Cognitive Psych Chapters 6-9

Much research has been dedicated to improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony. One finding reveals that when constructing a lineup,

increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of missed identification of some guilty suspects.

Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers shows that __________ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable.

transition points

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that

when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.

Mantyla (1986)

- retrieval cues are significantly more effective when they are created by the person whose memory is being tested -cues to help us access the desired Information.. Stored information is organized -Better cues =Better recall

Tulving, Schacter, and Stark (1982)

-Compared recognition memory and fragment completion for words -Even classic findings show dissociations between explicit and implicit memory -levels of processing -Explicit memories are strongly affected by "depth" of original processing Implicit memories are relatively unaffected by LOP

Which of the following terms does NOT reflect the concept of flashbulb memories?

Accurate

Which of the following is most commonly associated with music-enhanced autobiographical memories (MEAMS)?

Emotion

Extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall?

Graduating from college at age 22

The concept of encoding specificity is grounded in which of the following?

Location

After witnessing a bank robbery downtown, Javier completed a cognitive interview at the police station. What term would Javier likely use to describe his interview experience?

Multidimensional

__________ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence.

Pragmatic inference

According to the connectionist model, which of the following is impacted by connection weight?

Synapse activity

Which of the following is most closely associated with implicit memory?

The propaganda effect

Which of the following correctly lists types of memory from least to most complex?

Visual, semantic, episodic

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates

a build-up and release of proactive interference

A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of

a sequence of actions.

One criticism of the embodied approach is that it doesn't explain how humans can recognize ________.

abstractions

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for

adolescence and young adulthood

In the context of cognitive psychology and conceptual models, a tool would be classified as a(n)

artifact

In Lindsay's "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown. Results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when presentation of misleading post-event information was

auditory from a female speaker

Explicit memory is to ___________ as implicit memory is to

aware; unaware

Mantyla's "banana/yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created

by the person whose memory will be tested

Two different definitions of ___________ offered by your book include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "categories of objects, events, and abstract ideas."

concepts

One of the key properties of the ___________ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.

connectionist

In the "word list" false memory experiment where several students incorrectly remembered hearing the word sleep, false memory occurs because of

constructive memory processes

Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved

creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge.

Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as

cryptoamnesia

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the ___________ approach to categorization

definitional

As people get older, their memories of past experiences tend to have an emphasis on

facts

The concept of reconsolidation is based on the ________ of retrieved memories

fragility

Imagine that a young child is just learning about the category "dog." Thus far, she has experienced only two dogs, one a poodle and the other a German shepherd. On her third encounter with a dog, she will be LEAST likely to correctly categorize the animal as a dog if that animal

is a breed of dog that is hairless and teacup-sized.

The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that

memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities

Jorge and Bob are neighbors. Jorge loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Jorge's standard probably involves

more exemplars than Bob's

In the semantic network model, a specific category or concept is represented at a

node

Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on

reconsolidation

The ___________ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation.

semantic network

Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of ___________ into their network model.

spreading activation

Items high on prototypicality have ___________ family resemblances.

strong

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is

strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.

Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from ___________ categories results in the largest gain in information.

superordinate level to basic level

The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by

the distance that must be traveled through the network.

Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos

the person took himself or herself

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is ___________ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird."

the same as

Wickens et al.'s "fruit, meat, and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because

the stimulus category remained the same

When the methods used to encode and retrieve information are the same, this is called ________ processing

transfer-appropriate

Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?

I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes.

What is the key difference between synaptic consolidation and systems consolidation?

Scale