a life-long endeavour

Self Actualization

realizing one's full potentiality (being all that one can be) The objective of the model would be to help the client fulfill this potentiality.

Constructivist interventions

reflective listening, normalization, Socratic dialogue, cognitive reframing, imagery reconstruction of stressful experiences, highlighting indicators of narrative transformations (particularly in Meichenbaum's approach).

Systematic desensitization

replacing anxiety with relaxation while gradually increasing exposure to an anxiety-producing situation or object. Relaxation is incompatible with anxiety and the fear will be deconditioned.

As early as 1932, at a meeting of the American Psychological Association, Thomas French drew parallels between Freud and Pavlov by noticing the underlying similarities between the concepts of ___

repression and extinction.

questions

s. Questions have a tendency to keep the questioner hidden, safe, and unknown. Gestalt therapists often ask clients to experiment with changing their questions into statements. In making personal statements, clients begin to assume responsibility for what they say. They may become aware of how they are keeping themselves mysterious through a barrage of questions and how this serves to prevent them from making declarations that express themselves.

The __ of only two is in a different position. From the time she is born, she shares the attention with another child. The typical second child behaves as if she was in a race and is generally under full steam at all times. It is as though this second child were in training to surpass the older brother or sister. This competitive struggle between the first two children influences the later course of their lives. The younger child develops a knack for finding out the elder child's weak spots and proceeds to win praise from both parents and teachers by achieving successes where the older sibling has failed. If one is talented in a given area, the other strives for recognition by developing other abilities. The second-born is often opposite to the firstborn

second child

There are several basic assumptions that apply to person centred therapy. Humans have an innate tendency toward....

self-actualization;

Motivation: The focus is on growth and increased awareness. Everyone has only one inherent goal: to ___. Rogers's definition of self-actualization is 'striving to become all that one is capable of becoming'. Kempler (as cited in Hansen, Rossberg, & Cramer, 1994) changes slightly that emphasis in his Gestalt definition of self-actualization: "becoming is the process of being what one is and not a process of striving to become".

self-actualize

Basic assumptions: Existentialists believe that we have a capacity for_____. Because we are free beings, we must accept the ___ that accompanies our freedom. We are also constantly striving for ______ to others. In our search for meaning, anxiety becomes a part of the human condition. ____ gives significance to living so that, once we have normalized and integrated our fear of dying, we can begin to live fully.

self-awareness, responsibility, identity and relationships, death

Mindfulness is a way of developing ______, which is a form of self-care when facing difficult situations. Mindfulness practices focus on moment-to-moment experiencing and assist clients in developing an attitude of open awareness and acceptance of what is rather than being self-critical. When we acknowledge our shortcomings without critical judgment, we can begin to treat ourselves with ____

self-compassion, kindness

Human thinking often assumes the form of _____

self-talk

Psychoanalytical Multigenerational By __, Bell (1974) meant the readiness of the family group to separate from the therapist and resume its natural developmental life.

separation

It is not unusual for a counselor to receive a "friend request" from a client or former client. Facebook and other social media sites raise many ethical concerns for counselors regarding boundaries, dual relationships, confidentiality, and privacy. One possibility is to....

set up two distinct Facebook pages, one for professional use and the other for personal use

Adler's approach views the individual's state of mental health as being directly related to the degree of ___. In other words, Adlerians have a positive outlook on human kind and value the well-being of the individual and society over organization and institutions. The core of Adler's work centres around his optimistic, humanistic view of life.

social interest

The contributions made by the ___ school of family therapy are rooted in the work of Alfred Adler (particularly his concept of the influence of families on troubled children) and the clinical experience gained from working with dysfunctional children and adolescents.

structural

Behavior therapy treats ______________ The psychoanalytic assumption is that early traumatic events are at the root of present dysfunction. Behavior therapists may acknowledge that deviant responses have historical origins, but they contend that history is less important in the maintenance of current problems than environmental events such as antecedents and consequences. However, behavior therapists emphasize changing current environmental circumstances to change behavior. Related to this criticism is the notion that unless historical causes of present behavior are therapeutically explored new symptoms will soon take the place of those that were "cured." Behaviorists rebut this assertion on both theoretical and empirical grounds. They contend that behavior therapy directly changes the maintaining conditions of problem behaviors (symptoms), thereby indirectly changing the problem behaviors. Furthermore, they assert that there is no empirical evidence that symptom substitution occurs after behavior therapy has successfully eliminated unwanted behavior because they have changed the conditions that give rise to those behaviors (Spiegler, 2016).

symptoms rather than causes.

the cognitive therapist also emphasizes the collaborative effort, whereby together with the client they reframe the client's conclusions in the form of _____

testable hypotheses

Flooding

the client is exposed to the most fear-provoking stimulus until his/her fear response is extinguished.

ABC model A is

the existence of an activating event or adversity, or an inference about an event by an individual

Reality Principle

the guiding principle of the ego, which permits postponement of gratification to meet demands of the environment or to secure greater pleasure at a later time. Contrast with Pleasure Principle.

Preference for explanations: nomothetic/ Idiographic The emphasis is on the uniqueness of the individual. This phenomenological view emphasizes individual perception, as a private, subjective, and unique experience. Although Rogers encourages us to accept our commonalities, he places an even greater emphasis on...

the importance of recognizing and accepting our uniqueness.

Eigenwelt

the inner world of self

view of human nature: Rogers disagreed with the Freudian view that people are driven by irrational impulses which inevitably lead them into conflict with society. However, early adverse circumstances, namely a social/familial environment based on conditional positive regard, leads to...

the internalization of conditions of worth. Then, according to Rogers (1959), the individual "values an experience positively or negatively solely because of these conditions of worth which he has taken over from others, not because the experience enhances of fails to enhance his organism" (p. 209).

Mitwelt

the interpersonal world

revenge

the peron does things to hurt others. Behaviour descriptors include "vicious" or "violenty passive"

attention seeking

the person is continually seeking approval for his or her actions.

power

the person wants to win, or be in control. Behaviour descriptors include "rebel" and "stubborn".

Techniques and Procedures: While the person-centred approach encourages therapist authenticity and genuineness, Rogers changed his position about...

therapist self-disclosure through the years. According to Tobin (1991), "he admitted that he had trouble accepting the emotion of anger in himself, which may account for his rather slow acceptance of the expression of this feeling toward clients" (p. 25).

Psychosocial stages

turning points in Erik Erikson's ego developmental model, from infancy through old age. Each of the eight stages presents psychological and social tasks that must be mastered if maturation is to proceed in a healthy fashion.

Role of the Therapist: The therapist focuses on the uniqueness of the client. He or she is patient, an expert listener, and one who fully accepts each individual by offering an atmosphere of ...

unconditional positive regard and empathic understanding.

It would take us too far afield to consider the puzzling matter as to the degree to which the therapist overtly communicates this reality in himself to the client. Certainly the aim is not for the therapist to express or talk out his own feelings, but primarily that he should not be deceiving the client as to himself. At times he may need to talk out some of his own feelings (either to the client, or to a colleague or supervisor) if they are standing in the way of the two following conditions.

unconditional positive regard, empathy

As any system, a family unit has a self-regulating mechanism that aims at maintaining a state of equilibrium, or homeostasis. Given this tendency towards maintaining the status quo, changes may be perceived by family members as....

undesirable, even traumatic, and a lot of energy may be spent in trying to prevent or delay change.

Longitudinal/Cross Sectional: The emphasis is on the present (here-and-now) and on the awareness of current experiences. However, the role of the past is not ignored in Gestalt therapy, which recognized the effect of ____ and other past experiences.

unfinished business

Gestalt therapy is centred on increasing the client's awareness of how psychological distress manifests itself, rather than explaining why it may have developed in the first place. According to Gestalt theory, there are several manifestations of psychological distress:

unfinshed buisness, need to complete, repetition compulsion, interruptions to contact

Nomothetic/Idiographic: The emphasis is on the ___ of the individuals. People create and constitute their own worlds. As such, Gestalt therapy is highly committed to the validity of the client's subjective reality.

uniqueness

The concepts of the Adlerian approach have had widespread effect across the helping professions both in theory and in practice. The "common sense" basis that the approach has taken has resulted in many of Adler's ideas being ...

used by other theories.

For a long time classical and operant conditioning were considered distinct categories of learning requiring distinct pathways in the brain. Some observations, however, seem to indicate that most learning situations contain operant and classical components at....

various degrees

. Early in his career, Adler proposed the concept of masculine protest to describe the individuals' tendency to overcompensate for their real or perceived ___

weakness or limitations

inadequacy

when the person assumes deficiency and gives up trying. the attitude is one of hopelessness

Holistic/Atomistic: A person can only be understood as a ___. The __ is qualitatively different from and more than the sum of its parts. People behave in holistic fashion and they have the capacity to regulate themselves.

whole

To sum up, people _________ avoid difficult tasks. They have low aspirations and weak commitment to their goals. They turn inward on their self-doubts instead of thinking about how to perform successfully. When faced with difficult tasks, they dwell on obstacles, the consequences of failure, and their personal deficiencies. Failure makes them lose faith in themselves because they blame their own inadequacies. They slacken or give up in the face of difficulty, recover slowly from setbacks, and easily fall victim to stress and depression.

with a low sense of efficacy

Classical conditioning is a type of learning made famous by Pavlov's experiments ______.

with dogs

SFBT focuses on finding out what people are doing that is ____ and then helping them apply this knowledge to eliminate problems in the shortest amount of time possible

working in their lives

The __ is always the baby of the family and tends to be the most pampered one. Because of being pampered or spoiled, he may develop helplessness into an art form and become expert at putting others in his service. Youngest children tend to go their own way, often developing in ways no others in the family have attempted and may outshine everyone

youngest child