COG PSYCH EXAM (ch. 11-13)

Josiah is trying to decide whether or not to take a new job in a new city. He is worried that if he takes the job and fails, he will suffer from intense anxiety and depression. This is an example of a. expected emotion. b. immediate emotion. c. incidental immediate emotion. d. integral immediate emotion.

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1. Pollack and Pickett's experiment on understanding speech found that when participants were presented with individual words taken out of conversations (single words presented alone with no context), they could identify a. 50% of the words spoken by their own voices. b. 50% of the words spoken by others with an accent similar to theirs. c. none of the words spoken by others. d. 100% of the words spoken by their own voices.

a. 50% of the words spoken by their own voices.

1. Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, "Afraid you will be," violates which property of the English language? a. Languge has a structure that is governed by rules b. Language symbols must have high discriminability c. Language involves the use of a lexicon d. Coding is required for langauge

a. Languge has a structure that is governed by rules

1. The text's discussion of the research on in vivo problem solving highlighted that ____ play(s) an important role in solving scientific problems. a. analogies b. flexibility c. insight d. subgoals

a. analogies

Which of the following is not part of a complete definition of a problem? a. Has one correct answer b. The solution is not obvious c. Involves obstacles between one's current state and a desired goal d. Is difficult

a. Has one correct answer

1. Josiah is trying to decide whether or not to take a new job in a new city. He is worried that if he takes the job and fails, he will suffer from intense anxiety and depression. This is an example of a. integral immediate emotion. b. incidental immediate emotion. c. immediate emotion. d. expected emotion.

a. integral immediate emotion.

1. Ron is an avid reader. He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn't know, he looks it up in the dictionary. Ron encounters "wanderlust" in a novel, reaches for the dictionary, and finds out this word means "desire to travel." The process of looking up unfamiliar words increases Ron's a. lexicon. b. parser. c. mental set. d. syntactical capacity.

a. lexicon.

1. The solution to the candle problem involves realizing that the a. match box can be used as a shelf. b. match box can be used as a container for tacks. c. candle can be oriented horizontally or diagonally. d. candle can be cut in half.

a. match box can be used as a shelf

1. The elements of the problem space include all of the following EXCEPT a. operators. b. intermediate states. c. goal state. d. initial state.

a. operators.

1. One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children a. produce sentences they have never heard. b. learn to follow complex language rules, even though they are not aware of doing so. c. show similar language development across cultures. d. are rewarded for using correct language.

a. produce sentences they have never heard.

1. Newell and Simon were early pioneers in designing computer programs that could solve problems. Their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involves a. search. b. algorithms. c. insight. d. parity.

a. search.

1. The evolutionary approach proposes that the Wason problem can be understood in terms of people's a. tendency to detect when others are cheating. b. innate reasoning abilities. c. ability to work well with a group of others. d. innate language abilities.

a. tendency to detect when others are cheating.

1. "Kitchen tables" consists of ____ morphemes. a. three b. four c. two d. five

a. three

1. The word "bad" has ____ phoneme(s). a. three b. four c. two d. one

a. three

Consider the sentence, "Because he always jogs a mile seems like a short distance to him." The principle of late closure states that this sentence would first be parsed into which of the following phrases? a. "Because he always jogs a mile" b. "a mile seems" c. "Because he always jogs" d. "he always jogs"

a. "Because he always jogs a mile"

One hundred students are enrolled in State University's course on introductory physics for math and science majors. In the group, 60 students are math majors and 40 are science majors. Sarah is in the class. She got all As in her high school science courses, and she would like to be a chemist someday. She lives on campus. Her boyfriend is also in the class. There is a ____ chance that Sarah is a science major. a. 40% b. 50% c. 60% d. 100%

a. 40%

Which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence? a. Before the police stopped the Toyota disappeared into the night. b. The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room. c. The cats won't bake. d. The Eskimos were frightened by the walrus.

a. Before the police stopped the Toyota disappeared into the night.

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems? a. Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field. b. Experts possess more knowledge about their fields than novices. c. Experts often spend more time analyzing problems than novices. d. Experts often organize problems differently than novices, based on principles.

a. Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field.

Holly was in her mother-in-law's kitchen preparing lunch for the family. When she was ready to dish up the soup, she searched all the cupboards and drawers for a ladle but couldn't find one. She decided to wait until her mother-in-law returned to ask her where the ladle was, leaving the soup in the stove pot. Her mother-in-law later explained that the ladle had been broken, so she told Holly to use a coffee mug to "spoon" the soup into bowls. Holly's ability to solve the "dish up the soup" problem was hindered by which of the following obstacles? a. Functional fixedness b. Discriminability c. Perseveration d. Divergent thinking

a. Functional fixedness

1. The analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious is the ____ problem. a. Tower of Hanoi b. Russian marriage c. light bulb d. radiation

b. Russian marriage

Which of the following is not true about divergent thinking? a. It has a single correct answer. b. It is the cornerstone of creativity c. It has a large number of potential solutions. d. It is open-ended.

a. It has a single correct answer.

The analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious is the ____ problem. a. Russian marriage b. radiation c. Tower of Hanoi d. light bulb

a. Russian marriage

In a study, participants listened to the following tape recording: Rumor had it that, for years, the government building had been plagued with problems. The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room. As participants heard the word "bugs," they completed a lexical decision task to a test stimulus flashed on a screen. To which of the following words would you expect participants to take the longest to respond to? a. SKY. b. ANT. c. SPY. d. ROACH

a. SKY.

Which concept below is most closely associated with the evolutionary perspective to solving the Wason four-card problem? a. Social-exchange theory b. Falsification principle c. Availability heuristic d. Permission schemas

a. Social-exchange theory

In the phonemic restoration effect, participants "fill in" the missing phoneme based on all of the following EXCEPT a. a mental "skimming" of the lexicon to find likely words. b. the portion of the word that was presented. c. the meaning of the words that follow the missing phoneme. d. the context produced by the sentence.

a. a mental "skimming" of the lexicon to find likely words.

An experiment on the phonemic restoration effect would most likely include a. an extraneous cough. b. a categorical perception task. c. a garden-path sentence. d. two similar-sounding letters (e.g., "T" and "C").

a. an extraneous cough.

Jonas bought a new leather jacket after saving for many months for the luxury purchase. On the first day he went out wearing the new garment, he found a $50 bill on the sidewalk outside of his office. He now refers to the jacket as his "lucky jacket" and believes that it has some magical power to give him good fortune. Jonas's belief in the jacket's cosmic ability is an example of a. an illusory correlation. b. the availability heuristic. c. selective attention. d. the falsification principle.

a. an illusory correlation.

Jonas bought a new leather jacket after saving for many months for the luxury purchase. On the first day he went out wearing the new garment, he found a $50 bill on the sidewalk outside of his office. He now refers to the jacket as his "lucky jacket" and believes that it has some magical power to give him good fortune. Jonas's belief in the jacket's cosmic ability is an example of a. an illusory correlation. b. the availability heuristic. c. the falsification principle. d. selective attention.

a. an illusory correlation.

Mia has lived in New York City all her life. She has noticed that people from upper Manhattan walk really fast, but people from lower Manhattan tend to walk slowly. Mia's observations are likely influenced from a judgment error based on her using a. an illusory correlation. b. the falsification principle. c. an atmosphere effect. d. the law of large numbers.

a. an illusory correlation.

The finding that people tend to incorrectly conclude that more people die from tornados than from asthma has been explained in terms of the a. availability heuristic. b. falsification principle. c. belief bias. d. representativeness heuristic.

a. availability heuristic.

Wally and Sharon are out on a date. When Sharon asks Wally where they should go for dinner, Wally says "My coworkers keep telling me about that new Japanese place downtown, so it must be a great place to eat." Wally's response illustrates the use of a(n) a. availability heuristic. b. confirmation bias. c. conjunction rule. d. permission schema.

a. availability heuristic.

Intermediate states can be created by a. creating subgoals. b. creating operators. c. restructuring goal states. d. restructuring initial states.

a. creating subgoals.

An experiment measures participants' performance in judging syllogisms. Two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli, and participants are asked to indicate (yes or no) if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. Error rates are then calculated for each syllogism. This experiment studies _____ reasoning. a. deductive b. intuitive c. inductive d. falsification

a. deductive

If you are given the information that in order to vote in a presidential election, you must be at least 18 years of age, and that Will voted in the last presidential election, you can logically conclude that Will is at least 18 years old. This is an example of using _____ reasoning. a. deductive b. inductive c. descriptive d. conjunctive

a. deductive

Newell and Simon called the conditions at the beginning of the problem the a. initial state. b. goal state. c. intermediate state. d. source story.

a. initial state.

Sanfey and coworkers' "ultimatum game" experiment revealed that people tended to make the ____ decision of ____. a. irrational; accepting only high offers b. rational; accepting only high offers c. rational; accepting any offer d. irrational; accepting any offer

a. irrational; accepting only high offers

Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as a. operators. b. subgoals. c. mental sets. d. intermediate states.

a. operators.

By using a(n) _____, a country could increase the percentage of individuals agreeing to be organ donors dramatically. a. opt-out procedure b. opt-in procedure c. permission schema d. pragmatic reasoning schema

a. opt-out procedure

Utility refers to a. outcomes that achieve a person's goals. b. how useful a reasoning process is. c. the validity of a syllogism. d. degree of risk aversion one has.

a. outcomes that achieve a person's goals.

The application of a(n) ____ makes it easier to solve the "drinking beer" version of the Wason problem. a. permission schema b. atmosphere effect c. conjunction rule d. availability heuristic

a. permission schema

One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children a. produce sentences they have never heard. b. show similar language development across cultures. c. are rewarded for using correct language. d. learn to follow complex language rules, even though they are not aware of doing so.

a. produce sentences they have never heard.

B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through a. reinforcement. b. parsing. c. syntactic framing. d. genetic coding.

a. reinforcement.

Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving a. reorganization or restructuring. b. sensory operators. c. continuity and form. d. multiple goal states.

a. reorganization or restructuring.

Newell and Simon were early pioneers in designing computer programs that could solve problems. Their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involves a. search. b. parity. c. algorithms. d. insight.

a. search.

Many people receive unsolicited calls from telemarketers or unwanted "junk" mailers advertising offers for products such as cable or internet services or cellular phone companies. Most people do not consider these offers and do not make a change to the plans or services that they receive because they do not want to make a decision that requires serious consideration or thought. This is an example of the ________ bias. a. status quo b. self-serving c. actor-observer d. dual systems

a. status quo

A psycholinguist conducts an experiment with a group of participants from a small village in Asia and another from a small village in South America. She asked the groups to describe the bands of color they saw in a rainbow and found they reported the same number of bands as their language possessed primary color words. These results a. support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. b. contradict the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. c. contradict the word frequency effect. d. support the word frequency effect.

a. support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.

A _____ string led to a restructured representation in the two-string problem. a. swinging b. unknotted c. knotted d. stationary

a. swinging

Insight refers to a. the sudden realization of a problem's solution. b. prior learning hindering problem solving. c. the tendency to respond in a certain manner, based on past experience. d. prior learning facilitating problem solving.

a. the sudden realization of a problem's solution

Consider the following syllogism: All of the students are tired. Some tired people are irritable. Some of the students are irritable. It is likely that most people will judge this syllogism as a. valid because this conclusion is believable. b. invalid because of the influence of the atmosphere effect. c. invalid because this syllogism does not involve a pragmatic reasoning schema. d. valid because this is indeed a valid syllogism and the logic is apparent.

a. valid because this conclusion is believable.

Consider the following syllogism: All of the students are tired. Some tired people are irritable. Some of the students are irritable. It is likely that most people will judge this syllogism as a. valid because this conclusion is believable. b. valid because this is indeed a valid syllogism and the logic is apparent. c. invalid because of the influence of the atmosphere effect. d. invalid because this syllogism does not involve a pragmatic reasoning schema.

a. valid because this conclusion is believable.

Consider the following syllogism: All cats are birds. All birds have wings. All cats have wings. This syllogism is a. valid. b. both valid and true. c. invalid. d. true.

a. valid.

People tend to overestimate a. what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings. b. subjective utility values following a decision. c. what positive feelings will occur following a decision more so than negative feelings. d. what positive and negative feelings will occur following a decision to the same degree.

a. what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings.

1. ____ identified people's tendency to focus on a specific characteristic of a problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution as a major obstacle to successful problem solving. a. Information processing psychologists b. Gestalt psychologists c. The analogical problem solving approach d. Psychophysicists

b. Gestalt psychologists

1. Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving? a. Mapping corresponding parts between the problems because the elements are difficult to identify b. Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection c. Applying the mapping to generate a parallel solution because of the difficulty in generalizing from one problem to another d. Solving the problem through reorganization because past experience can make it more difficult to reorganize a problem

b. Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection

1. Consider the following argument: Observation: Here in Nashville, the sun has risen every morning. Conclusion: The sun is going to rise in Nashville tomorrow. a. The argument is weak because there is only one specific case. b. The argument is strong because there are a large number of observations. c. The argument is strong because the premise includes scientific evidence. d. The argument is weak because the observation does not consider other cities.

b. The argument is strong because there are a large number of observations.

In an eye movement study, Rayner and coworkers had participants read sentences that contained either a high- or low- frequency target word. For example, the sentence "Sam wore the horrid coat though his ____ girlfriend complained," contained either the target word "pretty" or "demure." Results showed the participants' _____ was shorter for the target word _____. a. fixation; demure b. fixation; pretty c. lexical distinction; demure d. lexical distinction; pretty

b. fixation; pretty

1. Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This demonstrates the _______ property of language. a. relational b. hierarchical c. propositional d. parallel

b. hierarchical

1. Kirk is a generally anxious person. His anxiety sometimes gets in the way when he tries to make decisions. The anxiety Kirk feels is an example of an ________ emotion. a. immediate b. incidental c. expected d. integral

b. incidental

1. The analogical paradox refers to problem-solving differences between a. well- and ill-defined problems. b. laboratory and real-world settings. c. experimental groups and control groups. d. experts and novices.

b. laboratory and real-world settings.

1. The circle problem, in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed to illustrate a. means-end analysis. b. representation and restructuring. c. the problem space. ​ d. how analogies can be used to solve problems.

b. representation and restructuring.

1. Warmth judgments on nearness to a solution ____ prior to the solution of an insight problem and ____ prior to the solution of a non-insight problem. a. gradually rise; rise suddenly just b. rise suddenly just; gradually rise c. gradually rise; gradually rise d. vary unpredictably; vary unpredictably

b. rise suddenly just; gradually rise

At a lunch meeting with a client, the CEO of Gossip Polls, Inc., was asked to determine America's favorite day of the week. Hundreds of Gossip employees across the U.S. started collecting data immediately, calling people at their residences. One hour later, the attitudes from 10,000 Americans, across all 50 states, were collected. A staff member called the CEO, still at her lunch meeting, to tell her the results of the poll: America's favorite day of the week is Monday. Given your text's discussion of inductive reasoning in science, we might suspect that the observations in this poll are not representative because a. everyone in America was not asked their opinion. b. the people who are home to answer the phone in the early afternoon are not an appropriate cross-section of the U.S. population. c. the participants were not sufficiently geographically diverse. d. the participants were only asked one question for this poll.

b. the people who are home to answer the phone in the early afternoon are not an appropriate cross-section of the U.S. population.

At a lunch meeting with a client, the CEO of Gossip Polls, Inc., was asked to determine America's favorite day of the week. Hundreds of Gossip employees across the U.S. started collecting data immediately, calling people at their residences. One hour later, the attitudes from 10,000 Americans, across all 50 states, were collected. A staff member called the CEO, still at her lunch meeting, to tell her the results of the poll: America's favorite day of the week is Monday. Given your text's discussion of inductive reasoning in science, we might suspect that the observations in this poll are not representative because a. the participants were only asked one question for this poll. b. the people who are home to answer the phone in the early afternoon are not an appropriate cross-section of the U.S. population. c. the participants were not sufficiently geographically diverse. d. everyone in America was not asked their opinion.

b. the people who are home to answer the phone in the early afternoon are not an appropriate cross-section of the U.S. population.

1. Syntax is a. the meanings of words. b. the rules for combining words into sentences. c. the way people pronounce words in conversational speech. d. the mental grouping of words in a sentence into phrases.

b. the rules for combining words into sentences.

Which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence? a. The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room. b. Before the police stopped the Toyota disappeared into the night. c. The cats won't bake. d. The Eskimos were frightened by the walrus.

b. Before the police stopped the Toyota disappeared into the night.

When the process of analogical problem solving was applied to the fortress and radiation problems, which of the following represented the mapping step of this process? a. Generalizing from groups of soldiers to using many rays to solve the problem b. Connecting the fortress with the tumor c. Likening the dangerous mines to the dangerous tumor d. Developing schemas for each individual problem

b. Connecting the fortress with the tumor

Lydia is 48 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy as an undergraduate. As a student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice, and she participated in anti-nuclear demonstrations. Which of the following alternatives is most probable? a. Lydia is a state governor and active in the feminist movement. b. Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman. c. Lydia is a state governor. d. Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman and active in the feminist movement.

b. Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman.

Consider the following syllogism: Premise 1: All dogs are cats. Premise 2: All cats say "meow." Conclusion: Therefore, all dogs say "meow." Which statement below describes this syllogism? a. Both premises are valid b. The conclusion is valid c. The conclusion is not valid d. The conclusion is true

b. The conclusion is valid

Consider the following syllogism: Premise 1: All dogs are cats. Premise 2: All cats say "meow." Conclusion: Therefore, all dogs say "meow." Which statement below describes this syllogism? a. Both premises are valid b. The conclusion is valid c. The conclusion is not valid d. The conclusion is true

b. The conclusion is valid

Which set of stimuli would be the best selection for having people perform a lexical decision task? a. Correctly spelled words "speech, potato" and misspelled words "speach, potatoe" b. Words "pizza, history" and non-words "pibble, girk" c. Common words "cat, boat" and uncommon words "peon, furtive" d. Concrete words "window, monkey" and abstract words "doubt, energy"

b. Words "pizza, history" and non-words "pibble, girk"

The ability to shift experience from one problem solving situation to a similar problem is known as a. in vivo problem solving. b. analogical transfer. c. analogical encoding. d. insight.

b. analogical transfer.

The text's discussion of the research on in vivo problem solving highlighted that ____ play(s) an important role in solving scientific problems. a. flexibility b. analogies c. subgoals d. insight

b. analogies

The tendency to think that a syllogism is valid if its conclusion is believable is called the ________. a. mental set b. belief bias c. confirmatory bias d. availability heuristic

b. belief bias

Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to a. show that some problems are easier to solve than others. b. demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems. c. measure the time-course of solving well-defined versus ill-defined problems. d. show how people progress through the problem space as they solve a problem.

b. demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems.

Greg was recounting a fishing tale of the one that got away: "I had a huge ahi tuna on my line. I fought for it for a few minutes, then my line snapped. The tuna swam away across the pond." Greg's friend, Matt, didn't believe his story because Matt knew that tuna are salt-water fish and aren't found in ponds. Greg's account contains a. a belief bias. b. descriptive information that is inconsistent with base rate information. c. a focusing illusion. d. inductive reasoning based on observations of multiple, specific cases.

b. descriptive information that is inconsistent with base rate information.

Glinda is sure that if her boyfriend proposes, she will feel elation. This is an example of an a. integral immediate emotion. b. expected emotion. c. immediate emotion. d. incidental immediate emotion.

b. expected emotion.

Experts categorize problems based on a. how similar the objects in the problem are. b. general principles that problems share. c. surface and deep structures. d. event-specific knowledge.

b. general principles that problems share.

Phoenix Decorating Company is responsible for designing and building many of the floral floats seen in the Tournament of Roses Parade every New Year's Day. Phoenix's designers start preparing the floats for the next year's parade soon after the first of the year. For each corporate sponsor, Phoenix gets their best advertising team members, and they sit in a room for several hours throwing out every idea they can come up with, no matter how good or bad it is. After a substantial list has been created, they then go through every idea and rate its merits or deficits, until they come up with the best idea to pitch to the corporate sponsor. This process demonstrates a. structural analyses. b. group brainstorming. c. creative cognition. d. convergent thinking

b. group brainstorming.

In New Guinea, tribes that had been isolated for centuries were found that: a. had languages that were more primitive than languages of most non-isolated societies. b. had a large number of sophisticated language systems. c. communicated by hand signals but not verbal language as we know it. d. had just a few language systems that were all governed by similar rules.

b. had a large number of sophisticated language systems.

There are two gumball machines outside the local grocery store, one large machine and one small machine. Both machines have only yellow and orange gumballs, and each machine contains 50 percent of each color. For each coin, the large gumball machine dispenses 15 gumballs, while the small machine dispenses 5. Tim is a young genius whose interests include probability and sound decision-making. His "probability project of the day" is to get a greater percentage of either of the colors, but not an equal amount of each color. Given this, and presuming Tim has only one coin, a. he should use his coin in the large machine. b. he should use his coin in the small machine. c. he should wait for other people to use the machines and see what they get. d. it doesn't make a difference which machine he uses.

b. he should use his coin in the small machine.

Stereotypes are reinforced by all of the following EXCEPT a. selective attention. b. the availability heuristic. c. the falsification principle. d. illusory correlations.

c. the falsification principle.

There are two gumball machines outside the local grocery store, one large machine and one small machine. Both machines have only yellow and orange gumballs, and each machine contains 50 percent of each color. For each coin, the large gumball machine dispenses 15 gumballs, while the small machine dispenses 5. Tim is a young genius whose interests include probability and sound decision-making. His "probability project of the day" is to get a greater percentage of either of the colors, but not an equal amount of each color. Given this, and presuming Tim has only one coin, a. it doesn't make a difference which machine he uses. b. he should use his coin in the small machine. c. he should wait for other people to use the machines and see what they get. d. he should use his coin in the large machine.

b. he should use his coin in the small machine.

Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves _____ reasoning. a. syllogistic b. inductive c. connective d. deductive

b. inductive

Bonnie has ordered her monthly supply of medicines through the mail for the past five years. Except for one order, all orders have arrived within two business days. Bonnie placed an order yesterday, and she expects to receive her order tomorrow. Bonnie is using a. the similarity-coverage model. b. inductive reasoning. c. the conjunction rule. d. an omission bias.

b. inductive reasoning.

Most of the coherence in text is created by a. parsing. b. inference. c. syntax. d. phoneme restoration.

b. inference.

Consider the following conditional syllogism: Premise 1: If I don't eat lunch today, I will be hungry tonight. Premise 2: I ate lunch today. Conclusion: Therefore, I wasn't hungry tonight. This syllogism is a. valid. b. invalid. c. biased. d. abstract.

b. invalid

Consider the following conditional syllogism: Premise 1: If I study, then I'll get a good grade. Premise 2: I got a good grade. Conclusion: Therefore, I studied. This syllogism is a. skewed. b. invalid. c. valid. d. robust.

b. invalid.

When we look at a record of the physical energy produced by conversational speech in a person's native language, we see that the speech signal a. has breaks between phonemes. b. is continuous. c. has breaks between morphemes. d. has breaks between words.

b. is continuous.

Ron is an avid reader. He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn't know, he looks it up in the dictionary. Ron encounters "wanderlust" in a novel, reaches for the dictionary, and finds out this word means "desire to travel." The process of looking up unfamiliar words increases Ron's a. parser. b. lexicon. c. mental set. d. syntactical capacity.

b. lexicon.

According to the situation model of text processing, a. it will take longer to understand a story that involves a complex series of situations. b. people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events. c. people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of information about phrases, sentences, and paragraphs. d. people draw inferences about what is happening in a story by considering both local and global connections.

b. people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events.

Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving a. multiple goal states. b. reorganization or restructuring. c. sensory operators. d. continuity and form.

b. reorganization or restructuring.

The information processing approach describes problem solving as a process involving a. design fixation. b. search. c. creative cognition. d. insight.

b. search.

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from a. discriminating between well- and ill-defined problems. b. seeing more efficient solutions to the problem. c. understanding why the procedure works successfully. d. being able to solve other problems at all.

b. seeing more efficient solutions to the problem.

The interactionist approach to parsing states that a. semantics is activated only at the end of a sentence. b. semantics is activated as a sentence is being read. c. the grammatical structure of a sentence determines the initial parsing. d. semantics is only activated to clear up ambiguity.

b. semantics is activated as a sentence is being read.

Gentner and Goldinmeadow (2003) illustrated that analogical encoding causes problem solvers to pay attention to ____ features that ____ their ability to solve other problems. a. surface; diminish b. structural; enhance c. surface; enhance d. structural; diminish

b. structural; enhance

The fortress problem involves a fortress and marching soldiers, while the radiation problem involves a tumor and rays. Therefore, the two problems have very different a. mental sets. b. surface features. c. operators. d. structural features.

b. surface features.

When two people engage in a conversation, if one person produces a specific grammatical construction in her speech and then the other person does the same, this phenomenon is referred to as a. anaphoric inferencing. b. syntactic priming. c. garden-pathing. d. phonemic restoration.

b. syntactic priming.

A syllogism is valid if a. there is evidence to support the two premises. b. the conclusion follows logically from the two premises. c. there is no more than one exception to the conclusion. d. the two premises and the conclusion are true.

b. the conclusion follows logically from the two premises.

A syllogism is valid if a. the two premises and the conclusion are true. b. the conclusion follows logically from the two premises. c. there is evidence to support the two premises. d. there is no more than one exception to the conclusion.

b. the conclusion follows logically from the two premises.

According to your text, the key to solving the Wason four-card problem is a. the law of large numbers. b. the falsification principle. c. a categorical syllogism. d. a mental model.

b. the falsification principle.

The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine a. how to develop computer programs that best mimic human problem solving. b. what information a person is attending to while solving a problem. c. how a person's expertise increases his or her likelihood of solving a problem, relative to a beginner. d. which people can be considered more creative in ability to solve problems.

b. what information a person is attending to while solving a problem.

People tend to overestimate a. what positive feelings will occur following a decision more so than negative feelings. b. what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings. c. what positive and negative feelings will occur following a decision to the same degree. d. subjective utility values following a decision.

b. what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings.

1. Which of the following is not part of a complete definition of a problem? a. Involves obstacles between one's current state and a desired goal b. The solution is not obvious c. Has one correct answer d. Is difficult

c. Has one correct answer

1. Cosmides and Tooby tested participants' ability to solve variations of the Wason problem, including ones containing stories about a particular culture. Their results showed that ____ is not always necessary for conditional reasoning. a. validity b. using a heuristic c. familiarity d. a premise

c. familiarity

1. In New Guinea, tribes that had been isolated for centuries were found that a. communicated by hand signals but not verbal language as we know it. b. had languages that were more primitive than languages of most non-isolated societies. c. had a large number of sophisticated language systems. d. had just a few language systems that were all governed by similar rules.

c. had a large number of sophisticated language systems.

1. Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving a. continuity and form. b. sensory operators. c. reorganization or restructuring. d. multiple goal states.

c. reorganization or restructuring.

1. Considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represents the _____ problem. a. prototype b. target c. source d. exemplar

c. source

At a lunch meeting with a client, the CEO of Gossip Polls, Inc., was asked to determine America's favorite day of the week. Hundreds of Gossip employees across the U.S. started collecting data immediately, calling people at their residences. One hour later, the attitudes from 10,000 Americans, across all 50 states, were collected. A staff member called the CEO, still at her lunch meeting, to tell her the results of the poll: America's favorite day of the week is Monday. Given your text's discussion of inductive reasoning in science, we might suspect that the observations in this poll are not representative because a. everyone in America was not asked their opinion. b. the participants were only asked one question for this poll. c. the people who are home to answer the phone in the early afternoon are not an appropriate cross-section of the U.S. population. d. the participants were not sufficiently geographically diverse.

c. the people who are home to answer the phone in the early afternoon are not an appropriate cross-section of the U.S. population.

1. The crucial question in comparing syntax-first and interactionist approaches to parsing is ____ is involved. a. whether syntax b. whether semantics c. when semantics d. when syntax

c. when semantics

Consider the sentence, "Because he always jogs a mile seems like a short distance to him." The principle of late closure states that this sentence would first be parsed into which of the following phrases? a. "he always jogs" b. "Because he always jogs" c. "Because he always jogs a mile" d. "a mile seems"

c. "Because he always jogs a mile"

Which concept below is most closely associated with the evolutionary perspective to solving the Wason four-card problem? a. Falsification principle b. Permission schemas c. Social-exchange theory d. Availability heuristic

c. Social-exchange theory

Consider the following syllogism: Premise 1: All dogs are cats. Premise 2: All cats say "meow." Conclusion: Therefore, all dogs say "meow." Which statement below describes this syllogism? a. The conclusion is true b. Both premises are valid c. The conclusion is valid d. The conclusion is not valid

c. The conclusion is valid

Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem? a. Mutilated checkerboard problem b. The radiation problem c. Two-string problem d. Tower of Hanoi problem

c. Two-string problem

Dr. Curious is doing a follow-up study to the mutilated checkerboard problem experiment. In this new study, participants solve the following shoe problem before tackling the checkerboard problem. By doing this, Dr. Curious is studying the effect of _____ on problem solving. The shoe problem: A first-grade class is using a trampoline in gym class, so all the children have removed their shoes, which are all jumbled in a large pile. One of the students, Miguel, is leaving early, so the teacher tells him to grab his shoes and report to the lobby. In his hurry, Miguel grabs two identical left-footed, size 6 red sneakers and runs to his mother still sock-footed. Will the remaining students be able to shoe-up with the remaining shoes without getting a foot-ache? a. anaphoric interference b. divergent thinking c. analogies d. perceptual segregation

c. analogies

Consider the following sentences: "Captain Ahab wanted to kill the whale. He cursed at it." These two sentences taken together provide an example of a(n) a. instrument inference. b. garden path sequence. c. anaphoric inference. d. global connection.

c. anaphoric inference.

Given its definition, expected utility theory is most applicable to deciding whether to a. break up or stay involved with a current girlfriend. b. take astronomy or geology as a physical science elective course. c. buy first class or coach tickets for a spring break trip. d. go out for junior varsity hockey or junior varsity basketball.

c. buy first class or coach tickets for a spring break trip.

Imagine you are interpreting a pair of sentences such as "The sidewalk was covered with ice" and "Ramona fell down." The kind of inference we use to link these sentences together would most likely be a(n) _____ inference. a. coherent b. instrument c. causal d. anaphoric

c. causal

Imagine you are interpreting a pair of sentences such as "The sidewalk was covered with ice" and "Ramona fell down." The kind of inference we use to link these sentences together would most likely be a(n) _____ inference. a. coherent b. instrument c. causal d. anaphoric

c. causal

If a motorcycle cop believes that young female drivers speed more than other drivers, he will likely notice young female drivers speeding in the fast lane but fail to notice young male or older drivers doing the same. In this case, the police officer's judgments are biased by the operation of the a. permission schema. b. typicality principle. c. confirmation bias. d. falsification principle.

c. confirmation bias.

Consider the following syllogism: If it's a robin then it is a bird. It is a bird. Therefore, it is a robin. In the example above, "Therefore, it is a robin" is a ____ of a ____ syllogism. a. conclusion; categorical b. conclusion; conditional c. premise; conditional d. premise; categorical

conclusion; conditional

In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to a. identify words that are contained in sentences. b. decide which meaning of an ambiguous sentence is correct in a specific situation. c. decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word. d. separate a sentence into individual words.

c. decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word.

An experiment measures participants' performance in judging syllogisms. Two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli, and participants are asked to indicate (yes or no) if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. Error rates are then calculated for each syllogism. This experiment studies _____ reasoning. a. inductive b. falsification c. deductive d. intuitive

c. deductive

Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to a. show how people progress through the problem space as they solve a problem. b. show that some problems are easier to solve than others. c. demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems. d. measure the time-course of solving well-defined versus ill-defined problems.

c. demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems.

Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. With the cartons, Ali made several birdfeeders for his backyard and also planted tree seedlings in some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a "fort" for his four-year-old son. Ali's use of the cartons represents a. insight. b. convergent thinking. c. divergent thinking. d. hierarchical organization.

c. divergent thinking.

In its discussion of expertise and problem solving, your text identifies the kind of scientists who are most likely to make revolutionary discoveries in their fields. This particular discussion suggests that _____ may be more important than _____ in creative thinking. a. experience; flexibility b. experience; structure c. flexibility; experience d. structure; experience

c. flexibility; experience

Experts categorize problems based on a. event-specific knowledge. b. surface and deep structures. c. general principles that problems share. d. how similar the objects in the problem are.

c. general principles that problems share.

Bonnie has ordered her monthly supply of medicines through the mail for the past five years. Except for one order, all orders have arrived within two business days. Bonnie placed an order yesterday, and she expects to receive her order tomorrow. Bonnie is using a. an omission bias. b. the conjunction rule. c. inductive reasoning. d. the similarity-coverage model.

c. inductive reasoning.

Evidence that language is a social process that must be learned comes from the fact that when deaf children find themselves in an environment where there are no people who speak or use sign language, they a. demonstrate compensatory regeneration of lost auditory neural pathways. b. lose the ability to communicate in any way. c. invent a sign language themselves. d. start speaking out loud even though they cannot hear themselves.

c. invent a sign language themselves.

The validity of a syllogism depends on a. the truth of its conclusion. b. the truth of its premises. c. its form. d. both the truth of its premises and the truth of its conclusion.

c. its form.

The validity of a syllogism depends on a. the truth of its conclusion. b. both the truth of its premises and the truth of its conclusion. c. its form. d. the truth of its premises.

c. its form.

Finke's creating an object studies show that people were more likely to come up with creative uses for preinventive objects if they a. had received training in creative thinking. b. had been preselected as "creative" individuals. c. made the objects themselves. d. were told they were expected to be creative.

c. made the objects themselves.

Gick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves the following three steps: a. restructuring, searching, and simulating. b. well-defining, insighting, and means-end analysis. c. noticing, mapping, and applying. d. surfacing, structuring, and generalizing.

c. noticing, mapping, and applying.

Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n) a. frequently used object. b. familiar object. c. novel object. d. object with a specific function.

c. novel object.

The elements of the problem space include all of the following EXCEPT a. initial state. b. goal state. c. operators. d. intermediate states.

c. operators.

Imagine that your friend James has just taken up the habit of smoking cigars because he thinks it makes him look cool. You are concerned about the detrimental effects of smoking on his health, and you raise that concern to him. James gets a bit annoyed with your criticism and says "George Burns smoked cigars, and he lived to be 100!" You might point out that a major problem with his "George Burns" argument involves a. none of these b. the conjunction rule. c. sample size. d. framing.

c. sample size.

Newell and Simon were early pioneers in designing computer programs that could solve problems. Their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involves a. algorithms. b. parity. c. search. d. insight.

c. search.

The fortress problem involves a fortress and marching soldiers, while the radiation problem involves a tumor and rays. Therefore, the two problems have very different a. mental sets. b. operators. c. surface features. d. structural features.

c. surface features.

A _____ string led to a restructured representation in the two-string problem. a. unknotted b. knotted ` c. swinging d. stationary

c. swinging

Experts _____ than novices. a. spend less time analyzing problems b. are better at reasoning in general c. take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem d. are more likely to be open to new ways of looking at problems

c. take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results support a. the garden-path model to parsing. b. both syntax-first and interactionist approaches to parsing. c. the interactionist approach to parsing. d. the syntax-first approach to parsing.

c. the interactionist approach to parsing.

Lexical ambiguity studies show that people access ambiguous words based on a. a bottom-up progression of meaning comprehension. b. the word that comes immediately before and the word that comes immediately after the ambiguous word in the sentence. c. the meaning dominance of each definition of the word. d. the identification of a single meaning for that word.

c. the meaning dominance of each definition of the word.

Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. How will Janet retrieve the book? Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because a. the goal state is not clearly defined. b. there is an obstacle between the present state and the goal state. c. the solution is immediately obvious. d. the initial state is not clearly defined.

c. the solution is immediately obvious.

Insight refers to a. prior learning hindering problem solving. b. prior learning facilitating problem solving. c. the sudden realization of a problem's solution. d. the tendency to respond in a certain manner, based on past experience.

c. the sudden realization of a problem's solution.

Consider the following syllogism: All of the students are tired. Some tired people are irritable. Some of the students are irritable. It is likely that most people will judge this syllogism as a. valid because this is indeed a valid syllogism and the logic is apparent. b. invalid because of the influence of the atmosphere effect. c. valid because this conclusion is believable. d. invalid because this syllogism does not involve a pragmatic reasoning schema.

c. valid because this conclusion is believable.

The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine a. which people can be considered more creative in ability to solve problems. b. how to develop computer programs that best mimic human problem solving. c. what information a person is attending to while solving a problem. d. how a person's expertise increases his or her likelihood of solving a problem, relative to a beginner.

c. what information a person is attending to while solving a problem.

People tend to overestimate a. what positive feelings will occur following a decision more so than negative feelings. b. subjective utility values following a decision. c. what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings. d. what positive and negative feelings will occur following a decision to the same degree.

c. what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings.

The crucial question in comparing syntax-first and interactionist approaches to parsing is ____ is involved. a. whether syntax b. whether semantics c. when semantics d. when syntax

c. when semantics

1. An experiment on the phonemic restoration effect would most likely include a. a categorical perception task. b. two similar-sounding letters (e.g., "T" and "C"). c. a garden-path sentence. d. an extraneous cough.

d. an extraneous cough.

1. Imagine you are interpreting a pair of sentences such as "The sidewalk was covered with ice" and "Ramona fell down." The kind of inference we use to link these sentences together would most likely be a(n) _____ inference. a. instrument b. anaphoric c. coherent d. causal

d. causal

1. Holyoak and Koh presented different versions of the light bulb problem to assist in solving the radiation problem. They found the ____ version to be more effective, because it had ____ features in common with the radiation problem. a. insufficient-intensity; surface b. fragile-glass; surface c. insufficient-intensity; structural d. fragile-glass; structural

d. fragile-glass; structural

1. A researcher records a brainstorming session in an industrial research and development department rather than in an artificial laboratory setting. Later, she analyzes the recorded discussions, identifying certain problem-solving techniques. This research is an example of ____ research. a. think-aloud protocol b. situationally-produced mental set c. environmental functional fixedness d. in vivo problem-solving

d. in vivo problem-solving

1. Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves _____ reasoning. a. syllogistic b. deductive c. connective d. inductive

d. inductive

When we look at a record of the physical energy produced by conversational speech in a person's native language, we see that the speech signal a. has breaks between morphemes. b. has breaks between phonemes. c. has breaks between words. d. is continuous.

d. is continuous.

The rule of the Wason four-card problem is, "If there is a vowel on one side, then there is an even number on the other side." Let's say you are presented with A, 8, M, and 13, each showing on one of four cards. To see if the rule is valid, you would have to turn over the cards showing a. 8 and 13. b. 8 and M. c. A and M. d. A and 13.

d. A and 13.

When the process of analogical problem solving was applied to the fortress and radiation problems, which of the following represented the mapping step of this process? a. Developing schemas for each individual problem b. Likening the dangerous mines to the dangerous tumor c. Generalizing from groups of soldiers to using many rays to solve the problem d. Connecting the fortress with the tumor

d. Connecting the fortress with the tumor

____ identified people's tendency to focus on a specific characteristic of a problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution as a major obstacle to successful problem solving. a. The analogical problem solving approach b. Psychophysicists c. Information processing psychologists d. Gestalt psychologists

d. Gestalt psychologists

Which of the following statements would most likely invoke the operation of a permission schema? a. I forgot to charge my cell phone last night, therefore I missed an important call today. b. All A are B. All B are C. Therefore, all A are C. c. No artists can be beekeepers, but some of the beekeepers must be chemists. d. If I get an A on my cognitive psychology exam, I can go out with my friends Saturday night.

d. If I get an A on my cognitive psychology exam, I can go out with my friends Saturday night.

Which of the following is not true about divergent thinking? a. It is the cornerstone of creativity b. It has a large number of potential solutions. c. It is open-ended. d. It has a single correct answer.

d. It has a single correct answer.

Lydia is 48 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy as an undergraduate. As a student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice, and she participated in anti-nuclear demonstrations. Which of the following alternatives is most probable? a. Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman and active in the feminist movement. b. Lydia is a state governor and active in the feminist movement. c. Lydia is a state governor. d. Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman.

d. Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman.

Consider the following syllogism: If p then q. p q This syllogism is a(n) ____ syllogism. a. abstract categorical b. concrete conditional c. concrete categorical d. abstract conditional

d. abstract conditional

Mia has lived in New York City all her life. She has noticed that people from upper Manhattan walk really fast, but people from lower Manhattan tend to walk slowly. Mia's observations are likely influenced from a judgment error based on her using a. an atmosphere effect. b. the law of large numbers. c. the falsification principle. d. an illusory correlation.

d. an illusory correlation.

Derrick purchased a new car, a Ford Mustang, less than a month ago. While sitting in traffic, Derrick says to his girlfriend, "Mustangs must be the best-selling car now. I can't remember seeing as many on the road as I have recently." Derrick's judgment is most likely biased by a(n) a. permission schema. b. representativeness heuristic. c. illusory correlation. d. availability heuristic.

d. availability heuristic.

An experiment measures participants' performance in judging syllogisms. Two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli, and participants are asked to indicate (yes or no) if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. Error rates are then calculated for each syllogism. This experiment studies _____ reasoning. a. intuitive b. falsification c. inductive d. deductive

d. deductive

Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. With the cartons, Ali made several birdfeeders for his backyard and also planted tree seedlings in some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a "fort" for his four-year-old son. Ali's use of the cartons represents a. hierarchical organization. b. convergent thinking. c. insight. d. divergent thinking.

d. divergent thinking.

Josiah is trying to decide whether or not to take a new job in a new city. He is worried that if he takes the job and fails, he will suffer from intense anxiety and depression. This is an example of a. incidental immediate emotion. b. immediate emotion. c. integral immediate emotion. d. expected emotion.

d. expected emotion.

Holyoak and Koh presented different versions of the light bulb problem to assist in solving the radiation problem. They found the ____ version to be more effective, because it had ____ features in common with the radiation problem. a. insufficient-intensity; structural b. insufficient-intensity; surface c. fragile-glass; surface d. fragile-glass; structural

d. fragile-glass; structural

Juanita is in a convenience store considering which soda to buy. She recalls a commercial for BigFizz she saw on TV last night. BigFizz is running a promotion where you look under the bottle cap, and one in five bottles has a voucher for a free soda. If Juanita decides to purchase a BigFizz based on this promotion, which is framed in terms of _____, she will use a _____ strategy. a. gains; risk-taking b. losses; risk-aversion c. losses; risk-taking d. gains; risk-aversion

d. gains; risk-aversion

Chaz is listening to his grandma reminisce about the first time she danced with his grandpa 60 years ago. When his grandma says, "It seemed like the song would play forever," Chaz understands that it is more likely his grandma was listening to a radio playing and not a CD. This understanding requires Chaz use a(n) a. given-new contract. b. age-appropriate principle. c. garden path model. d. instrument inference.

d. instrument inference.

Consider the following conditional syllogism: Premise 1: If I don't eat lunch today, I will be hungry tonight. Premise 2: I ate lunch today. Conclusion: Therefore, I wasn't hungry tonight. a. valid. b. abstract. c. biased. d. invalid.

d. invalid.

Consider the following conditional syllogism: Premise 1: If I study, then I'll get a good grade. Premise 2: I got a good grade. Conclusion: Therefore, I studied. This syllogism is a. valid. b. skewed. c. robust. d. invalid.

d. invalid.

Sanfey and coworkers' "ultimatum game" experiment revealed that people tended to make the ____ decision of ____. a. rational; accepting any offer b. rational; accepting only high offers c. irrational; accepting any offer d. irrational; accepting only high offers

d. irrational; accepting only high offers

The analogical paradox refers to problem-solving differences between a. well- and ill-defined problems. b. experimental groups and control groups. c. experts and novices. d. laboratory and real-world settings.

d. laboratory and real-world settings.

Lilo can't wait for school to start. This year is the first time she gets to take a foreign language class, and she is taking Japanese. Dr. Nabuto is a professor interested in studying how people learn additional languages later in life, and he is including Lilo's class in his research. Dr. Nabuto is most likely studying a. speech production. b. speech parsing. c. language comprehension. d. language acquisition.

d. language acquisition.

Finke's creating an object studies show that people were more likely to come up with creative uses for preinventive objects if they a. had been preselected as "creative" individuals. b. had received training in creative thinking. c. were told they were expected to be creative. d. made the objects themselves.

d. made the objects themselves.

The solution to the candle problem involves realizing that the a. match box can be used as a container for tacks. b. candle can be oriented horizontally or diagonally. c. candle can be cut in half. d. match box can be used as a shelf.

d. match box can be used as a shelf.

The elements of the problem space include all of the following EXCEPT Answers: a. goal state. b. intermediate states. c. initial state. d. operators.

d. operators.

By using a(n) _____, a country could increase the percentage of individuals agreeing to be organ donors dramatically. a. pragmatic reasoning schema b. permission schema c. opt-in procedure d. opt-out procedure

d. opt-out procedure

By using a(n) _____, a country could increase the percentage of individuals agreeing to be organ donors dramatically. a. permission schema b. pragmatic reasoning schema c. opt-in procedure d. opt-out procedure

d. opt-out procedure

Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving a. multiple goal states. b. continuity and form. c. sensory operators. d. reorganization or restructuring.

d. reorganization or restructuring.

The information processing approach describes problem solving as a process involving a. design fixation. b. creative cognition. c. insight. d. search.

d. search.

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from a. discriminating between well- and ill-defined problems. b. understanding why the procedure works successfully. c. being able to solve other problems at all. d. seeing more efficient solutions to the problem.

d. seeing more efficient solutions to the problem.

When the front part of a sentence can be interpreted more than one way, but the end of the sentence clarifies which meaning is correct, we say that the sentence is an example of a. lexical priming. b. parsing. c. temporary ambiguity. d. speech segmentation.

d. speech segmentation.

Many people receive unsolicited calls from telemarketers or unwanted "junk" mailers advertising offers for products such as cable or internet services or cellular phone companies. Most people do not consider these offers and do not make a change to the plans or services that they receive because they do not want to make a decision that requires serious consideration or thought. This is an example of the ________ bias. a. self-serving b. actor-observer c. dual systems d. status quo

d. status quo

The fortress problem involves a fortress and marching soldiers, while the radiation problem involves a tumor and rays. Therefore, the two problems have very different a. operators. b. mental sets. c. structural features. d. surface features.

d. surface features.

Stereotypes are reinforced by all of the following EXCEPT a. the availability heuristic. b. illusory correlations. c. selective attention. d. the falsification principle.

d. the falsification principle.

Stereotypes are reinforced by all of the following EXCEPT a. selective attention. b. illusory correlations. c. the availability heuristic. d. the falsification principle.

d. the falsification principle.

Within the realm of conversational speech, knowledge refers to a. the rules for combining spoken words into sentences. b. the tendency to see relationships between spoken concepts even when those relationships do not exist. c. the meaning of a conversation. d. the previously understood information that we bring into the conversation.

d. the previously understood information that we bring into the conversation.

The conjunction rule states that a. the probability of two events co-occurring is the sum of the probabilities of each event occurring. b. people make decisions based upon both the costs and benefits of the choices. c. people make decisions based upon possible benefits when the choices are framed positively and based upon possible costs when the choices are framed negatively. d. the probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone.

d. the probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone.

Failing to consider the law of large numbers most likely results in errors concerning a. the falsification principle. b. utility. c. confirmation bias. d. the representativeness heuristic.

d. the representativeness heuristic.

Gabrielle is blonde, extremely attractive, and lives in an expensive condo. If we judge the probability of Gabrielle's being a model quite high because she resembles our stereotype of a model, we are using a. the availability heuristic. b. framing. c. the law of small numbers. d. the representativeness heuristic.

d. the representativeness heuristic.

In an experiment that combined both physiological and behavioral approaches to the study of decision making, PFC activity was recorded while participants accepted or rejected proposals to split a sum of money ($10). PFC activation was a. dependent on how much money the responder was offered. b. greatest for rejected offers. c. greatest for accepted offers. d. the same for accepted and rejected offers.

d. the same for accepted and rejected offers.

Insight refers to a. prior learning facilitating problem solving. b. prior learning hindering problem solving. c. the tendency to respond in a certain manner, based on past experience. d. the sudden realization of a problem's solution.

d. the sudden realization of a problem's solution.

1. A syllogism is valid if a. the conclusion follows logically from the two premises. b. there is evidence to support the two premises. c. the two premises and the conclusion are true. d. there is no more than one exception to the conclusion.

the conclusion follows logically from the two premises.