Cognitive Psychology Exam 2 Questions

Daydreams are a type of: 1) stimulus-independent thought (SIT). 2) icon. 3) episodic buffer. 4) visuospatial sketch. 5) stimulus loop.

1

In Kahneman's model of attention, allocation of mental resources is affected by preferences for certain kinds of tasks over others. These preferences are known as: 1) enduring dispositions. 2) arousal states. 3) momentary intentions. 4) late selection preferences. 5) task difficulty variables.

1

Broadbent, in proposing his filter theory of attention, argued that an attentional filter lets some information through and blocks out the rest. This filter is based upon: 1) the meaning of the message. 2) a physical characteristic of the message, such as its location. 3) the importance of the message. 4) the language of the message. 5) the number of repetitions of the message.

2

The suffix effect relates to which type of memory? 1) iconic 2) echoic 3) short term 4) working 5) long term

2

More recent research has suggested a move from a _____ to a ______ metaphor to explain the basic nature of attention. 1) bottleneck; filter 2) filter; bottleneck 3) bottleneck; spotlight 4) headlight; spotlight 5) apple tree; spotlight

3

The recency effect is thought to result from participants' use of: 1) sensory memory. 2) short-term memory. 3) long-term memory. 4) either sensory or short-term memory. 5) both short-term and long-term memory

4

Information is stored in iconic memory for: A. less than 1 second. B. 5-10 seconds. C. about 20 seconds. D. up to 1 year. E. a lifetime.

A

A general approach that explains perception as the pickup of environmental invariances that require little or no active interpretation is: A. bottom-up processing B. top-down processing C. theory-driven processing D. template matching E. direct perception

E

A patient with prosopagnosia has difficulty recognizing: 1) drawings of objects. 2) moving objects. 3) faces. 4) sounds. 5) flavors.

3

According to ____ theory, we never actually acquire unattended material at all. 1) schema 2) bottleneck 3) attenuation 4) filter 5) capacity

1

Imagine a perceptual experiment where participants are shown a stimulus consisting of letters (either one or four letters), with one of the letters being underlined. The stimulus is then masked. The participant is then shown two letters and asked to report the letter that was underlined in what s/he previously saw. Consider the following three trials in the experiment (which would occur separately, i.e. as different trials): Trial I: screen 1: K I N G screen 2: D or K? Trial II: screen 1: K screen 2: D or K? Trial III: screen 1: K G I N screen 2: D or K? What predictions would you make about the average participant's relative speed on these three trials? 1) Trial I should be the fastest. 2) Trial II should be the fastest. 3) Trial III should be the fastest. 4) Trials I and II should be equally fast. 5) All three trials should be equally fast.

1

In Treisman's experiments on feature integration, the number of distracters did not matter when participants were asked to spot: 1) a T among O's. 2) a green X among green O's and pink X's. 3) a pink T among blue T's and pink X's. 4) a blue T among blue X's and green T's. 5) any stimulus that was presented in pink.

1

Parts of the frontal, parietal, and subcortical lobes are involved in: 1) disengaging attention from where it was previously focused. 2) implementing attention when a person has already decided where to focus. 3) refocusing attention to a new stimulus. 4) generating top-down instructions to the visual system. 5) processing newly discovered information.

1

Posner and Keele's research on prototype formation suggests that: 1) people can form prototypes very quickly. 2) participants cannot learn to classify abstract dot patterns with any accuracy. 3) participants can learn the classifications of previously studied dot patterns, but cannot correctly classify novel patterns. 4) participants can only classify prototypes when the prototypes have been explicitly identified during the study period. 5) participants can classify prototype faces, which are meaningful, but cannot classify prototype dot patterns, which are abstract.

1

Results from dichotic listening studies indicate that, while a person is shadowing one message, he/she notices which of the following features of the unattended message? 1) whether it is speech or simply noise 2) whether it is spoken in English or Japanese 3) multiple repetitions of the same words 4) both the fact that it is speech and the language that is being spoken 5) whether the words being spoken are nonsense or real sentences

1

Studies using the odd-quadrant discrimination task have shown that perception of the "odd stimulus out" is: 1) faster in a complex stimulus display than in a base stimulus display. 2) faster in the base stimulus display than in a complex stimulus display. 3) just as fast in a complex stimulus display as in a base stimulus display. 4) simple in a base stimulus display, but impossible in a complex stimulus display. 5) dependent upon the number of stimuli in a display.

1

Subjective contours are thought to: 1) be the result of simplifying a complex display. 2) occur only with the perceiver's awareness of the process. 3) require no active participation on the perceiver's part. 4) require both awareness and active participation. 5) result in a more complex understanding of a simple stimulus

1

The central executive in working memory is hypothesized to have the function of: 1) directing the flow of information. 2) controlling an unlimited amount of resources and capacity. 3) carrying out subvocal rehearsal to maintain verbal material in memory. 4) maintaining visual material in memory through visualization. 5) storing the meaning of complex verbal material.

1

The meaningful interpretation of a proximal stimulus is called the: Correct Response 1) percept. 2) sensation. 3) distal stimulus. 4) retinal image. 5) illusion.

1

The primal sketch in David Marr's theory allows viewers to: 1) detect boundaries between areas. 2) derive information about depth. 3) derive information about surfaces. 4) recognize objects. 5) know what visual information means.

1

Unattended information is stored briefly in: 1) sensory memory. 2) short-term memory. 3) long-term memory. 4) working memory. 5) secondary memory.

1

Which of the following seems to be true of both echoes and icons? 1) They are modality specific, holding only one type of sensory information. 2) They have relatively small capacities for information. 3) They both hold information for the same length of time. 4) They both rely heavily on the meaning of the stimulus. 5) They are both very resistant to erasing by stimuli that are presented afterward.

1

term "anterograde amnesia" refers to: 1) the loss of the ability to form new memories 2) the loss of the ability to recall old events. 3) the loss of short-term memory. 4) the loss of sensory memory. 5) the loss of all memory ability.

1

A stencil provides a good analogy for the theory of: 1) prototype matching. 2) template matching. 3) good continuation. 4) featural analysis. 5) top-down processing.

2

Connectionist models assume all of the following EXCEPT: 1) Input is processed at several different levels. 2) Features are more abstract than letters or words. 3) Nodes of processing have a certain level of activity at any point in time. 4) Connections between nodes can be excitatory or inhibitory. 5) When a node reaches a certain level of activity, its associated feature, letter, or word is perceived.

2

Damage to the frontal lobe of the brain often disrupts processing by: 1) the visuospatial sketchpad. 2) the central executive. 3) the phonological loop. 4) iconic memory. 5) echoic memory.

2

In the second stage of feature integration theory, 1) we register features of objects such as their shape or color. 2) we combine features into unified objects. 3) we break unified objects down into identifiable features. 4) we switch from serial to parallel processing. 5) we notice the background of objects.

2

Information is held in _____ for 20 to 30 seconds. 1) sensory memory 2) short-term memory 3) long-term memory 4) secondary memory 5) none of the above

2

Neuropsychological studies have indicated that patients with damage to the right parietal lobe: 1) cannot perceive objects on the left side of visual space. 2) do not pay attention to objects on the left side of visual space. 3) perceive and pay attention to objects on the left side of visual space, but cannot reproduce them in a drawing. 4) can neither perceive nor pay attention to objects on the left side of visual space. 5) can neither perceive nor pay attention to objects on the right side of visual space.

2

One basic physiological mechanism for learning is the ____ rule, which states that if a synapse between two neurons is repeatedly activated at about the same time the postsynaptic neuron fires, the chemistry of the synapse changes. 1) Carlson 2) Hebb 3) Baddeley 4) Tulving 5) icon

2

Repeating a phone number to yourself to hold it in memory while you dial it would use which component of working memory? 1) the visuospatial sketchpad 2) the phonological loop 3) the episodic buffer 4) both the visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological loop 5) both the visuospatial sketchpad and the episodic buffer

2

Stroop interference lessens when: 1) participants are better readers. 2) participants are given more practice at naming colors. 3) participants are girls rather than boys. 4) participants are encouraged to focus carefully. 5) participants are given more practice at reading color names.

2

The "cocktail party effect" refers to the fact that shadowing performance is disrupted when _______ is embedded in the unattended message. 1) backward speech 2) the listener's name 3) a section of repeated words 4) music 5) a switch in language

2

The icon is said to be characterized by all of the following EXCEPT: 1) It holds information in a relatively unprocessed form. 2) It lasts about 20 seconds. 3) It can be "erased" by stimuli that are presented immediately afterward. 4) It can hold more information than can be reported. 5) It contains only visual information, not auditory.

2

The surgery performed on patient "H.M." involved removal of most of the: 1) cerebellum 2) hippocampus 3) frontal lobe 4) corpus callosum 5) occipital lobe

2

When common objects such as kitchen utensils are presented in a jumbled display, 1) people recognize them faster than in a normal kitchen scene. 2) people recognize them slower than in a normal kitchen scene. 3) people recognize them in the same amount of time as in a normal kitchen scene. 4) people cannot recognize them at all without a proper context 5) recognition performance is predictable on the basis of bottom-up perceptual processes.

2

Which of the following is NOT a component of Baddeley's working memory model? 1) the phonological loop 2) the icon 3) the central executive 4) the visuospatial sketchpad 5) the episodic buffer

2

Which of the following is true regarding retinal images? 1) They are three-dimensional. 2) Their size depends on the distance between the perceived object and the perceiver. 3) They appear right-side up. 4) They appear in black and white. 5) They are known as distal stimuli.

2

A certain computer can respond to a limited number of voice commands such as "Open file" and "Save data." However, it responds to only its owner's voice, and the owner must take care to pronounce the commands in a very precise manner. A command spoken by a voice of the wrong gender, the wrong accent, or in the wrong tone will not be recognized. This computer probably operates on a system of: 1) featural analysis. 2) pandemonium. 3) template matching. 4) prototype matching. 5) top-down processing

3

According to Gibson's theory, the acts or behaviors permitted by objects, places, and events are called: 1) consequences. 2) Functions. 3) affordances. 4) direct processes. 5) interpretive products.

3

All Gestalt principles follow the law of: 1) closure. 2) good continuation. 3) Prägnanz. 4) common fate. 5) proximity.

3

In David Marr's model of vision, which stage of the process incorporates top-down knowledge? 1) the primal sketch 2) the 2 ½ D sketch 3) the 3-D sketch 4) both the primal sketch and the 2 ½ D sketch 5) the primal, 2 ½ D, and 3-D sketches

3

In the Stroop effect, participants have difficulty correctly naming the color of ink that a word is written in when: 1) the word is unrelated to the topic of color. 2) the word names the color of ink. 3) the word names a color which is not the ink color. 4) the "word" is not a word at all, but a pronounceable nonsense syllable. 5) the "word" is not a word at all, but an unpronounceable sequence of consonants without vowels.

3

Most studies of sensory memory have focused on memory for information from which sensory modalities? 1) vision and taste 2) vision and smell 3) vision and hearing 4) smell and hearing 5) taste and touch

3

Research suggests that talking on a cell phone while driving: 1) does not cause errors or slow reaction time. 2) does not slow reaction time any more than does listening to the radio. 3) causes significantly more errors and slows reaction time significantly more than listening to the radio. 4) does not impair driving as long as the driver is using a "hands-free" telephone. 5) actually improves driving performance.

3

The capacity of short-term memory was thought by George Miller to be: 1) about 75% of a visual display 2) 7 (plus or minus 2) letters or numbers. 3) 7 (plus or minus 2) chunks of information. 4) 12 (plus or minus 3) chunks of information. 5) unlimited.

3

The concept of fluid intelligence is highly related to: 1) iconic memory capacity. 2) echoic memory capacity. 3) working memory capacity. 4) interference. 5) anterograde amnesia.

3

The production of stimulus-independent thoughts (SITs), such as daydreams, depends upon: 1) the phonological loop only. 2) the visuospatial sketchpad only. 3) the central executive. 4) the episodic buffer. 5) the semantic buffer.

3

The word "cat" is ______ by the phrase "The dog chased the?." That is, the word cat is especially ready to be recognized or attended to. 1) filtered 2) attenuated 3) primed 4) suggested 5) selected

3

Vesuvian creatures fly in from outer space, and their sensory receptors are studied. It is observed that their dominant sensory system is haptic (touch), and that certain receptors seem to respond selectively to softness, others selectively to certain temperatures, and others selectively to smoothness. Knowing only this information, you might conclude that the best explanation for Vesuvian perceptual experience may come from: 1) template-matching theory. 2) prototype theory. 3) featural analysis theory. 4) Gestalt theory 5) direct perception theory.

3

Which of the following is true regarding controlled processing? 1) It is used with routine or familiar tasks 2) It usually operates in parallel. 3) It requires attention. 4) It is unaffected by massive amounts of practice. 5) It is not capacity limited.

3

You have just listened to a list of 20 words. When asked to recall these words in any order, you are LEAST LIKELY to recall the; 1) first word. 2) second word. 3) 10th word. 4) 20th word. 5) word that reminded you of something you ate for breakfast.

3

According to Gibson's theory, viewers directly perceive: 1) shapes. 2) whole objects. 3) each object's affordances. 4) shapes, objects, and their affordances. 5) nothing-all perception involves several steps of processing and interpretation.

4

Anne is driving down a residential street on a Saturday afternoon, and expects that she may see children playing outside on such a sunny, warm day. Out of the corner of her eye, she detects movement between two parked cars at the side of the road. She immediately presses the brake, interpreting the movement as that of a child. Later she is relieved to see that the movement came from an empty paper bag that is blowing in the wind. Anne's initial perception of the movement as that of a child can best be explained through the notion of: 1) size constancy. 2) retinal image. 3) template matching. 4) top-down processing. 5) bottom-up processing.

4

Hemispatial neglect is usually found after damage to the ________ parietal lobe and usually consists of a lack of attention to the ________ side of space. A. Left / Left B. Left / Right C. Right / Left D. Right / Right

C

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): 1) is more common in girls than in boys. 2) affects 10%-15% of the general school-age population. 3) involves an inability to be alert. 4) has been suggested to involve an inability to inhibit an ongoing response such as talking or playing a game. 5) has been suggested to involve an inability to devote mental resources to any task.

4

Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): 1) are more likely to be girls than boys. 2) cannot devote mental resources to tasks. 3) cannot switch attention from one task to another. 4) cannot sustain vigilance on repetitive or dull tasks. 5) cannot maintain alertness.

4

Information such as the name of the person who sat in front of you in the fifth grade is stored in: 1) sensory memory. 2) short-term memory. 3) working memory. 4) long-term memory. 5) photographic memory.

4

PET scan studies: 1) show that short-term memory function is contained within the frontal lobes. 2) show that long-term memories are stored in the frontal lobe. 3) demonstrate that massive brain damage in several regions is necessary to cause amnesia. 4) support Baddeley's notion that verbal and spatial working memory are different systems. 5) do not tell us anything about short-term memory.

4

Research on divided attention suggests that: 1) some people can multitask without any drop in performance. 2) there are no limits on the number of things that we can successfully do at once. 3) as individual tasks become more demanding, multitasking becomes more efficient. 4) if you think that you are doing two things simultaneously, you are probably really rapidly switching attention back and forth between the two. 5) the ability to multitask is an essential skill in the 21st century.

4

Retrieval involves: 1) the activation of the senses. 2) the translation of information into a form that can be stored. 3) the storage of information over time. 4) the calling to mind of previously stored information. 5) the decay of information in memory.

4

Spelke, Hirst, and Neisser attempted to teach participants to simultaneously take dictation and read with comprehension. Their results suggests that: 1) no amount of practice can teach people to do two things at once without a drop in performance. 2) people could eventually reach accurate performance on the dictation task, but reading comprehension still suffered. 3) people could eventually reach accuracy in reading comprehension, but in doing so they sacrificed accuracy in dictation. 4) after 6 weeks of practice, people could simultaneously take dictation accurately and read with normal comprehension. 5) people could simultaneously take dictation accurately and read with normal comprehension, but only after 2 years or more of practice.

4

The phenomenon of attentional capture: 1) primarily depends upon the perceiver's goals. 2) is driven almost entirely by the properties of the stimulus. 3) Can be overridden by top-down processes under certain circumstances. 4) is driven by the properties of the stimulus, but can be overridden by top-down processes under certain circumstances. 5) normally depends upon the perceiver's goals, but can be overridden by bottom-up processes under certain circumstances.

4

The segregation of a whole display into objects and background is known as: 1) size constancy. 2) retinal imagery. 3) bottom-up processing. 4) figure-ground organization. 5) shape constancy.

4

When information is first translated into a form that other cognitive processes can use, we say that _______ has occurred. 1) retrieval 2) storage 3) forgetting 4) encoding 5) remembering

4

Which of the following factors does NOT influence the allocation of mental resources in Kahneman's capacity model? 1) the state of arousal 2) the difficulty of the task 3) enduring dispositions 4) the lateness of selection 5) momentary intentions

4

Which of the following is an example of a controlled process, for most people? 1) driving 2) reading 3) playing a well-practiced video game 4) sending a telegraph message 5) finding a number in an array of letters

4

Which of the following represents a good example of a proximal stimulus? 1) a book on a shelf 2) a tree in your yard 3) a building on the horizon 4) the retinal image formed by a tree 5) the light rays reflecting off a tree

4

A general approach that explains perception as the pickup of environmental invariances that require little or no active interpretation: 1) bottom-up processing 2) top-down processing 3) theory-driven processing 4) template matching 5) direct perception

5

A person approaches you on the street and asks for directions. While you are talking, two people carry a door between you and the person to whom you are speaking. While the door is passing, the person you are talking to is replaced by a different person. If you are like the people in studies by Simons and Levin, 1) you will immediately notice the change. 2) you will only notice if the two people are of different heights. 3) you will only notice if the two people are wearing different clothing. 4) you will only notice if the two people have noticeably different voices. 5) you have only about a 50% chance of noticing the switch.

5

Brain surgery patient "H.M." suffered after surgery from: 1) an inability to use language. 2) a severe decrease in intelligence. 3) an inability to remember events in his distant past, several years or more before the operation. 4) an inability to remember faces. 5) an inability to form new memories of new events.

5

In a study of inattentional blindness, Daniel Simons and colleagues presented an unexpected event, such as a woman with an umbrella crossing the room from left to right, to a group of participants who were trying to monitor the number of passes that a particular basketball team made in a film. When questioned later about "anything unexpected" that happened in the film, 1) almost all participants noticed the woman with the umbrella. 2) only participants with an easier pass-monitoring task noticed the woman. 3) only participants with a more difficult pass-counting task noticed the woman. 4) only participants monitoring the black team (as opposed to the white team) noticed the woman. 5) overall, 46% of the participants failed to notice the woman at all.

5

Researchers attached light bulbs to the shoulders, elbows, wrists, hips, knees, and ankles of a model wearing black clothing. In a dark room, with only the light bulbs visible, 1) viewers could recognize the unmoving model as human. 2) viewers could recognize a moving model as human, but couldn't tell what the model was doing. 3) viewers could recognize what a moving model was doing. 4) viewers could recognize the gender of a moving model. 5) viewers could recognize the gender of a moving model as well as what the model was doing.

5

The main distinction between "short-term memory" and "working memory" hinges on: 1) the kind of storage (short vs. longer term) 2) the kind of coding used (acoustic vs. imaginal). 3) the capacity (limited to 7+2 items vs. unlimited). 4) the type of forgetting (decay vs. interference). 5) the emphasis on static structure vs. active processing

5

Which of the following is NOT true about distracted driving? 1) Having a passenger in the car results in less accident risk than driving alone. 2) About one in six fatal vehicle accidents involves distracted driving. 3) In 2007, about 6000 fatalities occurred, but Wilson and Simpson's research suggest that 4000 of these would not have occurred if text messaging had not been a factor. 4) Seventy percent of undergraduates report sending text messages while driving. 5) Most drivers who text only do so while at a stop sign or stop light.

5

Peterson & Peterson (1959) attempted to provide evidence for rapid decay of information in short-term memory. They presented subjects with 3 letters to remember and then gave them a 3-digit number and asked the subjects to count backwards from this number by 3's. Why did they give the subject the 3-digit number and ask them to count backwards? A. To prevent active rehearsal of the 3 letters B. To prevent the use of mnemonic strategies such as visualization C. To prevent verbal encoding of the 3 letters D. To prevent the use of echoic memory

A

Results from dichotic listening studies indicate that, while a person is shadowing one message, he/she notices which of the following features of the unattended message? A. whether it is speech or simply noise B. whether it is spoken in English or Japanese C. multiple repetitions of the same words D. both the fact that it is speech and the language that is being spoken E. whether the words being spoken are nonsense or real sentences

A

The _______ theory of attention states that there is a very limited amount of information that can be attended to at one time; unattended information is blocked out. A. filter B. attenuation C. schema D. cocktail party E. divided attention

A

The calling to mind of previously stored information is known as: A. retrieval. B. encoding. C. storage. D. forgetting. E. maintenance

A

The perceived intensity of a sound is called ________, while the physical magnitude of displacement in a sound wave is called __________. A. loudness; amplitude B. amplitude; loudness C. pitch; frequency D. frequency; pitch

A

This theory of object perception postulates that objects in the world are composed of three-dimensional geometrical elements ("geons"). Recognition of objects depends upon our perception of the particular arrangement of the 3-dimenstional elements. A. Recognition-by-components theory B. Prototype theory C. Template theory D. Feature-matching theory

A

A hypothesis differs from a prediction in that: A. A hypothesis is a statement about how some broad aspect of the world works, and a prediction is an interpretation about what the experimental results mean, relating them to the conclusions of the study B. A hypothesis is a statement about how some specific aspect of the world works, and a prediction is a statement about what pattern of results the experimenters expect for a specific experiment on the basis of the hypothesis C. A hypothesis is a statement about what pattern of results the experimenters expect on the basis of a theory, and a prediction is an interpretation of the results with discussion of how future experiments would shed light on the remaining questions D. A hypothesis is a statement about how a scientist would like the world to work, and a prediction is an astrological technique involving interpretation of patterns of star movements and planetary influences

B

According to feature integration theory, which two of the following search tasks should require serial search? (1) The target differs from the distractors by a single feature such as color. (2) The target differs from the distractors by a conjunction of two or more features, such as color and orientation. (3) The target differs from the distractors by the presence of a feature (i.e. the targets have the added feature). (4) The target differs from the distractors by the absence of a feature (i.e. the distractors have a feature that the target lacks). A. 1 and 3 B. 2 and 4 C. 2 and 3 D. 3 and 4

B

In Sperling's "partial report" tasks, subjects were shown a brief array of letters and numbers and were then given a tone cue that indicated which row they should remember. About how many letters and numbers could subjects report from one row in an array containing 3 rows of 4 letters? A. 1 B. 3 C. 8 D. 12

B

Loftus & Palmer (1975) found that: A. Subjects who were asked how fast the cars were going when they "smashed into each other" reported a lower speed than subjects who were asked how fast the cars were going when they "contacted each other" B. Subjects who were asked how fast the cars were going when they "smashed into each other" reported a higher speed than subjects who were asked how fast the cars were going when they "contacted each other" C. Subjects were more likely to report that an injury had occurred if they were asked a question about the cars ""smashing into each other" than if they were asked a question about the cars "contacting each other" D. Subjects were less likely to report that an injury had occurred if they were asked a question about the cars "smashing into each other" than if they were asked a question about the cars "contacting each other"

B

Which of the following is not an attribute of short-term memory? A. Directly accessible B. Unlimited storage capacity C. Used to store information for current tasks D. Can be maintained by means of rehearsal

B

A letter is easier to perceive in the context of a word. Which of the following models explains that fact by arguing that activation of the relevant node for the word also activates the nodes corresponding to the letters within the word? A. bottom-up B. featural analysis C. connectionist D. template prototype

C

A patient with prosopagnosia has difficulty recognizing: A. drawings of objects. B. moving objects. C. faces. D. sounds. E. flavors.

C

If a group of 8-year-olds has an average score of 5 items recalled on a memory measure and a group of 10-year-olds has an average score of 6 items recalled on the same measure, and a statistical test indicates that this effect was significant with a p- value of .05, this means that: A. The difference in memory scores is at least .05 items B. The difference in memory scores is at least 5% C. There is a 5% chance that the observed difference between the groups was caused by random variations rather than a real difference in memory scores between 8- and 10-year- olds

C

Imagine that you are brought into a dark room and the lights are turned on for 1 millisecond and then off again. It will seem like you can still see some of the objects in the room for a few hundred milliseconds after the lights are turned off. This is an example of: A. Working memory B. Long-term memory C. Sensory memory D. All of the above E. None of the above

C

Which of the following is a conjunction search? A. Looking among blue and orange apples for a red apple. B. Looking among red and green apples for a yellow apple. C. Looking among red apples and green limes for a green apple. D. Looking among oranges and green apples for a red apple.

C

Which of the following is an example of a feature search? A. Looking for the Big Dipper in the night sky B. Looking for a yellow carton of milk in a refrigerator filled with yellow mustard containers and green orange juice cartons. C. Looking for a red apple in a bowl of green avocados D. Looking for a movie to watch on Saturday night

C

According to Feature Integration Theory: A. Features are stored in spatially organized feature maps B. Feature maps are created automatically and in parallel C. Without attention, we have access only to the total amount of activity in a feature map, and not to the locations of the features D. All of the above E. None of the above

D

Memory ability can be defined as: A. encoding of information in the past B. maintenance of information from the past C. remembering a past event D. having information from the past

D

The main conclusion of the Kingstone & Friesen (1998) article was that: A. When subjects see a face with eyes that are pointing in a particular direction, they will automatically look at the eyes of the face B. Reaction times are faster when subjects shift their gaze toward the target location than when they shift their gaze away from the target C. Reaction times are faster when the target is presented at an uncued location than when a target was presented at a cued location D. When subjects see a face with eyes that are pointing in a particular direction, they will automatically shift their attention in that direction

D

The ossicles are three tiny bones in the _____________. A. auditory nerve B. outer ear C. inner ear D. middle ear

D

The primacy and recency effects in memory: A. are thought to be due to the action of short-term memory. B. are thought to be due to the action of long-term memory. C. are thought to be due to the action of sensory memory. D. can be independently manipulated, indicating at least two types of memory at work. E. have recently been discredited in cognitive psychology.

D

In a study of inattentional blindness, Daniel Simons and colleagues presented an unexpected event, such as a woman with an umbrella crossing the room from left to right, to a group of participants who were trying to monitor the number of passes that a particular basketball team made in a film. When questioned later about "anything unexpected" that happened in the film, A. almost all participants noticed the woman with the umbrella. B. only participants with an easier pass-monitoring task noticed the woman. C. only participants with a more difficult pass-counting task noticed the woman. D. only participants monitoring the black team (as opposed to the white team) noticed the woman. E. overall, 46% of the participants failed to notice the woman at all.

E