Cog Psych final

18. People playing the parlor game "20 questions" often use hierarchical organization strategies. One player asks up to 20 yes/no questions to determine the identity of an object another player has selected. The player's questions usually start as general and get more specific as the player approaches a likely guess. Initial questions asked by a player are often one of three questions: "Is it an animal

" "Is it a vegetable?" and "Is it a mineral?" Each of these three questions describes which level of categorization? Superordinate

15. The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is

15-20 seconds or less

4. Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of

24 hours

14. Using the partial report procedure in his "letter array" experiment, Sperling was able to infer that participants initially saw about percent of the 12 letters in the display.

82

12. Which of the following neural components is NOT found at the receiving end of neurons

? Axon

1. Which property listed below makes human language unique

? Creativity

17. Which approach to categorization can more easily take into account atypical cases such as flightless birds

? Exemplar

27. Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside

A bumblebee

13. Which of the following statements best describes how neurons communicate one another

A chemical process takes place in the synapse

26. Mental-scanning experiments found

A direct relationships between scanning time and distance on the image

11. Lindsay and coworkers "slime in the first-grade teacher's desk" experiment showed that presenting

A photograph of the participant's first-grade class increased the likelihood of false memories

21. According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below

A turtle is an animal

36. According to Anders Ericcson, the biggest difference between world-class pianist graduating from Julliard (a famous school for music performers in NY City) and a Northwest graduate with a BS in education looking for a job as a music teacher is

About 8,000 hours of practice

18. Traditional views of short-term memory argue that coding in STM is mostly

Acoustic

1. For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for

Adolescence and young adulthood

16. Which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function

All of the above

24. Having a large working memory capacity is beneficial on many cognitive tasks. Unfortunately, your working memory capacity can be compromised (limited or even shrunk) by

All of the above

5. In support of late selection models, Donald MacKay showed that the presentation of a biasing word on the unattended ear influenced participants' processing of __________ when they were ____________ of that word.

Ambiguous sentences; unaware

3. An experiment on the phonemic restoration effect would most likely include

An extraneous cough

8. Regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. From this, he concluded that language development is drive largely by

An inborn biological program

3. The procedure in which trained participants describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli presented under controlled conditions is known as

Analytic introspection

11. Consider the following sentences: "Captain Ahab wanted to kill the whale. He cursed at it." These two sentences taken together provide an example of a(n)

Anaphoric inference

20. When I used to run long distances, if I got bored, I would try to listen "in my imagination" to long pieces of music, such as a Beethoven symphony. But as I ran past a car or house playing loud music, it completely wrecked my imagining of Beethoven. This was due to

Articulatory suppression

6. Swinney did an experiment in which he presented participants with the sentence, "The man was not surprised to find several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room." He found that immediately after hearing the word "bug", the participants accesse

Both the "insect" and the "hidden listening device" meanings of the word

32. In explaining the paradox that imagery and perception exhibit a double dissociation, Behrmann and coworkers suggested that perception necessarily involves ______ processing and imagery starts as a __________ process.

Bottom-up; top-down

30. Of the following real-world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people

Can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side

7. The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder

Can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life

14. The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on

Category members that have been encountered in the past

16. The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him. They found that this students used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that

Chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts

9. Which of the following options would NOT be an important factor in automatic processing

Close attention

5. A mental conception of the layout of a physical space is known as a(n)

Cognitive map

24. Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network

Connection weights

3. Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the

Constructive nature of the memory

32. Palmer's experiment, in which he asked people to identify objects in a kitchen, showed how _______ can affect perception

Context

12. A psycholinguist conducts an experiment with a group of participants from a small village in Asia and another from a small village in South America. They speak very different languages with very different features. She asked the groups to describe the bands of color they saw in a rainbow and found they reported the same number of bands as their language possessed primary color words. These results

Contradict the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

6. Newell and Simon were among the first to use computers in cognitive psychology. Their computer program

Created proofs for problems in logic

5. In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to

Decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word

1. Donders' main reason for doing his choice reaction time experiment was to study...

Decision making

31. Following up on the last question: if the size of your occipital lobe is decreased, the size of your visual images will

Decrease

31. Gauthier and coworkers' experiment on experience-dependent plasticity showed that after extensive "Greeble recognition" training sessions, FFA neurons had a(n) _______ response to faces and an _______ response to Greebles.

Decreased; increased

13. Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the ____________ approach to categorization.

Definitional

35. For Anders Ericcson, the most essential part of developing expertise is

Deliberate practice

8. Brain imaging studies reveal that semantics and syntax are associated with _______ brain mechanisms.

Different

23. Research on the physiology of semantic memory has shown that the representation of different categories in the brain (like living and non-living things) is best described as being

Distributed

21. The idea that specific cognitive functions activate many areas of the brain is known as

Distributed processing

22. A general education science class at Dartmouth requires students to design and build a useful product. This task requires primarily

Divergent thinking

21. Experts solve problems based on

Domain-specific strategies

11. In the "blind drunk" study, problems with attention were found when participants were

Drinking alcohol, but below the legal limit for being drunk

23. The least intrusive (or disruptive) technique for studying the brain is

EEG (sometimes called ERP)

31. Elementary school students in the U.S. are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provides an example of

Elaborative rehearsal

32. According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on the depth at which information is

Encoded

12. In Posner's model of attention, the Stroop Effect was used to test

Executive attention

2. A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that

Extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate

14. Neurons that respond to specific qualities (e.g. such as orientation, movement, and length) that make up objects are called

Feature detectors

20. Experts categorize problems based on

General principles that the problems share

29. You look at a rope coiled on a beach and are able to perceive it as a single strand because of the law of

Good figure

9. The point of the chicken-cow-grass study is

How people think may vary by culture

27. Memories of which we are unaware in Cognitive Psychology are called

Implicit

10. Maria has no idea what she just read in her text because she was thinking about how hungry she is and what she is going to have for dinner. This is a real-world example of

Inattentional blindness

35. An observational researcher observes chimps in their natural setting, and based upon the evidence, tries to form a general conclusion. This researcher is using mostly what kind of logic

Induction

10. Most of the coherence in text is created by

Inference

14. Judgments about "warmth" in problem solving are mostly used to determine if a task involves

Insight

29. Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects

Intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory

15. In the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) ¬¬¬¬______ state.

Intermediate

5. The experiment in which participants first read sentences about a baseball game and were then asked to identify sentences they had seen before, illustrated that memory

Involves making inferences

4. When we look at a record of the physical energy produced by conversational speech, we see that the speech signal

Is continuous

28. According to Tulving, the defining properties of the experiences of episodic memory is that

It involves mental time travel

15. According to the typicality effect,

Items that are high in prototoypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group

11. The psychologist credited with the case study of Little Albert is

J.B. Watson

19. The analogical paradox refers to problem-solving differences between

Laboratory and real-world settings

18. Hemoglobin molecules in areas of high brain activity

Lose some of the oxygen they are transporting

6. If you are folding towels that have just come out of the laundry while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the process of folding the towels. This sort of familiar task that does not require much of your attention would be an example of a(n) _______ task.

Low-load

23. In Belilock and Carr's study of relationship between working memory capacity and problem solving, individuals with high working memory capacity performed best in the _______ condition.

Low-pressure

24. If the questions on the test are considered to be ill-defined, this would mean

Many people cannot understand the question

4. The main difference between early and late selection models of attention is that in late selection models, selection of stimuli for final processing doesn't occur until the information in analyzed for

Meaning

25. Shepard and Meltzer measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using

Mental chronometry

33. Patients suffering from unilateral neglect perceive only the right side of their world, ignoring the left. When they are asked to close their eyes and form a mental image of something like a tree, and then describe their image, their description shows that they

Neglect the left half

20. Groups of neurons or structures that are connected within the nervous system are called ________

Neural networks

10. Linking damage to the brain and changes in behavior is technically called

Neuropsychology

18. Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving

Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection

4. According to the behaviorists, only the study of ____________ should be the emphasis of the science of psychology.

Observable behavior

28. Inductive reasoning involves

Observational premises

21. It was easier to perform two tasks at the same time if

One is handled by the sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop

16. Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as

Operators

32. By using a(n) _______, a country could increase the percentage of individuals agreeing to be organ donors dramatically.

Opt-out procedure

12. Happy couples married for decades often claim it was "love at first sight". These claims may or may not be true, thanks to the _________ bias.

Optimistic

26. Speech segmentation is defined as

Organizing the sounds of speech into individual words

22. Radioactive dye is associated with which brain study technique

PET scan

7. Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listen to two messages simultaneously, one in each ear, found all but which of the following

People can focus on one message and ignore the other one

28. Perky's imagery study (1910) had participants describe images of objects that were dimly projected onto a screen. The significance of Perky's results was that

People were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images, even when they were unaware that the projected images were present

14. If kittens are raised in an environment that contains only verticals, you would predict that most of the neurons in their visual cortex would respond best to the visual presentation of a

Picket fence

29. Kosslyn's transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex

Plays a causal role in both perception and imagery

23. Funahashi et al's work on monkeys doing a delayed response task examined the role of neurons in the

Prefrontal cortex

22. Spreading activation

Primes associated concepts

17. Back in high school, you were required by your teacher to learn a poem and recite it is front of your class. Soon after, your history teacher made you learn and recite lines from a famous speech. This proved to be a really hard task for you; much harder than memorizing the poem. One possible explanation of this is

Proactive interference

19. The fusiform face area (FFA) in the rain is often damaged in patients with

Prosopagnosia

24. The brain signals intensity (a loud noise, sudden severe pain, bright lights)

Rapid firing of neurons

30. Which of the following involved procedural memory

Reading a sentence in a book

35. Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of _____ memories.

Recent and remote episodic

25. Suppose you have been studying your French vocabulary words for several hours and are making many mistakes. You switch to reviewing the new terms for your upcoming biology test, and your performance is noticeably better. You are experiencing

Release from proactive interference

13. Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as process involving

Restructuring

8. The misinformation effect can be explained by

Retroactive interference

26. In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Jerry and Roger) is a double dissociation demonstrated

Roger has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Jerry has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory

6. Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen

Schema

13. Information remains in visual sensory memory for

Seconds or a fraction of a second

1. When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of attention

Selective

2. In a dichotic listening experiment, ______ refers to the procedure that is used to force participants to pay attention to a specific message in one ear among competing messages in the other ear.

Shadowing

30. You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands. You perceive the bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together. The red uniforms are one band, the green uniforms another, and so forth. You have this perceptual experience because of the law of

Similarity

10. When presenting lineups to eyewitnesses, it has been found that a(n) _______ lineup is much more likely to result in an innocent person being falsely identified

Simultaneous

30. Your text describes the case of M.G.S. who underwent brain surgery as treatment for severe epilepsy. Testing of M.G.S. pre- and post-surgery revealed that the right visual cortex is involved in the

Size of the field of view

27. Which concept below is most closely associated with the evolutionary perspective to solving the Wason four-card problem

Social-exchange theory

15. When conducting an experiment on how stimuli are represented by the firing of neurons, you notice that neurons respond differently to different faces. For example, Arthur's face causes three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the most and neuron 3 responding the least. Roger's face causes three different neurons to fire, with neuron 7 responding the least and neuron 9 responding the most. Your results support

Sparse

34. The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is

Strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated

2. Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. Statements such as "Afraid you will be," show serious problems with

Syntactics

33. Omission bias involves

Tending to do nothing rather than making a decision that could be interpreted as causing harm

34. Janet is a high schooler from a rural, mostly white community. While watching basketball on tv, she notices that many of the best players are tall, African-Americans. She concludes that blacks are taller than whites. Janet's error is best described as

The availability heuristic

22. One function of ____ is to pull information out of long-term memory.

The central executive

20. The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by

The distance that must be travelled through the network

25. Computer programs have been designed that can recognize matching human faces with the same accuracy as a human being, but the computer loses its efficiency at this process when

The faces are viewed from an angle

26. According to your text, the key to solving the Wason four-card problem is

The falsification principle

3. Broadbent's model is called an early selection model because

The filter eliminates unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information

9. Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results support

The interactionist approach to parsing

9. Research on eyewitness testimony has shown that the more confident the person giving the testimony is of their memories

The more convincing the testimony is to a jury

19. The word-length effect reveals that

The phonological loop of the working memory model has a limited capacity

29. The conjunction rule states that

The probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probabilities of either event occurring alone

34. Watching a silent film depicting a Native American ceremony, which dancers and drumming, people often imagine the sound of the drums. The part of the brain most active would be

The secondary auditory cortex

33. Jennie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggest reliance on

The self-reliance effect

19. Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itzaj participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer ____________ and Itzaj participants would answer ___________.

Tree; oak

16. An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ________ effect.

Typicality

25. Consider the following syllogism: All cats are birds. All birds have wings. All cats have wings This syllogism is

Valid

28. The likelihood principle states that

We perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received

7. Eye tracking studies investigating attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich shows that a person's eye movements.

Were determined primarily by the task

17. The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine

What information a person is attending to while solving a problem

31. People tend to overestimate

What negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings

36. Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that

When a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed

8. Imagine that U.S. lawmakers are considering changing the driving laws and that you have been consulted as an attention expert. Given the principles of divided attention, in which of the following conditions would a person have the most difficulty with driving and therefore pose the biggest safety risk on the road

When the person is driving an unfamiliar vehicle that is more difficult to operate

33. The pathway leading from the striate cortex to the temporal lobe is known as the

Where pathway

17. The temporal lobe is

Where signals are received from the auditory system

2. According to Ebbinghaus's savings curve, savings is a function of

Word familiarity

7. Which of the following is NOT influenced by meaning

Word frequency effect

27. In the "finding faces in a landscape" demonstration in your text, once you perceive a particular grouping of rocks as a face, it is often difficult not to perceive them this way. This is due to

Your prior knowledge