Cognitive Psychology Exam 3 (Quizzes 9, 11, & 12)

The given-new contract is a method for creating

comprehension between a speaker and a listener in a conversation

Which of the following terms best describes the concept of entrainment?

similarity

Consider the sentence, "Because he always jogs a mile seems like a short distance to him." The principle of late closure states that this sentence would first be parsed into which of the following phrases?

"Because he always jogs a mile"

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems?

Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field

In written English, which punctuation mark has the most parsing power?

Comma

Research suggests that the ___________ approach to categorization works best for small categories (e.g., U.S. presidents).

Exemplar

Which approach to categorization can more easily take into account atypical cases such as flightless birds?

Exemplar

Which of the following represents a basic level item?

Guitar

If human speech is represented as a string of taffy on a candy-making assembly line, then what function does speech segmentation serve at the candy factory?

It cuts the taffy into pieces

Which of the following correctly pairs a problem-solving stage with a process under Basadur's model?

Problem Solving: Planning

The analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious is the _________________ problem

Russian marriage

Which of the following is NOT a factor in prosody?

Semantics

One criticism of the embodied approach is that it doesn't explain how humans can recognize ________

abstractions

The ability to shift experience from one problem-solving situation to a similar problem is known as

analogical transfer

Dr. Chan is doing a follow-up study to the mutilated checkerboard problem experiment. In this new study, participants solve the following shoe problem before tackling the checkerboard problem. By doing this, Dr. Chan is studying the effect of _________________ on problem solving. The shoe problem: A first-grade class is using a trampoline in gym class, so all the children have removed their shoes, which are all jumbled in a large pile. One of the students, Miguel, is leaving early, so the teacher tells him to grab his shoes and report to the lobby. In his hurry, Miguel grabs two identical left-footed, size 6 red sneakers and runs to his mother still sock-footed. Will the remaining students be able to shoe-up with the remaining shoes without getting a foot-ache?

analogies

The text's discussion of the research on in vivo problem solving highlighted that _________________ play(s) an important role in solving scientific problems

analogies

The radiation problem was used in your text to illustrate the role of _________________ in problem solving

analogy

Boxing champion George Foreman recently described his family vacations with the statement, "At our ranch in Marshall, Texas, there are lots of ponds and I take the kids out and we fish. And then of course, we grill them." That a reader understands "them" appropriately (George grills fish, not his kids!) is the result of a(n) ____________________ inference

anaphoric

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of ___________ in which an error signal is transmitted starting from the property units

back propagation

In Kaplan and Simon's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. Participants in the _________________ group had the fastest response time

bread and butter

The typical purpose of subgoals is to

bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state

Which of the choices best represents cognitive economy in the following sentence? The property _______is stored at the _______node

can fly; bird

Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network

connection weights

The process of back propagation is most closely associated with

connectionist networks

Intermediate states can be created by

creating subgoals

It may be difficult for young Matthew, who is only 4 years of age, to understand the difference between the iPad that his mother uses, the Kindle that his brother uses, and the Galaxy tablet that his sister uses. After all, all of them are tablets, have touch screens, are electronic technology, and run "apps" that include games and educational programs. These similarities remind us of the concept of ___________, which refers to the fact that animals tend to share many different properties

crowding

The analogical paradox refers to problem-solving differences between

laboratory and real-world settings

In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to

decide whether a string of letters is a word or a nonword

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the ___________ approach to categorization

definitional

Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. With the cartons, Ali made several birdfeeders for his backyard and also planted tree seedlings in some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a "fort" for his four-year-old son. Ali's use of the cartons represents

divergent thinking

In the movie Apollo 13, astronauts aboard a damaged spacecraft have to build a carbon dioxide filter out of random items that are aboard the ship with them. If they do not, they will all die rapidly of carbon dioxide poisoning. The fact that they are able to do so with the help of experts on Earth is similar to the _________________ approach developed by Ronald Finke

divergent thinking

Lilo can't wait for school to start. This year is the first time she gets to take a foreign language class, and she is taking Japanese. Dr. Nabuto is a professor interested in studying how people learn additional languages later in life, and he is including Lilo's class in his research. Dr. Nabuto is most likely studying

language acquisition

Ron is an avid reader. He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn't know, he looks it up in the dictionary. Ron encounters "wanderlust" in a novel, reaches for the dictionary, and finds out this word means "desire to travel." The process of looking up unfamiliar words increases Ron's

lexicon

Finke's creating an object studies show that people were more likely to come up with creative uses for preinventive objects if they

made the objects themselves

Dictionaries commonly list the multiple definitions of a particular word in a numbered list, with the first definition as #1, the next definition as #2, and so on. Which concept does this reflect?

meaning dominance

Subgoals serve a key role in which of the following?

means-end analysis

Gick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves the following three steps:

noticing, mapping, and applying

Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n)

novel object

Finke's "creating an object" experiment had participants create a novel object by combining parts. Once they created an object, they were given the name of an object category and instructed to interpret their creation as a practical object or device within that category. Finke used the term preinventive forms to describe the

novel objects before a function was described

The elements of the problem space include all of the following EXCEPT

operators

According to the situation model of text processing,

people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events

Within the realm of conversational speech, knowledge refers to the

previously understood information that we bring into the conversation

Spreading activation

primes associated concepts

The concept of language can best be thought of as a ________

system

Ty has finished work on his doctoral dissertation. He studied how most adults understand words, specifically the priming effects of categorically related words, and submitted a proposal to be included in a psychological conference to present his work to his peers. Presentations at the conference are grouped based on the particular topic in psychology under consideration. It is most likely that Ty's work will be presented in a conference session on

psycholinguistics

B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through

reinforcement

The radiation problem can be solved using

representation and restructuring

Coherence refers to the

representation of the text in a reader's mind so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text

In the context of language, another term for "heuristics" is ________

rules

In analogical problem solving, the _________________ problem is the problem that an individual is trying to solve, and the _________________ problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching that solution

target; source

Illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if

the box is empty

The connectionist network has learned the correct pattern for a concept when

the error signals are reduced to nearly none and the correct properties are assigned

Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like a car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. Their results showed

the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories

Insight refers to

the sudden realization of a problem's solution

Kaplan and Simon's experiment presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. The main purpose of their experiment was to demonstrate that

the way the problem is represented can influence the ease of problem solving

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that

the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi

Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem?

two-string problem

Which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness?

using a juice glass as a container for orange juice

Which of the following is a nonverbal component of communication?

Theory of mind

According to the hub and spoke model, which area of the brain serves as the hub?

Anterior temporal lobe

Which of the following is NOT a property of the connectionist approach?

Before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero

Which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence?

Before the police stopped, the Toyota disappeared into the night

In a study, participants listened to the following tape recording: Rumor had it that, for years, the government building had been plagued with problems. The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room. As participants heard the word "bugs," they completed a lexical decision task to a test stimulus flashed on a screen. To which of the following words would you expect participants to take the longest to respond to?

SKY

Which of the following would be in a basic level category?

Truck

Amber lives in a housing development between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway. She usually takes the street to the south when heading southbound on the freeway to work, but that street is closed for repairs for three months. Amber takes the street to the north during that time. After the street to the south is re-opened, she continues to take the street to the north, even though it is a slightly longer route. Continuing to take the street to the north represents

a mental set

In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether

a presented stimulus is a word

From the perspective of the listener, as a person speaks, each sentence often is characterized by ________ until the sentence is completed

ambiguity

Imagine you are interpreting a pair of sentences such as "The sidewalk was covered with ice" and "Ramona fell down." The kind of inference we use to link these sentences together would most likely be a(n) ____________________ inference

causal

Which of the following terms is most closely associated with semantic networks?

cognitive economy

Two different definitions of ___________ offered by your book include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "categories of objects, events, and abstract ideas."

concepts

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results showed the importance of ____________________ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations

environmental context

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is

family resemblance

Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model?

family resemblance

The process of analogical encoding is focused on ________

finding similarity

In its discussion of expertise and problem solving, your text identifies the kind of scientists who are most likely to make revolutionary discoveries in their fields. This particular discussion suggests that _________________ may be more important than _________________ in creative thinking

flexibility; experience

Holly was in her mother-in-law's kitchen preparing lunch for the family. When she was ready to dish up the soup, she searched all the cupboards and drawers for a ladle but couldn't find one. She decided to wait until her mother-in-law returned to ask her where the ladle was, leaving the soup in the stove pot. Her mother-in-law later explained that the ladle had been broken, so she told Holly to use a coffee mug to "spoon" the soup into bowls. Holly's ability to solve the "dish up the soup" problem was hindered by which of the following obstacles?

functional fixedness

The idea that the rules governing the grouping of words in a sentence is the primary determinant of the way a sentence is parsed is part of the ____________________ approach to parsing

garden path (syntax-first)

Experts categorize problems based on

general principles that problems share

Which of the following is not part of a complete definition of a problem?

has one correct answer

Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This demonstrates the ____________________ property of language

hierarchical

Noam Chomsky proposed that

humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language

In the Tower of Hanoi problem, the _________________ state involves having three discs stacked on the left peg, with the middle and right pegs empty

initial

Evidence that language is a social process that must be learned comes from the fact that when deaf children find themselves in an environment where there are no people who speak or use sign language, they

invent a sign language themselves

Imagine that a young child is just learning about the category "dog." Thus far, she has experienced only two dogs, one a poodle and the other a German shepherd. On her third encounter with a dog, she will be LEAST likely to correctly categorize the animal as a dog if that animal

is a breed of dog that is hairless and teacup-sized

Syntax is the

rules for combining words into sentences

A person who has been diagnosed with ________ dementia has difficulty recognizing both living things and artifacts

semantic

According to the ___________ approach, there are certain types of concepts that have specific neural circuits in the brain

semantic category

The ___________ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation

semantic network

According to the sensory-functional hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes _____ and one that distinguishes _____

sensory attributes; function

Considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represents the _________________ problem

source

When the front part of a sentence can be interpreted more than one way, but the end of the sentence clarifies which meaning is correct, we say that the sentence is an example of

speech segmentation

Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from ___________ categories results in the largest gain in information

superordinate level to basic level

Which set of stimuli would be the best selection for having people perform a lexical decision task?

Words "pizza, history" and nonwords "pibble, girk"

According to the concept of ________, when we read a sentence like, "Jorge grabbed his coat from his bedroom and his backpack from the living room, walked downstairs, and called his friend Gerry," we create a simulation of Jorge's apartment and keep track of his location as he moves throughout the apartment

situation models