cog psych q1

In an experimental procedure, participants hear a sequence of letters and then, a moment later, are required to repeat back the sequence. The longest sequence for which participants can easily do this is likely to contain approximately ________ letters. 3 5 7 12

7

Neuropsychological double dissociations have been described for which of the following pairs of constructs? All of these Short-term memory and Long-term memory Wernicke's aphasia and Broca's aphasia Semantic memory and Episodic memory

All of these

Behaviorists argued that ________ were most important in analyzing behavior.

Behaviorists argued that learning histories were most important in analyzing behavior.

For most recall tests, the transfer of items into long-term storage is best facilitated by ________ rehearsal. recency primacy maintenance elaborative

For most recall tests, the transfer of items into long-term storage is best facilitated by elaborative rehearsal.

Which of the following is NOT an example of executive control being used? Avoiding conflict among competing habits or responses Choosing task priorities Setting goals Forming memories

Forming memories

The famous patient H.M. was unable to remember events he experienced after his brain surgery. The surgery apparently produced anterograde amnesia. repression. retrograde amnesia. infantile amnesia.

HM had anterograde amnesia.

What sort of question might a neuroscientist ask about qualia? How does brain tissue give rise to a state like qualia? How does qualia influence mental processing? How does qualia influence stimulus-response learning? How does qualia impact behavior?

How does brain tissue give rise to a state like qualia?

Feedback can lead participants to be more confident of their memories, even if they are wrong. What explanation is NOT appropriate to explain this fact? The change in confidence is an unconscious attribution. Doubt is erased when people are told they are right. People are more confident when they are told they are right. Memories are strengthened when people are told they are right.

Memories are strengthened when people are told they are right.

________ refers to one's ability to monitor or control his or her own mental processes. Mental control Cognitive effort Metabolism Metacognition

Metacognition

Which of the following statements is NOT likely to be an influence of implicit memory? Participants have a preference for a familiar stimulus in comparison to other, new stimuli. Participants know they have encountered the stimulus recently but cannot recall the details of the encounter. Participants remember the circumstances in which they first encountered a stimulus. Participants think a false, made-up phrase that they have heard recently is true.

Participants remember the circumstances in which they first encountered a stimulus.

Our thoughts seem to be embedded in a context that is usually not noticed yet serves to define and guide the thoughts. Which of the following is NOT an example of this sort of context? Discovery based on mental imagery is influenced by the perceptual reference frame for the image. The meaning of the terms involved in our thoughts is clarified by the surrounding context of thought. Decisions are guided by how the decision is framed. Perception of a word or object is strongly shaped by the other words and objects that surround the target.

Perception of a word or object is strongly shaped by the other words and objects that surround the target.

Which of the following is NOT an advantage gained by practicing a task? Each step in the task no longer needs to be monitored to decide when to start the next step. The task can be completed without the need to pay attention, so that attention can be allocated elsewhere. Practice allows the mechanics behind the task to enter conscious awareness. Only one routine needs to be launched instead of several steps in order to complete a task.

Practice allows the mechanics behind the task to enter conscious awareness.

Which of the following statements seems to be the best illustration of encoding specificity? Susan is terrible at learning general arguments, although she is excellent at learning more specific claims. Susan quickly masters new material if she knows some related information, but she has trouble learning new material if the domain is new to her. Susan has learned the principles covered in her psychology class, but she has difficulty remembering the principles in the context of her day-to-day life. Susan easily learns material that is meaningful but cannot learn material that is abstract.

Susan has learned the principles covered in her psychology class, but she has difficulty remembering the principles in the context of her day-to-day life.

Which of the following statements is true about the role the hippocampus plays in memory? Hippocampus damage is associated with retrograde amnesia. Korsakoff patients have little to no damage in hippocampal areas. The hippocampus plays an important role in memory consolidation. The hippocampus is important only for old memories from months and years back.

The hippocampus plays an important role in memory consolidation.

The phrase "Betsy wants to bring Jacob a present. She shook her piggy bank" is easily understood by most people because

The phrase "Betsy wants to bring Jacob a present. She shook her piggy bank" is easily understood by most people because our previous knowledge fills in the necessary details.

The task of saying, "tah, tah, tah," while taking a span test to assess working memory is known as concurrent articulation. the phonological buffer. subvocalization. working-memory speech.

The task of saying, "tah, tah, tah," while taking a span test to assess working memory is known as concurrent articulation.

The term "introspection" refers to the

The term "introspection" refers to the process of each person looking within, to observe his or her own thoughts and ideas.

Which of the following is FALSE about introspective reports? They often feel like inferences. They are occasionally wrong. They are sometimes correct. They can be the result of after-the-fact reconstructions.

They often feel like inferences.

Which of the following is an example of a question that leads to deep processing? How many syllables are there in the word "convenient"? Are there more vowels or more consonants in the word "brain"? What is the meaning of the word "tantalizing"? Can you think of a word that rhymes with "elephant"?

What is the meaning of the word "tantalizing"?

When asked to recall a list of 25 words, participants are likely to remember only some of them. The words they can recall are likely to include words drawn from positions scattered throughout the list. the first few words on the list and also approximately the last 6 words on the list. approximately the first 12 words on the list. approximately the last 12 words on the list.

When asked to recall a list of 25 words, participants are likely to remember only some of them. The words they can recall are likely to include the first few words on the list and also approximately the last 6 words on the list.

One possible difference between a "sleeping brain" and an "awake brain" relates to the neuronal workspace. Which of the following statements most accurately represents this relationship? The workspace prevents conflicting information from being processed during sleep, but not when one is awake. Changes in brain activity are monitored by the neuronal workspace when one is asleep, but not when one is awake. When one is awake, the neuronal workspace allows areas of the brain to communicate with each other, which gives rise to consciousness. When one is asleep, the neuronal workspace allows areas of the brain to communicate with each other, which leads to dreaming.

When one is awake, the neuronal workspace allows areas of the brain to communicate with each other, which gives rise to consciousness

What would be the most accurate way to describe familiarity? a conclusion one draws about a stimulus a retrieval strategy an effortful and erroneous process a feeling triggered by a stimulus

a conclusion one draws about a stimulus

Establishing a memory connection primes all memory connections so that all memories are quicker to retrieve. can occur only for emotional memories. allows you to access Memory X from Memory Y if they are connected but will not help you access Memory Z if it is not connected to Memory X or Y. is better for emotional memories than for other types of memories.

allows you to access Memory X from Memory Y if they are connected but will not help you access Memory Z if it is not connected to Memory X or Y.

Context has an effect on memory but not on the way a person perceives a memory. because it interferes with the retrieval paths. because it influences how the person thinks of the material to be remembered. only if the information is recalled in the same physical environment where it was learned.

because it influences how the person thinks of the material to be remembered.

If a memory is like a city you want to travel to and the retrieval paths you use to find the memory are like highways that lead to that city, which is the best strategy for memorizing? build toll roads (premium highways) so you can get to the memories as fast as possible with little traffic build many highways that travel in many directions, so you have multiple ways to remember it later build one really big highway, so you are more likely to find the answer later invest very little in building highways because you never know which highway will be the best road in the future

build many highways that travel in many directions, so you have multiple ways to remember it later

When thinking of a list of digits in terms of racing times, one person is found to report up to 79 digits. This suggests that this person does not show the primacy or recency effect. is well practiced at memory retrieval. has a larger working memory than most other participants. can remember this information due to a unique chunking strategy.

can remember this information due to a unique chunking strategy.

Theorists have proposed that working memory is best understood as a system involving multiple components. The activities of this system are controlled by a resource called the buffer. supervisor. central processor. central executive.

central executive.

In the late 1800s, the young science of psychology studied consciousness by focusing on the biological roots of conscious thought. largely ignored the topic of consciousness. argued that consciousness could not be studied scientifically. considered consciousness to be a central concern of the science.

considered consciousness to be a central concern of the science.

One proposed possible purpose of dreaming is to _______ memories. All of the other options are correct. prevent encode consolidate weaken

consolidate

The anterior cingulate cortex plays a crucial role in detecting conflict among brain systems. regulating prefrontal cortex activity. regulating attention. binding representations together from different brain areas.

detecting conflict among brain systems

Herbert says, "I can't figure out where I've seen that person before, but I know that I have seen her before!" Herbert seems to have formed interim associations when he last encountered the face. would perform well on a recall test but not on a recognition test. has an episodic memory for the face but no generic memory for the face. has a sense of familiarity but no source memory.

has a sense of familiarity but no source memory.

If you perceive a stimulus and then later perceive the same stimulus again, you are likely to perceive the stimulus more quickly and more easily the second time. This benefit can be described as a(n) context-dependent memory. explicit memory. recognition memory. increase in processing fluency.

increase in processing fluency.

Which of the following constructs is most closely related to procedural memory? semantic memory sensory memory long-term memory explicit memory

long-term memory

The process of taking observable information and inferring a cause is known as

observable information and inferring a cause is known as the transcendental method.

Patients who have experienced damage to the striate cortex sometimes show a phenomenon known as blind sight. In this case, most patients can consciously report the identity of an object but not where it is located. are blind yet incorrectly report that they can see the identity and location of an object. often guess correctly in response to what they have seen or where an object is located even though they report that they cannot see it. can consciously see where an object is but cannot identify it.

often guess correctly in response to what they have seen or where an object is located even though they report that they cannot see it.

Because of the effects of context-dependent learning, students might find it wise to focus on their instructor's intended meaning rather than the exact words. study only when they are entirely sober. use mnemonic devices as a study aid. prepare for their examinations under conditions similar to the test conditions.

prepare for their examinations under conditions similar to the test conditions.

Patients with amnesia show evidence of experience but do not have the subjective experience of consciousness. In other words, they are missing intuition. evidence. qualia. access.

qualia.

Like patients with Korsakoff 's syndrome, H.M. has difficulty with unconscious memory. implicit memory tasks. recall. familiarity.

recall.

A participant hears the sequence "F, D, P, U, G, Q, R," and then, a moment later, must repeat the sequence aloud. If errors occur in this procedure, they are likely to involve confusions with near neighbors in the alphabet, for example, "G " instead of "F." sound-alike confusions, for example, "T " instead of "D." look-alike confusions, for example, "O " instead of "Q." confusions because of strong associations, for example, "I " instead of "Q " because of the familiarity of "IQ."

sound-alike confusions, for example, "T " instead of "D."

Which of the following is UNLIKELY to be the result of fluency effects? confidence estimates qualia familiarity estimates stereotype threat

stereotype threat

What is the level at which a node in a spreading activation model will fire? subthreshold level response threshold activation level superthreshold

superthreshold

According to the modal model of memory, words presented early in a list are easier to remember than words presented later because the early words receive more of the participants' attention than the later words. the early words suffer from less interference than the later words. participants are particularly alert at the beginning of the list presentation. they are still residing in working memory at the time of the test.

the early words receive more of the participants' attention than the later words.

According to fMRI evidence, which of the following areas is/are critical to the successful encoding of words? amygdala prefrontal cortex medial temporal lobe medial temporal lobe and prefrontal cortex

the medial temporal lobe and prefrontal cortex are critical to the successful encoding of words

The mind-body problem refers to the fact that the mind and brain are separate, potentially separable constructs. the body directs the mind. the mind directs the body. conscious experience is separate from the physical experience.

the mind and brain are separate, potentially separable constructs.

Abigail saw the stimulus "all________" and was asked to think of a word that began with these letters. This task is called explicit memory. semantic priming. a lexical decision. word-stem completion.

word-stem completion.