Cognitive Exam 3

Mental imagery involves

experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input

what is the name of the phenomenon that ppl tend to have better memories for their lives around the age of twenty than would otherwise be expected

reminiscence bump

what's the best way to convince someone that they experienced some event that they actually never experienced

repeated questioning

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that

the extreme vividness of a memory does not mean its accurate

reporting having seen a yield sign in a video of a car crash (when there wasn't one) after being asked a question that mentioned a yield sign (did the car slow down at the yield sign prior to accident) most clearly demonstrates

the misinformation effect

_ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past

exemplars

Mental-scanning experiments found

a direct relationship between scanning time and distance between scanned points in the original stimulus

unconscious plagiarism can be understood as

a failure of course monitoring

Loftus and Palmer (1974) research showed that eyewitness reports varied as a function of the wording of a question. this suggests that

a semantic memory knowledge biases how we remember events

the propositional approach may se any of the following EXPECT: multiple concepts a word a statement a spatial layout

a spatial layout

the propositional approach may use any of the following EXCEPT abstract symbols an equation a spatial layout a statement

a spatial layout

According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below? Turtles are turtles a turtle has a shell a turtle breathes a turtle is an animal

a turtle breathes

according to Collins & Quilians semantic network model it should take the longest to verify : turtles are turtles turtles are green turtles have shells a turtle is an animal

a turtle is an animal

the misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented _ and can be explained by retroactive interference

after the event

what part of the brain is primarily responsible for your memories of traumatic experiences

amygdala

which of the following would be in basic level category : apple, vehicles, fruit, golden delicious apple

apple

memory for our life narrative is

autobiography memory

According to the _____ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations.

constructive

Which is NOT part of the Collins & Quilian model: spreading activation network bridging nodes

bridging

in the study led by elizabeth loftus, two groups of observers were asked how fast two cars had been going in a filmed traffic accident. observers who heard the vividly descriptive word "smashed" in relation to the accident were significantly more likely to recall later

broken glass at the scene of the accident

according ti the work of Loftus nd others in the area of the eyewitness testimony, eyewitnesses

can be misled when they are asked misleading questions

what is the hebbian rule

cells that fire together wire together

in the classic models of categorization, _ features are common, but not required, for category membership while _ features that are required for category membership

characteristic, defining

two different definitions _ offered by your book include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "the meaning of objects, events, and abstract ideas"

concepts

One of the key properties of the _____ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.

connectionist

one key concept of the _ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network

connectionist

__ transforms new memories from a fragile state in which they can be disrupted to more permanent state in which they are resistant to disruption

consolidation

the process by which newly acquired info becomes a stable permanent memory is known as

consolidation

Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as

cryptomnesia

source amnesia helps explain

deja vu

Research on memory construction indicates that memories of past experiences are likely to be

distorted by our current expectations

The definition approach to categorization

doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants

memory consolidation refers to the neutral _ of a long term memory

encoding

which is NOT considered to be a source of memory distortion? source misattribution missinformation acceptance overconfidence in memory encoding specificity

encoding specificity

Sometimes a behavioral event can occur at the same time as a cognitive process, even though the behavior isn't needed for the cognitive process. For example, many people look toward the ceiling when thinking about a complex problem, even though "thinking" would likely continue if they didn't look up. This describes a(n)

epiphenomenon

a false memory is memory for

events that never happened

when people are given lists of related words, and then later falsely recall a word that is strongly related to the others but not actually said the ease of creating _ is demonstrated

false memories

research on memory construction indicates that

false memories often feel as real as true memories

whaat is the name for the phenomenon in which person remembers events that never happened

false memory

which of the following is NOT associated with semantic network model : family resemblance hierarchical organization cognitive economy spreading activation

family resemblance

Joshua vividly recalls his feelings and what he was doing at the exact moment when he heard of his grandfather's unexpected death. This best illustrates ________ memory.

flashbulb

experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants

make more errors in their recollections

when the brain activity of london taxi drivers was recorded while they described driving specific routes, a positive association was found between the size of their _ and the number of years that had been driving in london

hippocampus

the Prototype theory of categorization states that how we categorize an item (is that a cat? Is that person someone i should date?) depends upon

how similar that items is to our most typical or idealized member of the category

We are more likely to remember the words "typewriter, cigarette, and fire" than the words "void, process, and inherent." This best illustrates the value of

imagery

imagining that something happened increases the later likelihood of reporting that it did happen this phenomenon is now as

imagination inflation

which of the following is least likely to cause strong memory distortions repeated recall of misinformation immediate reterival repeated questioning repetition of misinformation

immediate retrieval

according to then classic view of categorization which of the following would NOT be used by people to create their semantic changes : rules prototypes necessary features sufficient features

prototypes

john is hit hard in the back of then head. As a result, are V4 is permanently damaged. What is John most likely to experience as a result of this brain injury

inability to see or image color

Hebb's ideas of long term potentiation which provides a physiology mechanism for the long term storage of memories includes the idea of

increased firing in neurons

which pf the following is an example of the sentence verification technique

indicate whether the following statement is true: An apple is a fruit. Yes No

the imagery debate is concerned with whether imagery

is based on spatial or language mechanism

in which way was the foundational research by Barlett different from than by Ebbinghaus

it focused on meaningful materials

what is the best conclusion that we can make about human memory it is a system that is not well-tuned with the environment it is amazing how much info it actually does hold we would eventually forget everything of we lived long enough people have trouble remembering most things

it is amazing how much info it actually holds

source monitoring is

knowing where information came from

associations are represented in a semantic network by

links

Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants

make more errors in their recollections

the classical 1932 study by carmichael and colleagues (in which subjects attempt to remember meaningless shapes each paired with a word to be ignored) is still taught today because it beautifully illustrates the principle that_

meaning shapes our memories, even though that can result in memory bias

reconsolidation is when

memories become temporarily malleable when they are retrieved

Karl and Dee had a joyful wedding ceremony and reception. After their painful divorce, however, they began to remember the wedding as a somewhat hectic and unpleasant event. Their recollections best illustrate the nature of

memory construction

When retrieving memories of a past event, we often fill in memory gaps with guesses about details. The fact that these guessed details are then incorporated into our memory of that event is most relevant to appreciating the importance of

memory construction

Gallese and colleges discovered that certain types of neurons now called, _ neurons, activated when monkey grasped food on a tray but also activated when the watched the experimenter grasping food on a tray

mirroring

the memory error known as _ best explains why famous people bother to sue magazines for publishing ridiculous claims

misattribution

false memories are appropriately named because they refer to events that never happen but the term "false memories" is also _ because it refers to events that were_

misleading , implied

in the Collins & Quilian model of semantic memory, _ is the process through which information is retrieved from the network

spreading of activation

false memories are experienced most often by

nearly everyone

in the semantic network model a specific category or concept is represented at a

node

in the semantic network, a specific category or concept is represented at a

node

In the Collins & Quilian model of semantic memory, concepts are represented by

nodes

specific concepts are represented in a semantic network by

nodes

the research by Loftus & Palmer indicates that eyewitness reports vary with the way questions are worded. this finding is important for theories of memory because it suggests that

our memories can easily changed

_ cells in the _, fire when an animal is in specific location

place cells, parahippocampal cortex

_ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence

pragmatic inference

_ occurs when reading a sentence leads the reader to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence

pragmatic inference

seeing shower and towel will lead most people to complete the word fragment SO_P as soap instead of soup. This best illustrates the outcome of a process known as

priming

A/An _ is the most "typical" member of a category

prototype

An abstract centra core of a mental category is a(n)

prototype

Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?

prototype

our long term memories become subject to modification when we recall them through the process of

reconsolidation

In the Collins & Quilian Model of semantic memory, the proposition "a canary can sing" will be _ than the proposition "a shark has skin"

responded more quickly

what are the mental representations that serve as a framework or body of knowledge for commonly experienced aspects of life called

schemas

According to the S-F hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes ________ and one that distinguishes ________.

sensory features, function

the definitional approach to categorization

sets definite criteria called family resemblances that all category members must have

when subject A read an ancient Native American legend and later reproduced it so that subject B could read subjects A version then reproduced that legend for such C to read then reproduce, etc, researchers found that the reproduced Native American legend became

shorter and more consistent with each subjects' personal experiences

When presenting lineups to eyewitnesses, it has been found that a ____ lineup is much more likely to result in an innocent person being falsely identified.

simultaneous

As a child, Andre dreamed that he was chased and attacked by a ferocious dog. Many years later, he mistakenly recalled that this had actually happened to him. Andre's false recollection best illustrates

source amnesia

faculty memory for how when or where info was learned is called

source amnesia

_ is the ability ti identify where information in a memory came from

source monitoring

_ is confusing a memory of having done something with having only thought about doing something

source monitoring failure

items that are similar to their category's prototype have _ family resemblances within their category

strong

implanted memory study

students asked to recall memory about getting lost in the mall that didn't happen 25% of them changed their story to say they did get lost 2/3rds changed if they saw of picture of themselves at that age

the reminiscence bump is

superior memory for life events better than would be expected by the forgetting curve around the age of twenty

Research on eyewitness testimony has shown that the more confident the person giving the testimony is of their memories,

the more convincing the testimony is to the jury

connection models of memory are inspired by

the nervous system

in semantic memory research the _ describes the finding that a "robin" is judged more quickly than an "ostrich" as a member of the category "bird"

typically effect

which of the following could be used as evidence AGAINST Collins & Quilians "hierarchical" organization of semantic memory : hierarchical deconstruction cognitive economy typically effects serial position curve

typically effects

_ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past

units

the biggest difference between a mental image and a hallucination is

whether you can control it