cognitive psych exam 3 quiz qs

An example of item processing in memory is subjective organization. True or false?

False

Autobiographical recollection only includes time and place actions pertinent to our lives. True or false?

False

Episodic memory and procedural memory are subsets of declarative memory. True or false?

False

False eyewitness testimony usually happens when the eyewitness is intentionally lying. True or false?

False

Free recall tests generally yield better performance than cued recall tests. True or false?

False

Source monitoring appears to be mediated by areas in the temporal lobe. True or false?

False

A famous case study of the enhancing effect of synesthesia on memory is S. H.M. K.C. A. J.

S.

Which of the following does NOT contribute to inaccuracies in memory? Schemas. Critical lures. Misleading information presented subsequent to an event. Source monitoring.

Source monitoring.

Which of the following phenomena supports the idea of relational processing? Flashbulb memories. Picture memory. Synesthesia. Subjective organization.

Subjective organization.

Which of the following is an accurate statement concerning mental time travel? The mental time travel network is not activated when envisioning personal events in an unfamiliar setting. Mental time travel involves episodic, but not semantic memory. Envisioning one's future does not require activation of the occipital lobe. Mental time travel relies on nondeclarative memory.

The mental time travel network is not activated when envisioning personal events in an unfamiliar setting.

Damage to the amygdala has been found to render negative emotional memories less intense and vivid. True or false?

True

Flashbulb memories show a similar rate of forgetting for details of the event compared to normal memories. True or false?

True

It is possible to plant a memory with repeated suggestions over time. True or false?

True

Leading questions can result in false memories. True or false?

True

Long-term memory is made up of multiple memory systems. True or false?

True

Misidentification in police lineups is more acute when the witness and suspect are of different racial and ethnic backgrounds. True or false?

True

Motivated forgetting activates the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. True or false?

True

One example of the importance of distinctiveness in memory is the ability of people to accurately distinguish between old and new pictures from a previously viewed series of hundreds of complex pictures. True or False?

True

Research indicates that the optimal spacing between study sessions should be adjusted based on the retention interval with longer spacing for longer retention intervals. True or false?

True

Selective encoding of information that fits prior knowledge is an encoding distortion. True or false?

True

The different levels of processing affect elaboration and memory because some are more distinctive than others. True or false?

True

Trauma-induced amnesia is a rare type of dissociated consciousness. True or false?

True

Your professor usually gives his exams on blue paper. As a result, you decide to take notes and study on blue paper. This is an example of encoding specificity. True or false?

True

Which of the following best describes the research findings on motivated forgetting? Recall accuracy dropped about 50% for a condition in which individuals were instructed to forget words. Unwanted memories can be suppressed by disrupting the retrieval process through executive control networks. Instructing people to forget led to a greater incidence of delusional false memories. People generated semantically-associated intrusions to words that were on the list.

Unwanted memories can be suppressed by disrupting the retrieval process through executive control networks.

An illusion of memory in which an individual who strongly believes a bizarre event can occur experiences a memory of the event is called

a delusional false memory

A memory error in which a word is falsely remembered because it is semantically similar to other words that were previously studied is called

a false verbal memory

Remembering a time and place because of an extreme event is called:

a flashbulb memory

Remembering a period of time in one's life and tying it to upper-level recollections of a job or place of residence is

an autobiographical memory

The term 'source monitoring' refers to

attempts to distinguish between true and false memory content

How do mnemonics improve memory? by eliminating the need to pay attention by making meaningless material more meaningful by preventing decay of the memory trace by reducing the tendency to over organize

by making meaningless material more meaningful

The risk of memory implantation is especially high for

children

Providing a narrative account of an autobiographical event that never happened is

confabulation

__________ can involve bizarre events that could not possibly be true, however the patient believes that the events happened.

confabulation

Facts and events are associated with nondeclarative memory implicit memory skill memory declarative memory

declarative memory

Direct tests depend on __________memory, whereas indirect tests depend on __________ memory.

declarative, nondeclarative

Research has indicated that high arousal induced by violence tends to _______the accuracy of eyewitness identification for peripheral details.

decrease

Flashbulb memories provide evidence on the importance of

distinctiveness

Which type of rehearsal results in the best long-term encoding? effortful proactive maintenance elaborative

elaborative

___________________rehearsal refers to transferring information to long-term memory by linking it with information already stored there.

elaborative

The principle holding that a retrieval cue can be effective only if it is encoded at the time of study is called

encoding specificity

Remembering the gist of multiple events is a(n) __________ distortion known as __________.

encoding, integration

Uncovering repressed memories almost always results in reconstructed false memories. True or false?

false

To falsely remember a word after studying a list of words highly related to the target is

false verbal memory

According to Jacoby (1989), participants confuse famous and non-famous names because of subjective awareness triggered by controlled processes. familiarity from past exposure cultural bias elaborative rehearsal

familiarity from past exposure

Which of the following is not an explanation for inaccuracies in eyewitness testimony? selective encoding by the witness slanted questioning faulty courtroom schemas implanted memories

faulty courtroom schemas

A vivid recollection of the World Trade Center collapsing on September 11, 2001 illustrates the concept of:

flashbulb memory

Vivid, photographic recollection of an unexpected event is called

flashbulb memory

Compared to correctly recalled words, falsely recalled words activate a different pattern of blood flow as measured by fMRI. activate different areas of the brain as measured by PET. generate a lower frequency of brain activity as measured by electrodes implanted deeply in the hippocampus and temporal lobe. generate a higher frequency of brain activity as measured by electrodes implanted deeply in the hippocampus and temporal lobe.

generate a lower frequency of brain activity as measured by electrodes implanted deeply in the hippocampus and temporal lobe.

You decide to visit a friend whom you have not seen in ten years. Assuming she lives in the same house, you try to get there even though you couldn't describe to yourself the directions to your friend's house. As you drive, you just "know" which streets to turn onto. This is an example of

implicit memory

Sometimes elements of several different events are combined into a unified memory. This is called _________, and is one type of encoding distortion.

integration

Inferences and supposition made to conform new material into existing schemas is

interpretation

Suppose that you conducted an experiment in which people studied material while intoxicated or sober, then recalled the material while intoxicated or sober. Which conditions would result in the poorest recall? sober study - sober test intoxicated study - intoxicated test intoxicated study - sober test sober study - intoxicated test

intoxicated study - sober test

When asked to recall a list of words, people will sometimes recall words that were not on the original list, but that were semantically related to a word or words on the list. These words are referred to as

intrusions

To lose detail in the retelling of a story is

leveling

Schemas shape how events are retrieved from ______ - term memory

long

With the passage of time, repeated attempts to recall a story result in magnification of leveling, sharpening and assimilation a plateau in leveling, sharpening and assimilation decreasing levels of leveling, sharpening and assimilation magnification of leveling and sharpening, but not assimilation

magnification of leveling, sharpening and assimilation

Which of the following is not a mnemonic aid? imagery elaborative rehearsal method of loci maintenance rehearsal

maintenance rehearsal

Covertly verbalizing information held in short-term memory illustrates

maintenance rehersal

False confessions to crimes can in theory be brought about through the interrogation of a suspect. The mechanism by which the person comes to believe incorrectly that he or she is guilty of crime is called

memory implantation

The capacity for recollecting past events and envisioning future events through reconstructive retrieval processes is called

mental time travel

A mnemonic method based on locations and imagery is called the sequence method method of loci spatial method keyword method

method of loci

The misinformation effect refers to distortions in memory caused by the inaccurate selective encoding of selection inaccuracies focused by encoding errors recalling inappropriate syllables in a phrase misleading information introduced through questions

misleading information introduced through questions

Priming and conditioning are examples of _______ memory.

nondeclarative

A friend asks you how to make sushi. You can tell him what the word "sushi" means and when you made it last, but you can't remember at all how to make it. This is a failure of

procedural memory

Remembering to carry out an action at some point in the future is called

prospective memory

Schema-guided construction of episodic memories that interpret, embellish, integrate and alter encoded memory representation is called

reconstructive retrieval

Suppose I asked you what you were doing at 5 p.m. on February 11, 1993. Suppose that you thought to yourself the following: "Well, I was in high school then, and I would have probably been heading home from swimming practice about that time." What does this illustrate?

reconstructive retrieval

The use of a previously acquired schema when recalling complex events often leads to factual errors. This is referred to as

reconstructive retrieval

Remembering and knowing judgments differ in that alcohol can reduce the number of know judgments, but has no effect on remember judgments. knowing judgments reflect retrieval from episodic memory. remembering judgments are more easily forgotten. remembering judgments involve reliving past events through mental time travel.

remembering judgments involve reliving past events through mental time travel.

________ is a defense mechanism that prevents unpleasant memories from entering consciousness by anxiety.

repression

The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon shows that we must distinguish between the availability of information in memory and its ________. pertinence retrievability distinctiveness context

retrievability

information is recovered from long-term memory by a process called

retrieval

Retrieval mode--the attempt to remember a past episode--activates regions in the left frontal lobe right frontal lobe left parietal lobe right parietal lobe

right frontal lobe

Three types of encoding distortions are

selection, interpretation, and integration

__________________memory refers to factual and conceptual knowledge about the world.

semantic

Levels or depths-of-processing refers to ______ encoding producing better memory than ______ encoding.

semantic, sensory

Which of the following pairs of concepts do not belong together? episodic-explicit semantic-implicit skills-implicit semantic-explicit

semantic-implicit

To add details in the retelling of a story is

sharpening

To remember details that were not stated in a story, embellishment, is known as

sharpening

You are instructed to read a story called The War of the Ghosts. At the end, you are asked to recall whatever details of the story that you can remember. You relate an insignificant detail of something black coming from the mouth of a character in the story. This is called

sharpening

Loftus found that leading questions following the witnessing of an auto accident resulted in higher judgment of speeds when the question contained the word ________.

smashed

In order to recall where and how a memory is encoded one must use

source monitoring

Encoding specificity aids retrieval because it involves the formation of a schema it prevents decay by introducing a novel factor into an otherwise monotonous routine specific encoding operations performed on what is perceived determines what retrieval cues are effective in producing access to what is stored it promotes rehearsal by creating specific criteria for encoding

specific encoding operations performed on what is perceived determines what retrieval cues are effective in producing access to what is stored

How will you retain information most effectively when studying for an exam? studying for two hours studying for two hours, with two 20-minute breaks in between studying for four hours, with one 20-minute break in between studying as long as possible until you have learned everything

studying for two hours, with two 20-minute breaks in between

A victim of a traumatic event experiences the incident as if it was happening to someone else in order to psychologically avoid the event. This is called

trauma-induced amnesia

Which of the following is not a way to improve learning? use massed practice organize the material process material at a deep level use elaborative rehearsal

use massed practice

Which of the following is false regarding comprehension and memory of a story? we primarily remember the details of the story we add some details to the story we delete some details from the story we primarily remember the gist of the story

we primarily remember the details of the story

How do the case studies known by the initials A.J. and K. C. differ? A. J. remembers autobiographical experiences in detail whereas K. C. has no such recollections. A. J. suffers from anterograde amnesia whereas K. C. has retrograde amnesia A. J. suffers from retrograde amnesia whereas K. C. has anterograde amnesia A. J. has exceptional skill memory whereas K.C. has exceptional autobiographical memory.

A. J. remembers autobiographical experiences in detail whereas K. C. has no such recollections.

A famous case study of HSAM is H.M. K.C. A.J. S.

A.J.