Cognition Exam 1- Multiple choice

A technique in which trained participants described their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli is known as

analytic introspection

Which part of a neuron transmits signals to other neurons?

axons

Placing tomatoes, onions, jalapeños, garlic, cilantro, and lime juice into a blender and turning it on to produce salsa is similar to which of the following?

the focused attention stage of feature integration theory

How does the phenomenon of apparent movement work?

the perceptual system creates the perception of movement from satisfactory images

According to Treismans attenuation model, which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people?

the word "platypus"

If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone, this would be an example of __ processing.

top-down

Maria took a drink from a container marked "milk." Surprised, she quickly spit out the liquid because it turned out the container was filled with orange juice instead. Maria likes orange juice, so why did she have such a negative reaction to it? Her response was most affected by

top-down processing

The demonstration in your text that asks you to visualize scenes such as an office, a department store clothing section, a lion, and a microscope often results in more details in the scene of the office or department store than then scene with the lion or microscope. The latter two tend to have fewer details because most individuals from modern society have lens knowledge of __ in these scenes.

semantic regularities

Endel Tulving, one of the most prominent early memory researchers, proposed that long-term memory is subdivided into all of the following components except

short-term memory

Which of the following is. consistent with the idea of localization of function?

specific areas of the brain serve different functions; brain areas are specialized for specific functions; neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli

The idea that an object could be represented by the firing of a specialized neuron that responds only to that object is called ___

specificity coding

Wundts approach, which dominated psychology in the late 1800s and early 1900s, was known as

structuralism

Research on the use of cell phones while driving indicates that

the main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone

Its often said that "life doesn't exists in a vacuum." However, the emptiness of __ its critical for brain functioning

synapses

According to your text, the ability to divide attention depends on all of the following except

task cueing

Broadbents model is called and early selection model because

the filter eliminates unattended information at the beginning of the information flow

In which year was position emission tomography (PET) introduced and made it possible to see which areas of the human brain are activated during cognitive activity?

1976

Neuroimage, a journal devoted solely to reporting neuroimaging research, was founded in which in which year?

1992

Which parts of neurons are also known as a "nerve fiber"?

Axons

In the texts use of the Olympic Rings example, which Gestalt law contributes to the correct perception of five interlocking circles rather than nine separate segments?

Simplicity

Which of the following is most closely associated with Treismans attenuation theory of selective attention?

Dictionary unit

Which of the following does NOT characterize the information processing (IP) approach to the study of cognition?

IP emphasizes stimulus-response relationship in cognitive processes

The use of the term artificial intelligence was coined by

John McCarthy

Which part of the nervous system picks up information from the outside environment?

Receptors

When conducting an experiment oh how stimuli are represented by the firing of neurons, you notice that neurons respond differently to different faces. For example, Arthurs face causes three neurons to fire with neuron 1 responding the most and neuron 3 responding the least. Rogers face causes three different neurons to fire, with neuron 7 responding the least and neuron 9 responding the most. Your results support __ coding.

Sparse

With which of the following sentences would the author disagree?

We can consider the mind extraordinary if it is used for extraordinary purposes

Why can we consider Tolman one of the early cognitive psychologists?

because he used behavior to infer mental processes

Your author points out that studying the mind requires both __ and __ experiments

behavioral; physiological

During a visit to the local museum, you appreciate the incredible beauty of the paintings displayed. Your ability to see the paintings as complete pictures rather than individual, disconnected dots of color, texture, and location occurs through a process called

binding

The sequence of steps that includes the image on the retina, changing the image into electrical signals, and neural processing is an example of ____ processing

bottom-up

The key structural components of neurons are the

cell body, dendrites and axons

The difficulty we have in recognizing even an obvious alteration in a scene is called __ blindness

change

A mental conception of the layout of a physical space is known a(n)

cognitive map

The relationship between the ___ is NOT measures directly by cognitive psychologists

cognitive task and the mental response

Illusionary conjunctions are

combinations of features from different stimuli

Your text describes the occurrence of a "cognitive revolution" during which dramatic change took place in the way psychology was studied. This so-called revolution occurred parallel to (and, in part, because of) the introduction of

computers

Early studies of brain tissue that used staining techniques and microscopes from the 19th century described the "nerve net." These early understandings were in error in the sense that the nerve net was believed to be

continuous

newell and Simon were among the first to use computers for artificial intelligence. Their computer program

created proofs for problems in logic

Which of the following could be considered as always taking a "working vacation"?

default mode network

Brian imaging has made it possible to

determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes

What contains the words, stored in memory, each of which has a threshold for being activated?

dictionary unit

proponents if multitasking would note ___ to support their opinion, whereas opponents of multitasking would point to __ to justify their perspective

divided attention, distraction

Each time you briefly pause on one face, you are making a(n)

fixation

The ___ lobe of the cortex receives information from all the senses and is responsible for coordination of the senses, as well as higher cognitive functions such as thinking and problem solving.

frontal

You look at a rope coiled on a beach and are not able to perceive it as a single strand because of the law of

good continuation

In the mid-20th century, the study of the mind began using which technique or model inspired by digital computers?

information processing model

A high threshold in Treismans model of attention implies that

it takes a strong signal to causes activation

Scene schema is

knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene

The investigation of how behavior is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforcers or withdrawal of negative reinforcers is best known as

operant conditioning

Colin Cherrys experiment in which participants listen to two messages simultaneously, one in each ear, found all but which of the following?

people who are def process auditory information on a non conscious level

How does perceptual loads differ from processing capacity?

perceptual load is individual and processing capacity is universal

Behaviorists believe that the presentation of __ increases the frequency behavior.

postive reinforcers

Reaction time refers to the time between the ___ of a stimulus and a persons response to it

presentation

Which memory is used for physical actions?

procedural memory

The fusiform face area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with

prosopagnosia

Which of the following would have the most semantic regularities?

a shopping mall

Eye tracking studies investigating attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich found that a persons eye movements

are determines primarily by the task

In which concept is an individuals knowledge most important?

schema

In Donders research on human decision making, he found that it took ___ to decide which of the two buttons to push in response to a stimulus

less than one second

The troop effect demonstrates peoples inability to ignores the ___ of words

meaning

Groups of interconnected neurons are referred to as

neural circuits

Which of the following is an example of an effect of top-down processing?

recognizing a crying friends sounds as words in a sentence

Watson became dissatisfied with the method of analytic introspection in which context?

results were interpreted in terms of invisible inner mental processes

The notion that faster responding occurs when enhancement spreads within an object is called

same-object advantage