Cognition

Consumers respond more positively to ground beef advertised as "75 percent lean" than to ground beef described as "25 percent fat." This illustrates that consumer reactions are influenced by

Framing

Of the following, who best illustrates Sternberg's concept of analytical intelligence?

Selma, fifth-grader who solves complicated mathematical problems in record time

Most people misrecall the sentence, "The angry rioter threw the rock at the window" as "The angry rioter threw the rock through the window." This best illustrates the importance of

Semantic encoding

Explicit memory is to long-term as iconic memory is to ____.

Sensory

After looking up his friend's phone number, Alex was able to remember it only long enough to dial it correctly. In this case, the telephone number was clearly stored in his ________ memory.

Short-term

Your consciously activated but limited-capacity memory is called ________ memory.

Short-term

Cerebellum is to ________ memory as hippocampus is to ________ memory.

Short-term; Long-term

The psychologist Jean Piaget constructed a vivid, detailed memory of being kidnapped after hearing his nursemaid's false reports of such an event. His experience best illustrates:

Source Amnesia

The accuracy of the flashbulb memories of those who witnessed the first bombings of Baghdad during 2003 war in Iraq best illustrates that memory formation is facilitated by:

The body's release of stress hormone

In order to remember a list of the school supplies she needs, Marcy mentally visualizes each item at a certain location in her house. Marcy's tactic best illustrates the use of:

The method of loci

After reading a newspaper report suggesting that drunken driving might have contributed to a recent auto accident, several people who actually witnessed the accident began to remember the driver involved as traveling more recklessly than was actually the case. This provides an example of

The misinformation effect

Miss Jan Dee is orderly, neat, fairly quiet, and shy. She enjoys reading in her spare time and belongs to a social club that includes three librarians. A tenancy to conclude that Jan might be one of the three libraries would illustrate the powerful influence of

The representativeness heuristic

Jamille performs better on foreign language vocabulary tests if she studies the material 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as

The spacing Effect

Research on stereotype threat indicates that students might not do as well as they can on a test if:

They are informed the people of their ethnicity, age, or gender usually do not perform well on tests

Which of the following is always true of standardized tests?

They are supposed to be administered and scored in a consistent manner

To recognize the active information processing that occurs in short-term memory, researchers have characterized it as ________ memory.

Working

Which term refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating?

Cognition

When we use the word automobile to refer to a category of transport vehicles, we are using this word as a(n)

Concept

Because she believes that boys are naughtier than girls, Mrs. Zumpano, a second-grade teacher, watches boys more closely than she watches girls for any signs of misbehavior. Mrs. Zumpano's surveillance strategy best illustrates

Confirmation bias

Information learned while a person is ______ is best when that person is ______.

Drunk; Drunk

For a moment after hearing his dog's high-pitched bark, Mr. Silvers has a vivid auditory impression of the dog's yelp. His experience most clearly illustrates ________ memory.

Echoic

Priming is to retrieval as rehearsal is to:

Encoding

The process of getting information into memory is called

Encoding

Conscious memory of factual information is called ________ memory.

Explicit

Some people are unable to arrange six matches to form four equilateral triangles because they fail to consider a three-dimensional arrangement. This best illustrates the effects of ________ on problem solving.

Fixations

Research findings suggest that the best advice to give people who want to avoid belief perseverance is:

"Consider the Opposite"

the ratio of mental age to chronological age for a child of average intelligence is

1:1

Brittany Snow resisted changing her answer to a test question after reminding herself that "it's always best to stick with your first answer." Snow's decision best illustrates the use of:

A heuristic

Jamilla systematically tried each successive key on her dad's key ring until she found the one that unlocked his office door. This best illustrates problem solving by means of:

An algorithm

During her psychology test, Kelsey could not remember the meaning of the term proactive interference. Surprisingly, however, she accurately remembered that the term appeared on the fourth line of a left-hand page in her textbook. Her memory of this incidental information is best explained in terms of

Automatic Processing

The earliest stage of development is called the ______ stage.

Babbling

Wu believes that some murderers truly love their own children; he also believes that all who truly love their own children are effective parents. Wu's negative attitude toward murderers is so strong, however, that he finds it very difficult to accept the logical conclusion that some murderers are effective parents. His difficulty best illustrates:

Belief Bias

The value of generating positive first impressions in your initial interactions with a new employer is best underscored by the research on:

Belief Perseverance

The organization of information into meaningful units is called

Chunking

The address for obtaining tickets to a popular quiz show flashes on the TV screen, but the image disappears before Sergei has had a chance to write down the complete address. To his surprise, however, he has retained a momentary mental image of the five-digit zip code. His experience best illustrates ________ memory.

Iconic

It has been suggested that Alaskan Eskimos' rich vocabulary for describing snow enables them to perceive differences in snow conditions that would otherwise go unnoticed. This suggestion most clearly illustrates

Linguistic Determinism

The increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as

Long-term Potentiation

During the earliest state of speech development infants:

Make sum speech sounds that do not occur in their parents' native language

Karl and Dee had a joyful wedding ceremony. After their painful divorce, however, they began to remember the wedding as a somewhat hectic and unpleasant event. Their recollections best illustrate the nature of

Memory Construction

After taking two years of college economics courses, Lionel thinks he knows enough about business to become a millionaire. Lionel should become more aware of:

Overconfidence

When Fred pronounced the words "this" and "that," he noticed that they share a common

Phoneme

shortly after you see a missing child poster, you are more likely to interpret an ambiguous adult-child interaction as a possible kidnapping. This best illustrates the impact of:

Priming

Professor Maslova has so many memories of former students that she has difficulty remembering the names of new students. The professor's difficulty best illustrates

Proactive Interference

In the process of classifying objects, people are especially likely to make use of

Prototypes

Ebbinghaus' retention curve best illustrates the value of

Rehearsal

Henry took an intelligence test and scored lower than he thought he should. He kept retaking the test, but he kept getting about the same score each time. This series of events indicates that the test was

Reliable

Judy is embarrassed because she momentarily fails to remember a good friend's name. Judy's poor memory most likely results from a failure in

Retrieval

The process of getting information out of memory is called

Retrieval

After learning the combination for his new locker at school, Milton is unable to remember the combination for his year-old bicycle lock. Milton is experiencing the effects of

Retroactive Interference

Elaine's memory of her Paris vacation is more positive today than it was last year just after she went. This best illustrates

Rosy retrospection