a&p test 5

अब Quizwiz के साथ अपने होमवर्क और परीक्षाओं को एस करें!

acetylcholine

All preganglionic autonomic neurons secrete a. epinephrine b. acetylcholine c. nicotine d. dopamine

sympathetic response

An adrenergic response means a a. parasympathetic response b. feed and breed response c. sympathetic response d. a drug is given to block adrenaline

oculomotor (III)

cranial nerve involving movement of 4 extrinsic eye muscles; accommodation of lens; pupillary constriction

abducens (VI)

cranial nerve involving movement of lateral rectus muscle

trochlear (IV)

cranial nerve involving movement of superior oblique muscle

accessory (XI)

cranial nerve involving movement of the head and shoulders - sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

glossopharyngeal (IX)

cranial nerve involving posterior 1/3 of tongue; taste; swallowing and speech; secretion of saliva

olfactory (I)

cranial nerve involving smell

hypoglossal (XII)

cranial nerve involving speech and swallowing - tongue muscles

facial (VII)

cranial nerve involving taste; fascial expression; tears; salivation

vagus (X)

cranial nerve involving taste; pharynx and epiglottis sensations; swallowing, coughing; voice production; smooth muscle of GI tract; secretion of digestive glands; slows heart rate

optic (II)

cranial nerve involving vision

vagus (X); glossopharyngeal (IX); facial (VII); trigeminal (V)

cranial nerves for taste/chewing

oculomotor

cranial never for the movement of the extrinsic eye muscles

provide information about the environment outside or within our body

describe the function of sensory receptors

crista

detects rotational acceleration and deceleration (dynamic equilibrium)

optic disc

does not contain photoreceptors; blind spot

scleral venous sinus

drains aqueous humor from the anterior chamber

lacrimal canals

drains tears

nasolacrimal duct

drains tears into nasal cavity

lacrimal sac

drains tears into the nasolacrimal duct

tympanic membrane

ear drum

tympanic membrane

ear drum; vibrates after struck by sound waves

auditory tube

equalizes air pressure in middle ear with external air pressure

crista

equilibrium receptor found within ampullae of semicircular canals

crista; macula

equilibrium receptors (2)

static

equilibrium where body position is relative to gravity - standing, being upside down

dynamic

equilibrium where it provides info about body's sudden movement like rotation, acceleration, deceleration; encoded by the hair cells in the base of the semicircular canals

auricle; external auditory canal; tympanic membrane

external ear structures (3)

auricle

external feature of ear that contains the helix and lobule

VII

facial nerve (roman numeral)

strabismus

failure of the two eyes to maintain proper alignment and work together (related to lazy eye)

perilymph

fluid found within all bony labyrinth structures

olfactory nerve

formed of bipolar neuron axons (olfaction)

thalamus

gateway to cerebral cortex; location of synapse between second and third-order neurons

special

general or special sense? - complex receptors and has a specific organ devoted to it

general

general or special sense? - simple receptors that are widely distributed

IX

glossopharyngeal nerve (roman numeral)

central fovea

has the highest density of cones in the retina

XII

hypoglossal nerve (roman numeral)

femoral nerve; l2-l4

identify the nerve carrying the axon of the first order neuron and the levels where the first-order neuron enters the spinal cord

in front of

in myopia the images focuses ____ _____ ______ the retina

static equilibrium receptors

inability to maintain posture while standing still would indicate a problem with which equilibrium receptors?

VIII

vestibulocochlear nerve (roman numeral)

decreased ability to conduct energy of sound waves through the external and middle ear to hearing receptors in the inner ear

what causes conduction deafness?

rotational movements

what causes nystagmus

damage to hearing receptors, cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve, or of the pathways to the auditory cortex

what causes sensorineural deafness?

regulates breathing, heart rate and blood pressure

what is the medulla oblongata's role in the autonomic nervous system

acetylcholine

what neurotransmitter will result in constriction of the airways?

hypothalamus

what part of the brain regulates autonomic function

nociceptor

what type of receptor cell is responsible for transducing pain stimuli?

sensory fibers from the heart and left arm enter the same spinal cord segments

when a person experiences a heart attack, why is their pain down the left arm?

olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal

name the cranial nerves in order from I to XII

oculomotor (III); facial (VII); glossopharyngeal (IX); vagus (X)

name the four cranial nerves that have parasympathetic motor fibers

touch; pressure to the brain

name the general sensory receptors that belong in: encapsulated nerve endings

pain; tickle; temperature; itch

name the general sensory receptors that belong in: free nerve endings

opthalmoscope

name the instrument used to view the retina during a physical exam

pigmented epithelium; neural layer

name the two layers of the retina

malleus; incus; stapes

name three auditory ossicles

sensation

nervous system function that receives info from the environment and translates it into the electrical signals of nervous tissue

III

oculomotor nerve (roman numeral)

I

olfactory nerve (roman numeral)

cribriumfrom plate

olfactory nerves pass through this structure before synapsing onto olfactory bulb

II

optic nerve (roman numeral)

palpabrae

other name for eyelids

olfactory hair

part of olfactory receptor cell that contains the olfactory receptors

sour

perception of H+ concentration (hydrogen ion -> acidity) -taste

bitter

perception of depolarize or hyper polarize gustatory cells - taste

salty

perception of sodium ions - taste

sweet

perception of the presence of glucose - taste

cones

photoreceptor that allows us to see color

rods

photoreceptor used in night vision

signal transduction

process of changing an environmental stimulus into the electrochemical signals of the nervous system

aqueous humor

produced in eye by ciliary body and drained from scleral venous sinus

lacrimal gland

produces and secretes tears onto eye

ciliary process

produces aqueous humor

lacrimal gland

produces tears

lacrimal apparatus

producing and draining tears

conjunctiva

protective mucous membrane that covers the anterior eye and folds over inner eyelid

maculae

provides info on head position (static equilibrium); linear acceleration and deceleration (dynamic equilibrium)

cerebral cortex

receives input from third-order neurons; sensory information is consciously perceived

nasolacrimal duct

receives tears from lacrimal sac and drains into nasal cavity

hair cells; spiral organ of Corti

receptor for hearing (2)

chemoreceptor

receptor that has chemical stimuli; objects taste, smell, pH, oxygen levels

nociceptor

receptor that senses pain stimuli

mechanoreceptors

receptor that senses pressure (baroreceptors), stretch, vibration, and sound

thermoreceptors

receptor that senses temperature - heat and cold

osmoreceptor

receptor that solute concentration of bodily fluids

photoreceptors

receptor that the retina of the eye responds to various wave lengths of light

spiral organ of Corti; crista; macula

receptors that contain hair bundles, hair cells, and supporting cells (3)

bipolar cell layer

rods and cones synapse on these cells (layer)

dim

rods function better in ____ light

V; VII; IX; X; XI; XII

roman numeral cranial nerve(s) involving all the cranial nerves that are involved with the digestive system in some way, starting with the mouth

VIII

roman numeral cranial nerve(s) involving being dizzy after going on a tilt-a-whirl ride at the fair

V; XII

roman numeral cranial nerve(s) involving chewing a tender steak

X

roman numeral cranial nerve(s) involving decreased hear rate

V

roman numeral cranial nerve(s) involving feeling a hot curling iron touching the forehead

VII

roman numeral cranial nerve(s) involving hearing the crack of a bat hitting a baseball

XI

roman numeral cranial nerve(s) involving lifting your shoulders while doing warm-up exercises

III

roman numeral cranial nerve(s) involving looking cross-eyed

XI

roman numeral cranial nerve(s) involving moving your head from side-to-side

II; VI; IV; III

roman numeral cranial nerve(s) involving reading a book

III; IV; VI

roman numeral cranial nerve(s) involving rolling your eyes

VII; IX

roman numeral cranial nerve(s) involving salivation and crying

II; III

roman numeral cranial nerve(s) involving seeing a sunset

I

roman numeral cranial nerve(s) involving smelling dinner cooking

VII

roman numeral cranial nerve(s) involving smiling

X; XII

roman numeral cranial nerve(s) involving speaking

IX; X; XI; XII

roman numeral cranial nerve(s) involving swallowing a tender steak

utricle; saccule

sections of the membranous labyrinth found within vestibule (2)

utricle; saccule; ampulla; semicircular ducts

sections of the membranous labyrinth that contain equilibrium receptors (4)

equilibrium

sense of balance that includes sensations of position and movement of the head

vestibule

sense of equilibrium. connected to semicircular canals

incus; malleus; stapes

small bones of middle ear that are connected by synovial joints (3)

basilar membrane

spiral organ of Corti sits on this membrane

oval window

stapes is attached to this membrane-covered opening

cochlea

structure transduce sound stimuli

cornea; sclera

structures that are part of the fibrous tunic (2)

choroid; ciliary body; iris

structures that are part of vascular tunic (3)

tectorial membrane; otolithic membrane; capula

structures that bend stereo cilia of hair cells (3)

sympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic: activated during exercise, fighting, or fleeing

sympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic: blushing

parasympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic: constriction of pupils

parasympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic: craniosacral division

parasympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic: decreased heart rate

parasympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic: digestive enzyme secretions

sympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic: increased blood pressure

sympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic: increased respiration

sympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic: innervates adrenal medullae

sympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic: long postganglionic axons

parasympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic: long preganglion axons

sympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic: prevertebral ganglia

parasympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic: promotes digestion

parasympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic: pupil constriction

sympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic: rami communicantes

both

sympathetic or parasympathetic: salivary gland secretion

parasympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic: short postganglionic axons

sympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic: short preganglionic axons

parasympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic: stomach churning

sympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic: sweaty palms

parasympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic: terminal ganglia

sympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic: thoracolumbar division

sympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic: trunk or chain ganglia

parasympathetic

sympathetic or parasympathetic: urination

lacrimal canals

tears from surface of eye drain into here

optic disc

the "blind spot" may also be referred to as the:

greater, greater

the ____________ the density of tactile receptors in a body area, the _________ the area of the cerebral cortex receiving information from these receptors

macula lutea

the center of the neural portion of the retina

adaptation

the decrease in nerve impulses generation in sensory nerves that occurs when sensory receptors are continuously stimulated

sympathetic

the division of the autonomic nervous system that is also calle the thoracolumbar division:

dilates

the iris _____ the purple in response to dim light

constricts

the iris ______ the pupil in response to bright light

ciliary muscle

the lens of the eye is held in place by the:

conjunctiva

the m mucous membrane that covers the front of the eye is called:

Kehr's sign

the occurrence of acute pain in the tip of the shoulder due to the presence of blood or other irritants in the peritoneal cavity when a person is lying down and the legs are elevated

opsins

the pigment found in cones that are red, green, and blue

rhodopsin

the pigment found in rods that are for night vision; gray, black, and white

adaptation

the process in which frequency of nerve impulses decreases during prolonged stimulus:

temporal lobe

the sense of smell is processed in which part of the brain:

oval window

the stapes presses against a membrane that covers a small opening called the ______ _______

autonomic tone

the tendency of an organ system to be governed by one division of the autonomic nervous system over the other, such as heart rate being lowered by parasympathetic input at rest

V

trigeminal nerve (roman numeral)

IV

trochlear nerve (roman numeral)

referred

type of pain sensation originating in a visceral organ that is perceived in a specific region of the body surface that is innervated by the same spinal segments

X

vagus nerve (roman numeral)

presbyopia

when the lens loses its elasticity and can no longer bring near objects into focus, the condition is known as:

ulnar nerve; digits 4 and 5

when you hit your funny bone (olecranon), where do you experience referred pain? what nerve would you hit?

fovea centralis

where is the area of sharpest vision

mechanoreceptor

which category of receptor cell is used to sense touch, vibration, and pressure?

olfactory (I)

which cranial nerve carries sensory information coming from the nasal cavity to the olfactory area of the cerebrum

vestibulocochlear (VIII)

which cranial nerve carries the sensation of hearing?

oculomotor (III); trochlear (IV); abducens (VI)

which cranial nerves control movements of the eyeball

adrenal gland

which endocrine gland is directly innervated by sympathetic preganglionic axons and releases epinephrine and norepinephrine?

red-green

which is the most common form of color blindness

lips

which location of the body has the largest region of somatosensory cortex representing it, according to the sensory homunculus?

static equilibrium

which of the following is sensed by otoliths pulling on a membrane:

semicircular canals

which part of the ear senses dynamic equilibrium

rods

which photoreceptor is most sensitive to light?

proprioceptor

which sensory receptor senses change in joint position?

retina

which structure contains the photoreceptors in the eye?

sclera

white, tough outer layer of the eyeball

because its only attached to the optic disc

why can the retina pull away from the back of the eyeball?

it takes a while for the body to adapt

why would pain persist even after the stimulus is removed

false

T/F Most people have conscious control over their autonomic nervous system.

norepinephrine and acetylcholine

The two main neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system are nicotine and adrenaline. muscarine and acetylcholine. norepinephrine and muscarine. norepinephrine and acetylcholine

trigeminal

V cranial nerve

abducens

VI cranial nerve

facial

VII cranial nerve

vestbulocochlear

VIII cranial nerve

polysnaptic

are the autonomic integrating centers monosynaptic or polysynaptic?

incus

articulates with the malleus and stapes

stapes

attached to inner ear, where sound waves will be transducer into a neural signal

malleus

attached to tympanic membrane and incus

ciliary muscle

attaches lens to ciliary body

malleus

auditory ossicle attached to tympanic membrane

ganglion cell layer

axons form optic nerve

adrenergic

axons that release norepinephrine are classified as:

olfactory receptor cells

bipolar neurons (olfaction)

yes

can the autonomic integrating centers be influenced by higher brain area?

posterior root ganglion

cell body for first-order neuron located here

accommodation

change in shape of lens to focus close objects on the central fovea

lens

changes shape to focus light on retina

bulbar

conjunctiva that covers the anterior part of the white of the eye, but not the cornea

palpebral

conjunctiva that covers the interior eyelid

auditory tube

connects middle ear to the nasopharynx and equalizes the air pressure of the middle ear with the atmospheric air

semicircular canals

contain equilibrium receptors in the inner ear

cochlear duct

contains endolymph

scala tympani; scala vestibuli

contains perilymph

retina

contains photoreceptors

photoreceptor layer

contains rods and cones (layer)

facial

cranial nerve for facial movement and tone

vestibulocochlear

cranial nerve for hearing and equilibrium

abducens

cranial nerve for movement of the lateral rectus

olfactory (I)

cranial nerve for smell

trochlear

cranial nerve for the moment of the superior oblique

optic (II)

cranial nerve for vision

trigeminal (V)

cranial nerve involving cutaneous sensations from ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular areas; chewing

vestibulocochlear (VIII)

cranial nerve involving equilibrium and hearing

facial; glossopharyngeal; vagus

3 cranial nerves that conduct gustation

vallate; foliate; filiform; fungiform

4 papillae that are on the tongue

salty; sweet; sour; bitter

4 taste sensations

acts like the endogenous neurotransmitter by binding to its receptor

A drug is called an agonist if it ________. blocks a receptor interferes with neurotransmitter reuptake acts like the endogenous neurotransmitter by binding to its receptor blocks the voltage-gated calcium ion channel

nicotinic

A drug that affects both divisions of the autonomic system is going to bind to, or block, which type of neurotransmitter receptor? nicotinic muscarinic α-adrenergic β-adrenergic

olfactory

I cranial nerve

optic

II cranial nerve

oculomotor

III cranial nerve

trochlear

IV cranial nerve

glossopharyngeal

IX cranial nerve

α-blocker

Which kind of drug would have anti-anxiety effects? nicotinic agonist anticholinergic muscarinic agonist α-blocker

intramural ganglion

Which of the following is not a target of a sympathetic preganglionic fiber? intermural ganglion collateral ganglion adrenal gland chain ganglion

facial

Which of these cranial nerves contains preganglionic parasympathetic fibers? optic, CN II facial, CN VII trigeminal, CN V hypoglossal, CN XII

increased stomach motility

Which of these physiological changes would not be considered part of the sympathetic fight-or-flight response? increased heart rate increased sweating dilated pupils increased stomach motility

acetylcholine

Which signaling molecule is most likely responsible for an increase in digestive activity? epinephrine norepinephrine acetylcholine adrenaline

sympathomimetic drug

Which type of drug could be used to treat asthma by opening airways wider? sympatholytic drug sympathomimetic drug anticholinergic drug parasympathomimetic drug

preganglionic parasympathetic

Which type of fiber could be considered the longest? preganglionic parasympathetic preganglionic sympathetic postganglionic parasympathetic postganglionic sympathetic

vagus

X cranial nerve

accessory

XI cranial nerve

hypoglossal

XII cranial nerve

first

______-order neuron that is associated with sensory receptor

third

_______-order neuron that relays sensory nerve impulses from thalamus to cerebral cortex

second

_______-order neurons that the cell body located in spinal cord or brain stem

referred pain

_________ ____ is a term use to describe pain that is felt at a site remote from the place of origin

they see at 20 ft what a person who has normal vision sees at 80 ft

a 10 year old patients distance visual acuity was tested and determined to be 20/80. explain what that means

sensory modality

a particular system for interpreting and perceiving environmental stimuli by the nervous system

myopia

a person with _____ has normal near vision but blurry distance vision

astigmatism

a person with ________ does not see everything within a visual field clearly; some parts are blurry

hypertropia

a person with ________ has blurry near vision but normal distance vision

VI

abducens nerve (roman numeral)

XI

accessory nerve (roman numeral)

scleral venous sinus

an opening through which aqueous humor drains is called:

craniosacral

another name for the parasympathetic nervous system is:

ora serrata

anterior boundary of the retina

glossopharyngeal (IX)

injury to this cranial nerve causes a loss of taste sensation, decreased salivation, and difficulty swallowing.

vagus (X)

injury to this cranial nerve causes paralysis of the vocal cords, interference with swallowing, interrupts sensations from many organs, and causes the heart rate to increase

facial (VII)

injury with this cranial nerve causes Bell's palsy - a loss of taste, decreases salivation, and loss of the ability to close the eyes, even during sleep. Name this nerve

cochlea; vestibule; semicircular canals; ampulla

interconnected components of bony labyrinth (4)

ampulla

interconnected components of membranous labyrinth

anterior cavity

location of aqueous humor

superior portion of nasal cavity

location of the olfactory epithelium

anosmia

loss of sense of smell; possibly caused by blunt force trauma to the face or some pharmaceuticals like antibiotics

oval window

membrane at the base of the cochlea where the stapes attaches

vestibular membrane

membrane separating the superior chamber of cochlea from coclear duct

bulbar conjunctiva

membrane that covers the anterior surface of the sclera

palpebral conjunctiva

membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelid

incus

middle auditory ossicle

cornea

most anterior part of the eyeball

inferior rectus

moves eyeball interiorly

lateral rectus

moves eyeball laterally

superior oblique

moves eyeball laterally and inferiorly

inferior oblique

moves eyeball laterally and superiorly

medial rectus

moves eyeball medially

superior rectus

moves eyeball superiorly

olfactory; optic; vestibulocochlear

name the 3 cranial nerves associated with sensory

trigeminal; facial; glossopharyngeal; vagus

name the 4 cranial nerves associated with both sensory and motor

oculomotor; trochlear; abducens; accessory; hypoglossal

name the 5 cranial nerves associated with motor

vision; olfaction; gustation; audition; equilibrium

name the 5 special senses

pressure; pain; tickle; itch; vibration; temperature; proprioception

name the 7 general senses


संबंधित स्टडी सेट्स

Listening Guide Quiz 17: Haydn: Trumpet Concerto

View Set

Medical Laboratory Science Review- Harr - Immunology

View Set

Algebra Module 3 linear equations

View Set

US History: Q3 - Lesson 4 - Assigment 8_Industrial Lifestyle: Trends

View Set

A Porra do Cursinho Inteiro (6 de Junho - 30 de Agosto)

View Set

principles of accounting chapter 7

View Set

APWH Chapter 24, APWH Chapter 23, AP Ways of the World: Chapter 22

View Set