INDIA (UIL Social Studies)
Ambedkar, Dr. Bhim Rao (1891-1956)
-law minister of Indian government -Inspired the Dalit Buddhist movement -helped with the drafting of the Indian Constitution -published journals - advocated for political rights and social freedom for Dalits ("untouchables")
Ganges River
-transboundary river of Asia, flowing through India and Bangladesh -Important to HIndu
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971/Formation of Bangladesh
1971 a military conflict between India and Pakistan. Indian, Bangladeshi and international sources consider the beginning of the war to be Operation Chengiz Khan, Pakistan's December 3, 1971 pre-emptive strike on 11 Indian airbases. Lasting just 13 days it is considered one of the shortest wars in history. Led to the formation of Bangladesh.
Delhi, India
2nd largest urban area -Union territory of India that contains New Delhi (Capital of India) -city consists of Old Delhi, in the north, (the historic city) and New Delhi, in the south -blends both traditional and cosmopolitan elements
Hindu Kush Mountains
A mountain range that is a barrier between India and Afghanistan. Is one of the highest mountain ranges in the world, but not as tall as the Himalayas. -Mountain Range 800km in central and south asia to the west himalayas -It stretches from central and eastern Afghanistan into northwestern Pakistan and far southeastern Tajikistan
Jute
A plant fiber used for making rope, burlap bags, and carpet backing
Hinduism
A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms
Indus River
A river in South Asia that flows from the Himalayas to the Arabian Sea.
Charkha
A spinning wheel, which became a symbol of the Indian independence movement.
Jati
A sub-varna in the caste system that gave people of sense of community because they usually consisted of people working in the same occupation.
indian ocean earthquake/tsunami 2004
On 26 December 2004, at 07:58:53 local time, a major earthquake with a magnitude of 9.1-9.3 Mw struck with an epicenter off the west coast of northern Sumatra, Indonesia. The tsunami that followed killed more people than any other tsunami in recorded history, with 227,898 dead or missing in 14 countries across the Indian Ocean. The worst hit country was Indonesia with 167,540 listed as dead or missing and damages of $4,451.6 million.
Constitution of India (1950)
The constitution declares India a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic, assures its citizens justice, equality, and liberty, and endeavours to promote fraternity. The original 1950 constitution is preserved in a nitrogen-filled case at the Parliament House in New Delhi. -The longest written national constitution of the world -adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India Nov. 26 1949 and became effective on Jan 26 1950
Indian Civil Service
The elite professional class of officials who administered the government of British India. Originally composed exclusively of well-educated British men, it gradually added qualified Indians.
Jammu and Kashmir
The northernmost Indian state with mixed Hindu and Muslim populations.
Sepoy Mutiny/Rebellion (1857)
Massive uprising of much of India against British rule; also called the Indian Mutiny or the Sepoy Mutiny from the fact that the rebellion first broke out among Indian troops in British employ.
Bhagavad Gita (Hinduism)
Most sacred section of the Mahabharata; key Hindu beliefs; some scholars consider it to be Hinduism's most important religious text -700 verse Hindu scripture -part of the Mahabharata -Summarizes the Upanishadic concepts and talks about the existence of a self in individual, Atman, and the "supreme" self, Brahman -Written by the Hindu god Ganesha
House of Wangchuck
The Wangchuck dynasty have held the hereditary position of Druk Gyalpo of Bhutan since 1907. Prior to reunification, the Wangchuck family had governed the district of Trongsa as descendants of Dungkar Choji. They eventually overpowered other regional lords and earned the favour of the British Empire.
Gautama Siddhartha
-Buddha; "The Awakened -Born in Lumbini (present-day Nepal) -The forms of Buddhism celebrate events in his life, such as his birth, enlightenment and passage into nirvana
Goa/1961 Annexation
-Process of the acquisition of Estado de India -Estado de India: Portuguese Indian territories of Goa, Daman, and Diu -Indian Armed Forces take action in these territories in December 1961, called the Liberation of Goa -This armed action was called Operation Vijay, meaning "victory" -ended 451 years of rule by Portugal
Golden Temple of Amritsar
-also known as the Harimandir Sahib -gurdwara located in Amritsar, Punjab, India -gurdwara: place of worship for Sikhs -considered the most significant shrine in Sikhism
Gangkhar Puensum
-highest mountain in Bhutan -the highest unclimbed mountain in the world -Elevation of 7,570 meters -"White Peak of the Three Spiritual Brothers"
Five K's of Sikhism
-5 items that Guru Gobind Singh (founder of Sikhism), ordered Sikhs to wear at all times -kesh (unshorn hair and beard since the Sikh decided to keep it), kangha (a comb for the kesh, usually wooden), kara (a bracelet, usually made of iron or steel), kachera (an undergarment), and kirpan (a small curved sword or knife made of iron or steel)
Dharasana Salt Works Protest/Dharasana Satyagraha
Dharasana Satyagraha was a protest against the British salt tax in colonial India in May 1930. Following the conclusion of the Salt March to Dandi, Mahatma Gandhi chose a non-violent raid of the Dharasana Salt Works in Gujarat as the next protest against British rule. -satyagrahi: people who perform nonviolent or civil resistance -Hundreds of satyagrahis were injured by British soldiers, and soon the world heard about the matter, making others question the legitimacy of British rule in India
Day of Direct Action (1946)
Direct Action Day was the day the All-India Muslim League decided to take "direct action" for a separate Muslim homeland after the British exit from India. Also known as the 1946 Calcutta Killings, it was a day of nationwide communal riots. -All-India Muslim League takes "direct action" for a separate Muslim homeland after the British exit from India -Led to mass killings and violence between Muslims and Hindus in Calcutta/Kolkata -Also known as the 1946 Calcutta Killings -Controversy concerning who was mainly responsible for the incident still remains between the Indian National Congress
Hyderabad/ Operation Polo
Hyderabad is the capital of southern India's Telangana state. Operation Polo was the code name of the Hyderabad "police action" in September 1948, by the newly independent Dominion of India against Hyderabad State. It was a military operation in which the Indian Armed Forces invaded the Nizam-ruled princely state, annexing it into the Indian Union.
Demolition of Babri Masjid
In 1992, an organized mob of at least 75,000 Hindus descended on one of Ayodhya's mosques—the Babri Masjid—and tore it to the ground using hammers, rods, and shovels, while Indian authorities watched. -Dec. 6 1992 -The Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) organized a rally with 150,000 that turned violent and ended with the destruction of the mosque
Chauri Chaura incident 1922
In the Gorakhpur district of the United Province. Violence erupted among a large group of protestors participating in the Non-Cooperation Movement and the police opened fire. The demonstrators attacked and set fire to a police station, and 3 civilians and 23 policemen were killed. The Indian National Congress called for an end to the Non-Cooperation movement on the national level as a direct result of the incident -Feb. 4 1922 -Police fire on protesters of the non-cooperation movement, to which demonstrators attack and kill all occupants of a police station -Mahatma Gandhi stopped the Non-Cooperation movement on the national level on Feb 12, 1922, however 19 arrested demonstrators were sentenced to death
Chennai (Madras)
India's large port city on the Bay of Bengal; established by British East India Company; textiles -capital city of Tamil Nadu, the southernmost state of India -formerly known as Madras -emerged from the British East India Company's fort and trading post -sixth most populous city in India -"Gateway to South India" -Chennai Corporation: municipal government established in 1688
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
Indian People's Party; Hindu nationalist party that governed from 1998 to 2004 -one of the two major political parties in India, next to the Indian National Congress -founded in 1951 by Shyama Prasad Mukherjee -pro-Hindu -originates from the Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS; Indian People's Association) -The BJS advocated for the rebuilding of the state and a greater emphasis of Hindu culture
Dalits/Untouchables
Lowest class of the social classes; officially called the "Scheduled Caste"
Brahmaputra River
River that begins in Tibet, flows through northeast India and Bangladesh, joining with the Ganges to empty into the Bay of Bengal. -flows through Tibet (China), Northeastern India, and Bangladesh -merges with the Ganges river
Eastern Ghats Mountains
Rolling mountains east of the Deccan Plateau in Southern India. -range of mountains along India's eastern coast -eroded and cut through by four major rivers of peninsular India: the Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri
K2
Second highest peak in the world
Emergency Order in India (1975)
The order bestowed upon the prime minister the authority to rule by decree, allowing elections to be cancelled and civil liberties to be suspended. For much of the Emergency, most of Gandhi's political opponents were imprisoned and the press were censored. -Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declares a state of emergency -21 month period -1975-77 -Period of dictatorship and censhorship of Gandhi, where many of her politcal opponents were imprisoned and the press was heavily censored -elections and civil liberties cancelled
JVP insurrections of 1971 and 1987
Two unsuccessful armed revolts conducted by the communist Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna against the socialist United Front Government of Sri Lanka under Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike.
Gujarat
Western Indian state in which Hindu-Muslim violence broke out in 2002 -Fifth largest state in India by area -state along the western coast -Gandhinagar is the capital city -Gujarati is the official language, and Gujaratis are also people indigenous to this state and the language -holds 23 sites of the Indus Valley civilization -fourth largest economy in India
Diwali (Hinduism)
a Hindu festival of lights, held in the period October to November. It is particularly associated with Lakshmi, the goddess of prosperity, and marks the beginning of the fiscal year in India. -major religious festival of lights lasting 5-6 days -included in Hinduism, Jainism, and Sikhism -connected to various religious deities and events
India National Congress
a political association formed in 1885 by educated Indians to work for Indian self-gov't; they wanted to be treated as equally as the British treated their own white settlers; they wanted complete independence
Indo-Gangetic Plain
a rich, fertile and ancient land encompassing most of northern and eastern India, the most populous parts of Pakistan, and virtually all of Bangladesh.
Commonwealth of Nations
an association of nations consisting of the United Kingdom and its dependencies and many former British colonies that are now sovereign states but owe allegiance to the British Crown - (1931-49) formerly known as the British Commonwealth of Nations -association of sovereign states consisting of the United Kingdom and its former dependencies who decided to establish ties of peace and practical cooperation
Government of India Act of 1935
provided local self-government and limited local democratic elections -passed by the British Parliament in 1935 -By record, was the longest Act passed by the British government until the Greater London Authority Act in 1999 -Split into the Government of India Act, and the Government of Burma Act
Gurkhas
soldiers from Nepal; characterized by their skills in battle and their Khiukuri knives