Cognitive Exam 3
Mental imagery involves
experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input
what is the name of the phenomenon that ppl tend to have better memories for their lives around the age of twenty than would otherwise be expected
reminiscence bump
what's the best way to convince someone that they experienced some event that they actually never experienced
repeated questioning
A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that
the extreme vividness of a memory does not mean its accurate
reporting having seen a yield sign in a video of a car crash (when there wasn't one) after being asked a question that mentioned a yield sign (did the car slow down at the yield sign prior to accident) most clearly demonstrates
the misinformation effect
_ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past
exemplars
Mental-scanning experiments found
a direct relationship between scanning time and distance between scanned points in the original stimulus
unconscious plagiarism can be understood as
a failure of course monitoring
Loftus and Palmer (1974) research showed that eyewitness reports varied as a function of the wording of a question. this suggests that
a semantic memory knowledge biases how we remember events
the propositional approach may se any of the following EXPECT: multiple concepts a word a statement a spatial layout
a spatial layout
the propositional approach may use any of the following EXCEPT abstract symbols an equation a spatial layout a statement
a spatial layout
According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below? Turtles are turtles a turtle has a shell a turtle breathes a turtle is an animal
a turtle breathes
according to Collins & Quilians semantic network model it should take the longest to verify : turtles are turtles turtles are green turtles have shells a turtle is an animal
a turtle is an animal
the misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented _ and can be explained by retroactive interference
after the event
what part of the brain is primarily responsible for your memories of traumatic experiences
amygdala
which of the following would be in basic level category : apple, vehicles, fruit, golden delicious apple
apple
memory for our life narrative is
autobiography memory
According to the _____ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations.
constructive
Which is NOT part of the Collins & Quilian model: spreading activation network bridging nodes
bridging
in the study led by elizabeth loftus, two groups of observers were asked how fast two cars had been going in a filmed traffic accident. observers who heard the vividly descriptive word "smashed" in relation to the accident were significantly more likely to recall later
broken glass at the scene of the accident
according ti the work of Loftus nd others in the area of the eyewitness testimony, eyewitnesses
can be misled when they are asked misleading questions
what is the hebbian rule
cells that fire together wire together
in the classic models of categorization, _ features are common, but not required, for category membership while _ features that are required for category membership
characteristic, defining
two different definitions _ offered by your book include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "the meaning of objects, events, and abstract ideas"
concepts
One of the key properties of the _____ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.
connectionist
one key concept of the _ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network
connectionist
__ transforms new memories from a fragile state in which they can be disrupted to more permanent state in which they are resistant to disruption
consolidation
the process by which newly acquired info becomes a stable permanent memory is known as
consolidation
Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as
cryptomnesia
source amnesia helps explain
deja vu
Research on memory construction indicates that memories of past experiences are likely to be
distorted by our current expectations
The definition approach to categorization
doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants
memory consolidation refers to the neutral _ of a long term memory
encoding
which is NOT considered to be a source of memory distortion? source misattribution missinformation acceptance overconfidence in memory encoding specificity
encoding specificity
Sometimes a behavioral event can occur at the same time as a cognitive process, even though the behavior isn't needed for the cognitive process. For example, many people look toward the ceiling when thinking about a complex problem, even though "thinking" would likely continue if they didn't look up. This describes a(n)
epiphenomenon
a false memory is memory for
events that never happened
when people are given lists of related words, and then later falsely recall a word that is strongly related to the others but not actually said the ease of creating _ is demonstrated
false memories
research on memory construction indicates that
false memories often feel as real as true memories
whaat is the name for the phenomenon in which person remembers events that never happened
false memory
which of the following is NOT associated with semantic network model : family resemblance hierarchical organization cognitive economy spreading activation
family resemblance
Joshua vividly recalls his feelings and what he was doing at the exact moment when he heard of his grandfather's unexpected death. This best illustrates ________ memory.
flashbulb
experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants
make more errors in their recollections
when the brain activity of london taxi drivers was recorded while they described driving specific routes, a positive association was found between the size of their _ and the number of years that had been driving in london
hippocampus
the Prototype theory of categorization states that how we categorize an item (is that a cat? Is that person someone i should date?) depends upon
how similar that items is to our most typical or idealized member of the category
We are more likely to remember the words "typewriter, cigarette, and fire" than the words "void, process, and inherent." This best illustrates the value of
imagery
imagining that something happened increases the later likelihood of reporting that it did happen this phenomenon is now as
imagination inflation
which of the following is least likely to cause strong memory distortions repeated recall of misinformation immediate reterival repeated questioning repetition of misinformation
immediate retrieval
according to then classic view of categorization which of the following would NOT be used by people to create their semantic changes : rules prototypes necessary features sufficient features
prototypes
john is hit hard in the back of then head. As a result, are V4 is permanently damaged. What is John most likely to experience as a result of this brain injury
inability to see or image color
Hebb's ideas of long term potentiation which provides a physiology mechanism for the long term storage of memories includes the idea of
increased firing in neurons
which pf the following is an example of the sentence verification technique
indicate whether the following statement is true: An apple is a fruit. Yes No
the imagery debate is concerned with whether imagery
is based on spatial or language mechanism
in which way was the foundational research by Barlett different from than by Ebbinghaus
it focused on meaningful materials
what is the best conclusion that we can make about human memory it is a system that is not well-tuned with the environment it is amazing how much info it actually does hold we would eventually forget everything of we lived long enough people have trouble remembering most things
it is amazing how much info it actually holds
source monitoring is
knowing where information came from
associations are represented in a semantic network by
links
Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants
make more errors in their recollections
the classical 1932 study by carmichael and colleagues (in which subjects attempt to remember meaningless shapes each paired with a word to be ignored) is still taught today because it beautifully illustrates the principle that_
meaning shapes our memories, even though that can result in memory bias
reconsolidation is when
memories become temporarily malleable when they are retrieved
Karl and Dee had a joyful wedding ceremony and reception. After their painful divorce, however, they began to remember the wedding as a somewhat hectic and unpleasant event. Their recollections best illustrate the nature of
memory construction
When retrieving memories of a past event, we often fill in memory gaps with guesses about details. The fact that these guessed details are then incorporated into our memory of that event is most relevant to appreciating the importance of
memory construction
Gallese and colleges discovered that certain types of neurons now called, _ neurons, activated when monkey grasped food on a tray but also activated when the watched the experimenter grasping food on a tray
mirroring
the memory error known as _ best explains why famous people bother to sue magazines for publishing ridiculous claims
misattribution
false memories are appropriately named because they refer to events that never happen but the term "false memories" is also _ because it refers to events that were_
misleading , implied
in the Collins & Quilian model of semantic memory, _ is the process through which information is retrieved from the network
spreading of activation
false memories are experienced most often by
nearly everyone
in the semantic network model a specific category or concept is represented at a
node
in the semantic network, a specific category or concept is represented at a
node
In the Collins & Quilian model of semantic memory, concepts are represented by
nodes
specific concepts are represented in a semantic network by
nodes
the research by Loftus & Palmer indicates that eyewitness reports vary with the way questions are worded. this finding is important for theories of memory because it suggests that
our memories can easily changed
_ cells in the _, fire when an animal is in specific location
place cells, parahippocampal cortex
_ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence
pragmatic inference
_ occurs when reading a sentence leads the reader to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence
pragmatic inference
seeing shower and towel will lead most people to complete the word fragment SO_P as soap instead of soup. This best illustrates the outcome of a process known as
priming
A/An _ is the most "typical" member of a category
prototype
An abstract centra core of a mental category is a(n)
prototype
Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?
prototype
our long term memories become subject to modification when we recall them through the process of
reconsolidation
In the Collins & Quilian Model of semantic memory, the proposition "a canary can sing" will be _ than the proposition "a shark has skin"
responded more quickly
what are the mental representations that serve as a framework or body of knowledge for commonly experienced aspects of life called
schemas
According to the S-F hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes ________ and one that distinguishes ________.
sensory features, function
the definitional approach to categorization
sets definite criteria called family resemblances that all category members must have
when subject A read an ancient Native American legend and later reproduced it so that subject B could read subjects A version then reproduced that legend for such C to read then reproduce, etc, researchers found that the reproduced Native American legend became
shorter and more consistent with each subjects' personal experiences
When presenting lineups to eyewitnesses, it has been found that a ____ lineup is much more likely to result in an innocent person being falsely identified.
simultaneous
As a child, Andre dreamed that he was chased and attacked by a ferocious dog. Many years later, he mistakenly recalled that this had actually happened to him. Andre's false recollection best illustrates
source amnesia
faculty memory for how when or where info was learned is called
source amnesia
_ is the ability ti identify where information in a memory came from
source monitoring
_ is confusing a memory of having done something with having only thought about doing something
source monitoring failure
items that are similar to their category's prototype have _ family resemblances within their category
strong
implanted memory study
students asked to recall memory about getting lost in the mall that didn't happen 25% of them changed their story to say they did get lost 2/3rds changed if they saw of picture of themselves at that age
the reminiscence bump is
superior memory for life events better than would be expected by the forgetting curve around the age of twenty
Research on eyewitness testimony has shown that the more confident the person giving the testimony is of their memories,
the more convincing the testimony is to the jury
connection models of memory are inspired by
the nervous system
in semantic memory research the _ describes the finding that a "robin" is judged more quickly than an "ostrich" as a member of the category "bird"
typically effect
which of the following could be used as evidence AGAINST Collins & Quilians "hierarchical" organization of semantic memory : hierarchical deconstruction cognitive economy typically effects serial position curve
typically effects
_ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past
units
the biggest difference between a mental image and a hallucination is
whether you can control it