Cognitive Psychology Test 2
Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?
Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.
If you stand very close to a pointillist painting, all you will see are tiny colored dots. But as you step away from the painting, larger areas of color become noticeable and eventually become recognizable objects such as flowers or clouds. This is similar to which of the following?
binding
Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for ___________ of a list.
both the first and last words
Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listened to two different messages, one presented to each ear, found that people
could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time.
When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds
decreases the recency effect.
The technique where the participant's task is to focus on the message in one ear, called the attended ear, and to repeat what he or she is hearing out loud is known as
dichotic listening
"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of ___________ memory.
episodic
Which of the following is not a stage in the information processing model of memory?
episodic memory
Work with brain-injured patients reveals that ___________ memory does not depend on conscious memory.
implicit and procedural
Which of the following illustrates how we can miss things even if they are clearly visible?
inattentional blindness
The primary effect of chunking is to
increase the efficiency of short-term memory.
One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that
people are not conscious they are using it.
When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of
persistence of vision
Broadbent's model is called the early selection model because
the filter eliminates the unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information.
The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ___________ is crucial for the formation of long-term memories.
the hippocampus
Believing that a particular statement is true simply because you have seen the statement in previous instances is known as the ________ effect.
propaganda
A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with ___________ memory.
short-term
Digit span is one measure of capacity of
short-term memory
Research on the use of cell phones while driving indicates that
the main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone.
Neuropsychological evidence indicates that short- and long-term memories probably
are caused by different mechanisms that act independently.
It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if
one is handled by the visuospatial sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop.
Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds?
MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP
Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text?
Replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with working memory
Imagine that lawmakers are considering changing the driving laws and that you have been consulted as an attention expert. Given the principles of divided attention, in which of the following conditions would a person have the most difficulty with driving and therefore pose the biggest safety risk on the road?
When the person is driving an unfamiliar vehicle that is more difficult to operate.
The difficulty we have in recognizing even an obvious alteration in a scene is called __________ blindness.
change
Which of the following options would NOT be an important factor in automatic processing?
close attention
Illusory conjunctions are
combinations of features from different stimuli.
Which of the following stimulus characteristics most challenges the processing capacity of short-term memory?
complexity
The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with ___________ memory.
long-term
If you are folding towels while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the act of folding while keeping up with the storyline on the TV show. Folding the towels would be an example of a(n) ________ task.
low-load
In which concept is an individual's knowledge most important?
schema
When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of __________ attention.
selective
Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that
short-term memory can operate normally while long-term memory is impaired.
Research suggests that the capacity of short-term memory is
somewhat small, holding only about seven items at one time.
Memory-span is a measure of ...
working memory capacity
___________ memories are to experiences as ___________ memories are to facts.
Episodic; semantic
Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory?
The visuospatial sketch pad
According to Treisman's attenuation model, which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people?
The word "platypus"
According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?
Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned
Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates
a build-up and release of proactive interference.
Compared to the whole report technique, the partial report procedure involves
a smaller response set
A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying
articulatory sketch pad.
Ming is taking a memory test. She is more likely to recall the name of a popular singer if she had
attended the singer's concert with her boyfriend.
From a cognitive psychology perspective, memories from specific experiences in our life are defined as being ________.
autobiographical
Brief sensory memory for sound is known as
echoic memory
K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests
intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory.
Semantic memory is to ________ as episodic memory is to ________.
knowing; remembering
Scene schema is
knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene.
The serial position demonstration utilizes what type of reporting procedure?
free-recall
Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She explains how to hold the racquet, how to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ___________ memory.
procedural
With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when
the color and the name differed
Which of the following statements about short-term memory is FALSE?
Short-term memory stores an exact replica of sensory stimuli.
Explicit memory is to ___________ as implicit memory is to ___________.
aware; unaware
When we search a scene, initial fixations are most likely to occur on __________ areas.
high-saliency
Suppose you are in your kitchen writing a grocery list, while your roommate is watching TV in the next room. A commercial for spaghetti sauce comes on TV. Although you are not paying attention to the TV, you "suddenly" remember that you need to pick up spaghetti sauce and add it to the list. Your behavior is best predicted by which of the following models of attention?
late selection
The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the __________ of words.
meaning
Suppose you're on the phone with a customer support representative who gives you a ticket number for your records. You're later transferred to a different representative who asks for your ticket number, but you've forgotten it. This probably occurred because the number was only temporarily stored in your
short-term memory
The cocktail party effect is
the ability to pay attention to one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli.
According to the predictions of the memory span demonstration, for which of the following types of material should a participant have the shortest memory span?
words
If working memory were an actual workplace, which of the following best describes the members of Baddeley's model?
workers and managers
