Cognitive Psychology Exam #2(Chapter 7)

Another factor that aids encoding is ____________ _____________.

Visual imagery

________________: Transformation of new memories from fragile to more permanent state

Consolidation

Which of the following is a key factor in the memory-enhancing capacity of sleep? -_____________ -Elaboration -Reconsolidation -Classification

Distraction

Research shows that ___________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material. -making up questions about the material -highlighting -feedback -organization

Highlighting

Standard model of consolidation: _____________ After encoding, activity of hippocampus __________ with time

Hippocampus, fades

Lakeisha and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lakeisha decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam? -Lakeisha performs better because of encoding specificity. -Kim performs better because of consolidation. -Kim performs better because of encoding specificity. -Lakeisha performs better because of consolidation.

Kim performs better because of consolidation.

Retrieval: process of transferring information from __________ back into ________________ ___________ (consciousness)

LTM, working memory

The concept of encoding specificity is grounded in which of the following? -Location -Sleep -Task -Structure

Location

Nader et al. (2009): __________ (antibiotic that interferes with synaptic modification associated with learning)

anisomycin

Transfer-appropriate processing: When the type of task that occurs during ____________ matches the type of task that occurs during ____________. This type of processing can result in _____________ memory.

encoding, retrieval, enhanced

Long-term potentiation (LTP) The increased _________ that occurs in a neuron due to prior activity at the synapse.

firing

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that: -when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being _________ or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.

changed

Reconsolidation: A process proposed by Nader and others that occurs when a memory is retrieved and so becomes reactivated. Once this occurs, the memory must be __________ again, as it was during the _________ __________. This repeat consolidation is reconsolidation.

consolidated, initial learning

Encoding specificity: The principle that we learn information together with its _________. This means that presence of the context can lead to ___________ memory for the information. Principle was created by _____________.

context, enhanced, Tulving

Mantyla (1986): -retrieval cues are significantly more effective when they are ____________ __ ______ _____________ whose memory is being tested

created by the person

systems consolidation: -a consolidation process that involves the __________ _________ of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a long time scale, lasting weeks, months, or even years

gradual reorganization

Other ways to improve encoding is by organizing to-be-remembered information and relating words to __________ value

survival

______________ consolidation: -A process of consolidation that involves structural changes at synapses that happen rapidly, over a period of minutes.

synaptic

Retrieval: -the process of getting information out of memory ___________.

storage

__________ memories: -Memory for events that occurred long ago.

Remote

All Factors that Aid Encoding: -Visual imagery -________- reference effect -Generation effect -Production effect -Organizing to-be-__________ information -Relating words to _________ value -___________ practice

Self, remembered, survival, Retrieval

Deep processing: -Processing that involves ___________ to meaning and relating an item to something else. Deep processing is usually associated with elaborative rehearsal.

attention

retroactive interference: -the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of ________ ____________

old information

Generation effect: -Memory for material is better when a person _________ the material him- or herself, rather than passively receiving it. Aids in encoding.

generates

Multiple trace model of consolidation: The idea that the ____________ is involved in the ___________ of remote memories, especially __________ memories. This contrasts with the __________ model of memory, which proposes that the hippocampus is involved only in the retrieval of _____________ memories.

hippocampus, retrieval, episodic, standard, recent

According to your text, imagery enhances memory because the brain processes images more easily than the meanings of words. -imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered. -pictures fit better with our basic instincts because children learn pictures -----before reading words. -research shows people like pictures better than words, so there is an enhanced emotional response.

imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.

Muller and Pilzecker: -In learning lists of words, if new material was presented during the first few minutes after training, the intervening stimuli _________ recall of the target material (retroactive inhibition)

impaired

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is: -strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes ________ ________ when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.

less active

Shallow processing: -Processing that involves repetition with ________ attention to meaning. Shallow processing is usually associated with maintenance rehearsal.

little

levels of processing theory: -The theory holding that deeper levels of mental processing result in ___________--_____________ memory codes.

longer-lasting

Two ways to transfer a memory into long-term memory are __________ rehearsal and ____________ rehearsal.

maintenance, elaborative

Encoding: the processing of information into the _________ system—for example, by extracting meaning.

memory

Karpicke & Roediger (2008): -•study-and-test experiment with word pairs -Group 1: studied and tested all words/all sessions -Group 2: studied only words missed in previous tests; tested on all words -Group 3: studied all words; tested only on words missed in previous tests •Group 3 later performance < than Groups 1 and 2 -Shows testing memory retrieval can improve ___________.

memory

Bransford and Johnson (1972): -Presented participants with difficult-to-comprehend information Experimental Group 1 first saw a picture that helped explain the information Experimental Group 2 saw the picture after reading the passage Control Group did not see the picture Group 1 outperformed the others. -Having a ___________ __________ of comprehension aided memory encoding and retrieval

mental framework

Wilhelm et al (2011): - some memories are consolidated ________ than others - important info - explicit > implicit

more

synaptic and systems consolidation: -synaptic: very ________ at the synapse; structural change due to ________ synthesis (ansiomycin disrupts consolidation by blocking PS) -systems: involves changes across __________ ___________ connections

quick, protein, cortical network

Neuroimaging evidence shows that hippocampus is active when retrieving __________ and _________ memories Gilboa and colleagues (2004): imaged people shown images of childhood or more recently May be specific to episodic memories (Viskontas et al., 2009)

recent, remote

Hupbach et al. (2007): -human _____________ experiment

reconsolidation

Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on: -depth of processing. -levels of processing. -reconsolidation. -transfer-appropriate processing.

reconsolidation

temporal context model (TCM): -The context at the time of the memory test is most similar to the context associated with recent items and when an item is ____________, it reinstates the context that was active when the item was studied

retrieved

production effect: -an improvement in recall and recognition resulting from ___________ the material aloud during rehearsal

saying

Self-reference effect: Memory for a word is improved by relating the word to the _________. Aids in encoding.

self

Study Tips: -Elaborate—associate what you are learning to what you already know Generate questions and self-test -Take breaks -Spacing effect: Memory is better for multiple ________ ________ sessions -Consolidation is enhanced by sleep after studying -Avoid the "illusion of learning" -Familiarity does not mean comprehension

short study

Memory consolidation appears to be enhanced during _________.

sleep

For best memory performance, retrieval cues in a paired associates task should be created by: -random mnemonic processes. -method of loci. -the person whose memory will be tested. -content experts.

the person whose memory will be tested.

When the methods used to encode and retrieve information are the same, this is called ________ processing. -recall-potentiation -transfer-appropriate -state-dependent -stimulus-fluency

transfer-appropriate

Post-traumatic stress disorder causes severe emotional responses to ______________ _____________. Chronic stress: high levels of cortisol Brunet: Listen to traumatic experience with and without propranolol -Propranolol group had __________ stress response

traumatic memories, lower

Memories are _____________. Consolidation is dependent on the _____________.

unstable, hippocampus