Cog Psych Chapter Quizzes 6-10

Explicit memories are revealed by __________ memory tests, such as __________, whereas implicit memories are revealed by __________ memory tests, such as __________. indirect; recall; direct; priming direct; recall; indirect; priming direct; priming; indirect; recall indirect; priming; direct; recall

direct; recall; indirect; priming

What is an advantage of trying to learn something using deep (meaning-related) processing rather than strategies like mnemonics? -Deep processing helps one keep track of the order of learned items. -Deep processing is better at preventing the "remembering" of details that were never actually present but fit with the meaning of the items. - Deep processing creates more retrieval paths for the memory. -Deep processing relies less on having background knowledge of the topic being learned.

- Deep processing creates more retrieval paths for the memory.

Which statement about working memory is FALSE? -It has a limited storage capacity. - It functions mainly as a storage container. -Information in it is fragile and easily lost. -It refers mainly to the resources that make up the central executive and its helpers.

- It functions mainly as a storage container.

Which of the following is TRUE of the "narrowing" of focus that is often found in memories of emotional events? -Yes, there is a difference in the speed of recounting false memories and true memories. -Yes, true memories are more emotionally charged than false memories. -Yes, the number of details recalled in true memories are greater than false memories - No, nothing that we know can reliably distinguish true from false memories.

- No, nothing that we know can reliably distinguish true from false memories.

Pedro has just read a new chapter in an advanced biology textbook. Which characteristic of Pedro will best predict his long-term recall of the information in the chapter? - Pedro's prior knowledge of similar concepts in biology -Pedro's performance on a digit-span task -Pedro's intention to learn the information in the new chapter -The amount of time Pedro spends trying to learn the information

- Pedro's prior knowledge of similar concepts in biology

Which of the following is most likely to cause you to draw an inference about a category of animal? -information about an atypical member of that category -information about a category of animal higher up in the food chain than the one you are considering - a theory about how a feature you have seen in one member of the category might be caused by a feature that all category members share -information about a characteristic shared by two members of the category that are quite similar to each other

- a theory about how a feature you have seen in one member of the category might be caused by a feature that all category members share

According to Wittgenstein, we - have no real general concept for each category we know but instead learn each category member individually. - assess category membership probabilistically, by family resemblance. -can find rigid features that define a category but only after intensive study. -first encounter the prototypical member of a category and then compare all other potential members to it.

- assess category membership probabilistically, by family resemblance.

Which of the following is NOT an attribute of prototypes? -fuzzy (rather than set) category boundaries -graded membership - defining features -inequality of category members

- defining features

All of the following are problems for the prototype and exemplar accounts of categorization EXCEPT that -people know that the definition of an even number is absolute, but they still give even numbers different ratings of evenness. -a chicken wearing flippers, quacking, and floating in a pond is still identified as a chicken. - people's ratings of membership in a novel category change with experience. -a counterfeit Rolex watch can look identical to a real Rolex but is not considered a real Rolex.

- people's ratings of membership in a novel category change with experience.

Children's overregularization production errors -are evidence that speech is learned imitatively. - seem to be caused by an understanding of rules. -are extremely rare. -are evidence that speech is learned through a reliance on parental feedback.

- seem to be caused by an understanding of rules.

Which event will improve long-term memory performance during a free-recall task? -having participants count backward by threes for 30 seconds before recalling the list -delaying the recall for a few seconds after the list end (with no interpolated activity) -using words that all have similar sounds (like bay, day, gray, etc.) - slowing down the presentation of the list

- slowing down the presentation of the list

Long-term memory is to working memory as __________ is to __________. -an open file on your computer; the monitor on your computer -a printed copy of a file; a file stored on a CD -the keyboard attached to your computer; the cursor on your computer screen - the files stored on a hard drive; an open document you are working on

- the files stored on a hard drive; an open document you are working on

According to the modal model, all of the following are true EXCEPT that -new information moves from one information-processing component to the next. - the size of short-term memory can be expanded with sufficient practice. -incoming information goes through sensory and short-term memory on the path to long-term memory. -memory takes place in a series of discrete steps.

- the size of short-term memory can be expanded with sufficient practice.

All of the following contribute evidence for a distinction between explicit and implicit memory EXCEPT that - there is a distinction between the primacy and recency effect in the serial position curve. -people sometimes treat a familiar name as famous because they have retained their implicit memory of it but lost their explicit memory of where they saw it. -having a word in front of one's eyes has more impact on a subsequent word-completion task than thinking about the word's meaning, but on a subsequent-recall task, the opposite is true. -patient H.M. failed to recognize the "Tower of Hanoi" problem, despite showing improvement over repeat testing sessions.

- there is a distinction between the primacy and recency effect in the serial position curve.

The holding capacity of working memory is often said to be -7 plus-or-minus 2 digits. -7 plus-or-minus 2 chunks. -15 plus-or-minus 2 digits. -15 plus-or-minus 2 chunks.

-7 plus-or-minus 2 chunks.

Which of the following examples illustrates how category typicality and judgments of category membership usually go together? -A chicken wearing flippers, quacking, and floating in a pond is still identified as a chicken. -A perfect counterfeit bill that shares all the features of real money is rejected as payment. -A German shepherd is recognized to have all of the features typical of a dog and is quickly recognized as such. -Children are likely to believe that a house can be changed into an apartment building, but not that a black cat can be changed into a skunk by painting a white stripe down its back.

-A German shepherd is recognized to have all of the features typical of a dog and is quickly recognized as such.

Imagine a study in which half of the participants read a passage while sitting in a boat while the other half read the same passage while sitting on a train. Everyone's recall of the passage is tested in either the environment they learned in or the other environment. Based on previous studies, what results would you expect? -All people tested in the boat would have better recall than all people tested on the train. - Recall performance would be best for people whose testing environment matched their learning environment. -All people whose learning environment was the boat would have better recall than all people whose learning environment was the train. -People would have better recall when tested in an environment different from the one in which they learned.

-All people whose learning environment was the boat would have better recall than all people whose learning environment was the train.

Which of the following facts fits LEAST well with claims about prototypes? -Pictures of items similar to the prototype are identified as category members more quickly than pictures of items less similar to the prototype. -Items close to the prototype are the earliest (and most likely) to be mentioned in a production task. -When making up sentences about a category, people tend to create sentences that are most appropriate for the prototype of that category rather than for a more peripheral category member. -Even when an item is quite different from a category's prototype, it is easy for people to decide whether it is inside or outside the boundaries of the category.

-Even when an item is quite different from a category's prototype, it is easy for people to decide whether it is inside or outside the boundaries of the category.

Which of the following statements is NOT a piece of evidence supporting a distinction between familiarity and source memory? -It is common to realize that a face is familiar but be unable to place it; it is also possible to have source memory without familiarity. -People's patterns of brain activity are different when they are making judgments based on familiarity than when they are making judgments based on familiarity plus source memory. -Familiarity occurs when a link is created between the test item and the setting; source memory is helped by focusing on the material to be learned. -Source memory is facilitated by creating memory connections; familiarity can occur merely by sustained exposure.

-Familiarity occurs when a link is created between the test item and the setting; source memory is helped by focusing on the material to be learned.

Based on past research about explicit and implicit memory, which of the following patterns would you most expect to find? -In a lexical-decision task, people are quicker to decide if a string of letters is an English word when they have not seen that letter string recently. -In a word-stem completion task, people are more likely to produce a word they have recently seen, even if they do not remember seeing it, than an equally plausible word they have not seen recently. -In a tachistoscopic-recognition task, people are likely to have good recall but poor recognition of a word when they are tested afterward. -In word-fragment completion tasks, people are more likely to come up with word endings that they have previously seen, but only if they have a conscious memory of the word.

-In a word-stem completion task, people are more likely to produce a word they have recently seen, even if they do not remember seeing it, than an equally plausible word they have not seen recently.

Which of the following is NOT true about the prototype notion of category membership? -Judgments about an item are made with reference to either the ideal or the average of that category. -In this theory, the boundaries of the category are specified, rather than the center of the category. -Items that more closely resemble the prototype are perceived to be "better" members of the category than other items. -The prototype for a certain category may vary from person to person.

-In this theory, the boundaries of the category are specified, rather than the center of the category.

What is the clearest advantage of connecting new information to prior knowledge in several different ways? -It attaches the new material in memory more securely, so the neurons are less likely to decay. -It opens the way for state-dependent learning to take place. -It improves your implicit memory for the information. -It allows the information to be accessed from multiple retrieval paths.

-It allows the information to be accessed from multiple retrieval paths.

Why does elaborative encoding facilitate recall? -It provides many potential retrieval paths. -It occurs more quickly than shallow processing. -It activates fewer memory connections. -It is more likely to be activated by simple sentences than by complex ones.

-It provides many potential retrieval paths.v

Which of the following experimental results is LEAST likely to be found? -Previously heard sentences are more likely to be judged true on a second hearing, even though the participants were told the original sentences were false. -A burst of noise with a familiar sentence embedded in it is judged to be quieter than a burst of noise with an unfamiliar sentence embedded in it. -Patients who do not remember having heard certain pieces of music before still prefer those pieces over novel ones. -Made-up names that were heard before are judged to be famous people's names on a test immediately following initial presentation.

-Made-up names that were heard before are judged to be famous people's names on a test immediately following initial presentation.

Which of the following is true of gender differences in memory? -Overall, females have more accurate memories than males. -Many gender differences can be explained by differences in attention priorities that stem from culturally prescribed gender roles. -Males tend to have greater memory capacity than females, especially with respect to verbal materials. -There are no reliable differences between the memories of males and females.

-Many gender differences can be explained by differences in attention priorities that stem from culturally prescribed gender roles.

Which of the following statements is true? -Memory connections can both help and hurt memory accuracy. -When events are misremembered, they tend to be remembered as more inconsistent with expectations than they actually were. -Elements of a particular episode are stored in a "file" that separates them from elements of other episodes. -The greater the density of connections that are associated with a particular episode, the less likely it is that intrusion errors will occur.

-Memory connections can both help and hurt memory accuracy.

Which of the following is an example of a prescriptive rule of grammar? -Never end a sentence in a preposition. -People virtually never use [s] to pluralize words with voiced final segments. -Children learn to add "-ed" to a word to signify the past tense. -Adults find sentences awkward if they are too long.

-Never end a sentence in a preposition.

Which of the following claims is FALSE? -Reliance on prototypes is likely to emerge gradually as a person's experience with a category grows. -People are likely to rely strongly on exemplars early in their exposure to a particular category. -Once people begin to rely on prototypes, they no longer use exemplars for judging category membership. -With exposure to many instances of a particular category, it becomes more difficult to remember each particular instance, and this contributes to the emergence of a prototype.

-Once people begin to rely on prototypes, they no longer use exemplars for judging category membership.

Which of the following is true about inferences that we make about categories? -The inferences that we can make about category membership are rigidly defined by the content of the categories. -Inferences are driven by the similarity of a new case and an existing category. -Inferences about categories are possible with exemplars but not with prototypes. -Our existing beliefs about cause and effect sometimes trump typicality.

-Our existing beliefs about cause and effect sometimes trump typicality.

Which group would perform the best on a memory test? -Participants engaged in shallow processing without the previous warning of a memory test. -Participants engaged in moderate processing with the previous warning of a memory test. -Participants engaged in deep processing without the previous warning of a memory test. -Participants engaged in shallow processing with the previous warning of a memory test.

-Participants engaged in deep processing without the previous warning of a memory test.

Study participants learn a list of words, including "clockwork." Later, they are given a new list and asked to say whether each word is old or new. This list includes the word "lock." Which of the following will happen? -Participants will correctly report that "lock" was indeed on the prior list, because it is embedded in "clockwork." -Participants will correctly deny that they saw the word "lock" even though it is embedded in "clockwork." -Participants will feel a strong sense of familiarity about "lock." -Participants will have a source memory for the word "lock" in the first list.

-Participants will correctly deny that they saw the word "lock" even though it is embedded in "clockwork."

Which of the following is NOT true of people's reasoning about natural kinds and artifacts? -People tend to assume more homogeneity when reasoning about natural kinds than when reasoning about artifacts. -The way people reason about natural kinds will be influenced by their level of expertise regarding those kinds. -People think that tables can be transformed into chairs but cats cannot be transformed into dogs. -People tend to assume that the properties of artifacts are less changeable than the properties of natural kinds.

-People tend to assume that the properties of artifacts are less changeable than the properties of natural kinds.

Which of the following is true? -People only use prototypes to categorize new cases when there are no clear definitions to fall back on. -People use prototypes to categorize new cases even when other information is available to them. -People use exemplars rather than prototypes to categorize new cases whenever possible. -Clearly defined category boundaries are necessary for deciding on category membership.

-People use prototypes to categorize new cases even when other information is available to them.

Which of the following is a FALSE statement about the memory strategy of chunking? -Practice with chunking can greatly increase the actual size of an individual's working memory. -Chunking does have a downside: items can be misremembered because they are often altered in some way as part of the chunking process. -Some individuals can create very big chunks, enabling them to recall more than 50 numbers in order. -The increased processing required for chunking leaves less attention available for other tasks.

-Practice with chunking can greatly increase the actual size of an individual's working memory.

Which is the best example of encoding specificity? -Studying the word "calf" in a list of farm animals results in a feeling of familiarity when the word "calf" is later presented in a list of body parts. -Reading the word "washed" is followed by a failure to realize that, as part of this presentation, the word "ash" was also viewed. -Recognizing a picture that was seen earlier is unaffected by whether the person is focusing on the same part of the picture as before. -Being tested in a quiet room free of distractions is better than being tested in a loud room, regardless of learning context.

-Reading the word "washed" is followed by a failure to realize that, as part of this presentation, the word "ash" was also viewed.

Which of the following about autobiographical memories is true? -People tend to remember their past selves with near-perfect accuracy. -Recollection is always poor for memories that seem more directly relevant to the self because of biases in remembering the past. -Reconstruction of past events tends to favor seeing the self as it was in late adolescence and early adulthood. -Reconstruction of past events will often be consistent with current views of the self.

-Reconstruction of past events will often be consistent with current views of the self.

Which of the following pieces of evidence would NOT be consistent with claims about the articulatory rehearsal loop? -In working-memory tasks, when people see the letter "F," they sometimes remember "S" instead. -In working-memory tasks, when people hear "F" spoken, they sometimes remember "S" instead. -Repeating a nonsense syllable over and over interferes with the ability to hold a string of letters in working memory. -Repeating a nonsense syllable over and over interferes with the ability to hold a sequence of abstract shapes in working memory.

-Repeating a nonsense syllable over and over interferes with the ability to hold a sequence of abstract shapes in working memory.

Which of the following facts is explained equally well by prototype- and exemplar-based theories? -People are able to use information about a category's variability to help judge whether a novel object belongs to that category. -Some items appear to be more typical of a category than others. -When people change their perspective of a category (e.g., from American birds to Chinese birds), their idea of category membership changes. -People seem to show typicality effects for an unlimited number of categories, as demonstrated by the typical effects for completely ad hoc categories.

-Some items appear to be more typical of a category than others.

Based on current knowledge, which of the following is the LEAST well-established reason for a traumatic childhood memory to come to light after many years? -There was retrieval failure, but a cue finally appeared that triggered the memory. -The memory was repressed because it was too painful, but it has now been recovered. -The memory was consciously remembered all along, but it was not talked about before. -The memory is false and was created, probably with the help of suggestion from an outside party.

-The memory was repressed because it was too painful, but it has now been recovered.

Which of the following statements is the most accurate? -There is little or no relation between memory confidence and memory accuracy. -People who are more confident in their memories are likely to be more accurate. -Although juries tend to believe that memory confidence in witnesses is a good sign of memory accuracy, judges do not. -Feedback about memory accuracy has no effect on memory confidence.

-There is little or no relation between memory confidence and memory accuracy.

What advantage do propositional networks have over other types of categorization models? -They can better accommodate atypical category members. -They match neural biology better. -They can better differentiate between different types of relationships. -Nodes are less complex.

-They can better differentiate between different types of relationships.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? -When asked to describe an object, people are likely to choose the most general term for that object ("pants") first, before a very specific term ("jeans"). -People tend to remember more general terms ("pants") when they have heard very specific terms ("jeans"). -People tend to remember more specific terms ("dog") when they have heard very general terms ("animal"). -Basic-level terms can usually be referred to in English using a single word, whereas more specific terms often require two or three words.

-When asked to describe an object, people are likely to choose the most general term for that object ("pants") first, before a very specific term ("jeans").

Given this, which of the following results is most likely? -The statement, "Chimes are percussion instruments," will be verified more quickly than the statement, "Drums are percussion instruments." -When asked to create sentences about percussion instruments, participants frequently say things like, "I heard a percussion instrument chiming." -When people are asked which of two instruments is "more 'percussiony,'" they will choose the drum if it is an option. -Drums and cymbals will be equally frequent responses when people are asked to name percussion instruments.

-When people are asked which of two instruments is "more 'percussiony,'" they will choose the drum if it is an option.

Which of the following is true about language acquisition? -Why children start saying "goed," even though they already know the word "went," is easily understood in terms of rule learning. -Children add an "s" to make plurals of new words they learn, implying that language acquisition is imitative. -There is a large impact on language learning that depends on whether parents correct their child's grammar. -Specific language impairment is a result of the "poverty of stimulus" of a child's language-learning environment.

-Why children start saying "goed," even though they already know the word "went," is easily understood in terms of rule learning.

What causes the primacy effect? -The last words to be heard are still in working memory at testing. -The first words to be heard are also the first words to leave working memory. -Words that get more attention are better encoded into long-term memory. -Experimenters tend to present easier words first as a warmup.

-Words that get more attention are better encoded into long-term memory.

The 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City was a very emotional event, which, for many people, led to a flashbulb memory. Details of the day of this event are likely to be remembered most accurately by -an individual from a neighboring state who had not previously known of the building. -an individual who worked in the immediate vicinity and narrowly escaped harm, and who is questioned immediately. -an individual who worked in the immediate vicinity and narrowly escaped harm, and who is questioned one year later. -a closely involved individual who expressed extreme confidence in his or her memory one year later.

-an individual who worked in the immediate vicinity and narrowly escaped harm, and who is questioned immediately.

When people are asked to rate how much "oddness" different odd numbers have, they -rate the numbers all the same, because there is a clearly defined category boundary for odd numbers. -rate some odd numbers as more "odd" than others, but these ratings are quite inconsistent from one participant to the next. -are consistent with each other in which odd numbers they consider more odd. -refuse to do the task because it does not make any sense.

-are consistent with each other in which odd numbers they consider more odd.

Research shows that children are willing to make suggestions about how to turn a toaster into a coffeepot but deny the possibility of turning a skunk into a raccoon. This is evidence that -category membership and typicality ratings can diverge. -category membership depends on decisions about which features are essential to the category. -our use of categories is dictated by typicality. -children and adults have radically different understandings of categorization.

-category membership depends on decisions about which features are essential to the category.

All of the following statements accurately describe the effects of mnemonics EXCEPT that they -can impose organization on a list that does not have its own intrinsic organization. -facilitate multiple connections between new material and prior knowledge. -can help to recall not only items, but also their serial order in the list. -can be detrimental if you wish to have many retrieval paths to the information.

-facilitate multiple connections between new material and prior knowledge.

Which of the following types of processing of a target word will probably lead to the best memory performance? -noting whether the letters are uppercase or lowercase -generating a sentence that uses the target word -repeating the word over and over while trying very hard to memorize it -thinking of a list of words that rhyme with the target word

-generating a sentence that uses the target word

Which of the following is LEAST likely to promote misremembering? -imagining what might have happened had an event gone differently -being exposed to misinformation after the event -having some involvement in an event rather than just witnessing it -the passage of time

-having some involvement in an event rather than just witnessing it

On her way home, Veronica decided to go to the grocery store but couldn't write a shopping list because she was driving. She came up with several possible ways to remember what she needed to buy (listed in the answer choices). Which of her ideas is NOT a simple mnemonic strategy? -using the peg-word system to associate different items on the shopping list with words in an easy-to-remember rhyme -imagining what she can cook with all of the items on the list and imagining what all the food would taste like -imagining her drive to school and associating items on the list with prominent landmarks she passes every day -using the first-letter technique to make a word or phrase composed of the first letter of each item from the list

-imagining what she can cook with all of the items on the list and imagining what all the food would taste like

Connectionist, or parallel distributed processing (PDP), models are different from other categorization models in several ways. All the following are true of connectionist networks EXCEPT that -individual nodes are associated with meaning. -computers modeling these networks are more successful at problem solving than computers using other locally represented models. -processing is across the network rather than locally represented. -PDP models are more powerful than models using local representation.

-individual nodes are associated with meaning.

Results of the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm demonstrate -the role of perceptual priming in recall. -the importance of having multiple retrieval paths in memory. -intrusion errors based on semantic knowledge. -that confidence is a direct index of the accuracy of recall.

-intrusion errors based on semantic knowledge.

Intrusion errors are NOT typically caused by -words or ideas associated with the material being learned. -background knowledge brought to a situation. -maintenance rehearsal. -thoughts about an event that take place after that event has occurred.

-maintenance rehearsal.

Which of the following is likely to increase the intrusion of schematic knowledge in later recall? -thinking about how the event unfolded, rather than what it meant -making an effort to fill in the gaps in one's memories -decreasing the retention interval -thinking about what was distinctive, rather than typical, about the episode

-making an effort to fill in the gaps in one's memories

According to interference theory, most forgetting is attributable to the fact that -due to a change in perspective, you lose paths to the information. -emotion causes the disruption of memories acquired earlier. -memories and memory connections fade with time. -new learning disrupts old learning.

-new learning disrupts old learning.

All of the following are evidence that background knowledge plays an important role in people's use of concepts EXCEPT that -people learn a new category more easily if the features are coherent. -people learn a new category more easily if they are given a theme to explain category membership. -once people have relevant background knowledge, they largely abandon the use of typicality heuristics. -people use background knowledge to help them stretch concepts to encompass new, atypical examples.

-once people have relevant background knowledge, they largely abandon the use of typicality heuristics.

The hierarchy of linguistic units, from smallest to largest, is -phrases, words, morphemes, phonemes. -phonemes, phrases, words, morphemes. -morphemes, phonemes, phrases, words. -phonemes, morphemes, words, phrases.

-phonemes, morphemes, words, phrases.

In using the rehearsal loop, the central executive is directly involved in the step of -subvocalizing the items in the list to be remembered. -planning the end-goal of the rehearsal. -transferring items into the phonological buffer. -storing visual information, such as mental images.

-planning the end-goal of the rehearsal.

Maintenance rehearsal is -an efficient and effective way to move information into long-term memory. -well suited for delayed recall, but only if you knew were going to be tested. -poorly suited for delayed recall, even if you knew you would be tested. -not very efficient, but if done for long enough it will be effective at promoting memory.

-poorly suited for delayed recall, even if you knew you would be tested.

Schemata do all of the following EXCEPT -help us understand a situation. -help fill in gaps in our recollection. -encourage the formation of certain types of errors in our perception and memory. -prevent us from confusing an event with other, similar events.

-prevent us from confusing an event with other, similar events.

In the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) procedure, participants are asked to remember a list of words like "bed, snooze, awake, tired, dream, rest," which are all words concerning the topic of sleep, although the word "sleep" is not on the list. After this procedure, participants -recall that they heard the word "sleep" on the original list unless they are explicitly warned to be careful of making errors. -recall the word "sleep" being on the list even if they were explicitly warned to be careful of making errors. -are less confident in their recognition of the word "sleep" than in their recognition of words that are actually on the list. -are likely to say that the word "sleep" was on the list during a recognition test but not during a recall test.

-recall the word "sleep" being on the list even if they were explicitly warned to be careful of making errors.

Which behavior is LEAST likely to be demonstrated by a Korsakoff's patient? -refusing to shake hands with someone who hurt him or her during a previous handshake even though he or she will have no explicit memory of the first handshake -learning the correct answer to a previously taught question, without a memory of being previously taught -not remembering tunes heard before as familiar but preferring them to ones not heard before -recalling that a sentence was heard earlier in the test but feeling no sense of familiarity about the sentence

-recalling that a sentence was heard earlier in the test but feeling no sense of familiarity about the sentence

Someone with a larger working-memory capacity is likely to perform better than someone with a smaller working-memory capacity on all of the following tasks EXCEPT -following complex directions. -comprehending text from a college-level textbook. -learning a computer language. -recognizing shapes.

-recognizing shapes.

Which of the following would be the LEAST helpful in improving recall of a difficult-to-understand paragraph? -quizzing yourself to improve comprehension of the paragraph -chunking the sentences in the paragraph into smaller, meaningful groups -repeating the paragraph aloud many times -giving the paragraph a meaningful title

-repeating the paragraph aloud many times

Which is LEAST well established as a contributor to the forgetting of traumatic events? -extreme stress disrupting the biological processes of memory consolidation -alcohol and drug use -self-protective memory repression on the part of the traumatized individual -sleep deprivation

-self-protective memory repression on the part of the traumatized individual

According to the hub and spoke model, -information about categories is stored in specialized wheel-shaped cells in the brain -specialized information, stored across the brain, is integrated by tissue in the anterior temporal lobes (ATL) -each basic category is connected to a set of subordinate categories, arranged around its periphery. -knowledge about, for example, cats is connected via spokes to both broader knowledge about animals and more specific knowledge about Cheshire cats.

-specialized information, stored across the brain, is integrated by tissue in the anterior temporal lobes (ATL)

While under hypnosis, people -are quite accurate at distinguishing true from false memories. -tend to remember more about the event they are being questioned about. -tend to talk more about the event they are being questioned about. -are less susceptible to the misinformation effect.

-tend to talk more about the event they are being questioned about.

Marla is given the following list of words: giraffe, bird, alligator, lion, eagle, gorilla. She is likely to remember the word "giraffe" because of -the encoding effect. -elaborative processing. -the primacy effect. -relational mnemonics.

-the primacy effect.

As part of a pronunciation task, you are presented with a list of made-up names. Later, during a second, unrelated task, some of the names appear again. Which factor will have the LEAST influence on the likelihood that you will think the name belongs to a famous person? -the amount of time between the pronunciation task and the second task -the attribution given for the sense of familiarity experienced when seeing the names for the second time -whether the names are presented in the auditory or visual modality -the degree of processing fluency experienced when seeing names for the second time

-whether the names are presented in the auditory or visual modality

Phrase-structure rules help explain all of the following EXCEPT why -the sentence, "I eat did yesterday" is ungrammatical. i-n the sentence, "The hungry cow mooed," there is a natural break between "cow" and "mooed." -certain sentences can be interpreted in multiple ways. -young English-speaking children know more nouns than verbs.

-young English-speaking children know more nouns than verbs.

In a standard sentence verification task, which of the following sentences would produce the slowest response time? A peach is a fruit. An apple is a fruit. A robin is a bird. A bat is a bird.

A bat is a bird.

Consider the speech of the following two patients. Patient A: "I . . . w-w-w- . . . went . . . um . . . th." Patient B: "Then, the zoo did very wildly to him, and before all he then did again to her. It did too him and her and them and all from here." Patient A probably suffers from damage to __________ resulting in a __________ aphasia. Patient B probably suffers from damage to __________ resulting in a __________ aphasia. Broca's area; fluent; Wernicke's area; nonfluent Wernicke's area; fluent; Broca's area; nonfluent Broca's area; nonfluent; Wernicke's area; fluent Wernicke's area; nonfluent; Broca's area; fluent

Broca's area; nonfluent; Wernicke's area; fluent

Which of the following statements about generativity is FALSE? -It often relies on unconscious knowledge. -Morphemes can be added to words in any order. -It decreases the amount of memorization needed to learn a language. -There is no known limit to the number of new words that can be added to a language.

Morphemes can be added to words in any order.

Which of the following is FALSE with respect to sensory memory? -It includes iconic memory, which stores visual information. -Information is stored for only a very brief period of time before it is replaced by new information. -Auditory information is stored in a part of sensory memory called echoic memory. - It has a very small capacity, storing only the equivalent of a letter or two at a time.

It has a very small capacity, storing only the equivalent of a letter or two at a time.

Which of the following is NOT true regarding recall performance? -Recall performance is usually poorer than recognition performance. -Recall performance benefits from context reinstatement. -Whether a clue about a word's sound is more helpful for recall than a clue about its meaning depends on how the word was thought of when it was learned. -Physical context is more important in recall than psychological context.

Physical context is more important in recall than psychological context.

Which of the following is most likely to produce a sense that a stimulus "rings a bell" (is familiar)? Processing the stimulus is relatively easy. Processing the stimulus is relatively difficult. The stimulus is presented tachistoscopically. You lack a source memory for the stimulus.

Processing the stimulus is relatively easy.

__________ are more likely to be socially acquired and have more emotional connotations than __________. Stereotypes; prototypes Prototypes; stereotypes Exemplars; propositions Propositions; exemplars

Stereotypes; prototypes

In which of the following situations are you most likely to decide that a stimulus is familiar? Processing fluency is quite low. Processing fluency is at the level you had expected. You can recall when and where you last saw the stimulus. Processing fluency is high and you attribute this to the stimulus being very beautiful.

You can recall when and where you last saw the stimulus.

Participants are shown the word "class" in a list of words and then tested later with the stimulus cla_ _. Which of the following conditions is LEAST likely to yield the correct completion of the word? -explicit processing of the word -exposure to the word when told that a memory test will follow. -exposure to the word when NOT told that a memory test will follow -a long delay between viewing the word list and taking the memory test

a long delay between viewing the word list and taking the memory test

Brain damage that produces a disruption in language is called amnesia. aphasia. agnosia. apraxia.

aphasia

Background knowledge that may be used to help categorize new objects includes all of the following EXCEPT -somewhat different rules for living and non-living things. -understanding about what features count as "essential." -clearly defined borders for virtually all categories. -information about cause-and-effect relationships.

clearly defined borders for virtually all categories.

You decide to order pizza and look up the number for a local pizza place. You repeat the number to yourself, but just before you dial the number, you are interrupted by a text from your friend. You quickly read the text, but then realize you have forgotten the number. The text led you to forget the number because the number was not rehearsed. not encoded into working memory. displaced from working memory. elaborated.

displaced from working memory.

Which is of the following is most effective for long-term retention? peg-word learning imagery maintenance rehearsal elaborative rehearsal

elaborative rehearsal

The idea that we categorize objects based on their similarity to previously stored instances is known as geometric theory. prototype theory. feature theory. exemplar theory.

exemplar theory.

Someone with anterograde amnesia has no explicit memory for events before the onset of amnesia. implicit memory for events before the onset of amnesia. explicit memory for events after the onset of amnesia. implicit memory for events after the onset of amnesia.

explicit memory for events after the onset of amnesia.

The dangers of source confusion are particularly relevant to which real-world situation? eyewitness identification playing the lottery jury selection second-language acquisition

eyewitness identification

In a production task, the __________ category members that a person mentions are also the category members that produce the fastest reaction times in a sentence verification task. first last loudest slowest

first

Damage to the __________ tends to result in __________. amygdala; unilateral neglect amygdala; anterograde amnesia hippocampus; anterograde amnesia hippocampus; unilateral neglect

hippocampus; anterograde amnesia

The only difference between the [p] and the [t] phonemes is place of articulation. manner of production. voicing. voice-onset time.

place of articulation.

For a procedure that relies on processing fluency, what matters most is that you __________ the test stimulus. specifically recognize consciously remember previously encountered fully understand

previously encountered

Which testing method mainly targets explicit, rather than implicit, memory? tachistoscopic recognition lexical decision recall tasks word-stem completion

recall tasks

A question like, "What's the name of the waiter?" requires __________; a question like, "Isn't that the guy we usually see on the bus?" requires __________. recall; recognition recognition; recall source memory; familiarity familiarity; source memory

recall; recognition

Which of the following is an example of recall? -only knowing a phone number if you have a phone in front of you -identifying an old friend you meet in the store even though he or she has gained weight - remembering the name of your fifth-grade teacher when asked -suddenly experiencing the "tip-of-the-tongue" phenomenon

remembering the name of your fifth-grade teacher when asked

Eli can remember what he did last week, but he cannot remember the birth of his cousin (which happened immediately before Eli received a head injury in a motorcycle accident). What is Eli's condition? anterograde amnesia retrograde amnesia Korsakoff's syndrome Capgras syndrome

retrograde amnesia

When asked, "What is the capital of South Dakota?" participants who cannot initially remember the answer often show improved recall when given the prompt, "Is it perhaps a man's name?" This phenomenon is best explained by implicit memory. context reinstatement. spreading activation. priming.

spreading activation.

The short-term storage of verbal materials is often supported by the rehearsal loop. The short-term storage of mental images is accomplished by the operation span. the visual-cortex loop. the visuospatial buffer. perseveration.

the visuospatial buffer.

Cryptoplagiarism happens when you -intentionally steal someone else's idea, but then deny it. -copy someone else's passwords. s-teal ideas or words from a spy. - unintentionally steal someone else's ideas.

unintentionally steal someone else's ideas.