a&p test 5
acetylcholine
All preganglionic autonomic neurons secrete a. epinephrine b. acetylcholine c. nicotine d. dopamine
sympathetic response
An adrenergic response means a a. parasympathetic response b. feed and breed response c. sympathetic response d. a drug is given to block adrenaline
oculomotor (III)
cranial nerve involving movement of 4 extrinsic eye muscles; accommodation of lens; pupillary constriction
abducens (VI)
cranial nerve involving movement of lateral rectus muscle
trochlear (IV)
cranial nerve involving movement of superior oblique muscle
accessory (XI)
cranial nerve involving movement of the head and shoulders - sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
glossopharyngeal (IX)
cranial nerve involving posterior 1/3 of tongue; taste; swallowing and speech; secretion of saliva
olfactory (I)
cranial nerve involving smell
hypoglossal (XII)
cranial nerve involving speech and swallowing - tongue muscles
facial (VII)
cranial nerve involving taste; fascial expression; tears; salivation
vagus (X)
cranial nerve involving taste; pharynx and epiglottis sensations; swallowing, coughing; voice production; smooth muscle of GI tract; secretion of digestive glands; slows heart rate
optic (II)
cranial nerve involving vision
vagus (X); glossopharyngeal (IX); facial (VII); trigeminal (V)
cranial nerves for taste/chewing
oculomotor
cranial never for the movement of the extrinsic eye muscles
provide information about the environment outside or within our body
describe the function of sensory receptors
crista
detects rotational acceleration and deceleration (dynamic equilibrium)
optic disc
does not contain photoreceptors; blind spot
scleral venous sinus
drains aqueous humor from the anterior chamber
lacrimal canals
drains tears
nasolacrimal duct
drains tears into nasal cavity
lacrimal sac
drains tears into the nasolacrimal duct
tympanic membrane
ear drum
tympanic membrane
ear drum; vibrates after struck by sound waves
auditory tube
equalizes air pressure in middle ear with external air pressure
crista
equilibrium receptor found within ampullae of semicircular canals
crista; macula
equilibrium receptors (2)
static
equilibrium where body position is relative to gravity - standing, being upside down
dynamic
equilibrium where it provides info about body's sudden movement like rotation, acceleration, deceleration; encoded by the hair cells in the base of the semicircular canals
auricle; external auditory canal; tympanic membrane
external ear structures (3)
auricle
external feature of ear that contains the helix and lobule
VII
facial nerve (roman numeral)
strabismus
failure of the two eyes to maintain proper alignment and work together (related to lazy eye)
perilymph
fluid found within all bony labyrinth structures
olfactory nerve
formed of bipolar neuron axons (olfaction)
thalamus
gateway to cerebral cortex; location of synapse between second and third-order neurons
special
general or special sense? - complex receptors and has a specific organ devoted to it
general
general or special sense? - simple receptors that are widely distributed
IX
glossopharyngeal nerve (roman numeral)
central fovea
has the highest density of cones in the retina
XII
hypoglossal nerve (roman numeral)
femoral nerve; l2-l4
identify the nerve carrying the axon of the first order neuron and the levels where the first-order neuron enters the spinal cord
in front of
in myopia the images focuses ____ _____ ______ the retina
static equilibrium receptors
inability to maintain posture while standing still would indicate a problem with which equilibrium receptors?
VIII
vestibulocochlear nerve (roman numeral)
decreased ability to conduct energy of sound waves through the external and middle ear to hearing receptors in the inner ear
what causes conduction deafness?
rotational movements
what causes nystagmus
damage to hearing receptors, cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve, or of the pathways to the auditory cortex
what causes sensorineural deafness?
regulates breathing, heart rate and blood pressure
what is the medulla oblongata's role in the autonomic nervous system
acetylcholine
what neurotransmitter will result in constriction of the airways?
hypothalamus
what part of the brain regulates autonomic function
nociceptor
what type of receptor cell is responsible for transducing pain stimuli?
sensory fibers from the heart and left arm enter the same spinal cord segments
when a person experiences a heart attack, why is their pain down the left arm?
olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
name the cranial nerves in order from I to XII
oculomotor (III); facial (VII); glossopharyngeal (IX); vagus (X)
name the four cranial nerves that have parasympathetic motor fibers
touch; pressure to the brain
name the general sensory receptors that belong in: encapsulated nerve endings
pain; tickle; temperature; itch
name the general sensory receptors that belong in: free nerve endings
opthalmoscope
name the instrument used to view the retina during a physical exam
pigmented epithelium; neural layer
name the two layers of the retina
malleus; incus; stapes
name three auditory ossicles
sensation
nervous system function that receives info from the environment and translates it into the electrical signals of nervous tissue
III
oculomotor nerve (roman numeral)
I
olfactory nerve (roman numeral)
cribriumfrom plate
olfactory nerves pass through this structure before synapsing onto olfactory bulb
II
optic nerve (roman numeral)
palpabrae
other name for eyelids
olfactory hair
part of olfactory receptor cell that contains the olfactory receptors
sour
perception of H+ concentration (hydrogen ion -> acidity) -taste
bitter
perception of depolarize or hyper polarize gustatory cells - taste
salty
perception of sodium ions - taste
sweet
perception of the presence of glucose - taste
cones
photoreceptor that allows us to see color
rods
photoreceptor used in night vision
signal transduction
process of changing an environmental stimulus into the electrochemical signals of the nervous system
aqueous humor
produced in eye by ciliary body and drained from scleral venous sinus
lacrimal gland
produces and secretes tears onto eye
ciliary process
produces aqueous humor
lacrimal gland
produces tears
lacrimal apparatus
producing and draining tears
conjunctiva
protective mucous membrane that covers the anterior eye and folds over inner eyelid
maculae
provides info on head position (static equilibrium); linear acceleration and deceleration (dynamic equilibrium)
cerebral cortex
receives input from third-order neurons; sensory information is consciously perceived
nasolacrimal duct
receives tears from lacrimal sac and drains into nasal cavity
hair cells; spiral organ of Corti
receptor for hearing (2)
chemoreceptor
receptor that has chemical stimuli; objects taste, smell, pH, oxygen levels
nociceptor
receptor that senses pain stimuli
mechanoreceptors
receptor that senses pressure (baroreceptors), stretch, vibration, and sound
thermoreceptors
receptor that senses temperature - heat and cold
osmoreceptor
receptor that solute concentration of bodily fluids
photoreceptors
receptor that the retina of the eye responds to various wave lengths of light
spiral organ of Corti; crista; macula
receptors that contain hair bundles, hair cells, and supporting cells (3)
bipolar cell layer
rods and cones synapse on these cells (layer)
dim
rods function better in ____ light
V; VII; IX; X; XI; XII
roman numeral cranial nerve(s) involving all the cranial nerves that are involved with the digestive system in some way, starting with the mouth
VIII
roman numeral cranial nerve(s) involving being dizzy after going on a tilt-a-whirl ride at the fair
V; XII
roman numeral cranial nerve(s) involving chewing a tender steak
X
roman numeral cranial nerve(s) involving decreased hear rate
V
roman numeral cranial nerve(s) involving feeling a hot curling iron touching the forehead
VII
roman numeral cranial nerve(s) involving hearing the crack of a bat hitting a baseball
XI
roman numeral cranial nerve(s) involving lifting your shoulders while doing warm-up exercises
III
roman numeral cranial nerve(s) involving looking cross-eyed
XI
roman numeral cranial nerve(s) involving moving your head from side-to-side
II; VI; IV; III
roman numeral cranial nerve(s) involving reading a book
III; IV; VI
roman numeral cranial nerve(s) involving rolling your eyes
VII; IX
roman numeral cranial nerve(s) involving salivation and crying
II; III
roman numeral cranial nerve(s) involving seeing a sunset
I
roman numeral cranial nerve(s) involving smelling dinner cooking
VII
roman numeral cranial nerve(s) involving smiling
X; XII
roman numeral cranial nerve(s) involving speaking
IX; X; XI; XII
roman numeral cranial nerve(s) involving swallowing a tender steak
utricle; saccule
sections of the membranous labyrinth found within vestibule (2)
utricle; saccule; ampulla; semicircular ducts
sections of the membranous labyrinth that contain equilibrium receptors (4)
equilibrium
sense of balance that includes sensations of position and movement of the head
vestibule
sense of equilibrium. connected to semicircular canals
incus; malleus; stapes
small bones of middle ear that are connected by synovial joints (3)
basilar membrane
spiral organ of Corti sits on this membrane
oval window
stapes is attached to this membrane-covered opening
cochlea
structure transduce sound stimuli
cornea; sclera
structures that are part of the fibrous tunic (2)
choroid; ciliary body; iris
structures that are part of vascular tunic (3)
tectorial membrane; otolithic membrane; capula
structures that bend stereo cilia of hair cells (3)
sympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic: activated during exercise, fighting, or fleeing
sympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic: blushing
parasympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic: constriction of pupils
parasympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic: craniosacral division
parasympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic: decreased heart rate
parasympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic: digestive enzyme secretions
sympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic: increased blood pressure
sympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic: increased respiration
sympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic: innervates adrenal medullae
sympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic: long postganglionic axons
parasympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic: long preganglion axons
sympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic: prevertebral ganglia
parasympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic: promotes digestion
parasympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic: pupil constriction
sympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic: rami communicantes
both
sympathetic or parasympathetic: salivary gland secretion
parasympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic: short postganglionic axons
sympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic: short preganglionic axons
parasympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic: stomach churning
sympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic: sweaty palms
parasympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic: terminal ganglia
sympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic: thoracolumbar division
sympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic: trunk or chain ganglia
parasympathetic
sympathetic or parasympathetic: urination
lacrimal canals
tears from surface of eye drain into here
optic disc
the "blind spot" may also be referred to as the:
greater, greater
the ____________ the density of tactile receptors in a body area, the _________ the area of the cerebral cortex receiving information from these receptors
macula lutea
the center of the neural portion of the retina
adaptation
the decrease in nerve impulses generation in sensory nerves that occurs when sensory receptors are continuously stimulated
sympathetic
the division of the autonomic nervous system that is also calle the thoracolumbar division:
dilates
the iris _____ the purple in response to dim light
constricts
the iris ______ the pupil in response to bright light
ciliary muscle
the lens of the eye is held in place by the:
conjunctiva
the m mucous membrane that covers the front of the eye is called:
Kehr's sign
the occurrence of acute pain in the tip of the shoulder due to the presence of blood or other irritants in the peritoneal cavity when a person is lying down and the legs are elevated
opsins
the pigment found in cones that are red, green, and blue
rhodopsin
the pigment found in rods that are for night vision; gray, black, and white
adaptation
the process in which frequency of nerve impulses decreases during prolonged stimulus:
temporal lobe
the sense of smell is processed in which part of the brain:
oval window
the stapes presses against a membrane that covers a small opening called the ______ _______
autonomic tone
the tendency of an organ system to be governed by one division of the autonomic nervous system over the other, such as heart rate being lowered by parasympathetic input at rest
V
trigeminal nerve (roman numeral)
IV
trochlear nerve (roman numeral)
referred
type of pain sensation originating in a visceral organ that is perceived in a specific region of the body surface that is innervated by the same spinal segments
X
vagus nerve (roman numeral)
presbyopia
when the lens loses its elasticity and can no longer bring near objects into focus, the condition is known as:
ulnar nerve; digits 4 and 5
when you hit your funny bone (olecranon), where do you experience referred pain? what nerve would you hit?
fovea centralis
where is the area of sharpest vision
mechanoreceptor
which category of receptor cell is used to sense touch, vibration, and pressure?
olfactory (I)
which cranial nerve carries sensory information coming from the nasal cavity to the olfactory area of the cerebrum
vestibulocochlear (VIII)
which cranial nerve carries the sensation of hearing?
oculomotor (III); trochlear (IV); abducens (VI)
which cranial nerves control movements of the eyeball
adrenal gland
which endocrine gland is directly innervated by sympathetic preganglionic axons and releases epinephrine and norepinephrine?
red-green
which is the most common form of color blindness
lips
which location of the body has the largest region of somatosensory cortex representing it, according to the sensory homunculus?
static equilibrium
which of the following is sensed by otoliths pulling on a membrane:
semicircular canals
which part of the ear senses dynamic equilibrium
rods
which photoreceptor is most sensitive to light?
proprioceptor
which sensory receptor senses change in joint position?
retina
which structure contains the photoreceptors in the eye?
sclera
white, tough outer layer of the eyeball
because its only attached to the optic disc
why can the retina pull away from the back of the eyeball?
it takes a while for the body to adapt
why would pain persist even after the stimulus is removed
false
T/F Most people have conscious control over their autonomic nervous system.
norepinephrine and acetylcholine
The two main neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system are nicotine and adrenaline. muscarine and acetylcholine. norepinephrine and muscarine. norepinephrine and acetylcholine
trigeminal
V cranial nerve
abducens
VI cranial nerve
facial
VII cranial nerve
vestbulocochlear
VIII cranial nerve
polysnaptic
are the autonomic integrating centers monosynaptic or polysynaptic?
incus
articulates with the malleus and stapes
stapes
attached to inner ear, where sound waves will be transducer into a neural signal
malleus
attached to tympanic membrane and incus
ciliary muscle
attaches lens to ciliary body
malleus
auditory ossicle attached to tympanic membrane
ganglion cell layer
axons form optic nerve
adrenergic
axons that release norepinephrine are classified as:
olfactory receptor cells
bipolar neurons (olfaction)
yes
can the autonomic integrating centers be influenced by higher brain area?
posterior root ganglion
cell body for first-order neuron located here
accommodation
change in shape of lens to focus close objects on the central fovea
lens
changes shape to focus light on retina
bulbar
conjunctiva that covers the anterior part of the white of the eye, but not the cornea
palpebral
conjunctiva that covers the interior eyelid
auditory tube
connects middle ear to the nasopharynx and equalizes the air pressure of the middle ear with the atmospheric air
semicircular canals
contain equilibrium receptors in the inner ear
cochlear duct
contains endolymph
scala tympani; scala vestibuli
contains perilymph
retina
contains photoreceptors
photoreceptor layer
contains rods and cones (layer)
facial
cranial nerve for facial movement and tone
vestibulocochlear
cranial nerve for hearing and equilibrium
abducens
cranial nerve for movement of the lateral rectus
olfactory (I)
cranial nerve for smell
trochlear
cranial nerve for the moment of the superior oblique
optic (II)
cranial nerve for vision
trigeminal (V)
cranial nerve involving cutaneous sensations from ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular areas; chewing
vestibulocochlear (VIII)
cranial nerve involving equilibrium and hearing
facial; glossopharyngeal; vagus
3 cranial nerves that conduct gustation
vallate; foliate; filiform; fungiform
4 papillae that are on the tongue
salty; sweet; sour; bitter
4 taste sensations
acts like the endogenous neurotransmitter by binding to its receptor
A drug is called an agonist if it ________. blocks a receptor interferes with neurotransmitter reuptake acts like the endogenous neurotransmitter by binding to its receptor blocks the voltage-gated calcium ion channel
nicotinic
A drug that affects both divisions of the autonomic system is going to bind to, or block, which type of neurotransmitter receptor? nicotinic muscarinic α-adrenergic β-adrenergic
olfactory
I cranial nerve
optic
II cranial nerve
oculomotor
III cranial nerve
trochlear
IV cranial nerve
glossopharyngeal
IX cranial nerve
α-blocker
Which kind of drug would have anti-anxiety effects? nicotinic agonist anticholinergic muscarinic agonist α-blocker
intramural ganglion
Which of the following is not a target of a sympathetic preganglionic fiber? intermural ganglion collateral ganglion adrenal gland chain ganglion
facial
Which of these cranial nerves contains preganglionic parasympathetic fibers? optic, CN II facial, CN VII trigeminal, CN V hypoglossal, CN XII
increased stomach motility
Which of these physiological changes would not be considered part of the sympathetic fight-or-flight response? increased heart rate increased sweating dilated pupils increased stomach motility
acetylcholine
Which signaling molecule is most likely responsible for an increase in digestive activity? epinephrine norepinephrine acetylcholine adrenaline
sympathomimetic drug
Which type of drug could be used to treat asthma by opening airways wider? sympatholytic drug sympathomimetic drug anticholinergic drug parasympathomimetic drug
preganglionic parasympathetic
Which type of fiber could be considered the longest? preganglionic parasympathetic preganglionic sympathetic postganglionic parasympathetic postganglionic sympathetic
vagus
X cranial nerve
accessory
XI cranial nerve
hypoglossal
XII cranial nerve
first
______-order neuron that is associated with sensory receptor
third
_______-order neuron that relays sensory nerve impulses from thalamus to cerebral cortex
second
_______-order neurons that the cell body located in spinal cord or brain stem
referred pain
_________ ____ is a term use to describe pain that is felt at a site remote from the place of origin
they see at 20 ft what a person who has normal vision sees at 80 ft
a 10 year old patients distance visual acuity was tested and determined to be 20/80. explain what that means
sensory modality
a particular system for interpreting and perceiving environmental stimuli by the nervous system
myopia
a person with _____ has normal near vision but blurry distance vision
astigmatism
a person with ________ does not see everything within a visual field clearly; some parts are blurry
hypertropia
a person with ________ has blurry near vision but normal distance vision
VI
abducens nerve (roman numeral)
XI
accessory nerve (roman numeral)
scleral venous sinus
an opening through which aqueous humor drains is called:
craniosacral
another name for the parasympathetic nervous system is:
ora serrata
anterior boundary of the retina
glossopharyngeal (IX)
injury to this cranial nerve causes a loss of taste sensation, decreased salivation, and difficulty swallowing.
vagus (X)
injury to this cranial nerve causes paralysis of the vocal cords, interference with swallowing, interrupts sensations from many organs, and causes the heart rate to increase
facial (VII)
injury with this cranial nerve causes Bell's palsy - a loss of taste, decreases salivation, and loss of the ability to close the eyes, even during sleep. Name this nerve
cochlea; vestibule; semicircular canals; ampulla
interconnected components of bony labyrinth (4)
ampulla
interconnected components of membranous labyrinth
anterior cavity
location of aqueous humor
superior portion of nasal cavity
location of the olfactory epithelium
anosmia
loss of sense of smell; possibly caused by blunt force trauma to the face or some pharmaceuticals like antibiotics
oval window
membrane at the base of the cochlea where the stapes attaches
vestibular membrane
membrane separating the superior chamber of cochlea from coclear duct
bulbar conjunctiva
membrane that covers the anterior surface of the sclera
palpebral conjunctiva
membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelid
incus
middle auditory ossicle
cornea
most anterior part of the eyeball
inferior rectus
moves eyeball interiorly
lateral rectus
moves eyeball laterally
superior oblique
moves eyeball laterally and inferiorly
inferior oblique
moves eyeball laterally and superiorly
medial rectus
moves eyeball medially
superior rectus
moves eyeball superiorly
olfactory; optic; vestibulocochlear
name the 3 cranial nerves associated with sensory
trigeminal; facial; glossopharyngeal; vagus
name the 4 cranial nerves associated with both sensory and motor
oculomotor; trochlear; abducens; accessory; hypoglossal
name the 5 cranial nerves associated with motor
vision; olfaction; gustation; audition; equilibrium
name the 5 special senses
pressure; pain; tickle; itch; vibration; temperature; proprioception
name the 7 general senses
