cog pros
47. Which book was written by Thomas Kuhn? a. Verbal Behavior b. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions c. Cognitive Psychology d. Sensory Memory
b. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
40. The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory? a. The phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad b. The central executive and long-term memory c. The central executive and the phonological loop d. The phonological loop and long-term memory
b. The central executive and long-term memory
15. Which stage in Treisman's attenuation model has a threshold component? a. The attenuator b. The dictionary unit c. The filter d. The "leaky" filter
b. The dictionary unit
9. How is the term mind used in this statement: "If you put your mind to it, I'm sure you can solve that math problem"? a. The mind as involved in memory b. The mind as problem solver c. The mind as used to make decisions or consider possibilities d. The mind as valuable, something that should be used
b. The mind as problem solver
46. Which of the following attention model components produces two levels of output? a. Treisman's filter b. Treisman's attenuator c. MacKay's dictionary unit d. Broadbent's detector
b. Treisman's attenuator
4. Members of a security team are stationed on rooftops surrounding a large city plaza before a scheduled rally. Suddenly, three team members in different locations radio in to the command center, each stating that they have spotted a suspicious box on the ground with a pipe coming from the top. What enables the security team members to report seeing the same object despite being stationed on different rooftops? a. Semantic regularity b. Viewpoint invariance c. Bottom-up processing d. Principle of similarity
b. Viewpoint invariance
9. Compared to the whole report technique, the partial report procedure involves a. a smaller stimulus set. b. a smaller response set. c. a smaller stimulus set and a smaller response set. d. a shorter rehearsal period.
b. a smaller response set.
45. On what factor do working memory and short-term memory most differ? a. velocity b. activity c. location d. stimuli
b. activity
23. Jason quickly scanned the map on his phone to get to his job interview, then took a left and ran down the block so he wouldn't be late. According to Stokes, Jason's ability to recall the directions as he's running is the result of ________. a. a buffering process followed by an activity process b. an activity state followed by a synaptic state c. a buffering process followed by an executive process d. a synaptic state followed by a buffering state
b. an activity state followed by a synaptic state
19. Wundt's procedure in which trained participants describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli presented under controlled conditions is known as a. information processing. b. analytic introspection. c. functional analysis. d. behavioral analysis.
b. analytic introspection.
39. A technique in which trained participants described their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli is known as a. structuralism. b. analytic introspection. c. sensations. d. cognitive psychology.
b. analytic introspection.
37. The existence of transitional probabilities adds a(n) ________ quality to learning and using language. a. cultural b. anticipatory c. reductive d. intellectual
b. anticipatory
3. Your author points out that studying the mind requires both __________ and __________ experiments. a. nomothetic; idiographic b. behavioral; physiological c. brain; body d. observational; correlational
b. behavioral; physiological
47. The staff working in the air traffic control tower at a busy airport can be considered a suitable metaphor for which of the following? a. episodic buffer b. central executive c. working memory d. articulatory rehearsal
b. central executive
4. The ability to focus on one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli is called a. sensory memory. b. cocktail party effect. c. detection. d. filtering.
b. cocktail party effect.
1. Attention, perception, memory, and decision making are all different types of mental processes in which the mind engages. These are known as different types of a. models. b. cognition. c. reaction times. d. savings.
b. cognition.
34. Which of the following adjectives has the LEAST connection to perception? a. interactive b. conscious c. supportive d. complex
b. conscious
42. Newell and Simon were among the first to use computers for artificial intelligence. Their computer program a. simulated human attention. b. created proofs for problems in logic. c. controlled presentation of visual stimuli. d. produced the first flow diagram.
b. created proofs for problems in logic.
43. Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during a. stimulus presentation. b. delay. c. response. d. encoding.
b. delay.
38. The idea that specific cognitive functions activate many areas of the brain is known as a. localization of function. b. distributed representation. c. modularity. d. aphasia.
b. distributed representation.
50. Which of the following best describes the result of attention in the context of perception? a. warping b. enhancement c. accuracy d. filtration
b. enhancement
15. Neurons that respond to specific qualities of objects, such as orientation, movement, and length, are called a. retinal cells. b. feature detectors. c. dendrites. d. receptors.
b. feature detectors.
46. Verbal Behavior was written by a. Noam Chomsky. b. Watson. c. Tolman. d. B. F. Skinner.
d. B. F. Skinner.
9. Action potentials occur in the a. cell body. b. synapse. c. neurotransmitters. d. axon.
d. axon.
1. The primacy effect is attributed to a. recall of information stored in long-term memory. b. a type of rehearsal that improves memory for all items in a list. c. recall of information still active in short-term memory. d. forgetting of early items in a list as they are replaced by later items.
a
12. The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ___________ is crucial for the formation of long-term memories. a. the hippocampus b. synaptic consolidation c. vitamin B1 d. deep processing
a
16. ___________ memories are those that we are not aware of. a. Implicit b. Explicit c. Declarative d. All of these are correct
a
17. Explicit memory is to ___________ as implicit memory is to ___________. a. aware; unaware b. self; others c. primacy; recency d. episodic; semantic
a
2. The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with ___________ memory. a. long-term b. short-term c. sensory d. implicit
a
20. According to Tulving, the defining property of the experience of episodic memory is that a. it involves mental time travel. b. it always corresponds to events from our past that actually happened. c. it accesses knowledge about the world that does not have to be tied to any specific personal experience. d. it involves both explicit and implicit memories.
a
21. Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory? a. I remember my earth science teacher telling me how volcanoes erupt. b. I remember seeing a volcano erupt in Hawaii last summer. c. I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes. d. I remember "volcano" was the first word on the list Juan read to me.
a
23. "I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of ___________ memory. a. episodic b. implicit c. semantic d. procedural
a
24. K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests a. intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory. b. intact procedural memory but defective semantic memory. c. intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory. d. intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory.
a
33. Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of the test stimulus being a. the same as or resembling the priming stimulus. b. different from the priming stimulus. c. similar in meaning to the priming stimulus. d. different in meaning from the priming stimulus.
a
44. As people get older, their memories of past experiences tend to have an emphasis on ________. a. facts b. feelings c. episodes d. procedures
a
50. As a result of gaps in the behaviorist paradigm, the new cognitive paradigm began to emerge in which decade? a. 1950s b. 1930s c. 1940s d. 1920s
a. 1950s
22. John Watson believed that psychology should focus on the study of a. observable behavior. b. mental processes. c. consciousness. d. attention.
a. observable behavior.
37. Donald Broadbent was the first person to develop which of the following? a. A flow diagram depicting the mind as processing information in a sequence of stages b. A computer program for solving logic problems c. An experimental procedure for studying the way people process information d. The first textbook of cognitive psychology
a. A flow diagram depicting the mind as processing information in a sequence of stages
18. Which of the following methods, often associated with structuralism, was used in the psychology laboratory established by Wilhelm Wundt? a. Analytic introspection b. Measuring reaction times c. Operant conditioning d. Classical conditioning
a. Analytic introspection
44. Why can we consider Tolman one of the early cognitive psychologists? a. Because he used behavior to infer mental processes b. Because of his focus on measuring behavior c. Because he focused on the stimulus-response connections in the rat's mind during his maze experiment d. Because of his interest in operant conditioning
a. Because he used behavior to infer mental processes
51. What does the field of neuropsychology study? a. Behavior of people with brain damage b. Electrical responses of the nervous system c. Higher mental processes d. Sequences of mental operations involved in cognition
a. Behavior of people with brain damage
43. __________ is the process by which features such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object. a. Binding b. Integration c. Assimilation d. Equilibration
a. Binding
29. Josiah is trying to speak to his wife, but his speech is very slow and labored, often with jumbled sentence structure. Josiah may have damage to which area of the brain? a. Broca's area b. Parahippocampal place area (PPA) c. Extrastriate body area (EBA) d. Wernicke's area
a. Broca's area
34. Which of the following options would NOT be an important factor in automatic processing? a. Close attention b. Ease in performing parallel tasks c. Tasks that are well-practiced d. The use of few cognitive resources
a. Close attention
49. Which of the following terms is correct in context with "conception within the rat's mind of the maze's layout"? a. Cognitive mapping b. Paradigm shift c. Classical conditioning d. Behaviorism
a. Cognitive mapping
38. Who introduced the flow diagram to represent what is happening in the mind? a. Donald Broadbent b. Colin Cherry c. Newell and Simon d. Wilhelm Wundt
a. Donald Broadbent
56. What does the principal of neural representation state? a. Everything a person experiences is based on representations in the person's nervous system. b. Everything a person experiences is based on the position of neurotransmitters in the person's nervous system. c. Everything a person experiences is based on position of synapses in the person's nervous system. d. Everything a person experiences is based on the capacity of receptors in the person's nervous system.
a. Everything a person experiences is based on representations in the person's nervous system.
16. Consider the following definition of the mind: The mind is a system that creates representations of the world so that we can act within it to achieve our goals. Which element of the mind does this definition emphasize? a. Functioning and survival b. Attention c. Routine d. Cognition
a. Functioning and survival
27. Which of the following illustrates how we can miss things even if they are clearly visible? a. Inattentional blindness b. Change blindness c. Binding d. Illusory conjunctions
a. Inattentional blindness
6. In the mid-20th century, the study of the mind began using which technique or model inspired by digital computers? a. Information processing model b. Genetic processing model c. Data processing model d. Signal processing model
a. Information processing model
54. Which of the following is NOT true of positron emission tomography (PET)? a. It replaced functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) because it was less expensive. b. It shows which areas of the human brain are activated during cognitive activity. c. It provides a lower-resolution image than fMRI. d. It involved injecting radioactive tracers into a person's bloodstream.
a. It replaced functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) because it was less expensive.
53. What is a scene schema? a. Knowledge of what a scene typically contains b. Knowledge of the meaning of a scene c. Knowledge of the events leading to a scene d. Knowledge of why a scene should be visualized
a. Knowledge of what a scene typically contains
48. Which of the following is an example of unconscious inference? a. Perceiving that a partially covered automobile continues beneath the cover b. Perceiving the transitional probability of a language c. Perceiving the ringing of an alarm clock while sleeping d. Perceiving the length of an unfamiliar object by using a familiar object
a. Perceiving that a partially covered automobile continues beneath the cover
42. Physiological studies indicate that damage to the brain's___________can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory. a. Prefrontal cortex b. Amygdala c. Hippocampus d. Occipital lobe
a. Prefrontal cortex
10. Which of the following is an example of an effect of top-down processing? a. Recognizing a crying friend's sounds as words in a sentence b. Seeing a flash of lightning in a thunderstorm c. Walking all around a car and always knowing it's a car d. Perceiving all of the birds in a flock as belonging together
a. Recognizing a crying friend's sounds as words in a sentence
2. Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text? a. Replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with working memory b. Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with the episodic buffer c. Replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with iconic memory d. Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with working memory
a. Replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with working memory
44. The ability to manipulate information in memory temporarily while remembering something else is called a. working memory. b. semantic memory. c. short-term memory. d. episodic memory.
a. working memory.
56. Endel Tulving, one of the most prominent early memory researchers, proposed that long-term memory is subdivided into all of the following components EXCEPT a. Short-term memory. b. Procedural memory. c. Episodic memory. d. Semantic memory.
a. Short-term memory.
22. In the text's use of the Olympic Rings example, which Gestalt law contributes to the correct perception of five interlocking circles rather than nine separate segments? a. Simplicity b. Contiguity c. Figure-ground d. Common fate
a. Simplicity
20. Why is it easier to study brain tissue from newborn animals than brain tissue from adults? a. The density of cells in a newborn brain is small compared with the density in an adult brain. b. The density of cells in a newborn brain is higher compared with the density in an adult brain. c. The nerve net system in newborn animals is less developed. d. The nerve net system in newborn animals is more developed.
a. The density of cells in a newborn brain is small compared with the density in an adult brain.
49. How does the phenomenon of apparent movement work? a. The perceptual system creates the perception of movement from stationary images. b. The perceptual system detects stationary images more slowly than motion is perceived. c. The retina sends overlapping electrical signals to the brain when motion is perceived. d. The perceptual system slows when flashing objects are introduced.
a. The perceptual system creates the perception of movement from stationary images.
25. When does bottom-up processing start? a. When environmental energy stimulates the receptors b. When an electrical signal is passed to the brain c. When motor neurons at the extremities are activated d. When the brain encodes information received by the receptors
a. When environmental energy stimulates the receptors
30. Regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. From this, he concluded that language development is driven largely by a. an inborn biological program. b. cultural influences. c. classical conditioning. d. operant conditioning.
a. an inborn biological program.
32. A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying a. articulatory suppression. b. the visuospatial sketch pad. c. echoic memory. d. the central executive.
a. articulatory suppression.
33. Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noted that this is very difficult to do. This difficulty can be understood as a. articulatory suppression. b. an overload of sensory memory. c. rehearsal interference. d. an LTM recency effect.
a. articulatory suppression.
6. The sequence of steps that includes the image on the retina, changing the image into electrical signals, and neural processing is an example of _____ processing. a. bottom-up b. top-down c. Gestalt d. serial
a. bottom-up
29. A mental conception of the layout of a physical space is known as a(n) a. cognitive map. b. mental model. c. artificial intelligence. d. memory consolidation.
a. cognitive map.
2. The branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mind is called a. cognitive psychology. b. introspection. c. behaviorism. d. memory consolidation.
a. cognitive psychology.
42. Illusory conjunctions are a. combinations of features from different stimuli. b. misidentified objects using the context of the scene. c. combinations of features from the masking field and the stimuli. d. features that are consistent across different stimuli.
a. combinations of features from different stimuli.
4. Early studies of brain tissue that used staining techniques and microscopes from the 19th century described the "nerve net." These early understandings were in error in the sense that the nerve net was believed to be a. continuous. b. composed of discrete individual units. c. composed of cell bodies, axons, and dendrites. d. composed of neurotransmitters rather than neurons.
a. continuous.
6. Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. To remember the address, you used a(n)___________process in short-term memory. a. control b. automatic c. coding d. iconic
a. control
32. Brain imaging has made it possible to a. determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes. b. view individual neurons in the brain. c. show how environmental energy is transformed into neural energy. d. view propagation of action potentials.
a. determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes.
33. Each time you briefly pause on one face, you are making a(n) ______________. a. fixation b. saccadic eye movement c. overt attention d. stimulus salience
a. fixation
18. You look at a rope coiled on a beach and are able to perceive it as a single strand because of the law of a. good continuation. b. simplicity. c. familiarity. d. good figure.
a. good continuation.
24. A bottom-up process is involved in fixating on an area of a scene that a. has high stimulus salience. b. fits with the observer's interests. c. is familiar. d. carries meaning for the observer.
a. has high stimulus salience.
10. In Donders's research on human decision making, he found that it took ____________ to decide which of two buttons to push in response to a stimulus. a. less than one second b. between one and two seconds c. two to five seconds d. more than five seconds
a. less than one second
20. The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the __________ of words. a. meaning b. color c. size d. font
a. meaning
30. The term semantics, when applied to perception, means the a. meaning of a scene, often related to what is happening within the scene. b. regularly occurring physical properties of an environment. c. inferences made based on the likelihood of a particular stimulus. d. statistical probabilities of one particular sound following another in language.
a. meaning of a scene, often related to what is happening within the scene.
31. In Schneider and Shiffrin's experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented "frames," divided attention was easier a. once processing had become automatic. b. when processing was done verbally. c. when verbal processing was prohibited by the experimenters. d. when processing was more controlled.
a. once processing had become automatic.
37. It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if a. one is handled by the visuospatial sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop. b. both are handled by the visuospatial sketch pad. c. both are handled by the phonological loop. d. the central executive is deactivated during the dual task time period.
a. one is handled by the visuospatial sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop.
23. The use of a machine that tracks the movement of one's eyes can help reveal the shifting of one's __________ attention. a. overt b. covert c. divided d. dichotic
a. overt
28. A 10-month-old baby is interested in discovering different textures, comparing the touch sensations between a soft blanket and a hard wooden block. Tactile signals such as these are received by the __________ lobe. a. parietal b. occipital c. frontal d. temporal
a. parietal
25. Behaviorists believe that the presentation of ____________ increases the frequency of behavior. a. positive reinforcers b. discriminative stimuli c. backward conditioning d. inhibitory neurotransmitters
a. positive reinforcers
10. If the intensity of a stimulus that is presented to a touch receptor is increased, this tends to increase the __________ in the receptor's axon. a. rate of nerve firing b. size of the nerve impulses c. speed of nerve conduction d. All of these are correct.
a. rate of nerve firing
49. In which concept is an individual's knowledge most important? a. schema b. precueing c. salience d. binding
a. schema
5. Information remains in sensory memory for a. seconds or a fraction of a second. b. 15-30 seconds. c. one to three minutes. d. as long as it is rehearsed.
a. seconds or a fraction of a second.
1. Remembering that a tomato is a fruit rather than a vegetable is an example of ___________ memory. a. semantic b. acoustic c. visual d. iconic
a. semantic
52. Which of the following terms does NOT reflect the concept of control processes? a. sensory b. conscious c. proactive d. variable
a. sensory
16. A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with ___________ memory. a. short-term b. long-term c. sensory d. autobiographical
a. short-term
35. Digit span is one measure of capacity of a. short-term memory. b. long-term memory. c. sensory memory. d. long-term semantic memory.
a. short-term memory.
24. Research suggests that the capacity of short-term memory is a. somewhat small, holding only about seven items at one time. b. quite large, holding a large number of items simultaneously. c. equivalent to sensory memory, holding about a hundred items at one time. d. larger than the capacity of long-term memory among young people.
a. somewhat small, holding only about seven items at one time.
57. The idea that an object could be represented by the firing of a specialized neuron that responds only to that object is called _____________. a. specificity coding b. population coding c. sparse coding d. hierarchical coding
a. specificity coding
12. When Carlos moved to the United States, he did not understand any English. Phrases like "Anna Mary Can Pi and I Scream Class Hick" didn't make any sense to him. Now that Carlos has been learning English, he recognizes this phrase as "An American Pie and Ice Cream Classic." This example illustrates that Carlos was not capable of ____ in English. a. speech segmentation b. the likelihood principle c. bottom-up processing d. algorithms
a. speech segmentation
35. Wundt's approach, which dominated psychology in the late 1800s and early 1900s, was known as a. structuralism. b. analytic introspection. c. sensations. d. cognitive psychology.
a. structuralism.
37. Strayer and Johnston's (2001) experiment involving simulated driving and the use of "hands-free" versus "handheld" cell phones found that a. talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent. b. driving performance was impaired only with the handheld cell phones. c. driving performance was impaired less with the hands-free phones than with the handheld phones. d. divided attention (driving and talking on the phone) did not affect performance.
a. talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent.
6. The cocktail party effect is a. the ability to pay attention to one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli. b. the inability to pay attention to one stimulus in the presence of competing stimuli. c. the diminished awareness of information in a crowd. d. the equal division of attention between competing stimuli.
a. the ability to pay attention to one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli.
10. Broadbent's model is called an early selection model because a. the filter eliminates unattended information at the beginning of the information flow. b. the filtering step occurs before the information enters the sensory memory. c. only a select set of environmental information enters the system. d. incoming information is selected by the detector.
a. the filter eliminates unattended information at the beginning of the information flow.
7. If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone, this would be an example of _____ processing. a. top-down b. bottom-up c. serial d. sequential
a. top-down
16. The likelihood principle states that a. we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received. b. we perceive size to remain the same size even when objects move to different distances. c. it is easier to perceive vertical and horizontal orientations. d. feature detectors are likely to create a clear perception of an object.
a. we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received.
10. Wickens et al.'s "fruit, meat, and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because a. the stimulus category changed. b. the stimulus category remained the same. c. the response task changed. d. the response task remained the same.
b
22. The following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s." a. Episodic b. Semantic c. Procedural d. Implicit
b
27. Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories? a. When autobiographical memories are impaired, their episodic content will block access to related semantic content. b. Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content. c. Autobiographical memories are highly accurate from as early as 3 years of age. d. It is not possible to have an autobiographical memory that has only semantic or episodic content.
b
28. Your text discusses how episodic and semantic memories are interconnected. This discussion revealed that when we experience events, a. episodic memory for events lasts longer than semantic memory for the events. b. the knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory. c. semantic and episodic memories about events tend to last about the same length of time in our memory. d. semantic memory of events is enhanced when it is not interfered with by associated episodic memories.
b
36. The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true a. only when we are aware we've seen them before. b. simply because we have been exposed to them before. c. only when we agree with them. d. unless we are told explicitly that the statements are false.
b
37. Which of the following is most closely associated with implicit memory? a. The self-reference effect b. The propaganda effect c. Release from proactive inhibition d. Encoding specificity
b
41. Which of the following correctly lists types of memory from least to most complex? a. Semantic, episodic, visual b. Visual, semantic, episodic c. Episodic, visual, semantic d. Semantic, visual, episodic
b
46. Researchers understood that KF had experienced a decline in short-term memory capacity because he had a digit span of ________ . a. one b. two c. four d. six
b
49. Procedural memories are also known as ________ memories. a. static b. skill c. explicit d. task
b
8. This multiple-choice question is an example of a ___________ test. a. recall b. recognition c. word-completion d. personal semantic memory
b
9. Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates a. the phonological similarity effect. b. a build-up and release of proactive interference. c. the cocktail party phenomenon. d. a partial-report procedure.
b
39. If a Gestalt psychologist was baking a cake for an event, what would they be most focused on? a. the oven b. the cake c. the flour d. the flavor
b. the cake
49. A person who is activating their visuospatial sketch pad is likely to say which of the following? a. "Let's walk down memory lane." b. "I can see it in my mind's eye." c. "It's right on the tip of my tongue." d. "I can remember like it was yesterday."
b. "I can see it in my mind's eye."
34. What is the typical duration of short-term memory? a. 15 to 50 seconds b. 15 to 20 seconds c. 5 to 7 seconds d. 7 to 15 seconds
b. 15 to 20 seconds
15. The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is a. just under a fraction of a second. b. 15-20 seconds or less. c. one to three minutes or more. d. indefinite.
b. 15-20 seconds or less.
12. Which of the following statements best describes how neurons communicate with one another? a. Dendrites make direct contact with each other. b. A chemical process takes place in the synapse. c. An electrical process takes place in the receptors. d. Action potentials travel across the synapse.
b. A chemical process takes place in the synapse.
14. Which of the following stimuli will last longer in the receiver's sensory memory? a. A red bird in the snow b. A lion's roar at the zoo c. An infant's first smile d. A striped top on a mannequin
b. A lion's roar at the zoo
40. Which of the following is similar to early ideas scientists had about the brain's physical properties? a. A tree b. A web c. A pipe d. A river
b. A web
27. Which part of a neuron transmits signals to other neurons? a. Dendrites b. Axons c. Cell body d. Nerve net
b. Axons
17. Which organ is unique in that it appears to be static tissue? a. Heart b. Brain c. Lungs d. Kidney
b. Brain
20. What is the study of mental processes that includes determining the characteristics and properties of the mind and how it operates? a. Psychology b. Cognitive psychology c. Sociology d. Psychopathology
b. Cognitive psychology
45. Which of the following could be considered as always taking a "working vacation"? a. Temporal lobe b. Default mode network c. Broca's area d. Neural networks
b. Default mode network
11. What contains the words, stored in memory, each of which has a threshold for being activated? a. Attenuator b. Dictionary unit c. Detector d. Filter
b. Dictionary unit
1. According to your textbook, perception goes beyond the simple receipt of sensory information. It is involved in many different cognitive skills. Which of the following is NOT one of those skills as noted by the chapter? a. Solving problems b. Experiencing neuromodulation c. Communicating with other people d. Answering questions
b. Experiencing neuromodulation
33. Which of the following does NOT characterize the information processing (IP) approach to the study of cognition? a. IP depicts the mind as processing information in a sequence of stages. b. IP emphasizes stimulus-response relationships in cognitive processes. c. IP involves the use of computers as a metaphor to understand human cognition. d. IP traces the sequence of mental operations involved in cognition.
b. IP emphasizes stimulus-response relationships in cognitive processes.
36. Sarah has experienced brain damage making it difficult for her to understand spatial layout. Which area of her brain has most likely sustained damage? a. Fusiform face area (FFA) b. Parahippocampal place area (PPA) c. Extrastriate body area (EBA) d. Functional magnetic area (FMA)
b. Parahippocampal place area (PPA)
57. Which memory is used for physical actions? a. Long-term memory b. Procedural memory c. Episodic memory d. Semantic memory
b. Procedural memory
40. Watson became dissatisfied with the method of analytic introspection in which context? a. Behaviorism b. Results were interpreted in terms of invisible inner mental processes c. It produced same results from person to person d. Results were easy to verify
b. Results were interpreted in terms of invisible inner mental processes
53. Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin's (1968) model of memory, which was introduced a year after the publication of Neisser's book, described the flow of information in the memory system as progressing through three stages. Which memory holds incoming information for a fraction of a second and then passes most of this information to short-term memory? a. Long-term memory b. Sensory memory c. Episodic memory d. Semantic memory
b. Sensory memory
30. Which of the following represents the correct progression of information as it moves through the primary memory stores? a. Short-term, long-term, episodic b. Sensory, short-term, long-term c. Episodic, short-term, sensory d. Sensory, episodic, long-term
b. Sensory, short-term, long-term
32. Which of the following events is most closely associated with a resurgence in interest in the mind within the study of psychology? a. Watson's "Little Albert" experiment b. Skinner's publication of the book, Verbal Behavior c. Development of the technique of analytic introspection d. Tolman's proposal of cognitive maps
b. Skinner's publication of the book, Verbal Behavior
31. What is the gap between the end of a neuron's axon and the dendrites or cell body of another neuron known as? a. Doctrine b. Synapse c. Axon d. Dendrite
b. Synapse
26. The __________ lobe of the cortex receives information from all of the senses and is responsible for coordination of the senses, as well as higher cognitive functions such as thinking and problem solving. a. subcortical b. frontal c. occipital d. parietal
b. frontal
11. The first experiments in cognitive psychology were based on the idea that mental responses can be a. measured directly. b. inferred from the participant's behavior. c. measured by comparing the presentation of the stimulus and the participant's response. d. measured by comparing responses among different participants.
b. inferred from the participant's behavior.
11. Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that a. short-term and long-term memory are the independent components of memory. b. information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds. c. information in short-term memory must be rehearsed to transfer into long-term memory. d. short-term memory has a limited capacity.
b. information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds.
3. The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on one's retina is called the a. radiated wavelength paradox. b. inverse projection problem. c. serial location task. d. fusiform face role.
b. inverse projection problem.
16. A high threshold in Treisman's model of attention implies that a. weak signals can cause activation. b. it takes a strong signal to cause activation. c. all signals cause activation. d. no signals cause activation.
b. it takes a strong signal to cause activation.
15. The theory of unconscious inference includes the a. oblique effect. b. likelihood principle. c. principle of componential recovery. d. principle of speech segmentation.
b. likelihood principle.
24. Paul Broca's and Carl Wernicke's research provided early evidence for a. distributed processing. b. localization of function. c. prosopagnosia. d. neural net theory.
b. localization of function.
4. A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they a. do not require attention. b. may differ from one task to another. c. are performed without conscious awareness. d. are difficult to modify.
b. may differ from one task to another.
5. The main point of the Donders's reaction time experiments was to a. show that reaction times can be measured accurately. b. measure the amount of time it takes to make a decision. c. determine differences in the way people react to stimuli. d. show that our cognitions are often based on unconscious inferences.
b. measure the amount of time it takes to make a decision.
24. People perceive vertical and horizontal orientations more easily than other orientations according to the a. principle of size constancy. b. oblique effect. c. law of pragnanz. d. law of good continuation.
b. oblique effect.
17. The process by which small objects become perceptually grouped to form larger objects is the principle of perceptual a. conjunction. b. organization. c. discriminability. d. fusion.
b. organization.
55. The Gestalt psychologists believe that _____. a. we use data about the environment to determine what is out there b. perception is affected by experience, but built-in principles can override experience c. top-down processing is central to perception d. experience has no effect on perception, only sensation
b. perception is affected by experience, but built-in principles can override experience
51. The fact that trees are more likely to be vertical or horizontal than slanted is an example of ____. a. semantic regularity b. physical regularity c. perceptual regularity d. orientation regularity
b. physical regularity
15. Ebbinghaus's "memory" experiments were important because they a. described complex decision making. b. plotted functions that described the operation of the mind. c. were the first to combine basic elements of experience called sensations. d. showed how positive reinforcers strengthen behavior.
b. plotted functions that described the operation of the mind.
41. Funahashi's work on monkeys doing a delayed response task examined the role of neurons in the a. nucleus accumbens. b. prefrontal cortex. c. diencephalon. d. cingulate gyrus.
b. prefrontal cortex.
54. The value that stays the same as long as there are no signals in the neuron is known as a. nerve impulse. b. resting potential. c. action potential. d. nerve transmission.
b. resting potential.
26. The demonstration in your text that asks you to visualize scenes such as an office, a department store clothing section, a lion, and a microscope often results in more details in the scene of the office or department store than the scene with the lion or microscope. The latter two tend to have fewer details because most individuals from modern society have less knowledge of _____ in those scenes. a. physical regularities b. semantic regularities c. pragnanz d. double dissociation
b. semantic regularities
18. Suppose you're on the phone with a customer support representative who gives you a ticket number for your records. You're later transferred to a different representative who asks for your ticket number, but you've forgotten it. This probably occurred because the number was only temporarily stored in your a. sensory memory. b. short-term memory. c. long-term memory. d. episodic memory.
b. short-term memory.
25. Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information rather than simply store it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of a. the phonological similarity effect. b. short-term memory. c. the persistence of vision. d. the physiological approach to coding.
b. short-term memory.
19. You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands. You perceive the bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together. The red uniforms are one band, the green uniforms another, and so forth. You have this perceptual experience because of the law of a. simplicity. b. similarity. c. pragnanz. d. familiarity.
b. similarity.
6. In Donders's experiment on decision making, when participants were asked to press a button upon presentation of a light, they were engaged in a a. sensory memory task. b. simple reaction time task. c. choice reaction time task. d. classical conditioning task.
b. simple reaction time task.
21. With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when a. the color and the name matched. b. the color and the name differed. c. the shape and the name matched. d. the shape and the name differed.
b. the color and the name differed.
52. Placing tomatoes, onions, jalapenos, garlic, cilantro, and lime juice into a blender and turning it on to produce salsa is similar to which of the following? a. the detector of Broadbent's filter model b. the focused attention stage of feature integration theory c. the dictionary unit of Treisman's attenuation model d. the synchronization stage of the executive attention network
b. the focused attention stage of feature integration theory
43. At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Symposium on Information Theory, George Miller presented a paper suggesting that a. the human ability to process information is unlimited. b. there are limits to the human ability to process information. c. intelligent machines can be successfully created. d. memory consolidation is enhanced by REM sleep.
b. there are limits to the human ability to process information.
9. Perceiving machines are used by the U.S. Postal Service to "read" the addresses on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations. Sometimes, these machines cannot read an address because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory. Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses, most likely because of a. bottom-up processing. b. top-down processing. c. their in-depth understanding of principles of perception. d. repeated practice at the task.
b. top-down processing.
22. The Stroop effect occurs when participants a. are told to divide their attention between colors and shapes. b. try to name colors and ignore words. c. try to select some incoming information based on meaning. d. are told to shadow two messages simultaneously.
b. try to name colors and ignore words.
32. The perception pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway, while the action pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway. a. where; what b. what; where c. size; distance d. distance; size
b. what; where
11. In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated? a. Both Tom and Tim have good episodic memory but poor semantic memory. b. Tom and Tim both show deficits in episodic and semantic memory. c. Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory. d. Both Tom and Tim have good semantic memory but poor episodic memory.
c
19. ___________ memories are to experiences as ___________ memories are to facts. a. Semantic; implicit b. Implicit; episodic c. Episodic; semantic d. Procedural; episodic
c
25. Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects a. intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory. b. intact procedural memory but defective episodic memory. c. intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory. d. intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory.
c
30. One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that a. it always leads to episodic memory for events. b. it is enhanced by the self-reference effect. c. people are not conscious they are using it. d. people use it strategically to enhance memory for events.
c
31. Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She explains how to hold the racquet, how to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ___________ memory. a. working b. semantic c. procedural d. autobiographical
c
38. Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory? a. Because learning the association between the neutral and conditioned stimulus requires effort. b. Because it is based on motor skills similar to procedural memory. c. Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it. d. Because it usually involves memory for the episode in which it occurred.
c
4. When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds a. has no effect on the curve. b. increases the primacy effect. c. decreases the recency effect. d. increases both the primacy and the recency effects.
c
40. Semantic memory is to ________ as episodic memory is to ________. a. images; sounds b. implicit; explicit c. knowing; remembering d. fragile; permanent
c
43. The type of coding that occurs in a particular situation primarily depends on the ________. a. neurons b. source c. task d. stimulus
c
45. The constructive episodic stimulation hypothesis describes how our memories are connected to our ________. a. knowledge b. emotions c. future d. neural networks
c
47. According to Tulving, an episodic memory is distinguished by the process of ________ it. a. semanticizing b. knowing c. reliving d. coding
c
5. Regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear by preventing rehearsal? a. Inserting a 30-second delay before recall b. Presenting the stimulus list at a slower pace c. Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall d. Using a very long list (greater than 30 items at one item per second)
c
6. The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to eliminate the recency effect is to a. have participants say "la, la, la" while studying the list. b. present the list more slowly. c. have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list. d. have participants see the words on a screen, rather than hear them.
c
7. The predominant type of coding in long-term memory is a. phonological. b. concrete. c. semantic. d. visual.
c
55. Neuroimage, a journal devoted solely to reporting neuroimaging research, was founded in which year? a. 1975 b. 1984 c. 1992 d. 2000
c. 1992
23. Which of the following is NOT an example of a physical regularity in your text? a. The oblique effect b. The light-from-above assumption c. Angled orientation d. Having one object that is partially covered by another "come out the other side"
c. Angled orientation
30. Which parts of neurons are also known as a "nerve fiber"? a. Touch receptor b. Receptor c. Axons d. Dendrites
c. Axons
41. A person with strong ________ would likely have a deeper experience of Bayesian influence. a. principles b. eyesight c. sensation d. beliefs
d. beliefs
24. The "Little Albert" experiment involving the rat and the loud noise is an example of which of the following types of experiments? a. Reaction time b. Unconscious inference c. Classical conditioning d. Operant conditioning
c. Classical conditioning
48. Which of the following terms is correct in context with "Pairing one stimulus with another"? a. Cognitive mapping b. Paradigm shift c. Classical conditioning d. Behaviorism
c. Classical conditioning
47. Determining the sequence of DNA in humans was a major scientific advance that opened the door to new ideas about illness and approaches to treatment. An individual's unique DNA sequence is similar to which of the following? a. Salience b. Voxel c. Connectome d. Aphasia
c. Connectome
46. Which of the following terms does NOT reflect functional network activity in the brain? a. Responsive b. Conditional c. Consistent d. Variable
c. Consistent
37. Ramon is looking at photos of athletes in a sports magazine. He is focusing on their body parts, particularly their chest and legs. Which part of Ramon's brain is activated by this viewing? a. Fusiform face area (FFA) b. Parahippocampal place area (PPA) c. Extrastriate body area (EBA) d. Functional magnetic area (FMA)
c. Extrastriate body area (EBA)
43. Taking clay and sand to create bricks, which are then used to build modular wall panels, which are then assembled to construct tall buildings, is similar to which of the following neural concepts? a. Specificity coding b. Localization of function c. Hierarchical processing d. Distributed representation
c. Hierarchical processing
14. Which of the following is true about perception? a. It occurs separately from action. b. It is mostly automatic. c. It involves rapid processes. d. It is the result of many cognitions such as creating memories, acquiring knowledge, and solving problems.
c. It involves rapid processes.
21. Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to specificity coding? a. It is probably accurate, which explains why the human nervous system contains over one hundred billion neurons. b. Research has found that specificity encoding does occur for lower animals, such as dogs and cats, but has not found this phenomenon to exist in human beings. c. It is unlikely to be correct because there are too many stimuli in the world to have a separate neuron for each. d. Specificity coding is one of the areas that is only theoretical and not applied, and thus there is no way to know if it truly exists in human beings.
c. It is unlikely to be correct because there are too many stimuli in the world to have a separate neuron for each.
21. Which of the following is a criticism of analytic introspection? a. It infers mental processes based on objective data. b. It produces results that are too easy to verify. c. It produces variable results from person to person. d. It requires no training.
c. It produces variable results from person to person.
29. Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds? a. BIP, TEK, LIN, MOD, REY b. SAY, BET, PIN, COW, RUG c. MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP d. PIG, DOG, RAT, FOX, HEN
c. MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP
51. If the brain can be considered a busy factory that takes in and processes information, which of the following would occur during the synaptic state in Stokes's working memory concept? a. The factory machines would consume electricity. b. The factory machines would produce electricity. c. Machines would shut down for material resupply. d. An alarm would sound signaling system overload.
c. Machines would shut down for material resupply.
32. Which of the following statements is correct? a. Peripheral vision is the area you are looking at. b. Central vision is everything off to the side. c. Objects in central vision fall on the small area called the fovea. d. Everything to the right is outside your vision.
c. Objects in central vision fall on the small area called the fovea.
41. What is a key difference between dendrites and axons? a. One is internally activated and the other is externally activated. b. One has physical form and the other lacks physical form. c. One sends information and the other receives information. d. One has a positive charge and the other has a negative charge.
c. One sends information and the other receives information.
13. Before going to the grocery store, Jamal quickly made a list in his head of the few items he needed to cook dinner. Driving to the store, he repeated the list over and over to himself so that he wouldn't forget anything. How would Broadbent describe Jamal's actions in the car? a. Chunking in sensory memory b. Buffering in the central executive c. Rehearsal in short-term memory d. Rotation in the phonological loop
c. Rehearsal in short-term memory
31. Which of the following statements about short-term memory is FALSE? a. Short-term memory has a relatively small capacity for information. b. Retention of information in short-term memory is brief. c. Short-term memory stores an exact replica of sensory stimuli. d. Short-term memory provides meaning to information.
c. Short-term memory stores an exact replica of sensory stimuli.
13. How is the term mind used in this statement: "When he talks about his encounter with aliens, it sounds like he is out of his mind"? a. The mind as involved in memory b. The mind as problem solver c. The mind as a healthy mind being associated with normal functioning, a nonfunctioning mind with abnormal functioning. d. The mind as valuable, something that should be used
c. The mind as a healthy mind being associated with normal functioning, a nonfunctioning mind with abnormal functioning.
54. Which of the following is true about Bayesian inference? a. The probability of an outcome is determined by chance. b. The probability of an outcome is determined solely by the likelihood of the outcome. c. The probability of an outcome is determined by the prior probability and the likelihood of the outcome. d. The probability of an outcome is determined solely by our initial belief about the probability of an outcome.
c. The probability of an outcome is determined by the prior probability and the likelihood of the outcome.
3. Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for ___________ of a list. a. the first words b. the middle words c. the last words d. both the first and last words
d
36. According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road? a. Trying to imagine how many cabinets are in their kitchen b. Trying to remember a map of the area c. Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned d. Trying to imagine a portrait from a recent museum exhibit
c. Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned
35. Which term best reflects what we do with an image projected onto our retina? a. We infer it. b. We confirm it. c. We interpret it. d. We reverse it.
c. We interpret it.
31. What is the process of unconscious inference? a. When our subconscious mind interferes with our conscience b. When our unconscious perceptions align with our conscious perceptions c. When our perceptions are the result of inferences that we make about the environment d. When our subconscious interferes with what we perceive from our retinas
c. When our perceptions are the result of inferences that we make about the environment
23. Who founded the first laboratory of scientific psychology at the University of Leipzig in Germany? a. Erik Erikson b. Sigmund Freud c. Wilhelm Wundt d. Ivan Pavlov
c. Wilhelm Wundt
40. Which of the following would have the most semantic regularities? a. a forest b. a skyscraper c. a shopping mall d. a toll booth
c. a shopping mall
27. The results of Gauthier's "Greeble" experiment illustrate a. that neurons specialized to respond to faces are present in our brains when we are born. b. that training a monkey to recognize the difference between common objects can influence how the monkey's neurons fire to these objects. c. an effect of experience-dependent plasticity. d. that our nervous systems remain fairly stable in different environments.
c. an effect of experience-dependent plasticity.
26. Eye tracking studies investigating attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich found that a person's eye movements a. usually follow a motor action by a fraction of a second. b. are influenced by unusual objects placed in the scene. c. are determined primarily by the task. d. continually scan all objects and areas of the scene.
c. are determined primarily by the task.
4. By comparing reaction times across different tasks, Donders was able to conclude how long the mind needs to perform a certain cognitive task. Donders interpreted the difference in reaction time between the simple and choice conditions of his experiment as indicating how long it took to a. perceive the stimulus. b. process the stimulus. c. attend to the stimulus. d. make a decision about the stimulus.
c. attend to the stimulus.
5. The key structural components of neurons are the a. cell body, cellular membrane, and transmitters. b. axon, dendrites, and glands. c. cell body, dendrites, and axons. d. transmitters, dendrites, and nodes of Ranvier.
c. cell body, dendrites, and axons.
8. In Donders's experiment on decision making, when participants were asked to press one button if the light on the left was illuminated and another button if the light on the right was illuminated, they were engaged in a a. memory recall task. b. simple reaction time task. c. choice reaction time task. d. operant conditioning task.
c. choice reaction time task.
1. The study of the physiological basis of cognition is known as a. cognitive psychology. b. neuroscience. c. cognitive neuroscience. d. neuropsychology.
c. cognitive neuroscience.
50. Which of the following stimulus characteristics most challenges the processing capacity of short-term memory? a. frequency b. color c. complexity d. source
c. complexity
5. Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listened to two different messages, one presented to each ear, found that people a. could focus on a message only if they are repeating it. b. could focus on a message only if they rehearsed it. c. could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time. d. could not focus on a message presented to only one ear.
c. could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time.
12. Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to ___________, but later research showed that it was actually due to ___________. a. interference; decay b. priming; interference c. decay; interference d. decay; lack of rehearsal
c. decay; interference
3. Donders's main reason for doing his choice reaction time experiment was to study a. sensation. b. childhood attachment styles. c. decision making. d. personality development.
c. decision making.
3. The technique where the participant's task is to focus on the message in one ear, called the attended ear, and to repeat what he or she is hearing out loud is known as a. filter model attention. b. shadowing. c. dichotic listening. d. detector listening.
c. dichotic listening.
45. Proponents of multitasking would note ________ to support their opinion, whereas opponents of multitasking would point to ________ to justify their perspective. a. selective attention; divided attention b. distraction; selective attention c. divided attention; distraction d. attentional capture; divided attention
c. divided attention; distraction
42. Which of the following word strings all refer to the same pathway? a. what, action, dorsal b. where, ventral, perception c. dorsal, where, action d. perception, dorsal, what
c. dorsal, where, action
10. Brief sensory memory for sound is known as a. iconic memory. b. primary auditory memory. c. echoic memory. d. pre-perceptual auditory memory.
c. echoic memory.
14. According to Ebbinghaus's research on memory, savings is a function of a. word familiarity. b. sensory modality. c. elapsed time. d. reaction time.
c. elapsed time.
25. When we search a scene, initial fixations are most likely to occur on __________ areas. a. high-load b. low-load c. high-saliency d. low-saliency
c. high-saliency
13. You are walking down the street and see a nice car drive by. You notice its color, movement, and shape. All of these features are processed a. in one localized area of the brain. b. by a specific object neuron. c. in different parts of the brain. d. through fMRI potentials.
c. in different parts of the brain.
23. Recording from single neurons in the brain has shown that neurons responding to specific types of stimuli are often clustered in specific areas. These results support the idea of a. cortical association. b. dissociation. c. localization of function. d. the information processing approach.
c. localization of function.
19. If you are folding towels while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the act of folding while keeping up with the storyline on the TV show. Folding the towels would be an example of a(n) ________ task. a. attenuated b. high-load c. low-load d. filtered
c. low-load
52. Semantic regularity refers to the _____. a. regularity between locations b. idea that regularities in the environment provide information we can use to resolve ambiguities c. meaning between properties of an object d. consistency between situations
c. meaning between properties of an object
12. Suppose twin teenagers are vying for their mother's attention. The mother is trying to pay attention to one of her daughters, though both girls are talking (one about her boyfriend, one about a school project). According to the operating characteristics of Treisman's attenuator, it is most likely the attenuator is analyzing the incoming messages in terms of a. physical characteristics. b. language. c. meaning. d. direction.
c. meaning.
40. Lan has no idea what she just read in her text because she was thinking about how hungry she is and what she is going to have for dinner. This is a real-world example of a. the late-selection model of attention. b. an object-based attentional failure. c. mind wandering. d. the cocktail party phenomenon.
c. mind wandering.
8. Groups of interconnected neurons are referred to as a. myelin sheaths. b. potentiated somas. c. neural circuits. d. spreading activations.
c. neural circuits.
39. Groups of neurons or structures that are connected within the nervous system are called__________. a. synaptic vesicles b. neuronal bridges c. neural networks d. fused conduits
c. neural networks
11. Speech segmentation is defined as a. creating a sentence from a series of spoken words. b. ignoring the spaces between the spoken words of a sentence. c. organizing the sounds of speech into individual words. d. recognizing a few words out of many when hearing a largely unfamiliar language.
c. organizing the sounds of speech into individual words.
29. The landmark discrimination problem is more difficult to do if you have damage to your _____ lobe. a. frontal b. temporal c. parietal d. occipital
c. parietal
39. Chantal has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem-solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Chantal is displaying a. sensory memory. b. decay. c. perseveration. d. agnosia.
c. perseveration.
7. When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of a. a visual delay effect. b. echoic memory. c. persistence of vision. d. top-down processing.
c. persistence of vision.
7. The "filter model" proposes that the filter identifies the attended message based on a. meaning. b. modality. c. physical characteristics. d. higher order characteristics.
c. physical characteristics.
20. The notion that every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible is called the law of a. common fate. b. similarity. c. pragnanz. d. continuity.
c. pragnanz.
41. According to Treisman's feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the __________ stage. a. feature analysis b. focused attention c. preattentive d. letter analysis
c. preattentive
35. The fusiform face area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with a. Broca's aphasia. b. Wernicke's aphasia. c. prosopagnosia. d. Alzheimer's disease.
c. prosopagnosia.
35. Saccadic eye movement is a ______________. a. rapid, jerky movement from one fixation to the next b. shifting of attention from one place to another by moving the eyes c. reaction to physical properties of stimulus d. brief pause on another person's face
c. reaction to physical properties of stimulus
21. Entering a church service and seeing someone selling hot dogs and cotton candy from a cart near the altar would be perceived as a violation of a. mirror neurons. b. natural selection. c. scene schema. d. pragnanz.
c. scene schema.
3. The three structural components of the modal model of memory are a. receptors, occipital lobe, temporal lobe. b. receptors, temporal lobe, frontal lobe. c. sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory. d. sensory memory, iconic memory, rehearsal.
c. sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.
19. When conducting an experiment on how stimuli are represented by the firing of neurons, you notice that neurons respond differently to different faces. For example, Arthur's face causes three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the most and neuron 3 responding the least. Roger's face causes three different neurons to fire, with neuron 7 responding the least and neuron 9 responding the most. Your results support __________ coding. a. specificity b. distributed c. sparse d. divergence
c. sparse
29. Ming is taking a memory test. She is more likely to recall the name of a popular singer if she had a. just read about the singer in a magazine. b. just seen the singer on TV. c. recently seen the singer on TV and read about the singer in a magazine. d. attended the singer's concert last year with her boyfriend.
d
8. When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because a. the trail you see is caused by sparks left behind from the sparkler. b. longer light wavelengths from the sparkler produce a visual echoic effect. c. the length of iconic memory is about a fraction of a second. d. Gestalt principles work to complete the circle in our minds.
c. the length of iconic memory is about a fraction of a second.
36. Research on the use of cell phones while driving indicates that a. the negative effect can be decreased by using "hands-free" units. b. the problem with cell phones is that attention is distracted from the task of driving by the need to hold the phone and drive with one hand. c. the main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone. d. the public perception that using a cell phone while driving poses a significant risk to drivers' safety is, in fact, incorrect.
c. the main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone.
18. Edgar Adrian studied the relationship between nerve firing and sensory experience by measuring how the firing of a neuron from a receptor in the skin changed as he applied more pressure to the skin. He found that a. the shape and height of the action potential increased as he increased the pressure. b. the shape and height of the action potential decreased as he increased the pressure. c. the rate of nerve firing increased as he increased the pressure. d. the rate of nerve firing decreased as he increased the pressure.
c. the rate of nerve firing increased as he increased the pressure.
36. What differentiates bottom-up processing from top-down processing? a. the direction of scanning b. the pattern of organization c. the source of information d. the pathway of action
c. the source of information
8. Maria took a drink from a container marked "milk." Surprised, she quickly spit out the liquid because it turned out that the container was filled with orange juice instead. Maria likes orange juice, so why did she have such a negative reaction to it? Her response was most affected by a. reception of the stimulus. b. bottom-up processing. c. top-down processing. d. focused attention.
c. top-down processing.
45. The "cognitive revolution" a. occurred rapidly, within a period of a few years, in response to the attacks on Skinner and the development of computers. b. extended over a long period of time, beginning in the early part of the century, in reaction to Wundt's introspection experiments. c. was a gradual process that occurred over a few decades. d. was not really necessary because the study of the mind has been a constant part of experimental psychology since the founding of the first psychology laboratory.
c. was a gradual process that occurred over a few decades.
26. Working memory differs from short-term memory in that a. short-term memory consists of a number of components. b. short-term memory has a central executive function. c. working memory is engaged in processing information. d. working memory has unlimited capacity.
c. working memory is engaged in processing information.
13. Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that a. long-term memory can operate normally while short-term memory is impaired. b. impairment of one memory system (long-term or short-term) necessarily leads to deficits in the functioning of the other. c. a double dissociation exists for short-term and long-term memory. d. short-term memory can operate normally while long-term memory is impaired.
d
14. Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M., who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures? a. The hippocampus is necessary for forming new long-term memories. b. Short-term and long-term memories are controlled by different mechanisms. c. Short-term and long-term memories can operate independently of each other. d. Long-term memories are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus.
d
15. Neuropsychological evidence indicates that short- and long-term memories probably a. represent different aspects of the same mechanism. b. are caused by different mechanisms that depend upon each other. c. both rely most heavily on a semantic coding mechanism. d. are caused by different mechanisms that act independently.
d
18. Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory? a. Classical conditioning b. Repetition priming c. Procedural memory d. Semantic memory
d
26. A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in a. recognizing famous people. b. remembering the meaning of some words. c. recalling where to find eating utensils in the kitchen. d. remembering graduating from college.
d
32. A man suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty? a. Following a story in a book b. Remembering what he needs to buy when he gets to the grocery store c. Recognizing people he has recently met d. Identifying a photograph of his childhood home
d
34. Work with brain-injured patients reveals that ___________ memory does not depend on conscious memory. a. declarative and non-declarative b. personal semantic and remote c. semantic and episodic d. implicit and procedural
d
35. Which of the following involves procedural memory? a. Knowing how it feels to be scared b. Recalling a childhood memory c. Knowing how an automobile engine works d. Reading a sentence in a book
d
39. According to your text, which of the following movies is LEAST accurate in its portrayal of a memory problem? a. The Bourne Identity b. Memento c. The Long Kiss Goodnight d. 50 First Dates
d
48. From a cognitive psychology perspective, memories from specific experiences in our life are defined as being ________. a. reflective b. subjective c. personal d. autobiographical
d
50. Believing that a particular statement is true simply because you have seen the statement in previous instances is known as the ________ effect. a. conditioning b. primacy c. recency d. propaganda
d
The coding of a stimulus into memory refers to which of the following? a. Consciousness b. Location c. Process d. Form
d
19. Which of the following represents the most effective chunking of the digit sequence 14929111776? a. 14 929 111 776 b. 149 29111 776 c. 14 92 91 117 76 d. 1492 911 1776
d. 1492 911 1776
52. In which year was positron emission tomography (PET) introduced and made it possible to see which areas of the human brain are activated during cognitive activity? a. 1969 b. 1984 c. 1991 d. 1976
d. 1976
22. Which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function? a. Specific areas of the brain serve different functions. b. Neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli. c. Brain areas are specialized for specific functions. d. All of these are correct.
d. All of these are correct.
33. In which of the following body parts are neurons NOT present? a. Eyes b. Ears c. Skin d. Arteries
d. Arteries
26. Which of the following psychologists is known for research on operant conditioning? a. Franciscus Donders b. Wilhelm Wundt c. John Watson d. B. F. Skinner
d. B. F. Skinner
31. Who proposed that children's language development was caused by imitation and reinforcement? a. Noam Chomsky b. John Watson c. Keller Breland d. B. F. Skinner
d. B. F. Skinner
17. Which of the following is the process by which features such as color, form motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object? a. Change blindness b. Change detection c. Illusory conjunctions d. Binding
d. Binding
25. What is the metabolic center of an individual neuron? a. Nerve b. Connectome c. Axon d. Cell body
d. Cell body
2. Which of the following is an experimental procedure used to study how attention affects the processing of competing stimuli? a. Early selection b. Filtering c. Channeling d. Dichotic listening
d. Dichotic listening
13. Which of the following is most closely associated with Treisman's attenuation theory of selective attention? a. Late selection b. Stroop experiments c. Precueing d. Dictionary unit
d. Dictionary unit
17. Which of the following is not a stage in the information processing model of memory? a. Sensory memory b. Short-term memory c. Long-term memory d. Episodic memory
d. Episodic memory
41. The use of the term artificial intelligence was coined by a. B. F. Skinner. b. Colin Cherry. c. Edward Tolman. d. John McCarthy.
d. John McCarthy.
18. Suppose you are in your kitchen writing a grocery list, while your roommate is watching TV in the next room. A commercial for spaghetti sauce comes on TV. Although you are not paying attention to the TV, you "suddenly" remember that you need to pick up spaghetti sauce and add it to the list. Your behavior is best predicted by which of the following models of attention? a. Object-based b. Early selection c. Spotlight d. Late selection
d. Late selection
55. Which substance is released when signals reach the synapse at the end of the axon? a. Axon b. Receptors c. Dendrites d. Neurotransmitters
d. Neurotransmitters
28. Amhad is doing an experiment in which he has to choose between the object he has been shown previously (the target object) and another object. Choosing the target object will result in a reward. What sort of task is Amhad doing? a. Landmark discrimination problem b. Dissociation task c. Greeble recognition task d. Object discrimination problem
d. Object discrimination problem
36. Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listen to two messages simultaneously, one in each ear, found all but which of the following? a. People can focus on one message and ignore the other one. b. People can focus on the message they were repeating. c. People take in very little information about the ignored message. d. People who are deaf process auditory information on a nonconscious level.
d. People who are deaf process auditory information on a nonconscious level.
47. How does perceptual load differ from processing capacity? a. Perceptual load is static and processing capacity is variable. b. Perceptual load is genetic and processing capacity is learned. c. Perceptual load is sensory and processing capacity is cognitive. d. Perceptual load is individual and processing capacity is universal.
d. Perceptual load is individual and processing capacity is universal.
34. Which part of the nervous system picks up information from the outside environment? a. Dendrites b. Axons c. Synapses d. Receptors
d. Receptors
44. Before the advent of intercoms, old mansions had a sash in each room. Each sash was connected to a bell on a master board in the servants' office. When someone pulled a sash in a particular room, a bell corresponding to the room would ring on the master board, informing a servant where to go to provide assistance. This system is similar to which of the following? a. Sparse coding b. Localization coding c. Population coding d. Specificity coding
d. Specificity coding
28. Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory? a. The STM recency effect b. Delayed response coding c. The phonological loop d. The visuospatial sketch pad
d. The visuospatial sketch pad
50. Which of the following is a basic principle of Gestalt psychology? a. Many parts make up a whole. b. Truth is relative. c. Apparent motion is due to sensation. d. The whole is different from the sum of its parts.
d. The whole is different from the sum of its parts.
14. According to Treisman's attenuation model, which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people? a. The word "money" b. Their child's first name c. The word "home" d. The word "platypus"
d. The word "platypus"
28. Who developed the concept of the cognitive map? a. Raynor b. Sanders c. James d. Tolman
d. Tolman
17. With which of the following sentences would the author disagree? a. The mind creates and controls mental processes such as language and emotions. b. The mind can create representations of the world. c. The mind is a problem solver. d. We can consider the mind extraordinary if it is used for extraordinary purposes.
d. We can consider the mind extraordinary if it is used for extraordinary purposes.
13. Evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by which of the following examples? a. When someone can easily select a target that has a feature distinct from distracters b. When someone cannot read an illegible word in a written sentence c. When someone easily identifies an object even though that object is unexpected in that context (e.g., identifying a telephone inside a refrigerator) d. When someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception
d. When someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception
30. Imagine that lawmakers are considering changing the driving laws and that you have been consulted as an attention expert. Given the principles of divided attention, in which of the following conditions would a person have the most difficulty with driving and therefore pose the biggest safety risk on the road? a. When the person has to drive to work early in the morning. b. When the driver is stuck in stop-and-go traffic. c. When the driver has to park in a crowded parking garage. d. When the person is driving an unfamiliar vehicle that is more difficult to operate.
d. When the person is driving an unfamiliar vehicle that is more difficult to operate.
44. During a visit to the local museum, you appreciate the incredible beauty of the paintings displayed. Your ability to see the paintings as complete pictures rather than individual, disconnected dots of color, texture, and location occurs through a process called __________. a. contiguity b. proximity c. accommodation d. binding
d. binding
51. If you stand very close to a pointillist painting, all you will see are tiny colored dots. But as you step away from the painting, larger areas of color become noticeable and eventually become recognizable objects such as flowers or clouds. This is similar to which of the following? a. sampling b. scanning c. synchronizing d. binding
d. binding
38. The difficulty we have in recognizing even an obvious alteration in a scene is called __________ blindness. a. covert b. exogenous c. endogenous d. change
d. change
21. The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him. They found that this student used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that a. experts show larger primacy and recency effects than beginners. b. knowledge in an area of expertise increases a person's digit span. c. expertise with some material reduces susceptibility to proactive interference with that material. d. chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts.
d. chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts.
12. The relationship between the ____________ is NOT measured directly by cognitive psychologists. a. physiological response and the behavioral outcome b. cognitive task and the behavioral outcome c. cognitive task and the physiological response d. cognitive task and the mental response
d. cognitive task and the mental response
34. Your text describes the occurrence of a "cognitive revolution" during which dramatic changes took place in the way psychology was studied. This so-called revolution occurred parallel to (and, in part, because of) the introduction of a. cognitive psychology textbooks. b. analytic introspection. c. Skinner boxes. d. computers.
d. computers.
11. When recording from a single neuron, stimulus intensity is represented by the a. size of the action potentials. b. size of the synapse. c. firing rate of the neurotransmitters. d. firing rate of the action potentials.
d. firing rate of the action potentials.
2. Perception is NOT essential for a. creating memories. b. acquiring knowledge. c. solving problems. d. improving empathy.
d. improving empathy.
20. The primary effect of chunking is to a. maximize the recency effect. b. increase memory for items by grouping them together based on sound. c. develop a visual code to supplement a phonological code for the information. d. increase the efficiency of short-term memory.
d. increase the efficiency of short-term memory.
5. Viewpoint ________ is the ability to recognize the same object even if it is seen from different perspectives. a. consistency b. resistance c. constancy d. invariance
d. invariance
39. Scene schema is a. rapid movements of the eyes from one place to another in a scene. b. short pauses of the eyes on points of interest in a scene. c. how attention is distributed throughout a static scene. d. knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene.
d. knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene.
2. Barbara has recently been diagnosed with abdominal cancer. Her oncologist wants to determine the best treatment method to eliminate the tumors. Her gastroenterologist is focused on relieving her symptoms and restoring normal digestive functioning. Barbara's psychologist works to help minimize her anxiety and keep her spirits up. The fact that these doctors are considering Barbara's situation with different goals and from different perspectives is similar to the idea of __________ presented in your textbook. a. the dynamics of cognition b. idiographic evaluation c. nomothetic examination d. levels of analysis
d. levels of analysis
38. The saying, "If you've seen one, you've seen 'em all" best reflects which of the following? a. principle of similarity b. law of pragnanz c. semantic regularities d. likelihood principle
d. likelihood principle
27. The investigation of how behavior is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforcers (e.g., food) or withdrawal of negative reinforcers (e.g., shock) is best known as a. classical conditioning. b. the method of savings. c. choice reaction time. d. operant conditioning.
d. operant conditioning.
22. Robin lost the softball game for her team when she ran toward home and was thrown out at the plate. The coach asked her, "Why did you run? You knew it was a risky move." Robin replied, "But I heard you yell, 'Go! Go!'" The coach replied, "I was saying, 'No! No!'" Robin's ill-fated run was the result of a ________ error. a. visuospatial b. control c. suppressive d. phonological
d. phonological
16. If kittens are raised in an environment that contains only verticals, you would predict that most of the neurons in their visual cortex would respond best to the visual presentation of a a. brick wall. b. chain link fence. c. solid wall. d. picket fence.
d. picket fence.
7. Reaction time refers to the time between the _______ of a stimulus and a person's response to it. a. sensation b. transduction c. change in intensity d. presentation
d. presentation
48. As the ________ of a stimulus increases, ________ tends to ________. a. sampling; warping; decrease b. warping; salience; decrease c. schema; sampling; increase d. salience; fixation; increase
d. salience; fixation; increase
28. The notion that faster responding occurs when enhancement spreads within an object is called a. high-load detraction. b. divided attention. c. location-based potentiation. d. same-object advantage.
d. same-object advantage.
1. When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of __________ attention. a. low load b. divided c. cocktail party d. selective
d. selective
27. Rehearsal is important for transferring information from a. sensory memory to long-term memory. b. sensory memory to short-term memory. c. long-term memory to sensory memory. d. short-term memory to long-term memory.
d. short-term memory to long-term memory.
42. It's often said that "life doesn't exist in a vacuum." However, the emptiness of ________ is critical for brain functioning. a. nerves b. receptors c. dendrites d. synapses
d. synapses
29. According to your text, the ability to divide attention depends on all of the following EXCEPT a. practice. b. the type of processing being used. c. the difficulty of the tasks. d. task cueing.
d. task cueing.
38. One function of ___________ is to pull information out of long-term memory. a. sensory memory b. the phonological loop c. articulatory suppression d. the central executive
d. the central executive
8. Broadbent's model is called the early selection model because a. sensory memory holds all of the information for fraction of second and then transfers all of it to filter. b. the output is sent to short-term memory, which holds the information for 10-15 seconds and also transfer the information to long-term memory. c. the attended information has been let through the filter, the detector processes all information that enters it. d. the filter eliminates the unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information.
d. the filter eliminates the unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information.
7. A synapse is a. a tube filled with fluid that conducts electrical signals. b. the structure that contains mechanisms to keep a neuron alive. c. the structure that receives electrical signals from other neurons. d. the gap that separates two different neurons.
d. the gap that separates two different neurons.
14. When the axon is at rest, the inside of the neuron has a charge that is 70 millivolts more negative than the outside. This difference will continue as long as a. the neuron's receptor continues to be stimulated. b. the impulse is past the recording electrode. c. signals remain in the neuron. d. the neuron is at rest.
d. the neuron is at rest.
33. Which of the following is NOT considered a starting point for perception? a. feeling b. hearing c. seeing d. thinking
d. thinking
46. Which term best reflects the core concept of echoic memory? a. repetition b. buffer c. access d. time
d. time
9. Anne Treisman's attenuator analyzes the incoming message in terms of all of the following EXCEPT a. how sequences of words create meaningful phrases. b. how the message groups into syllables or words. c. whether the message is fast or slow. d. whether the perceptual load is low or high.
d. whether the perceptual load is low or high.
48. If working memory were an actual workplace, which of the following best describes the members of Baddeley's model? a. independent consultants b. equal team members c. competing employees d. workers and manager
d. workers and manager
